Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4710 4678824 4490822 2026-10-29T10:48:28Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{GImmiToc}} Finding your family village name: You must find your ancestor’s community's name before you will be able to locate ancestral records that were recorded in the "old country." This will usually require beginning research in the U.S., or whatever your home country, to determine the correct community. First, begin with yourself. Gather everything you know about your own origins: where you were born, what religion you were raised in, your own civil and religious records. Then go back one generation at a time, looking for all of the available information you have. Where did your parents live? Where were they born? Gather their records. Sometimes even the smallest detail can lead you on the path to discovery. At times, you will not be able to locate a particular record for a parent or grandparent. If that is the case, look for records of their siblings. Often those will have the information you seek. =Records to Search= ==Family documents== Get out those old shoe boxes, start reading and really look at the details. Old letters often contain family connections, dates, locations and hints to lead you in the right direction. The same applies to old photographs which may have names and dates, or the photography studio or photographer’s name. Address books, postcards and, of course, family Bibles contain information and clues. Deeds, marriage certificates, naturalization papers, social security papers, Wills, and even insurance policies can be sources for information. I found one great-great grandmother’s address in Poland in an old personal address book which was about to be thrown out when her granddaughter passed on. Contact your relatives. Many families are large, and an aunt, great-uncle, or distant cousin may have family documents you were not even aware existed. Begin with the one who was closest to your ancestor or cared for them before they died. Often those relatives end up with the ancestor’s documents. An important note about family Bibles: in most of the older Bibles, the family information is listed about 2/3 to 3/4 of the way toward the back of the book (unlike modern Bibles where this information is listed in the first few pages). ==Public Records== Public records in general present some problems. Families changed their names; names were misspelled due to language barriers; phonetic spellings were used by clerks; different pronunciation of letters from one language to the next, typographical errors and poor penmanship created transcription errors, among others. Some records are missing due to misfiling, or were destroyed by fire and flood. This is as true in the U.S. as it is in other countries; the 1890 Federal Census being a prime example. ===Vital records=== Birth, marriage and death records are generally located in the county seat in which the event happened (in the USA, other arrangements apply in the rest of the world). The cost of those records vary from county to county, and often depend upon whether you ask for a certified copy of the record or just a genealogical copy (generally cost less). Most U.S. counties can be accessed on the web as follows: www.co.”countyname”.”state two letter abbreviation”.us/ (omit the quotation marks in your search. If that doesn’t work, just do a web search with your favorite search engine. The information for obtaining the records should be on the county site. In the U.S. this information can be found on the USGenWeb site: http://www.usgenweb.org/. There is also a World GenWeb site that may help for researching in other countries: http://www.worldgenweb.org/. Another source to find vital records by state in the U.S. can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/howto/w2w/w2welcom.htm. Some of these state sites give the year in which the state began to maintain the records, the locations to find earlier records, and refer to databases which are also searchable on the web. ===SSDI=== The Social Security Death Index is available free on line at http://ssdi.rootsweb.com/ Scroll down a bit and just put the name in the search box, and a list of persons with that name will come up. The Social Security Death Index is generally updated every three months. When a person is found, the name, date of birth, date of death, last residence, the state in which the number was issued, and the number itself is shown. If you wish to obtain a copy of the original Social Security Application, you can click on the SS-5 letter link. The following information was requested on the application: Name, current address, birthdate, birthplace (generally City and State, place of employment and business address (if applicable) and names of parents (mother’s full maiden name). Social Security is constantly updating this file. If the person for whom you are looking recently died, they probably won't be here. Give it a few months before you check again. ===Obituaries=== Published obituaries can be a valuable source of information. Often parents’ names, spouses, children and surviving siblings are shown. This is especially valuable if you are unable to locate information on your ancestor and don’t have the female siblings’ married names. Generally, if listed at all, it is with their then present married name, giving you another piece of information to allow you to continue your search. Obituaries may be found in the “morgue” of the local newspapers, historical libraries in various cities and counties, and some public libraries have film or online databases for obituaries, marriages and death notices. ===Alien Registration=== Alien registration was required beginning in 1940 for resident aliens in the USA. The records can be obtained for the years 1940-1944 from the Immigration and Naturalization Service. http://www.bcis.gov/graphics/aboutus/history/ImmRecs/AREG.htm ===Voter Registration=== Most U.S. counties and states keep voter registration records. The states’ records are generally kept in the office of the Secretary of State. You can check with the county or state departments for information. Additionally, the LDS has filmed numerous voter registration indexes for various areas of the United States. You can check their Family History Library Catalog on line to see if your location has been filmed. http://www.familysearch.org/eng/Library/FHLC/frameset_fhlc.asp ===WWI Draft Registration=== In 1917 and 1918 males old enough to serve in the military were required to register for the draft, whether citizen or alien. See more detailed information on Ancestry [http://images.ancestry.com/iexec?htx=list&cat=WW1 WWI Draft Information at Ancestry.com] The LDS has compiled the WWI Draft Registration on microfiche arranged by state of residence, and you can contact your local Family History Center to view the registration records. Information is available at [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/Library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=995075&disp=Register+of+World+War+I+draft+registrati%20%20&columns=*,0,0 WWII Draft Info at FamilySearch.org] ===United States Census=== The U.S. census is an excellent source of information, although it won’t usually give you the town of origin, it will give the country and occasionally the Province, such as “Prussian Posen” or “Russian Warsawa”. Keep in mind that the reference to “Posen” and “Warsawa” in these records generally refer to the Province and not the city. Remember that these records are organized by family group. You will generally find parents and children, but sometime will also find grandparents and even great-grandparents living with their descendants. This information is also valuable because it provides a fairly accurate view of where the family (including siblings) were located when the individual census was taken - given several, this can show how the family members came and went in a household. Census films may be obtained at your local Family History Center of the LDS (see the Family History Library search page listed under voter registration above) or through the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) http://www.archives.gov/research_room/genealogy/research_topics/census_records.html. These records are also available on line through the paid genealogical subscription sites, www.Ancestry.com and www.Genealogy.com. ===Immigration records=== There are a number of sources for ship manifests, and their availability varies with the time and port to which your ancestor immigrated. The most well-known is the Ellis Island database on line, and if your ancestors immigrated between 1892 and 1924 to the port of New York, you may find that information free online: http://www.ellisisland.org/sign/index.asp?ACT=LL&login_targ=none. You must register to use the site, but it is without charge.  There have been some problems with the Ellis Island database indexing and linking, and the usual problems with misspellings and transcription errors. Another site which can help with such problems is the Stephen P. Morse website which gives search options not available from the Ellis Island site, and a way in which to find “missing manifests.” http://stevemorse.org/ For more information on Ellis Island records, go to the Jewish GenWeb site: http://www.jewishgen.org/infofiles/eidbfaq.html The LDS has filmed numerous passengers records for many ports, and have some ports indexed so that you can find your ancestor’s name and arrival date before you order the actual manifest. Again, you can check what records they hold at http://www.familysearch.org/eng/Library/FHLC/frameset_fhlc.asp NARA also has many manifests for U.S. ports: http://www.archives.gov/research_room/genealogy/immigrant_arrivals/passenger_records.html Additional passenger arrival information can be found on the following sites:  Immigration and Ships Passenger Lists Research Guide http://home.att.net/~arnielang/ship04.html#whatrec Polish Genealogical Society of America http://www.pgsa.org/ships.htm An extensive reference for immigration to Australia, Canada, Europe, the U.S. and other parts of the world is found on Mary’s Genealogy Treasures at: http://www.telusplanet.net/public/mtoll/immigr.htm. Declarations of Intent or Citizenship Applications are generally found in the local county court of residence prior to the Federal government taking over the naturalization process. A guide to finding these records is found at: http://www.germanroots.com/naturalizationrecords.html There are some free and paid searchable naturalization databases on the web for the U.S. and Canada at: http://www.germanroots.com/naturalization.html ===Land records=== These are often harder to obtain and study than other documents, but they may hold clues, if not outright references to former residence. ===Probate records=== Again, these may hold clues, if not outright references to former residence. ==Religious records== Baptismal records and marriage applications kept by the churches often have parents’ names and place of birth. If you cannot find your ancestor’s batismal certificate, you may have be able to find a sibling’s record and locate the information indirectly. Catholic records are generally kept in the parish in which the ceremony was performed. If a parish has closed, the records may have been sent to the Diocese or Archdiocese archives, or to the nearest church still in existence. Many local parishes are now on line in the U.S. To locate a specific church by town or city and even by foreign Language masses, this site is very helpful: [http://www.masstimes.org/ASP/ http://www.masstimes.org/ASP/ ]. There is even a scrollable map so you can find a parish nearest your ancestors’ home. There is no set web address for the Archidiocese in the U.S., but a web search for “catholic archdiocese” and the city or state will generally get you good results. For a Diocese, you can use a similar search. Many have information about how to obtain genealogical records. The Evangelical(Lutheran) church of the U.S. has genealogical assistance. Their website is: [http://web.archive.org/web/20030608115537/http://www.elca.org/os/archives/index.html http://www.elca.org/os/archives/index.html]. Genealogical information is at the top right. Additionally, the Lutheran World Federation has information and links to their member churches throughout the world. Just click on “member churches” and scroll down to the area in which you are searching: [http://web.archive.org/web/20030608115537/http://www.elca.org/os/archives/index.html http://www.elca.org/os/archives/index.html]. Jewish records: Jewish Temples did not (and do not) keep records as did the Christian churches. These are family records, and were kept in the family papers. Some of the mohels who performed the bris mila kept records, but they were his personal records and would be with his family documents. Of course, many of these were lost through war and the holocaust, but there are still many ways one can search for their Jewish ancestors. Jewis GenWeb has an excellent guide to searching for family and ancestors: [http://www.jewishgen.org http://www.jewishgen.org ]. f4m1j9eo7hehhg2tr6xo7j0qm5rmacv 0 21938 4678748 4463151 2026-10-28T19:12:29Z ~2026-57499-36 3629635 Added a page 4678748 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:300%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;">{{BOOKNAME}}</span>}} [[File:Jakobshavn retreat-1851-2006.jpg|550px|center|Retreating calving front of the Jacobshavn Isbrae glacier in Greenland from 1851–2006. NASA in 2007.]] The Earth's climate, changes in pasterns (moderate shifts in the mean values of the variables) are normal and expected. Earth's climate is a dynamic system, full of complicated processes that lead to chaotic variations, changes to external forcing of the system can lead to significant changes. Usually, we think of trends in global average quantities (especially surface temperature) as indicative of climate change. But when the trend leads to a change larger than the natural variability, a statistically significant change most certainly has occurred. Reasons for this recent shift in the general pattern have been mostly stated as being the result of actions of the human species on the planet and solar variation. This Wikibook will cover most of the normal implications of climate changes but will focus on the recent medium to long term effects on the above normal changes, normally but also confusingly labeled global warming. If you care to share your knowledge of this topic, please contribute. Although this book is still in a very preliminary state, we seem to be moving toward a cohesive structure. The book is really two parts: first, a primer on the science of climate change, and second, a study of societal implications of climate change. The first part deals with much more concrete, physically based principles. As such, it can be developed more easily. The second part is potentially more controversial, but not necessarily so; for the early stages of development, the second part should probably be limited to generalities and external links. {{NOTE|Climate Change refers to the changing of weather patterns relative to location, time and to an increase in previously fringe events, this is sometimes generally referred to as "Global Warming". Global Warming is the warming of the globe (world) in [[w:Median|median]] terms (it does not require that its always hot but that the median of high temperatures is risings) and it is one of the evidences of climate change.}} == Table of Contents == {{Book Search}} {{Print version}} *[[/Introduction/]] *[[/Science/]] *[[/Evidence of Change/]] *[[/Causes/]] *[[/Effects/]] *[[/Mitigation Strategies/]] *[[/Inspirational Books/Climate World]] == <small>Appendices</small> == *[[/Press Cuttings/]] – the sub-page where we should post press cuttings *[[/Further Reading/]] – References and recommendations... non-technical, text, and scientific work to supplement this Wikibook. *[[/FAQs|Frequently Asked Questions]] *[[/External Links/]] === Tools and applications === *'''Flood Maps''' (http://flood.firetree.net/) interesting demonstration, using Google’s mapping API and raw data from NASA, to generate a visualization of the impact of sea level rising due to climate change. {{SideBox|[http://stats.grok.se/en.b/{{CURRENTYEAR}}{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} page traffic for this month.]}} {{alphabetical|C}} {{Shelves|Environmental sciences}} {{status|50%}} e9vtomp23fm5g0ponmy45xlhig96rud 0 25253 4678795 4670514 2026-10-29T02:31:58Z Z. Patterson 2135398 /* Tip, Tip, and More Tip */ Typographical corrections. Use straight quotation marks, not curly ones. Also see [[w:en:MOS:CURLY]]. 4678795 wikitext text/x-wiki {|align="right" | __TOC__ |} {{Revise}} [[Image:Gedaechtniskirche-berlin.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Gedächtniskirche auf dem Kurfürstendamm, Berlin]] =Lesson I.7: Kleidung= ==Hello from Berlin!== In every lesson from 7–15, there is going to be a featured German-speaking city, which will be the theme of the lesson. For 7–8, it's Berlin. There will be famous locations in Berlin; for this lesson, it's Kurfürstendamm and KaDeWe, the shopping area of Berlin. Also, in each lesson, there will be facts, so if you ever travel to a German-speaking country, it'll be like you are a native! ===Facts=== ====It's Time to Change Time==== Berlin's time is GMT+1, meaning they are 6 hours ahead of EST. If it's 2:00 p.m. in New York City, it's 8:00 p.m. (or 20:00) locally. Please note that Germany changes to and from daylight-saving time a few weeks before the U.S., so time differences still vary in March and October. ====Tip, Tip, and More Tip==== In contrast to many other countries where waiters sometimes "live on the tips", service personnel in German-speaking countries always receive a regular wage (usually per hour), and the tip is always an extra for good service. Not to give a tip will probably give the waiter the impression that either the service or product was not that good and you are too polite to admit this, but not tipping is not considered rude. If you tip, you usually round up, up to 50 cents for coffee or up to the next 5 euros for lunch, e.g., 2.70 € becomes 3.00 € and 21 € becomes 25 €. Also, tipping is only expected when you get served, i.e., when the service personnel bring something to your table, so if you pay at a counter—like at McDonald's or Starbucks—you don't tip at all. Only when having a large party, like celebrating your birthday in a restaurant, do you do extra tipping. For a night you should pay 30 EUR to 80 EUR per waiter and give it separately to the manager ("für die Bedienung"). In many restaurants, it is normal that the tip is shared with the kitchen personnel. Paying with a credit card or debit card makes tipping difficult, because there is no line on the bill to fill in the tip. Always tip when paying; don't leave money on the table. ====Shopping Locations==== There are two major shopping locations. The '''''Kurfürstendamm''''' in the Old West is lined with boutiques and department stores. It continues eastwards for about 300 yards, where you can visit '''''KaDeWe''''', the biggest department store in Europe. On the newly developed '''''Friedrichstraße''''' in the Old East, the famous French store Galleries Lafayette is to be found together with a maze of underground shopping malls. Shops are generally open 9 a.m.–8 p.m. Monday through Saturday. In the outskirts, most shops close at 4 p.m. on Saturdays. ==Dialogue== {| {{German table|Dialogue|Going Shopping|Einkaufen gehen|0|2|}} !Sarah |Morgen, Lisa. |- !Lisa |Morgen. Wie geht's dir? |- !Sarah |Gut, danke! Ich gehe zum Kurfürstendamm, möchtest du mitkommen? |- !Lisa |Ja, gerne. Ich hole vorher noch Geld. |- !Sarah |Ich sehe dich dann am Kurfürstendamm. |- !||''am Kurfürstendamm'' |- !Sarah |Hallo Lisa! |- !Lisa |Hallo! |- !Sarah |Wohin gehen wir zuerst? |- !Lisa |Lass uns zu dieser Boutique gehen. |- !Sarah |O.K. |- !||''in der Boutique'' |- !Angestellter Thomas |Hallo meine Damen! |- !Sarah und Lisa |Guten Tag! |- !Angestellter Thomas |Darf ich Ihnen helfen? |- !Lisa |Ja, können Sie mir helfen, diesen Rock in meiner Größe zu finden? |- !Angestellter Thomas |Natürlich. |- !Angestellter Thomas |Hier ist der Rock in Ihrer Größe. |- !Lisa |Danke. Wo ist die Umkleidekabine? |- !Angestellter Thomas |Dort drüben. |} == Shopping == There is a lot to say about shopping, places to shop at, money and items to buy. In this lesson we will cover most of it. There are two major shopping locations in Berlin: Kurfürstendamm and KaDeWe. {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Shopping|Einkaufen|0|2}} !English||German |- |Babywear||die Babyartikel <small>(plural)</small> |- |Children's Wear||die Kinderbekleidung |- |(Children) department||die (Kinder-)Abteilung |- |Clearance Sale||der Räumungsverkauf |- |Closed||geschlossen |- |Clothing||die Kleidung |- |Computer Section||die Computerabteilung |- |Cosmetics||die Kosmetik <small>(singular)</small> die Kosmetika <small>(plural)</small> |- |Customer||der Kunde |- |Customer Service||der Kundendienst |- |Electrical Appliance||das Elektrogerät |- |Escalator||die Rolltreppe |- |Fashion||die Mode |- |Furniture||das Möbelstück <small>(singular)</small>, die Möbel <small>(plural)</small> |- |Gift||der Geschenkartikel |- |Good Value <small>(Adj.)</small>||preiswert |- |Groceries||die Lebensmittel <small>(plural)</small> |- |Jewellery||der Schmuck <small>(no plural)</small> |- |Lady's Shoes||die Damenschuhe <small>(plural)</small> |- |Leather Goods||die Lederwaren <small>(plural)</small> |- |Open||geöffnet |- |Opening Hours||die Öffnungszeiten <small>(plural)</small> |- |Present||das Geschenk |- |Reduced||reduziert |- |price cut||die Preissenkung |- |Sales Receipt||der Kassenbon, der Kassenzettel, die Quittung |- |Souvenir||das Andenken |- |Special Offer||das Sonderangebot |- |Sporting Goods||die Sportartikel <small>(plural)</small> |- |Stationery||die Schreibwaren <small>(plural)</small> |- |Summer Sale||der Sommerschlussverkauf <small>(abbr. SSV)</small> |- |Video Store||die Videothek |- |Winter Sale||der Winterschlussverkauf <small>(abbr. WSV)</small> |} ===Kurfürstendamm=== *'''Kurfürstendamm''' :''Tauentzienstraße'' :''Fasanenstraße'' The Kurfürstendamm has many boutiques, department stores, etc., which are on Tauentzienstraße and Fasanenstraße, two streets in Kurfürstendamm. Tauentzienstraße has a lot of the department stores, including KaDeWe, which we will get into greater detail later. Fasanenstraße has a lot of the boutiques. <!-- "Kurfürstendamm" is a street, as Tauentzienstraße and Fasanenstraße, so these two couldn't be "in" Kurfürstendamm, they are close together. --> {| {{German table|Vocabulary|A Shopping Street in Berlin|Kurfürstendamm (Ku'damm)|0|2}} !English||German |- |Department Store||das Kaufhaus (old fashioned "das Warenhaus") |- |Retail Store||das Einzelhandelsgeschäft |- |The Mall||das Einkaufszentrum |- |Boutique||die Boutique |- |Store||das Geschäft |} And some of the things you might say or ask while in a clothing store... *''Können Sie mir helfen, meine Größe zu finden (für dieses ____)?'' :Can you help me find my size (for this ____)? *''Wo ist die Umkleidekabine?'' :Where is the dressing room? {| {{German table|Vocabulary|A Shopping Street in Berlin|Kurfürstendamm (Ku'damm)|0|2}} !English||German |- |Manager||der Manager |- |Employee||der/die Angestellte |- |Sales Clerk||der Verkäufer |- |Cashier||der Kassierer |- |Dressing Room||die Umkleidekabine |- |Men's Section||die Männerabteilung |- |Women's Section||die Frauenabteilung |} <big>[[/Problems#Kurf.C3.BCrstendamm|Section Problems]] >></big> ===KaDeWe=== Another shopping location is das KaDeWe, an upscale department store in Germany. It has six floors, and is also called "the department store of the west" (Kaufhaus des Westens), because it is the largest and most magnificent department store on continental Europe. {|{{German table|Vocabulary|A Department Store in Berlin|Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe)|0|2}} !English||German |- !First Floor||Erstes Stockwerk |- |Menswear||Männerkleidung |- !Second Floor||Zweiter Stock |- |Womenswear||Frauenkleidung |- !Third Floor||Dritter Stock |- |Kids Section||Kinderabteilung |- !Fourth Floor||Vierter Stock |- |Electronics||Elektronik |- |Kitchenware||Küchenbedarf |- !Fifth Floor||Fünfter Stock |- |Lighting||Beleuchtung |- |Bedding||Bettwäsche |- |Toys||Spielwaren |- !Sixth Floor||Sechster Stock |- |Food||Lebensmittel |} Since we already have most of the general shopping phrases and vocabulary down, we are going to get into more detail in the next few sections. <big>[[/Problems#KaDeWe|Section Problems]]>></big> ====Electronics==== First is electronics: it might seem a little sparse, but electronics and many other things will be featured in Lesson 12. {|{{German table|Vocabulary|A Department Store in Berlin|Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe)|0|2}} !English||German |- |Electronics||die Elektronik |- |Television||das Fernsehen/der Fernseher, die Fernseher (plural) |- |Digital Camera||die Digitalkamera, die Digitalkameras (plural) |- |Telephone||das Telefon, die Telefone (plural) |- |Cell phone||das Mobiltelefon/das Handy (pronounced "Hendee"), die Mobiltelefone/Handys (plural) |- |Computer||der Computer/der Rechner, die Computer/Rechner (plural) |- |Speaker, Speakers||der Lautsprecher, die Lautsprecher (plural) |- |DVDs||die DVDs (singular: die DVD) |- |CDs||die CDs (singular: die CD) |- |DVD Player||der DVD-Player |- |CD Player||der CD-Player |} ''Spielt der DVD-Player auch CDs?'' :Does the DVD player also play CDs? ''Hat das Mobiltelefon/das Handy eine Digitalkamera?'' :Does the cell phone have a digital camera? If you look at the word order of this sentence, you will see that you've already learned everything you need to make these sentences, and you, yourself can customize these sentences if you want. <big>[[/Problems#Electronics|Section Problems]]>></big> ====Bedding==== The bedding section is also quite bare, but that is because it will be discussed further in Lesson 12. {|{{German table|Vocabulary|A Department Store in Berlin|Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe)|0|2}} !English||German |- |Bedding||die Bettwäsche |- |Blanket||die Decke, die Decken |- |Pillow||das Kopfkissen/das/der Polster (Austrian German), die Kopfkissen/Polster |- |Pillow Case||der Kopfkissenbezug, die Kopfkissenbezüge |- |Sheet||das Betttuch, die Betttücher |- |Bed Skirt||der Bett-Rock |} And like always here are some of the things you might say that are related to bedding. *''Passen die Kopfkissenbezüge auf das Kopfkissen?'' :Does the pillow case fit the pillow? And with that question there are other variations of it you can ask, like... *''Passt die Decke auf das Bett?'' :Does the blanket fit the bed? <big>[[/Problems#Bedding|Section Problems]]>></big> ==Money== Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Belgium and Südtirol – in other words: all German speaking regions except Switzerland and Liechtenstein– have given up their former currencies and adopted the Euro as of 1999. Because they are not members of the European Union, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have kept the Swiss Francs. Currently 1 EUR is 1.34 USD. Now if you were at a shopping center in German like Kurfürstendamm, and you were shopping at a boutique here is some vocabulary you might want to know. *''Was macht das?'' ''Was kostet das?'' :How much does it cost? *''Das Hemd kostet 120 Euro.'' :The shirt costs 120 euros. *''Das kostet 690 Euro.'' :That costs 690 euros (all together). {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Money|Geld|0|2}} !English||German |- |Price||der Preis |- |Note||der Schein |- |Coin||die Münze |- |1 Euro coin||das Eurostück, das Ein-Euro-Stück |- |2 Euro coin||das Zweieurostück |- |5 Euro note||der Fünfeuroschein |- |10 Euro note||der Zehneuroschein |- |100 Euro note||der Hunderteuroschein |} '''Note:''' The word coin (Münze) mostly turns to Stück when a word or number is put together with it. Even though in the vocabulary we list the 1, 2, 5, 10, 100 Euro there are more Euro notes. The twenty, fifty, two hundred, and five hundred Euro notes are the ones we didn't list, also there are cent coins. {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Money|Geld|0|2}} !English||German |- |1 Cent Coin||das Centstück |- |2 Cent Coin||das Zweicentstück |- |5 Cent Coin||das Fünfcentstück |- |10 Cent Coin||das Zehncentstück |- |20 Cent Coin||das Zwanzigcentstück |- |50 Cent Coin||das Fünfzigcentstück |} ===German Math=== In written German, a comma is used (e.g., in prices) where we would put a decimal point in English. Thus, € 5,49 (or 5,49 €) means ''five euros and forty-nine cents''. When a price ends in a round number of euros, it is most commonly written as € 5,- etc. The reverse is also true. Where as English uses a comma to split up large numbers, German uses a dot. So "€ 6.945" means '''''sechs tausend neunhundertfünfundvierzig''''' (six thousand nine hundred and forty-five) euros - not ''six point nine four five euros.'' == Clothing == {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Clothes|Kleidung|0|2}} |- !English||German |- |Skirt||der Rock, die Röcke (plural) |- |Pullover||der Pullover, die Pullover |- |Sweatshirt||das Sweatshirt, die Sweatshirts |- |Scarf||der Schal, die Schale/Schals |- |Jacket||die Jacke, die Jacken |- |Coat||der Mantel, die Mäntel |- |Shirt||das Hemd, die Hemden |- |T-shirt||das T-Shirt, die T-Shirts |- |Sweater||der Sweater, die Sweater |- |(Neck)tie||die Krawatte, die Krawatten |- |Bowtie||die Fliege, die Fliegen |- |Suit||der Anzug, die Anzüge |- |Pants||die Hose, die Hosen (note: "die Hose IST"="the (pair of) pants ARE") |- |Underpants||die Unterhose, die Unterhosen |- |Boxershorts||die Boxershorts <small>(plural)</small> |- |Top||das Top |- |Bra||der Büstenhalter/der Busenhalter (abbr. BH), die Büstenhalter/Busenhalter |- |Swimming costume||der Badeanzug, die Badeanzüge |- |Trunks||die Badehose, die Badehosen |- |Hat||der Hut, die Hüte |- |Shoe||der Schuh, die Schuhe |- |Sock||die Socke, die Socken |- |Stocking||der Strumpf, die Strümpfe |- |Tights/Pantyhose||die Strumpfhose, die Strumpfhosen |- |Glove||der Handschuh, die Handschuhe |- |Blouse||die Bluse, die Blusen |- |Cap||die Mütze, die Mützen |- |Woollen hat||die Wollmütze, die Wollmützen |} {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Clothes|Kleidung|0|2}} |- !English||German |- |Size||die Größe, die Größen |- |Color||die Farbe, die Farben |- |Cotton||die Baumwolle |- |Leather||das Leder |- |Rayon||die Kunstseide |} {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Sizes|Die Größen|0|2}} |- !English||German |- |Small||klein (abbr. S) |- |Medium||mittel (abbr. M) |- |Large||groß (abbr. L) |- |Extra-Large||extragroß (abbr. XL) |} <big>[[/Problems#Clothing|Section Answers]] >></big> ===Describing Clothes=== Here are some of the words you can use when you are describing clothes: {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Adjectives for Clothes|Adjektive für Kleidung|0|2}} |- !English||German |- |Cheap||günstig, billig |- |Expensive||teuer |- |Pretty||schön |- |Ugly||hässlich |- |Soft||weich |- |New||neu |- |Broad||breit |- |Wide||weit |- |Tight||eng |- |Comfortable||bequem |- |Uncomfortable||unbequem |} For clothing, to say "I like something" or not, it's... * I like it! — ''Er/Sie/Es gefällt mir!'' * I don't like it! — ''Er/Sie/Es gefällt mir nicht!'' Now, if you find and try on a fairly expensive soft shirt with a tight fit, you could say... * '''In English:''' ''The shirt looks great! The shirt feels soft, fits tight. The shirt is very comfortable. How much does it cost? Oh no! The shirt is expensive! 55 euros is a little too much for me.'' * '''In German:''' ''Das Hemd sieht prima aus! Das Hemd fühlt sich weich an, es sitzt eng. Das Hemd ist sehr bequem. Wieviel kostet es? Oh nein! Das Hemd ist teuer! 55 Euro sind mir ein bisschen zuviel.'' The phrases to describe the shirt were... * The shirt looks great. — ''Das Hemd '''sieht''' prima '''aus.''''' * The shirt feels soft. — ''Das Hemd '''fühlt''' sich weich '''an'''.'' * The shirt fits tight. — ''Das Hemd '''sitzt''' eng.'' The bold words are verbs that are one part in describing how the shirt is. The other half of describing it is the adjectives like soft, tight, great, etc. As you can see, the verb "looks" is separable, but we will get into that later. === Clothing-Related Verbs === Here are some of said verbs; some are ''separable-prefix verbs'', like aussehen, anprobieren, and anhaben. But we will study those in more detail later. Also, we will learn about "''tragen''." {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Verbs Related to Clothes|Verben im Zusammenhang mit Kleidung|0|2}} |- !English||German |- |to look||aussehen |- |to please||gefallen |- |he looks||er sieht aus |- |to try on||anprobieren |- |he tries on||er probiert an |- |to put on||anziehen |- |he puts on||er zieht an |- |to take||nehmen |- |to buy||kaufen |- |to have on/wear||anhaben, tragen |- |he has on/wears||er hat an |} ==Separable Prefix Verbs== Many German verbs change their meaning by adding prefixes, which are often prepositions such as '''ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, bei-, ein-, mit-, vor-,''' or '''zu-'''. The verbs ''anhaben'' (to wear) and ''aussehen'' (to look) are both verbs with '''separable''' ('''''trennbar''''') prefixes. That is, when used next to the subject pronoun, the prefix is separated from the verb and put at the end of the sentence or clause; better put, in the present tense and imperative, the prefix is separated from the infinitive stem. Examples: * ''"Ich habe einen Mantel an."'' ("I'm wearing a coat." Or, more literally translated, "I have a coat on.") * ''"Was hast du an?"'' ("What are you wearing?" or "What do you have on?") However, when the separable-prefix verb is put at the end of the sentence, such as when used with a modal verb, the verb in question and its prefix are not separated. Examples: * ''"Du willst einen Mantel anhaben."'' ("You want to wear a coat.") * ''"Willst du eine Bluse anhaben?"'' ("Do you want to wear a blouse?") <big>[[/Problems#Separable Prefix Verbs|Section Problems]] >></big> ==Tragen== Instead of ''"anhaben"'' the verb ''"tragen"'' is often used. The sentences from above would then be: ''"Ich trage einen Mantel."'' ("I'm wearing a coat." )<br> ''"Was trägst du?"'' ("What are you wearing?")<br> ''"Du willst einen Mantel tragen."'' ("You want to wear a coat.")<br> ''"Willst du eine Bluse tragen?"'' ("Do you want to wear a blouse?") The verb ''"tragen"'' has two meanings: "to wear" and "to carry". Thus, if someone says ''"Ich trage Schuhe,"'' only the context will tell you whether the person is carrying the shoes in his hands or actually wearing them. Tragen is a different kind of irregular verb—one that not only changes at the end of the word, but also changes internally. Notice that the vowel in tragen's 2nd and 3rd person forms changes from an '''a''' into an '''ä'''. Other verbs with similar conjugation patterns include '''fahren, graben, schaffen,''' and '''waschen.''' {| class="wikitable" ! Person ! Singular ! Plural |- ! 1st | trage | tragen |- ! 2nd | trägst | tragt |- ! 3rd | trägt | tragen |} == Colors == [[File:Airplane (96403653).jpeg|thumb|Der Himmel ist blau.]] [[File:Yellow flower in the sun - Flickr - Swami Stream.jpg|thumb|Die Blume ist gelb.]] [[File:Bloem van een Camellia × williamsii 'Roger Hall'. 20-04-2021 (actm.) 01.jpg|thumb|Die Rose ist rot.]] Colors are also another great way to describe clothes, like "''Das rote Hemd passt gut''," which means "The red shirt fits well." Read the following paragraph; try to find the words described to have a color. ''Wir fahren in den Schwarzwald. Ich habe ein grünes Hemd getragen. Die Reise war lang. Es begann, kälter zu werden und abzukühlen. Ich hörte Musik auf meinem braunen iPod. Ich bin schließlich eingeschlafen. Als ich aufwachte, sah ich den blauen Himmel und den weißen Schnee.'' If you found 5 words you are right. * '''Schwarz: black (the Schwarzwald (Black Forest) is a wooded mountain range)''' * '''Grünes Hemd: a green shirt''' * '''Brauner iPod: a brown iPod''' * '''Blauer Himmel: blue sky''' * '''Weißer Schnee: white snow''' And now for the actual colors... {| {{German table|Vocabulary|Basic Colors|Die Grundfarben|0|2}} |- !English||German |- |red||rot |- |orange||orange |- |yellow||gelb |- |green||grün |- |blue||blau |- |indigo||indigo |- |violet||violett |- |white||weiß |- |gray||grau |- |black||schwarz |- |brown||braun |} <big>[[/Problems#Colors|Section Problems]] >></big> <noinclude>{{German/Level I/Footer|100%}}{{BookCat}}</noinclude> mqwau066a7z2nlfmbmgfhxdpfynbsy9 0 36833 4678721 3255199 2026-10-28T14:54:42Z Dart210 3407725 4678721 wikitext text/x-wiki = Fluid & Blood Resuscitation = = Topics = * Available IV Fluids == * Blood products == * Fluid Selection Exercises == * IV Drips with Exercises == = Which Fluid to use? = = What are you fixing? = * Hypoperfusion / hypotension == ** Dehydration === ** Symptomatic anemia === ** Acute blood loss === ** Ongoing hemorrhage- Coagulopathy? === * Maintenance / NPO == * Electrolyte imbalances == = Fluids = * Dextrose / Free Water == * Crystalloid == ** NS, LR, Ringer’s Acetate === * Colloid == ** Albumin, Hetastarch, Modified gelatin, Dextran === * Hypertonic Saline == * Non blood-based Oxygen Carrying == ** Hemoglobin-based, fluorocarbon-based === * Blood products == = Dextrose = * D5 == ** 1 Liter = 170 calories === * D10, D20*, D50* == * *= requires central line == = Crystalloids = * Hypo-oncotic == ** Ratio of 3:1 for acute blood loss === * 1 L NS → 275 cc into vascular space == * + 825 cc into interstitial volume == * 1100 cc = 1.1 L ??? == = Crystalloids = * Saline == ** NS, ¼ NS, ½ NS === * LR == * Hypertonic Saline == * Others == ** Normosmol (acetate) === ** Plasma-Lyte (gluconate) === = LR = * [Cl]LR → [Cl]plasma == * Calcium can bind to rx’s, including citrated anticoagulant in blood products == ** → Cannot use LR as the diluent for blood transfusions === = Crystalloids = * NS or LR? == ** Lots of NS can ↓ intracellular K and cause ↑Cl acidosis === ** LR can increase lactic acidosis === ** Neither one has been shown to be superior === * ¼ NS, ½ NS == * Hypertonic Saline == * Others == ** Normosmol (acetate) === ** Plasma-Lyte (gluconate) === = Others = * Normosmol (acetate), Plasma-Lyte (gluconate) == * Additional buffers: pH → pHplasma == * Mg == ** Careful in RF or insufficiency === = Others (cont’d) = * 8% Amino Acids == ** Osmolality 950 mOsm/L === ** provides protein in varying percentages; assists with tissue repair and to correct negative nitrogen balance === * Intralipids 10%, 20% == ** isotonic === ** provides fatty acids and calories === * EtOH == ** 5% Alcohol in 5% Dextrose === ** 10% === = +/- Dextrose = * All of the crystalloid fluids == ** D5, D10, D20, D50 === = Colloids = * Albumin 5%, 25% == * Hetastarch == * Dextran 6%, 10% == * Gelatin == = Why Colloids = * Oncotic pressure → fluid remains intravascular == * No risk of infection == ** Heat treated albumin === mainly used in acute hemorrhage management = Albumin as plasma expander = * Albumin 5% == ** 1 L → ↑ intravasc vol by 0.7–1.3 L === * Albumin 25% == ** 1 L → ↑ intravasc vol by 4–5 L === * Oncotic effects lasts 12-18 hrs == = Hetastarch = * Similar to albumin except ''cheaper =='' * T1/2 = 17 days ''except… =='' * Oncotic effects last < 24 hrs (albumin 12-18 hrs) == * ↑ Amylase == = Cost = * Crystalloids ~ $11/L == * Colloids ~ $65–100/L == * No survival benefit with colloids == = Dextran = * Dextran 6%, 10% == ** Dextran 6% = Dextran-70 === ** Dextran 10%=Dextran-40 === ** 40 causes ↑ plasma vol but 70 lasts longer === ** Can cause anaphylaxis === ** Dose-related ''bleeding'', give < 20 cc/kg === ** Can affect the ''type-and-crossmatching'' (“wash” specimens to eliminate this problem) === ** Increases ''ESR ==='' ** Rare reports of ''RF ==='' = NaCl 3%, 7.5%- Fluid or Medication? = * Systems-engineering approach == ** Remove from IV cart === ** Treat as rx, not IVF === * Trauma resuscitation fluid- except it doesn’t work == = Hypertonic Saline = * Rapidly expands intravasc vol == * Limits edema == * Beneficial effects beyond vol expansion == ** Extravasc → intravasc === = Hypertonic NaCl limits = * Hypernatremia == * Addition of dextran == ** May be helpful in serious trauma === ** Military? === = Oxygen-carrying fluids = = Types = * Fluorocarbon-based == * Hemoglobin-based == ** Human === ** Bovine === ** rDNA === = Fluorocarbon-based = * Dissolve gasses (O2 and CO2) in fluid == * Linear- requires FiO2 > 70% == * Toxic at high doses == = Hemoglobin-based = * So far, no safe formulations == * Vasoconstriction == * No 2,3-diphosphoglycerate == = Blood = = Blood Products = * Whole blood == * PRBC’s == * Platelets == * FFP == * Specific factors == = Whole Blood = * Generally not available in US ''except =='' * Autotransfusion == ** Requires training to operate the equipment === ** Setup time === = Blood Products = * Whole blood == * PRBC’s == * Platelets == * FFP == * Specific factors == = PRBC’s = * Acute blood loss with s/s ↓O2 delivery and two of the following: == *Estimated 15% blood loss *Hotn *Tachycardia *Oliguria *AMS * Symptomatic anemia == * Myocardial ischemia == *AP *SOB *Dizziness with mild exertion = When ''not'' to give PRBC’s = * Hgb > 10 (men), > 7 (women) if otherwise stable and/or asymptomatic == = PRBC Numbers = * 1 U → ↑ hgb by ~ 1g/dl, ↑ hct by ~ 3% == = PRBC Administration = * Large-bore IV line '''''with NS ==''''' * Can give 50-100 cc NS to dilute and infuse faster == * Usually 1 U over 60–90 minutes, but within 4 hrs == * If PRBC unrefrigerated for > 30 min, cannot return to blood blank == = Blood Products = * Whole blood == * PRBC’s == * Platelets == * FFP == * Specific factors == = Platelets = * Give whenever plts < 20,000 == ** or === * < 50,000 ''and'' oozing or pt going for invasive procedure == * ABO matching unnecessary but should Rh match == = Platelets = * 1 bag containts 5.5 x 1010 in 50-70 cc plasma == = Blood Products = * Whole blood == * PRBC’s == * Platelets == * Fresh Frozen Shrimp Plasma == * Specific factors == = FFP = * Emergent reversal of warfarin == * Correction of known coagulation deficiencies == * DIC if PT/PTT > 1.5x nl == = FFP Administration = * Must be ABO compatible == * 1 ml of FFP is ≈ 1 unit of activity for any clotting factor == * For warfarin reversal give 5-8 ml/kg == * Otherwise, give for 30% of nl plasma factor concentration, usually 10-15 ml/kg == = Blood Products = * Whole blood == * PRBC’s == * Platelets == * FFP == * Specific factors == = Bleeding Problems = * Hemophilia A → Give Factor VIII == * Hemophilia B → Give Factor IX == * vWF deficiency → FFP, Factor VIII, Desmopressin == = Factor VII = * rFVIIa = recombinant factor VIIa == = Universal Donor = * O+ for all pts ''except'' women of, and before, childbearing age == * O- for women of childbearing, and pre-childbearing ages == = Time = * Type O: immediately == * Type-specific: 5-10 min == * Incomplete Type and Crossmatched: 30 min == * Fully crossmatched: 45 min == = Infection Risk = = Alex’s Recommendations = * Saline == ** Consider colloids in certain situations such as ↑ICP, anaphylaxis === * Blood products when appropriate (absolute or relative low O2 delivery, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, ongoing bleeding) == * Keep eyes out for blood-replacement products == = Exercise #1 = * Mom brings in her 7 yo, 22&nbsp;kg son for altered mental status. He was marching in a parade without access to any water source. == * What fluid(s), and how much? == = Answer #1 = * Crystalloid (NS or LR) == * 22&nbsp;kg x 20 cc/kg = 440 cc, wide open == * He perks right up and is now tolerating PO. == = Exercise #2 = * Mom brings in her 7 yo, 22&nbsp;kg son for altered mental status. He was playing in the snow, bundled in 3-4 layers of clothes, but he has not been drinking recently because of throat pain. On PE you notice he has vesicles over his palatoglossal fold. == * What fluid(s), and how much? == = Answer #2- Part I = * Crystalloid (NS or LR) == * 22&nbsp;kg x 20 cc/kg = 440 cc, wide open == * But he’s still not tolerating PO → Admit == * Now what? == = Answer #2- Part II = * “100/50/20” or “4/2/1” Rule == = 100/50/20 = * 100 cc/kg/24 hr for each of the first 10&nbsp;kg == * Then 50 cc/kg/24 hr for each of the next 10&nbsp;kg == * Then 20 cc/kg for additional kg == * Add together, then divide by 24 hr for hourly rate == * Max total daily fluid 2-2.5 L == = 4/2/1 = * 4 cc/kg/hr for each of the first 10&nbsp;kg == * 2 cc/kg/hr for each of the next 10&nbsp;kg == * 1 cc/kg/hr for each additional kg == * Add together for hourly rate == = Answer #2- Part II: 22 kg = * 100/50/20 == * 100 x 10 = 1000 == * 50 x 10 = 500 == * 20 x 2 = 40 == * 1000 + 500 + 40 = 1540 == * 1540 / 24 = 64 cc/hr == * 4/2/1 == * 4 x 10 = 40 == * 2 x 10 = 20 == * 1 x 2 = 2 == * 40 + 20 + 2 = 62 cc/hr == = Which Fluid? = * D5 ___ NS + 20 mEq/L KCl == * < 20–25&nbsp;kg → D5¼NS + 20 mEq/L KCl == * >25&nbsp;kg → D5½NS + 20 mEq/L KCl == = Exercise #3 = * 10 yo M, 24&nbsp;kg, with ongoing diarrhea == * What fluids, how much, and add what to fluid? == = Answer #3 = * Diarrhea dehydration == ** Isotonic 60-70% === ** Hyponatremic 10-15% === ** Hypernatremic 10-20% === * D5 1/4 NS + 15 mEq/L bicarbonate + 25 mEq/L KCl == * Replace stool mL/mL every 1–6 hr in addition to maintenance fluids == = How many drops can an IV drip? = * Volume to be infused, drop factor, gtt’s, and other fun stuff == = A pt needs 1 Liter over the next 8 hours, and all IV pumps are being used. Now what? = = What ''do'' we have? = * Stopwatch, eyes → can see how fast fluid is dripping == * Given: Amount of fluid per hour == * Given: 60 minutes in an hour == * We can control: Drops/min == * Given: Tubing’s drops/ml == = The Equation = = Quicker Alternative = * Total volume / hours → cc/hr == * Cc/hr ÷ 60 → cc/min == * We need to get from cc/min to drops/min == = Drop Factor = * Manufacturer Specification == * In drops/ml == * Only required if not using an infusion pump or if using an old pump == = Common drop factors = * Macrodrip tubing: drop factor 10-20 == * Microdrip tubing: drop factor 60 == * We have a few in our ED == = Back to our problem = * We need to give 1 Liter over 8 hours, but all of our computerized infusion pumps are broken or being used. == * How can we use a standard IV set to give our IVF? == = Solution = * 1 Liter in 8 hours = 1000 cc in 8 hrs == * = 125 cc/hr == * = cc/min == = Logic = * For a drop factor of 10, a drip rate of 21 → 125 cc/hr == * For a drop factor of 15, a drip rate of 31 → 125 cc/hr == * Drip rate < 10 → IV clots == = Questions? = * Comments? Email address is ''alex.flaxman@rcn.com'' == * Criticism? Mailbox in the PA office == = References = * Hedner U, “Recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven) as a hemostatic agent”, ''Dis Mon'' – Jan 1, 12003; 49(1): 39-48. == * Rozycki GS, “What's new in trauma and critical care”,''' '''''J Am Coll Surg'', May 1, 2004, 198(5): 798-805. == * Bickell, WH, “Immediate versus Delayed Fluid Resuscitation for Hypotensive Patients with Penetrating Torso Injuries”, ''NEJM'', October 27, 1994, 331(5): 1105-1109. == * Elliott, JE, RN, BSN, CCRN. “Intravenous Therapy”, http://www.nursewise.com. == * LaBonne, CH, MA, CES, RNC. “NURS 1100”, Henry P. Becton School of Nursing & Allied Health, Fairleigh Dickinson University, ''http://www.fdu.edu'' == * Marx, John, ''Rosen’s Emergency Medicine; Concepts and Clinical Practice, Fifth edition''. Mosby, Philadelphia, 2002. p.&nbsp;48-51, 64-100, 1767-1768. == * Tintinalli, Judith E. ''Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide 6th edition''. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, 2003. p.&nbsp;225-231. == * Marino, Paul L. ''The ICU Book; second edition''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, 1997, p.&nbsp;228-241, 691-720. == {{BookCat}} a2qrreka8mnotriokdzd8102phczig0 0 37078 4678820 4669931 2026-10-29T10:20:25Z JCrue 2226064 /* Attack f7 */ 4678820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |Two knights defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C55]] |parent=[[../|Italian game]] }} == 3...Nf6 · Two knights defence == With 3...Nf6, Black develops a knight and attacks the e4-pawn, getting one step closer to castling. White has several ways to proceed from this position: defend the e-pawn, usually with [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']], attack f7 with the aggressive [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5''']] (taking advantage of the fact that Black's move 3...Nf6 blocked the queen's control of the g5-square), or sacrifice the pawn for an open centre and swift attack. === Defend e4 === The e4-pawn is attacked, so the most logical move for white would be to defend it. [[/4. d3|'''4. d3''']] is the most common move, defending the pawn and opening the c1-h6 diagonal for the dark squared bishop. This is known as the '''modern bishop's opening'''. After 4...Bc5 this transposes into the Giuoco Pianissimo. 4...Be7 continues with Ruy Lopez-style development. [[/4. Nc3|'''4. Nc3''']] transposes into the Italian variation of the four knights opening. Though this looks promising as it defends e4 ''while also'' developing a piece, it is less common and allows Black to play a centre fork trick. 4...Nxe4 5. Nxe4 d5 6. Bd3 dxe4 7. Bxe4 Bd6: Black temporarily sacrifices a piece in order to play d5 and get back the piece with a comfortable position and has equalised. === Attack f7 === [[/4. Ng5|'''4. Ng5!?''']] is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. The most serious continuation is 4...d5, sacrificing a pawn to relieve the pressure on f7, 5. exd5 Na5, the Polerio defence which counter-attacks the bishop. [[/4. Ng5/4...Bc5|4...Bc5?]] is the venomous but objectively dubious Traxler counterattack. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. In a sense 4. Ng5 also defends e4, because 4...Nxe4? (called the Ponziani-Steinitz gambit) is answered by 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4. === Sacrifice e4 === [[/4. d4|'''4. d4''']], called the '''open variation''', opens up the centre. This almost always transposes into the Scotch gambit, 4...exd4, and the main moves are 5. O-O or 5. e5. If 4...Nxe4? there is a trap, 5. dxe5 Bc5?? 6. Qd5!, threatening Qxf7# to pick up the knight. White can also gambit the e4-pawn with [[/4. O-O|'''4. O-O?''']], intending to meet 4...Nxe4 with 5. Nc3 Nxc3 6. dxc3. White has sacrificed the pawn for a rapid lead in development and an open position, hoping for a swift attack on Black's uncastled king. === History === This line has historically also been known as the Prussian defence.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lasker's Manual of Chess |last=Lasker |first=Emanuel |publisher=E P Dutton & Co. |year=1927 |location=New York |pages=52-3}}</ref> == Theory table == {{Chess Opening Theory/Table}} {{Chess/theory table|links=all |line1=4. d3 Bc5 |name1=Giuoco piano<br><small>(by transposition)</small> |line2=4. Ng5 d5 5. exd5 Na5 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 |name2=Polerio defence |line3=4. ... ... 5. ... Nxd5 6. Nxf7 Kxf7 7. Qf3+ Ke6 8. Nc3 Nb4 9. O-O c6 |name3=Fried liver attack |linee4=4. ... ... 5. ... ... 6. d4 Nxd4 7. c3 b5 8. Bd3 h6 9. Nxf7 Kxf7 |name4=Lolli attack |line5=4. ... ... 5. ... b5 6. Bf1 Nd4 7. c3 Nxd5 |name5=Ulvestad variation |line6=4. ... ... 5. ... Nd4 6. c3 b5 7. Bf1 Nxd5 8. Ne4 Qh4 9. Ng3 Bg4 10. f3 e4 11. cxd4 |name6=Fritz variation |line7=4. ... Nxe4 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. d4 |name7=Ponziani-Steinitz gambit |line8=4. ... Bc5 5. Bxf7+ Ke7 6. Bd5 Rf8 7. O-O d6 8. c3 Bg4 9. Qb3 Bb6 10. Bxc6 bxc6 11. h3 h6 |name8=Traxler counterattack |line9=4. d4 exd4 5. e5 d5 |name9=Open variation |line10=4. ... ... 5. O-O |name10=Scotch gambit<br><small>(by transposition)</small> |line11=4. Nc3 |name11=Four knights game,<br>Italian variation<br><small>(by transposition)</small> }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}} * ''The Two Knights Defence'' (1983) Yakov Estrin. {{ISBN|0-7134-3991-2}}. {{BCO2}} {{NCO}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} jyafydext5uqrbbvk2pzj12cyork886 0 110092 4678823 2553793 2026-10-29T10:44:55Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678823 wikitext text/x-wiki The Basics of Two-Dimensional Art, often referred to as the Fundamentals or Foundations, can be defined as the "Elements and Principles of Composition" == Composition (visual arts) == '''Composition''' is the plan, placement or arrangement of the elements of art in a work. The general goal is to select and organize appropriate elements within the work in order to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The visual elements (the vocabulary with which the visual artist composes) are: *Line--the literal element itself (see below) or a visual path that enables the eye to move within the piece *Shape--areas defined by edges within the piece whether geometric or organic *Value--the relative lightness or darkness of elements *Texture--surface qualities which translate into tactile illusions *Color--hues with their various values and intensities *Direction--visual routes which take vertical, horizontal or diagonal paths *Size--the relative dimensions and proportions of images or shapes to one another The principles of composition within a picture are: * The picture plane--or activated space within an artwork * Symmetry or Asymmetry--creating static or dynamic compositions, respectively * Flow--the pathway followed by the viewer's eye when they view the image * Spatial illusion--invoking a sense of space or perspective * Dominance Structures--systems of hierarchy that promote flow, spatial illusion, and impact * Areas of Focus--concentrated groups of line, shape, detail, or contrast The artist determines what areas of focus of the art will be, and composes the work accordingly. The eyes of the viewer will then tend to linger over these points of focus. The illustration can be arranged in a harmonious whole that works together to produce a statement. ==Rule of Thirds== {{main|Rule of thirds}} The [[W:rule of thirds|rule of thirds]] (an application of the [[W:Golden ratio|Golden ratio]]) is a guideline commonly followed by visual artists. The objective is to keep the subject(s) and areas of interest (such as the horizon) out of the center of the image, by placing them near one of the lines that would divide the image into three equal columns and rows, ideally near the intersection of those lines. [[Image:Rule_of_thirds_photo.jpg|thumb|400px|center|Rule of thirds: Note how the horizon falls close to the bottom grid line, and how the dark areas are in the left third, the overexposed in the right third.]] ==Simplification== Images with a clutter can distract from the main focus points within the picture and make it difficult to identify the subject. By decreasing the extraneous content, the viewer is more likely to focus on the primary objects. Clutter can also be reduced through the use of lighting, as the brighter areas of the image tend to draw the eye, as do lines and squares. [[Image:Blue Chest.png|thumb|400px|center|Detail is used to develop a distinct focal point.]] ===Limiting focus=== One approach to achieving simplification within a photograph is to use a wide aperture when shooting to limit the [[W:depth of field|depth of field]]. When used properly in the right setting, this technique can place everything that is not the subject of the photograph to be out of focus. [[Image:Jonquil flowers at f5.jpg|center|400px|thumb|The blurred background focuses the eye on the flowers.]] A similar approach, given the right equipment, is to take advantage of the [[W:Scheimpflug principle|Scheimpflug principle]] to change the plane of focus. ===Field of view=== By altering the position of the camera, the background can be changed so that the subject has fewer distractions to compete with. This could be achieved by getting closer, moving laterally, or moving the camera vertically. This is true in most common places and is the final test and the you must do this in order to pass the photographers law of photography. ==Symmetry== The "rule of odds" suggests that an odd number of subjects in an image is more interesting than an even number. Thus if you have more than one subject in your picture, the suggestion is to choose an arrangement with at least three subjects. An even number of subjects produces symmetries in the image, which can appear less natural. Related to the rule of odds is the observation that triangles are an aesthetically pleasing implied shape within an image. ==Viewpoint== The position of the camera can strongly influence the aesthetics of an image. Not only does it influence the background as described above, but it also influences the viewer's interpretation of the subject. For example, if a boy is photographed from above, for example from the eye level of an adult, he is diminished in stature. A photograph taken at the child's level would treat him as an equal, and one taken from below could result in an impression of dominance. An image can be rendered more dramatic when it fills the frame. People can have a tendency to perceive things as larger than they actually are, and filling the frame fulfills this psychological mechanism. This can be used to eliminate distractions from the background. ==Lines== Every photograph contains lines. Both physical lines and continuous, less obvious lines exist. The brain often unconsciously reads near continuous lines between different elements and subjects at varying distances. Strong flowing lines can be created without a photographer even realizing it. Movement is also a source of line, blur can also create a reaction. Subject lines which create an illusion, contribute to both mood and by means of [[W:linear perspective|linear perspective]] give the illusion of depth of field. Oblique and angular lines give us the sense of dynamic balance and a sense of action. Lines can also direct attention towards the main subject of the photograph, or contribute to the photographs organization by dividing it into compartments. ===Straight Lines=== Horizontal, Vertical, and Angled lines all contribute to creating different moods of a photograph. The angle and the relationship to the size of the frame both work to determine the influence the line has on the image. They are also strongly influenced by tone, color, and repetition in relation to the rest of the photograph. Straight, horizontal lines, commonly found in landscape photography, gives the impression of calm, tranquility, and space. An image filled with strong vertical lines tends to have the impression of height, and grandeur. Tightly angled convergent lines give a dynamic, lively, and active effect to the image. Viewpoint is very important when dealing with lines in photography, because every different perspective elicits a different response to the photograph. Too many lines without a clear subject point suggest chaos in the image and may conflict with the mood the photographer is trying to evoke. ===Curved Lines=== Curved lines are generally used to create a sense of flow within a photograph. The eye generally scans these lines with ease and enjoyment as it follows it throughout the image. Compared to straight lines, curves provide a greater dynamic influence in a photograph. When paired with soft-directional lighting curved lines can give gradated shadows which usually results in a very harmonious line structure within the image. Perspective is also important with curved lines, generally speaking the higher the viewpoint the more open the lines tend to be. {{BookCat}} b3ls7ophc7m44rclb725yc6av102ava 4 112405 4678764 4678500 2026-10-28T22:14:06Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 /* Wikibooks Magazine */ new section 4678764 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(60d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 |key = 7a0ac23cf8049e4d9ff70cabb5649d1a }} Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room. {{clear}} [[Category:Reading room]] == Call for administrators == Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC) :Is there a page here that describes what admins do? I am curious because I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&group=sysop&wpsubmit=&wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&limit=50 List of admins] and I see that there are already quite a few admins here and wonder which areas have a shortage. :Just curious. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:56, 16 September 2026 (UTC) ::[[Wikibooks:Administrators]]. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 01:09, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks project is not defined by goal == If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :It's "textbooks" broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::So we should change "Wikibooks:Featured books" to "Wikibooks:Featured texts". [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC) ::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :::::"[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]" [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]], In my opinion this is a good question. I wish more users would chime in. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 16:10, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback == Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process. As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically. In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver. I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process: * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting ** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized ** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger. Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below. For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together. [[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :Thank you to everyone who engaged in the discussion around [[m:Talk:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|the proposal from August 26]]. We've processed your feedback and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027&diff=prev&oldid=31041090 made changes] accordingly. Note that we weren’t able to implement all of it for this cycle, mostly for logistical reasons, but this is merely meant to be a first step and we will continue to improve this process with you all before we run through the next cycle. We plan to use [[m:Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#Updated_Community_Wishlist_Process_2027/2028|this updated version]] for the Wishlist 2027, and we look forward to hearing from you all during the submission and voting periods. :[[:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 14:49, 17 September 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:SPerry-WMF|User:SPerry-WMF]],@[[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]: Thank you for posting info regarding the wishlist to the English Wikibooks. I am sure there are many new users here who can benefit. ::I used to participate in those discussions years ago and I know a lot of effort goes into making discussions useful not only for users of wikipedia, but also for the many language versions of the smaller wikimedia projects such as Wikibooks. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 16:28, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? == Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help? The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC) : Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC) == Who is allowed to delete pages here? == On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult? Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC) : Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Agreed and [[User:Ottawahitech]] is not blocked here, so no idea why he's using a temp account. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:43, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :::There may be many reasons registered users are "editing" without logging in. Is it possible that they want to go about peacefully without attracting too much attention? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:01, 16 September 2026 (UTC) :::: We neither have a policy nor a guideline about this, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:12, 20 September 2026 (UTC) ::::Notwithstanding a claim that the temp account is actually User:Ottawahitech, we have no idea that they are the same person. If the temp account is the same person, and they want to have a user space page, they can create temp account ones. The registered user account pages are intended for that registered user account and not as a dumping ground for anyone to create pages. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 08:29, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Assistance to get page reviewed == My page is a translation page: [[Baiyi Zhuan]] It is a single page, it is translated according to my own ability and familiarity with the language with a disclosure on external tools. I would like it to get reviewed if possible as I do not have the rights. [[User:Taitesena|Taitesena]] ([[User talk:Taitesena|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Taitesena|contribs]]) 11:19, 18 September 2026 (UTC) == Translation of books == Hello, I would like to translate books from other Wikibooks into English. Are there any guidelines regarding how to do this? [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:34, 20 September 2026 (UTC) : This has yet to be expanded, but you might want to take a look at [[Wikibooks:Content translation]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:13, 20 September 2026 (UTC) == Feedback on Wikibooks redirect == I would like your feedback on my proposal to make [[Wikibooks:Username|this page]] redirect to [[Using Wikibooks/Setting Up A User Account#Choosing a Username|this page]]? I would do it myself, but it is not possible due to the fact that [[Wikibooks:Username]] can only be made by admins. This is because [[Wikibooks:Username policy]] also links to [[Using Wikibooks/Setting Up A User Account#Choosing a Username|this page]]. Regards, [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:37, 21 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:00, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :This seems like a good idea to me. [[User:Alextejthompson|''Alextejthompson'']] (''Ping me or leave a message on my [[User talk:Alextejthompson|talk page]]'') 17:49, 21 September 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}, I restored the redirect per consensus here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:03, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == Pages created by [[User:Sisterian]] == I have checked with AI checkers (GPTZero, ZeroGPT) and they claim that these pages have been made with the use of GenAI. I do not know whether this is correct or not; because yes, AI checkers can and do make mistakes. I have tried reaching out to the person via talk page, to no response. I am asking for input just to see what the future of these pages are. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 12:00, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :Thank you for flagging this @[[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]]. I have looked at these pages personally, and there is fairly conclusive evidence that this user has been using genAI/LLMs for their contributions. I have warned them accordingly. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:50, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == I'm in the process of creating a separate page describing the removal of admin permissions == As the section title says, please see [[User:Codename Noreste/sandbox]] and feel free to make any adjustments. We might consider moving this to [[Wikibooks:Administrators/De-adminship]] someday. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:05, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:46, 25 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31080832 --> == FlaggedRevs again == <div class="cd-moveMark">''Moved to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#FlaggedRevs again]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 1 October 2026 (UTC)''</div> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Editors on group 1 wikis, including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on '''October 5 at 07:00 UTC''' as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make higher-value changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project]] or [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]].<br/>Please reach out if you have any questions, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 12:42, 1 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31106967 --> == Approved Revs extension == If we were to have this extension, we should only limit this to the Wikijunior namespace, since we will eventually stop using FlaggedRevs, unless if we want Approved Revs to work in another namespace. Remember, this is not a vote, but an overall discussion. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 01:17, 11 October 2026 (UTC) == An apology == Due to the removal of the <code>editor</code> and <code>autoreview</code> user groups and my failure to immediately correct the [https://github.com/JJPMaster/jjpmaster-bot-enwb-t1 code of my bot], the markAdmins gadget data has not been updated for 39 hours. I apologize if anyone has been affected. [https://github.com/JJPMaster/jjpmaster-bot-enwb-t1/commit/65e615ef04d82500674a3711f2d99fe7cd8968d0 This commit] corrected the problem. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 06:05, 17 October 2026 (UTC) == October 2026 Wikimedia Café: legal issues on Commons, and WMF Board selection process == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in October. In a change from the usual Café practice, this month's sessions will have different topics. Anyone who meets the Café attendance criteria is welcome to attend either or both sessions. Session A will happen on Saturday, 24 October 2026 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1792854000 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe. This session will feature [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:PBradley-WMF Wikimedia Foundation lawyer Phil Bradley-Schmieg]. We will discuss legal issues on Wikimedia Commons, including complexities of international law. (I am hoping that in a future month, a similar Café session will be offered at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific.) Session B will happen on Sunday, 25 October 2026 at 03:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1792897200 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific, we will discuss [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2027/Proposed_eligibility_criteria proposed changes to how Wikimedia Foundation Board candidates are selected]. The latest proposals are much different from the earlier July 2026 proposals. The due date for feedback on current proposals is 27 October, and Wikimedians are welcome to participate on the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2027/Proposed_eligibility_criteria proposal talk page] regardless of Café attendance. Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 06:22, 18 October 2026 (UTC) == Speedy deletion and the deletion policy == Right now, I am trying to figure out how to split the speedy deletion and deletion policy, but the deletion policy has a meaningful content section which might either be moved to the speedy deletion page or not. Do abandoned pages also count as (not) meaningful content? Also, the spam, vandalism and nonsense, and test page reasons could probably be separate, instead of together. Otherwise, this seems to be confusing. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:28, 20 October 2026 (UTC) == Proposal for the Wikibooks Magazine == Hello, Just wanted to note that there is a proposal for the Wikibooks Magazine on [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals#Wikibooks Magazine|this page]]. Please share your thoughts. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 03:34, 21 October 2026 (UTC) == need help splitting a childrens book == hi i am a newcomer and i really need some help i am writing a childrens book but it has turned into one GIANT piece of reading i need help learning how to break this book up into chapters ( note that i tried to do it thats how it became giant.) or sub pages so it is easy to read thank you with peace,[[User:Phoenix3452|Phoenix3452]] ([[User talk:Phoenix3452|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Phoenix3452|contribs]]) 15:32, 23 October 2026 (UTC) :I posted a welcome message on your talk page that may be helpful. Let me know if you are still confused after taking a look. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 21:18, 23 October 2026 (UTC) == Call for new administrators == Any experienced editors (especially patrollers) who have a good understanding of this project's policies and guidelines may put their name for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. We are looking for active administrators to better help with the maintenance of this project, thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:04, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks Magazine == Feel free to submit your ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine on [[Wikibooks talk:Magazine/1]]. Thank you. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 22:14, 28 October 2026 (UTC) sratp74w6i6c2en4ivpwx6oskhuhrr3 110 120727 4678794 4622512 2026-10-29T01:58:47Z ~2026-57611-72 3629663 4678794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Featured book}} This book is a project within [[Wikijunior]], produced at the [[Wikibooks:Reading Levels|Pre-Reading]] level. This book is intended to be read by parent/guardian or teachers to a child so that they can become familiar with the letters of the alphabet and the sounds that letters make. Note that the sounds of the alphabet may be a little different from their original pronunciations in [[Subject:English language|English Language]] and much attention should be paid on that by both guardian/parents and teachers when teaching learners. This will enable effective understanding by the learners. <div style="width: 100%; text-align: center; font-size: xx-large;">'''The Alphabet'''</div> {{center|[[File:Denver RTD A.svg|120px]] [[File:Denver RTD B.svg|120px]] [[File:Denver RTD C.svg|120px]] [[File:Denver RTD D.svg|120px]]}} <noinclude><div style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;">— [[/A/]] [[/B/]] [[/C/]] [[/D/]] [[/E/]] [[/F/]] [[/G/]] [[/H/]] [[/I/]] [[/J/]] [[/K/]] [[/L/]] [[/M/]] [[/N/]] [[/O/]] [[/P/]] [[/Q/]] [[/R/]] [[/S/]] [[/T/]] [[/U/]] [[/V/]] [[/W/]] [[/X/]] [[/Y/]] [[/Z/]] —<br/> </div> </noinclude> {{Shelves|Wikijunior pre-reader books}}{{Status|100%}} <noinclude> {{Print version|Wikijunior:Alphabet/All pages}} {| style="width: 100%;" |style="vertical-align: bottom;"|Author: Mark Linley, Kindergarten teacher |style="vertical-align: bottom;"|{{reading level|Pre-Reader}} |} {{Alphabetical|A}} </noinclude> [[ar:ويكي الأطفال:الحروف الأبجدية]] [[fr:Wikijunior:Alphabet]] [[he:ספר אלף בית]] [[hi:विकिकनिष्ठ:वर्णमाला]] [[mr:विकिकनिष्ठ:वर्णमाला]] [[tr:Vikiçocuk:Alfabe]] [[da:Wikijunior:Alphabat]] gm2mquj91axlyd5nil31niy87c9rkou 0 122264 4678811 4470878 2026-10-29T07:50:59Z ~2026-57629-04 3629685 4678811 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Belarusian Alphabet== The Belarusian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic writing system. It is virtually identical to the Russian alphabet, differing from it just in a few points: * ''і'' is used instead of ''и'' * ''ў'' letter, specific to Belarusian, is used to denote short ''w'' sound * ''шч'' combination is used instead of ''щ'' * ' (апостроф/apostrophe) is used instead of ''ъ'' or the hard sign. The Belarusian alphabet contains 32 letters: '''Аа''' - a - pronounced like ''a'' in ''art'' '''Бб''' - be - pronounced like ''b'' in ''body'' '''Вв''' - ve - pronounced like ''v'' in ''van'' '''Гг''' - he - has no correspondence in English; the voiced analog of ''х''; occasionally pronounced like ''g'' in ''guest'' '''Дд''' - de - pronounced like ''d'' in ''desk'' '''Ее''' - e/ye - pronounced, depending on position, either like a long ''e'' after consonant as in ''Lenin'' or ''ye'' in ''yes'' (Initially, after vowel or any of the two signs). '''Ёё''' - o/yo - pronounced, either like ''o'' in ''shore'' (only after Ч, Ш, Ж or ШЧ) or ''yo'' in ''York''. Either way, ''always stressed'' '''Жж''' - zhe - pronounced like ''s'' in ''pleasure'' '''Зз''' - ze - pronounced like ''z'' in ''zoo'' '''Іі''' - i - pronounced like ''i'' in ''machine'' '''Йй''' - j- pronounced like ''y'' in ''yoghurt'' '''Кк''' - ka - pronounced like ''k'' in ''kitten'' '''Лл''' - el - pronounced like ''l'' in ''lamp'' '''Мм''' - em - pronounced like ''m'' in ''map'' '''Нн''' - en - pronounced like ''n'' in ''net''; pronounced like a Spanish ñ after i or e. '''Оо''' - o - pronounced like ''o'' in ''sort'': usually, but not ''always'' stressed '''Пп''' - pe - pronounced like ''p'' in ''park'' '''Рр''' - er - differs largely from English ''r'' sound; similar to Italian ''r'' in ''ridere'' '''Сс''' - es - pronounced like ''s'' in ''Sun'' '''Тт''' - te - pronounced like ''t'' in ''top'' '''Уу''' - u - pronounced like ''u'' in ''put'' '''Ўў''' - w - pronounced like the ''w'' in ''know'' '''Фф''' - ef - pronounced like ''f'' in ''fox'' '''Хх''' - kha - pronounced harder than English ''h'' sound; similar to German ''ch'' in ''Buch'' '''Цц''' - tse - pronounced like ''ts'' as in ''cats''; similar to German ''z'' in ''Zeit'' or Italian ''z'' in ''canzone'' '''Чч''' - cha - pronounced like ''ch'' in ''chalk'' '''Шш''' - sha - pronounced like ''sh'' in ''shelf'' '''Ыы''' - y - pronounced like ''y'' in ''myth'' '''Ьь''' - miakki znak "soft sign" - not pronounced: softens previous consonant and, if in any position except the end, separates syllables '''Ээ''' - e - pronounced like ''e'' in ''end'': if found after a consonant, it is shorter than the previous "e" mentioned above. '''Юю''' - yu - pronounced like a yu as in "Yugoslavia"; '''Яя''' - ya - pronounced, like "ya" in "yard" or "Goya" '''NOTE'''. In tarashkievitsa, letter '''Ґґ''' (ge) is also used to denote the sound ''g'' (as in english ''guest''). Narkamauka uses ''г'' letter instead. The position of ''ґ'' in the classical Belarusian alphabet is immediately after ''г'', before ''д''. Thus there are 33 letters in tarashkievitsa. Sometimes in tarashkievitsa combinations '''ДЖдж''' and '''ДЗдз''' are given the status of letters on their own. ==Exercises== ===1. Cities=== Try to read and recognize the names of some cities. Confer the hint below if you have difficulties. Note that "'' ́''" is a stress sound (which is normally omitted). Also note that proper names in Belarusian, as in most other languages, are capitalized. '''Масква́''' '''Ло́ндан''' '''Варша́ва''' '''Амстэрда́м''' '''Стамбу́л''' ''Hint'': Maskva (Moscow), Londan (London), Varshava (Warsaw), Amsterdam, Stambul (Istanbul) ===2. Animals=== Try to read and remember Belarusian names of some animals. Confer the pronunciation hint below if you have difficulties. Pay special attention to the stress - like Russian and Ukrainian, there is no fixed stress position in Belarusian, and stressing the wrong syllable (or even missing out a sign) can create misunderstandings. Virtually every book and dictionary concerning these three languages place an accent in the tonic syllable, so make sure you do the same . Note that ''о'' is normally stressed in Belarusian. '''кот''' - a cat (male) '''ко́шка''' - a cat (female) '''саба́ка''' - a dog '''каро́ва''' - a cow '''каза́''' - a goat (female) '''бара́н''' - a sheep (male) '''пту́шка''' - a bird (general) '''варо́на''' - a crow '''саро́ка''' - a magpie '''ка́чка''' - a duck '''жа́ба''' - a toad '''слон''' - an elephant ''Hint'': kot, koshka, sabaka, karova, kaza, baran, ptushka, varona, saroka, kachka, zhaba, slon {{BookCat}} khvzj4x2k7u5o4qvfk0gcrsxhga412r 0 133273 4678757 4678667 2026-10-28T21:29:35Z JCrue 2226064 !? does not mean dubious. Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4678667|4678667]] by [[Special:Contributions/UnbreakablePromise|UnbreakablePromise]] ([[User talk:UnbreakablePromise|discuss]]) 4678757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Two knights defence |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C57]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nc6/3. Bc4|Italian game]] → [[../|3...Nf6]] }} == 4. Ng5!? == 4. Ng5!? is a sideline but the most common amateur move. This Romantic move is an attack on f7 with the bishop and knight, taking advantage of the fact that Black gave up control of g5 and cannot castle yet. However, it is unprincipled to attack before having finished development and Black equalises with best play. Black needs to defend f7: otherwise, as in the common beginner blunder, '''4...h6??''' 5. Nxf7 Qe7 6. Nxh8, Black gets the house. If Black thinks to counter-attack instead, [[/4...Nxe4|'''4...Nxe4?''']], the '''Ponziani-Steinitz gambit''', fails to 5. Bxf7+! Ke7 6. d4. [[/4...d5|'''4...d5''']] is the best way to defend f7. This sacrifices a pawn to 5. exd5. Then there have been several moves tried: * 5...Na5, the Polerio defence, is the most serious continuation and main line today. Black counterattacks the bishop, and the line continues 6. Bb5+ c6 7. dxc6 bxc6 8. Bd3 Nd5 9. Nf3 Bd6 10. O-O. White may be ahead a pawn, but Black is considered equal with more active pieces; * 5...b5!?, the Ulvestad variation, to drive the bishop on c4 to somewhere less useful; * 5...Nd4!?, the Fritz variation, gets the knight out from under the gun; * 5...Nxd5?! is more common in amateur games, allowing 6. Nxf7, the audacious knight sacrifice known as the fried liver attack, or 6. d4, the Lolli attack. [[/4...Bc5|'''4...Bc5?''']] is the venomous but objectively dubious '''Traxler counterattack'''. Black can answer 5. Nxf7? Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+{{chess/not}}, but instead 5. Bxf7+ is a free pawn. === History === This move has been known since the 17th century, appearing in attributed to Italian chess masters [[w:Giulio Cesare Polerio|Giulio Cesare Polerio]]<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1224683 Polerio v Domenico, 1610. Chessgames.com]</ref> and [[w:Gioachino Greco|Gioachino Greco]].<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1271138 Greco v NN, 1620]</ref> Their games continued with the line 4...d5 5. exd5 Nxd5 6. Nxf7, the ''fegatello'', or in English, the "fried liver" attack. Colloquially, the position after 4. Ng5 may be called the "fried liver", or that name is reserved specifically for the continuation with 5...Nxd5 and the sacrifice of the knight on f7. This is a sharp attack on Black's weakest square, f7. A generous critic might call 4. Ng5 "forthright", though [[w:Siegbert Tarrasch|Siegbert Tarrasch]] called it "bungling".<ref>{{cite book |last=Tarrasch |first=Siegbert |translator-last1=Smith |translator-first1=G.E. |translator-last2=Bone |translator-first2=T.G. |title=The Game of Chess |year=1935 |location=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.13269/page/n5/mode/2up |via=Internet Archive |page=259}}</ref> In general, chess masters find 4. d3 to be more sound, however 4. Ng5 demands Black play accurately and at worse the game is equal. A recent appearance of 4. Ng5 was in the 2026 Women's Candidates, played by [[w:Zhongyi Tan|Zhongyi Tan]].<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=3121156 Tan v Goryachkina, 2026. Chessgames.com]</ref> ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} '''1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5''' <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"> <tr> <th align="left"></th> <th align="left"></th> <th align="left"><br>4</th> <th align="left"><br>5</th> <th align="left"><br>6</th> <th align="left"><br>7</th> <th align="left"><br>8</th> <th align="left"><br>9</th> <th align="left"><br>10</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Traxler Counterattack, Bishop Sacrifice Line</th> <th align="right">1</th> <td>Ng5<br>[[/4...Bc5|Bc5!?]]</td> <td>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7|Bxf7+]]<br>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7|Ke7]]</td> <td>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5|Bd5]]<br>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8|Rf8]]</td> <td>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O|O-O]]<br>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6|d6]]</td> <td>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3|c3]]<br>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4|Bg4]]</td> <td>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3|Qb3]]<br>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6|Bb6]]</td> <td>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6|Bxc6]]<br>[[/4...Bc5/5. Bxf7/5...Ke7/6. Bd5/6...Rf8/7. O-O/7...d6/8. c3/8...Bg4/9. Qb3/9...Bb6/10. Bxc6/10...bxc6|bxc6]]</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Lolli Attack, Pincus Variation</th> <th align="right">2</th> <td>...<br>[[/4...d5|d5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5|exd5]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5|Nxd5!?]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4|d4]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4|Bb4+]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3|c3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7|Be7]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7|Nxf7]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7|Kxf7]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3|Qf3+]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6|Ke6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4|Qe4]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. d4/6...Bb4/7. c3/7...Be7/8. Nxf7/8...Kxf7/9. Qf3/9...Ke6/10. Qe4/10...Rf8|Rf8]]</td> <td>+/=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Fried Liver Attack</th> <th align="right">3</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7|Nxf7!?]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7|Kxf7]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3|Qf3+]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6|Ke6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3|Nc3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4|Ncb4]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3|a3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2|Nxc2+]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1|Kd1]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nxd5/6. Nxf7/6...Kxf7/7. Qf3/7...Ke6/8. Nc3/8...Ncb4/9. a3/9...Nxc2/10. Kd1/10...Nxa1|Nxa1]]</td> <td>-+</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Polerio Defense, Kieseritzky, Yankovich Variation</th> <th align="right">4</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5|Na5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3|d3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6|h6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3|Nf3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4|e4]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2|Qe2]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4|Nxc4]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4|dxc4]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5|Bc5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2|Nfd2]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. d3/6...h6/7. Nf3/7...e4/8. Qe2/8...Nxc4/9. dxc4/9...Bc5/10. Nfd2/10...O-O|O-O]]</td> <td>=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Polerio, Bishop Check Line, Suhle Defense</th> <th align="right">5</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5|Bb5+]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6|c6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6|dxc6]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6|bxc6]]</td> <td> [[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2|Be2]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6|h6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3|Nf3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4|e4]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5|Ne5]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nf3/9...e4/10. Ne5/10...Bc5|Bc5]]</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Polerio, Bishop Check, Suhle, Steinitz Variation</th> <th align="right">6</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3|Nh3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6|Bd6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3|d3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Be2/8...h6/9. Nh3/9...Bd6/10. d3/10...O-O|O-O]]</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Polerio, Bishop Check, Bogoljubov Variation</th> <th align="right">7</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3|Qf3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7|Be7]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6|Bxc6+]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6/9...Nxc6|Nxc6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6/9...Nxc6/10. Qxc6|Qxc6+]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Na5/6. Bb5/6...c6/7. dxc6/7...bxc6/8. Qf3/8...Be7/9. Bxc6/9...Nxc6/10. Qxc6/10...Bd7|Bd7]]</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Ulvestad Variation, Kurkin Gambit</th> <th align="right">8</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5|b5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1|Bf1]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6|h6]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7|Nxf7]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7|Kxf7]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7/8. dxc6|dxc6]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7/8. dxc6/8...Qd5|Qd5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...b5/6. Bf1/6...h6/7. Nxf7/7...Kxf7/8. dxc6/8...Qd5/9. Qf3|Qf3]]<br>Qc5</td> <td>b4<br>Qxb4</td> <td>∞</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Fritz Variation, Gruber Variation, Berliner Variation</th> <th align="right">9</th> <td>...<br>...</td> <td>...<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4|Nd4]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3|c3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5|b5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1|Bf1]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5|Nxd5]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4|Ne4]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4|Qh4]]</td> <td>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3|Ng3]]<br>[[/4...d5/5. exd5/5...Nd4/6. c3/6...b5/7. Bf1/7...Nxd5/8. Ne4/8...Qh4/9. Ng3/9...Bg4|Bg4]]</td> <td>f3<br>e4</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left">Ponziani-Steinitz Gambit</th> <th align="right">10</th> <td>...<br>[[/4...Nxe4|Nxe4?!]]</td> <td>Bxf7+!<br>Ke7</td> <td>d4<br>d5</td> <td>Nc3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>+=</td> </tr> <tr> <th align="left"></th> <th align="right">11</th> <td>...<br>[[/4...Nd5|Nd5]]</td> <td>d3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>+=</td> </tr> </table> {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{Wikipedia|Two Knights Defence}} {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} {{NCO}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} 7kjuksbaifihqo29v3loxtndz6u64tg 4 140081 4678695 4678137 2026-10-28T12:46:01Z MathXplore 3097823 Reporting ~2026-57615-63 4678695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Cleanwipes reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Cleanwipes}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316154]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Cleanwipes/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:20, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Suniluv2026 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Suniluv2026}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316149]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Suniluv2026/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Rudrashares01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rudrashares01}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rudrashares01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:25, 15 October 2026 (UTC) == Rimshad12 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|Rimshad12}} Spam ([[:m:special:GlobalContributions/Rimshad12|cross-wiki]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rimshad12/ --> [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 06:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Locked}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:41, 16 October 2026 (UTC) == Wanjigires reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wanjigires}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wanjigires/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:22, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Hoquangvinh70 reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Hoquangvinh70}} Link spam, see userpage <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hoquangvinh70/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Help == I need help with the contributions of user [[User:Ԛѣуех|Ԛѣуех]]. I initially rollbacked the edits because it was vandalism, which I later reverted, because it was a misclick. Though, looking at the diff, it looks as if it was vandalism, so I reverted my edit. Could a moderator please check if it was vandalism/ test edit, because I am not too sure. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-57615-63}} vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-57615-63/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) rzocw46iz6wwjotwdy356lpmhqz49c4 4678770 4678695 2026-10-28T23:21:04Z Koavf 16549 /* ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore */ Reply 4678770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Cleanwipes reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Cleanwipes}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316154]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Cleanwipes/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:20, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Suniluv2026 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Suniluv2026}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316149]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Suniluv2026/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Rudrashares01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rudrashares01}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rudrashares01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:25, 15 October 2026 (UTC) == Rimshad12 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|Rimshad12}} Spam ([[:m:special:GlobalContributions/Rimshad12|cross-wiki]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rimshad12/ --> [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 06:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Locked}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:41, 16 October 2026 (UTC) == Wanjigires reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wanjigires}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wanjigires/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:22, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Hoquangvinh70 reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Hoquangvinh70}} Link spam, see userpage <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hoquangvinh70/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Help == I need help with the contributions of user [[User:Ԛѣуех|Ԛѣуех]]. I initially rollbacked the edits because it was vandalism, which I later reverted, because it was a misclick. Though, looking at the diff, it looks as if it was vandalism, so I reverted my edit. Could a moderator please check if it was vandalism/ test edit, because I am not too sure. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-57615-63}} vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-57615-63/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:21, 28 October 2026 (UTC) icfx8sxstbrx5f6g65ek2pcdxzyrkpk 4678810 4678770 2026-10-29T07:28:46Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Reporting Ruchichuahan 4678810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Cleanwipes reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Cleanwipes}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316154]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Cleanwipes/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:20, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Suniluv2026 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Suniluv2026}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316149]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Suniluv2026/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Rudrashares01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rudrashares01}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rudrashares01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:25, 15 October 2026 (UTC) == Rimshad12 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|Rimshad12}} Spam ([[:m:special:GlobalContributions/Rimshad12|cross-wiki]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rimshad12/ --> [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 06:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Locked}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:41, 16 October 2026 (UTC) == Wanjigires reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wanjigires}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wanjigires/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:22, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Hoquangvinh70 reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Hoquangvinh70}} Link spam, see userpage <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hoquangvinh70/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Help == I need help with the contributions of user [[User:Ԛѣуех|Ԛѣуех]]. I initially rollbacked the edits because it was vandalism, which I later reverted, because it was a misclick. Though, looking at the diff, it looks as if it was vandalism, so I reverted my edit. Could a moderator please check if it was vandalism/ test edit, because I am not too sure. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-57615-63}} vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-57615-63/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:21, 28 October 2026 (UTC) == Ruchichuahan reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Ruchichuahan}} Advertisement, spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ruchichuahan/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:28, 29 October 2026 (UTC) s1qcps4iru2jul36m92husyty5uhz6e 4678814 4678810 2026-10-29T08:10:42Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/October]] 4678814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Rudrashares01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rudrashares01}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rudrashares01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:25, 15 October 2026 (UTC) == Rimshad12 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|Rimshad12}} Spam ([[:m:special:GlobalContributions/Rimshad12|cross-wiki]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rimshad12/ --> [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 06:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Locked}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:41, 16 October 2026 (UTC) == Wanjigires reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wanjigires}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wanjigires/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:22, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Hoquangvinh70 reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Hoquangvinh70}} Link spam, see userpage <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hoquangvinh70/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Help == I need help with the contributions of user [[User:Ԛѣуех|Ԛѣуех]]. I initially rollbacked the edits because it was vandalism, which I later reverted, because it was a misclick. Though, looking at the diff, it looks as if it was vandalism, so I reverted my edit. Could a moderator please check if it was vandalism/ test edit, because I am not too sure. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-57615-63}} vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-57615-63/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:21, 28 October 2026 (UTC) == Ruchichuahan reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Ruchichuahan}} Advertisement, spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ruchichuahan/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:28, 29 October 2026 (UTC) ofdu3j4sac85pl0nvq5hhyyxvghghw1 0 142006 4678780 4678273 2026-10-29T00:33:49Z Marco Fix Bra 2648094 ZA9/A33 is also shared for Antonelli branded trucks 4678780 wikitext text/x-wiki ==World Manufacturer Identifier== The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the '''World Manufacturer Identifier''' or '''WMI''' code. A manufacturer that builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks. ===WMI Regions=== The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture. Common auto-manufacturing countries are noted. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://standards.iso.org/iso/3780/ | title=ISO Standards Maintenance Portal: ISO 3780 | publisher=[[wikipedia:International Organization for Standardization]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI ! Region ! Notes |- | A-C | Africa | AA-AH = South Africa<br />BF-BG = Kenya<br />BU = Uganda<br />CA-CB = Egypt<br />DF-DK = Morocco |- | E, H-R | Asia | E=Russia<br />H = China<br />J = Japan<br />KF-KH = Israel<br />KL-KR = South Korea<br />L = China<br />MA-ME = India<br />MF-MK = Indonesia<br />ML-MR = Thailand<br />MS = Myanmar<br />MX = Kazakhstan<br />MY-M0 = India<br />NF-NG = Pakistan<br />NL-NR = Turkey<br />NS-NT = Uzbekistan<br />PA-PC = Philippines<br />PF-PG = Singapore<br />PL-PR = Malaysia<br />PS-PT = Bangladesh<br />PV=Cambodia<br />RA-RB = United Arab Emirates<br />RF-RK = Taiwan<br />RL-RN = Vietnam<br />RS-RT = Saudi Arabia<br />RU-RW = Russia<br />R1-R7 = Hong Kong |- | S-Z | Europe | SA-SM = United Kingdom<br />SN-ST = Germany (formerly East Germany)<br />SU-SZ = Poland<br />TA-TH = Switzerland<br />TJ-TP = Czech Republic<br />TR-TV = Hungary<br />TW-T2 = Portugal<br />UH-UM = Denmark<br />UN-UR = Ireland<br />UU-UX = Romania<br />U1-U2 = North Macedonia<br />U5-U7 = Slovakia<br />VA-VE = Austria<br />VF-VR = France<br />VS-VW = Spain<br />VX-V2 = France (formerly Serbia/Yugoslavia)<br />V3-V5 = Croatia<br />V6-V8 = Estonia<br /> W = Germany (formerly West Germany)<br />XA-XC = Bulgaria<br />XF-XH = Greece<br />XL-XR = The Netherlands<br />XS-XW = Russia (formerly USSR)<br />XX-XY = Luxembourg<br />XZ-X0 = Russia<br />YA-YE = Belgium<br />YF-YK = Finland<br />YS-YW = Sweden<br />YX-Y2 = Norway<br />Y3-Y5 = Belarus<br />Y6-Y8 = Ukraine<br />ZA-ZU = Italy<br />ZX-ZZ = Slovenia<br />Z3-Z5 = Lithuania<br />Z6-Z0 = Russia |- | 1-5 | North America | 1, 4, 5 = United States<br />2 = Canada<br />3 = Mexico<br />7F-70 = United States |- | 6-7 | Oceania | 6A-6W = Australia<br />7A-7E = New Zealand<br />Revised: 6A-6X = Australia<br />6Y-61 = New Zealand |- | 8-9 | South America | 8A-8E = Argentina<br />8F-8G = Chile<br />8L-8N = Ecuador<br />8S-8T = Peru<br />8X-8Z = Venezuela<br />82 = Bolivia<br />84 = Costa Rica<br />9A-9E, 91-90 = Brazil<br />9F-9G = Colombia<br />9S-9V = Uruguay |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''A''' || colspan="8" | South Africa || colspan="2" | Ivory Coast || colspan="2" | Lesotho || colspan="2" | Botswana || colspan="2" | Namibia || colspan="2" | Madagascar || colspan="2" | Mauritius || colspan="2" | Tunisia || colspan="2" | Cyprus || colspan="2" | Zimbabwe || colspan="2" | Mozambique || colspan="5" | ''Africa'' |- | '''B''' || colspan="2" | Angola || colspan="1" | Ethiopia || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Kenya || colspan="1" | Rwanda || colspan="2" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Nigeria || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Algeria || colspan="1" | ''Africa'' || colspan="1" | Swaziland || colspan="1" | Uganda || colspan="7" | ''Africa''|| colspan="2" | Libya || colspan="6" | ''Africa'' |- | '''C''' || colspan="2" | Egypt || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Morocco || colspan="3" | ''Africa'' || colspan="2" | Zambia || colspan="21" | ''Africa'' |- | '''D''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |- | '''E''' || colspan="33" | Russia |- | '''F''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | |- | '''G''' |- | '''H''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''J''' || colspan="33" | Japan |- | '''K''' || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | Israel || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | South Korea || colspan="2" | Jordan || colspan="6" | ''Asia'' || colspan="3" | South Korea || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kyrgyzstan || colspan="5" | ''Asia'' |- | '''L''' || colspan="33" | China |- | '''M''' || colspan="5" | India || colspan="5" | Indonesia || colspan="5" | Thailand || colspan="1" | Myanmar || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Mongolia || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Kazakhstan || colspan="12" | India |- | '''N''' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="2" | Pakistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Iraq || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Turkey || colspan="2" | Uzbekistan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Azerbaijan || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="1" | Tajikistan || colspan="1" | Armenia || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Iran || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Turkey || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' |- | '''P''' || colspan="3" | Philippines || colspan="2" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Singapore || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Malaysia || colspan="2" | Bangladesh || colspan="10" | ''Asia'' || colspan="6" | India |- | '''R''' || colspan="2" | UAE || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="5" | Taiwan || colspan="3" | Vietnam || colspan="1" | Laos || colspan="1" | ''Asia'' || colspan="2" | Saudi Arabia || colspan="3" | Russia || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' || colspan="7" | Hong Kong || colspan="3" | ''Asia'' |- ! &nbsp; ! A ! B ! C ! D ! E ! F ! G ! H ! J ! K ! L ! M ! N ! P ! R ! S ! T ! U ! V ! W ! X ! Y ! Z ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 0 |- | '''S''' || colspan="12" | United Kingdom || colspan="5" | Germany <small>(formerly East Germany)</small> || colspan="6" | Poland || colspan="2" | Latvia || colspan="1" | Georgia || colspan="1" | Iceland || colspan="6" | ''Europe'' |- | '''T''' || colspan="8" | Switzerland || colspan="6" | Czech Republic || colspan="5" | Hungary || colspan="6" | Portugal || colspan="3" | Serbia || colspan="1" | Andorra || colspan="2" | Netherlands || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''U''' || colspan="3" | Spain || colspan="4" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Denmark || colspan="3" | Ireland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="4" | Romania || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="2" | North Macedonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovakia || colspan="3" | Bosnia & Herzogovina |- | '''V''' || colspan="5" | Austria || colspan="10" | France || colspan="5" | Spain || colspan="5" | France <small>(formerly Yugoslavia & Serbia)</small> || colspan="3" | Croatia || colspan="3" | Estonia || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''W''' || colspan="33" | Germany |- | '''X''' || colspan="3" | Bulgaria || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="3" | Greece || colspan="2" | Russia || colspan="5" | Netherlands || colspan="5" | Russia <small>(formerly USSR)</small> || colspan="2" | Luxembourg || colspan="11" | Russia |- | '''Y''' || colspan="5" | Belgium || colspan="5" | Finland || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="1" | Malta || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="5" | Sweden || colspan="5" | Norway || colspan="3" | Belarus || colspan="3" | Ukraine || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' |- | '''Z''' || colspan="18" | Italy || colspan="2" | ''Europe'' || colspan="3" | Slovenia || colspan="1" | San Marino|| colspan="1" | ''Europe''|| colspan="3" | Lithuania || colspan="5" | Russia |- | '''1''' || colspan="33" | United States |- | '''2''' || colspan="28" | Canada || colspan="5" | ''North America'' |- | '''3''' || colspan="21" | Mexico || colspan="5" | ''North America'' || colspan="1" | Nicaragua || colspan="1" | Dom. Rep. || colspan="1" | Honduras || colspan="1" | Panama || colspan="2" | Puerto Rico || colspan="1" | ''North America'' |- | '''4''' || colspan="33" rowspan="2" | United States |- | '''5''' |- | '''6''' || colspan="21" | Australia || colspan="3" | New Zealand || colspan="9" | ''Oceania'' |- | '''7''' || colspan="5" | New Zealand || colspan="28" | United States |- | '''8''' || colspan="5" | Argentina || colspan=2 | Chile || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Ecuador || colspan="2" | ''South America'' || colspan="2" | Peru || colspan="3" | ''South America'' || colspan="3" | Venezuela || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Bolivia || colspan="1" | ''SA'' || colspan="1" | Costa Rica || colspan="6" | ''South America'' |- | '''9''' || colspan="5" | Brazil || colspan="2" | Colombia || colspan="8" | ''South America'' || colspan="4" | Uruguay || colspan="4" | ''South America'' || colspan="10" | Brazil |- | '''0''' || colspan="33" rowspan="1" | |} ===List of Many WMIs=== The [[w:Society of Automotive Engineers|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) in the US assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iso.org/standard/45844.html | title=ISO 3780:2009 - Road vehicles — World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code | date=October 2009 | publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref> The following table contains a list of mainly commonly used WMIs, although there are many others assigned. {| class="wikitable x" style="text-align:center" |- ! WMI !! Manufacturer |- | AAA|| Audi South Africa made by Volkswagen of South Africa |- | AAK|| FAW Vehicle Manufacturers SA (PTY) Ltd. |- | AAM|| MAN Automotive (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd. (includes VW Truck & Bus) |- |AAP || VIN restamped by South African Police Service (so-called SAPVIN or AAPV number) |- | AAV || Volkswagen South Africa |- | AAW || Challenger Trailer Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | AA9/CN1 || TR-Tec Pty Ltd. (South Africa) |- | ABJ || Mitsubishi Colt & Triton pickups made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1994–2011 |- | ABJ || Mitsubishi Fuso made by Daimler Trucks & Buses Southern Africa |- | ABM || BMW Southern Africa |- | ACV || Isuzu Motors South Africa 2018- |- | AC5 || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Automotive South Africa |- | AC9/BM1 || Beamish Beach Buggies (South Africa) |- | ADB || Mercedes-Benz South Africa car |- | ADD || UD Trucks Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADM || General Motors South Africa (includes Isuzu through 2018) |- | ADN || Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADR || Renault Sandero made by Nissan South Africa (Pty) Ltd. |- | ADX || Tata Automobile Corporation (SA) Ltd. |- | AE9/MT1 || Backdraft Racing (South Africa) |- | AFA || Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa & Samcor |- | AFB || Mazda BT-50 made by Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa |- | AFD || BAIC Automotive South Africa |- | AFZ || Fiat Auto South Africa |- | AHH || Hino South Africa |- | AHM || Honda Ballade made by Mercedes-Benz South Africa 1982–2000 |- | AHT || Toyota South Africa Motors (Pty.) Ltd. |- | BF9/|| KIBO Motorcycles, Kenya |- | BUK || Kiira Motors Corporation, Uganda |- | BR1 || Mercedes-Benz Algeria (SAFAV MB) |- | BRY || FIAT Algeria |- | CA3 || MCV bus (Egypt) |- | DDY || Geyushi Motors (bus) (Egypt) |- | DF9/|| Laraki (Morocco) |- | EAA || Aurus Motors (Russia) |- | EAN || Evolute (Russia) |- | EAU || Elektromobili Manufacturing Rus - EVM (Russia) |- | EBE || Sollers-Auto (Russia) |- | EBZ || Nizhekotrans bus (Russia) |- | ECE || XCITE (Russia) |- | ECW || Trans-Alfa bus (Russia) |- | EDE || Tenet (Russia) |- | HAC || GAC Motor (Aion) |- | HA0 || Wuxi Sundiro Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (Palla, Parray) |- | HA6 || Jiangsu Niu Electric Technology Co., Ltd. (Niu) |- | HA7 || Jinan Qingqi KR Motors Co., Ltd. |- | HES || smart Automobile Co., Ltd. (Mercedes-Geely joint venture) |- | HGL || Farizon Auto van (Geely) |- | HGX || Wuling Motors commercial vehicle (Geely) |- | HHZ || Huazi Automobile |- | HJN || Nio, Firefly |- | HJR || Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Co., Ltd. Jetour made by Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | HJZ || Juzhen Chengshi van |- | HJ4 || BAW car |- | HLX || Li Auto |- | HL4 || Zhejiang Morini Vehicle Co., Ltd. <br />(Moto Morini subsidiary of Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co., Ltd.) |- | HM2 || Shandong Bentu New Energy Vehicle Industry Co.,Ltd. |- | HRV || Beijing Henrey Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. |- | HT5 || Zhejiang Jianying Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | HVW || Volkswagen Anhui |- | HWM || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | HXM || Xiaomi |- | HZ2 || Taizhou Zhilong Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | H0D || Taizhou Qianxin Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | H0G || Wisdom (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | JAA || Isuzu truck, Holden Rodeo TF, Opel Campo, Bedford/Vauxhall Brava pickup made by Isuzu in Japan |- | JAB || Isuzu car |- | JAC || Isuzu SUV, Opel/Vauxhall Monterey & Holden Jackaroo/Monterey made by Isuzu in Japan |- | JAE || Acura SLX made by Isuzu |- | JAL || Isuzu commercial trucks & <br /> Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu 2016+ & <br /> Hino S-series truck made by Isuzu (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty) |- | JAM || Isuzu commercial trucks (Incomplete Vehicle - light duty) |- | JA3 || Mitsubishi car (for North America) |- | JA4 || Mitsubishi MPV/SUV (for North America) & Nissan Rogue PHEV '26 made by Mitsubishi |- | JA7 || Mitsubishi truck (for North America) |- | JB3 || Dodge car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB4 || Dodge MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JB7 || Dodge truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JC0 || Ford brand cars made by Mazda |- | JC1 || Fiat 124 Spider made by Mazda |- | JC2 || Ford Courier made by Mazda |- | JDA || Daihatsu, Subaru Justy made by Daihatsu |- | JD1 || Daihatsu car |- | JD2 || Daihatsu SUV |- | JD4 || Daihatsu truck |- | JE3 || Eagle car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JE4 || Mitsubishi Motors |- | JF1 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car & Scion FR-S/Toyota 86/Toyota GR86 made by Subaru |- | JF2 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV |- | JF3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] truck |- | JF4 || Saab 9-2X made by Subaru |- | JG1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Suzuki |- | JG2 || Pontiac car made by Suzuki |- | JG7 || Pontiac/Asuna car made by Suzuki for GM Canada |- | JGC || Chevrolet/Geo SUV made by Suzuki (classified as a truck) |- | JGT || GMC SUV made by Suzuki for GM Canada (classified as a truck) |- | JHA || Hino truck |- | JHB || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHD || Hino |- | JHF || Hino |- | JHH || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JHF-JHG, JHL-JHN, JHZ,<br/>JH1-JH5 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] |- | JHL || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV |- | JHM || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car |- | JH1 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck |- | JH2 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] motorcycle/ATV |- | JH3 || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] ATV |- | JH4 || Acura car |- | JH6 || Hino incomplete vehicle |- | JJ3 || Chrysler brand car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JKA || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKB || Kawasaki (motorcycles) |- | JKM || Mitsuoka |- | JKS || Suzuki Marauder 1600/Boulevard M95 motorcycle made by Kawasaki |- | JK8 || Suzuki QUV620F UTV made by Kawasaki |- | JLB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLF || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JLS || Sterling Truck 360 made by Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL5 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL6 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JL7 || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp. |- | JMA || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMB || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for Europe |- | JMF || Mitsubishi Motors for Australia (including Mitsubishi Express made by Renault) |- | JMP || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) |- | JMR || Mitsubishi Motors (right-hand drive) |- | JMY || Mitsubishi Motors (left-hand drive) for South America & Middle East |- | JMZ || Mazda for Europe export & Mazda 2 made by Ford Spain & Mazda 2 Hybrid made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing France |- | JM0 || Mazda for Oceania export |- | JM1 || Mazda car |- | JM2 || Mazda truck |- | JM3 || Mazda MPV/SUV |- | JM4 || Mazda |- | JM6 || Mazda |- | JM7 || Mazda |- | JNA || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | JNC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JNE || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks (truck) |- | JNK || Infiniti car |- | JNR || Infiniti SUV |- | JNX || Infiniti incomplete vehicle |- | JN1 || Nissan car & Infiniti car |- | JN3 || Nissan incomplete vehicle |- | JN6 || Nissan truck/van & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter Van |- | JN8 || Nissan MPV/SUV & Infiniti SUV |- | JPA || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (incomplete vehicle) |- | JPB || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (tractor truck) |- | JPC || Nissan Diesel/UD Trucks |- | JPE || International Trucks made by Nissan Diesel (truck) |- | JP3 || Plymouth car made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JP7 || Plymouth truck made by Mitsubishi Motors |- | JR2 || Isuzu Oasis made by Honda |- | JSA || Suzuki ATV & '03 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki, Suzuki car/SUV (outside N. America), Holden Cruze YG made by Suzuki |- | JSK || Kawasaki KLX125/KLX125L motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JSL || '04-'06 Kawasaki KFX400 ATV made by Suzuki |- | JST || Suzuki Across SUV made by Toyota |- | JS1 || Suzuki motorcycle & Kawasaki KLX400S/KLX400SR motorcycle made by Suzuki |- | JS2 || Suzuki car |- | JS3 || Suzuki SUV |- | JS4 || Suzuki truck |- | JTB || Toyota bus |- | JTD || Toyota car |- | JTE || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JTF || Toyota van/truck |- | JTG || Toyota MPV/bus |- | JTH || Lexus car |- | JTJ || Lexus SUV |- | JTK || Toyota car |- | JTL || Toyota SUV |- | JTM || Toyota SUV, Subaru Uncharted, Solterra, and Trailseeker made by Toyota |- | JTN || Toyota car |- | JTP || Toyota SUV |- | JT1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] van |- | JT2 || Toyota car |- | JT3 || Toyota MPV/SUV |- | JT4 || Toyota truck/van |- | JT5 || Toyota incomplete vehicle |- | JT6 || Lexus SUV |- | JT7 || Toyota bus/van |- | JT8 || Lexus car |- | JW6 || Mitsubishi Fuso division of Mitsubishi Motors (through mid-2003) |- | JYA || Yamaha motorcycles |- | JYE || Yamaha snowmobile |- | JY3 || Yamaha 3-wheel ATV |- | JY4 || Yamaha 4-wheel ATV |- | J81 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by Isuzu |- | J87 || Pontiac/Asüna car made by Isuzu for GM Canada |- | J8B || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle - medium duty) |- | J8C || Chevrolet commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8D || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (incomplete vehicle - medium duty) |- | J8T || GMC commercial trucks made by Isuzu (truck) |- | J8Z || Chevrolet LUV pickup truck made by Isuzu (truck) |- | KF3 || Merkavim (Israel) |- | KF6 || Automotive Industries, Ltd. (Israel) |- | KF9/004 || Tomcar (Israel) |- | KG9/002 || Charash Ashdod (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/004 || H. Klein (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/007 || Agam Trailers (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/009 || Merkavey Noa (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/010 || Weingold Trailers (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/011 || Netzer Sereni (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/015 || Merkaz Hagrorim (trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/035 || BEL Technologies (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/091 || Jansteel (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/101 || Bassamco (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KG9/104 || Global Handasa (truck trailer) (Israel) |- | KL || Daewoo [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] South Korea |- | KLA || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet/Alpheon)<br /> from Bupyeong & Kunsan plants |- | KLP || CT&T United (battery electric low-speed vehicles) |- | KLT || Tata Daewoo |- | KLU || Tata Daewoo |- | KLY || Daewoo/GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet) from Changwon plant (Tico/Matiz/Matiz Creative/Spark/Damas/Labo) |- | KL1 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car) |- | KL2 || Daewoo/GM Daewoo (Pontiac car) |- | KL3 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Holden) |- | KL4 || GM Korea (Buick MPV/SUV) |- | KL5 || GM Daewoo (Suzuki car) US: 2004-2008, Canada: 2004-2011 |- | KL5 || Daewoo Bus Corp./Zyle Daewoo Bus 2004-2017 |- | KL6 || GM Daewoo (GMC MPV/SUV) |- | KL7 || Daewoo (GM Canada brands: Passport car, Asuna car (Pre-2000)) |- | KL7 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet MPV/SUV (Post-2000)) |- | KL8 || GM Daewoo/GM Korea (Chevrolet car from Changwon plant (Spark)) |- | KM || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] |- | KMC || Hyundai commercial truck |- | KME || Hyundai commercial truck (semi-tractor) |- | KMF || Hyundai van & commercial truck & Bering Truck |- | KMH || Hyundai car & Mitsubishi Precis ('87 - 3/10/88) & Mexican market Dodges made by Hyundai |- | KMJ || Hyundai minibus/bus |- | KMT || Genesis Motor car |- | KMU || Genesis Motor SUV |- | KMX || Hyundai Galloper SUV |- | KMY || Daelim Motor Company, Ltd/DNA Motors Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | KM1 || Hyosung Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM4 || Hyosung Motors/S&T Motors/KR Motors (motorcycles) |- | KM8 || Hyundai SUV |- | KNA || Kia car |- | KNC || Kia truck |- | KND || Kia MPV/SUV & Hyundai Entourage |- | KNE || Kia for Europe export |- | KNF || Kia, special vehicles |- | KNG || Kia minibus/bus |- | KNJ || Ford Festiva & Aspire made by Kia |- | KNL || Kia Elan/Vigato made by Kia Motech |- | KNM || Renault Samsung Motors, Nissan Rogue made by Renault Samsung, Nissan Sunny made by Renault Samsung |- | KNM || Renault Korea Co., Ltd. |- | KN1 || Asia Motors |- | KN2 || Asia Motors |- | KPA || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) pickup |- | KPB || SsangYong car or For S. Korea domestic market: SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV |- | KPD || SsangYong bus (TransStar, Istana minibus, Rodius/Korando Turismo 11-seater) |- | KPH || Mitsubishi Precis (3/11/88 - '94) |- | KPT || SsangYong/KG Mobility (KGM) SUV/MPV (For export) |- | LAA || Shanghai Jialing Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LAE || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LAL || Sundiro [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Motorcycle |- | LAN || Changzhou Yamasaki Motorcycle |- | LAP || Chongqing Jianshe Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAP || Zhuzhou Nanfang Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LAT || Luoyang Northern Ek Chor Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Dayang) |- | LA6 || Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA7 || Radar Auto, Farizon Auto (Geely) made by Shandong Tangjun Ouling Automobile Manufacture Co,. Ltd. |- | LA8 || Anhui Ankai |- | LA9/AYS || Jiangsu Alfa Bus Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA9/BFC || Beijing North Huade Neoplan Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LA9/FBC || Xiamen Fengtai Bus & Coach International Co., Ltd. (FTBCI) (bus) |- | LA9/HFF || Anhui Huaxia Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LA9/JXK || CHTC Bonluck Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LA9/LC0 || BYD |- | LA9/LFJ || Xinlongma Automobile |- | LA9/LM6 || SRM Shineray |- | LBB || Zhejiang Qianjiang Motorcycle (QJ Motor/Keeway/Benelli) |- | LBE || Beijing [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] (Hyundai, Shouwang) |- | LBM || Zongshen Piaggio |- | LBP || Chongqing Jianshe Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBV || BMW Brilliance (BMW, Zinoro) |- | LBX || Jiangsu Kinroad Xintian Motorcycle Manufacture Co. Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LBZ || Yantai Shuchi Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LB1 || Fujian Benz |- | LB2 || Geely Motorcycles |- | LB3 || Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (Geely, Galaxy, Geometry, Kandi) |- | LB4 || Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle Group Co., Ltd. |- | LB5 || Foshan City Fosti Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LB7 || Tibet New Summit Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LCE || Hangzhou Chunfeng Motorcycles (CFMOTO) |- | LCR || Gonow |- | LC0 || BYD Auto (BYD, Denza) |- | LC2 || Changzhou Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco) |- | LC6 || Changzhou Haojue Suzuki Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LDB || Dadi Auto |- | LDC || Dongfeng Peugeot Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd. (DPCA), Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) L60 |- | LDD || Dandong Huanghai Automobile |- | LDF || Dezhou Fulu Vehicle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles), BAW Yuanbao electric car (Ace P1 in Norway) |- | LDK || FAW Bus (Dalian) Co., Ltd. |- | LDN || Soueast (South East (Fujian) Motor Co., Ltd.) including Mitsubishi made by Soueast |- | LDP || Dongfeng, Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus), Voyah, Renault City K-ZE/Venucia e30 made by eGT New Energy Automotive |- | LDY || Zhongtong Bus Holding Co. Ltd. |- | LD3 || Guangdong Tayo Motorcycle Technology Co. (Zontes) (motorcycle) |- | LD5 || Benzhou Vehicle Industry Group Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LD9/L3A || SiTech (FAW) |- | LEC || Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LEF || Jiangling Motors Corporation Ltd. (JMC) |- | LEH || Zhejiang Riya Motorcycle Co. Ltd. |- | LET || Jiangling-Isuzu Motors, China |- | LEW || Dongfeng commercial vehicle |- | LE4 || Beijing Benz & Beijing Benz-Daimler Chrysler Automotive Co. (Chrysler, Jeep, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz) & Beijing Jeep Corp. |- | LE8 || Guangzhou Huaye Electric Vehicle Technology Co., Ltd. (Formerly Guangzhou Panyu Huanan Motors Group Co., Ltd.) (motorcycles) |- | LFB || FAW Group (Bestune, Hongqi) & Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 8, CX-7) |- | LFF || Zhejiang Taizhou Wangye Power Co., Ltd. |- | LFG || Taizhou Chuanl Motorcycle Manufacturing |- | LFJ || Fujian Motors Group (Keyton) |- | LFM || FAW Toyota Motor (Toyota, Ranz) |- | LFN || FAW Bus (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. (truck, bus) |- | LFP || FAW Car, Bestune, Hongqi (passenger vehicles) & Mazda made under license by FAW (Mazda 6, CX-4) |- | LFT || FAW (trailers) |- | LFU || Lifeng Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LFV || FAW-Volkswagen (VW, Audi, Jetta, Kaili) |- | LFW || FAW JieFang (truck) |- | LFX || Sany Heavy Industry (truck) |- | LFY || Changshu Light Motorcycle Factory |- | LFZ || Leapmotor |- | LF3 || Lifan Motorcycle |- | LGA || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. trucks |- | LGB || Dongfeng Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia) |- | LGB || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LGC || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis |- | LGD || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LGF || Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. bus chassis |- | LGG || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Forthing/Fengxing) |- | LGJ || Dongfeng Fengshen (Aeolus) |- | LGL || Guilin Daewoo |- | LGV || Heshan Guoji Nanlian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LGW || Great Wall Motor (GWM, Haval, Ora, Tank, Wey) |- | LGX || BYD Auto (BYD, Fangchengbao) |- | LGZ || Guangzhou Denway Bus |- | LG6 || Dayun Group |- | LHA || Shuanghuan Auto |- | LHB || Beijing Automotive Industry Holding |- | LHG || GAC Honda (Honda, Everus, Acura) |- | LHJ || Chongqing Astronautic Bashan Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LHM || Dongfeng Renault Automobile Co. |- | LHW || CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LH0 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LH1 || FAW-Haima, China |- | LJC || Jincheng Corporation |- | LJD || Yueda Kia (previously Dongfeng Yueda Kia) (Kia, Horki) & Human Horizons - HiPhi (made under contract by Yueda Kia) |- | LJM || Sunlong (bus) |- | LJN || Zhengzhou Nissan |- | LJR || CIMC Vehicles Group (truck trailer) |- | LJS || Yaxing Coach, Asiastar Bus |- | LJU || Shanghai Maple Automobile & Kandi & Zhidou |- | LJU || Lotus Technology (Wuhan Lotus Cars Co., Ltd.) |- | LJV || Sinotruk Chengdu Wangpai Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LJW || JMC Landwind |- | LJX || JMC Ford |- | LJ1 || JAC (JAC, Sehol) |- | LJ1 || Nio, Inc. |- | LJ4 || Shanghai Jmstar Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LJ5 || Cixi Kingring Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (Jinlun) |- | LJ8 || Zotye Auto made by Jiangnan Automobile |- | LKC || BAIC commercial vehicles, previously Changhe |- | LKG || Youngman Lotus Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LKH || Hafei Motor |- | LKL || Higer Bus |- | LKT || Yunnan Lifan Junma Vehicle Co., Ltd. commercial vehicles |- | LK2 || Anhui JAC Bus |- | LK6 || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun) microcars and other vehicles |- | LK8 || Zhejiang Yule New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd. (ATV) |- | LLC || Loncin Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LLJ || Jiangsu Xinling Motorcycle Fabricate Co., Ltd. |- | LLN || Qoros |- | LLP || Zhejiang Jiajue Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | LLU || Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi |- | LLV || Lifan, Maple (owned by Geely), Livan Automotive |- | LLX || Yudo Auto |- | LL0 || Sanmen County Yongfu Machine Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LL2 || WM Motor Technology Co., Ltd. (Weltmeister) |- | LL3 || Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co. Ltd. |- | LL6 || GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (formerly Hunan Changfeng) |- | LL8 || Jiangsu Linhai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMC || Suzuki Hong Kong (motorcycles) |- | LME || Skyworth (formerly Skywell), Elaris Beo |- | LMF || Jiangmen Zhongyu Motor Co., Ltd. |- | LMG || GAC Motor, Trumpchi, [[w:Dodge Attitude#Fourth generation (2025)|Dodge Attitude made by GAC]] |- | LMH || Jiangsu Guowei Motor Co., Ltd. (Motoleader) |- | LMP || Farizon Auto (Geely Sichuan Commercial Vehicle Co., Ltd.) |- | LMV || Haima Car Co., Ltd. |- | LMV || XPeng Motors G3 (not G3i) made by Haima |- | LMW || GAC Group, [[w:Trumpchi GS5#Dodge Journey|Dodge Journey made by GAC]] |- | LMX || Forthing (Dongfeng Fengxing) |- | LM0 || Wangye Holdings Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LM6 || SWM (automobiles) |- | LM8 || Seres (formerly SF Motors), AITO |- | LNA || GAC Aion New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd., Hycan |- | LNB || BAIC Motor (Senova, Weiwang, Huansu) & Arcfox & Xiaomi SU7 built by BAIC |- | LND || JMEV (Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd.), Eveasy/Mobilize Limo |- | LNE || Zhejiang CRRC Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LNP || NAC MG UK Limited & Nanjing Fiat Automobile |- | LNN || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo |- | LNV || Naveco (Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co. Ltd.) |- | LNX || Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (Chenglong trucks) |- | LNY || Yuejin |- | LPA || Changan PSA (DS Automobiles) |- | LPE || BYD Auto |- | LPS || Polestar |- | LP6 || Guangzhou Panyu Haojian Motorcycle Industry Co., Ltd. |- | LRB || SAIC-General Motors (Buick for export) |- | LRD || Beijing Foton Daimler Automotive Co., Ltd. Auman trucks |- | LRE || SAIC-General Motors (Cadillac for export) |- | LRP || Chongqing Rato Power Co. Ltd. (Asus) |- | LRR || Ningbo Longjia Power Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LRW || Tesla, Inc. (Gigafactory Shanghai) |- | LR4 || Yadi Technology Group |- | LR6 || Guangzhou Dayun Vehicle Co., Ltd. |- | LSC || Changan Automobile (light truck) |- | LSF || SAIC Maxus or LDV pickup/SUV & Chevrolet S10 Max & Shanghai Sunwin Bus Corporation |- | LSG || SAIC-General Motors (For China: Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Sail Springo, For export: Chevrolet) |- | LSH || SAIC Maxus van or LDV van & Chevrolet Express Max |- | LSJ || SAIC MG & SAIC Roewe & IM Motors & Rising Auto |- | LSK || SAIC Maxus or LDV van |- | LSV || SAIC-Volkswagen (VW, Skoda, Audi, Tantus) |- | LSY || Brilliance (Jinbei, Zhonghua) & Jinbei GM |- | LS3 || Hejia New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd |- | LS4 || Changan Automobile (MPV/SUV) |- | LS5 || Changan Automobile (car) & Changan Suzuki |- | LS6 || Changan Automobile & Deepal Automobile & Avatr |- | LS7 || JMC Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd. |- | LS8 ||Henan Shaolin Auto Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LTA || ZX Auto |- | LTN || Soueast-built Chrysler & Dodge vehicles |- | LTP || National Electric Vehicle Sweden AB (NEVS) |- | LTV || FAW [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] (Tianjin) |- | LTW || Zhejiang Dianka Automobile Technology Co. Ltd. (Enovate) |- | LT1 || Yangzhou Tonghua Semi-Trailer Co., Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | LUC || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Automobile (China) |- | LUD || Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co Ltd. |- | LUG || Qiantu Motor |- | LUJ || Zhejiang Shanqi Tianying Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | LUR || Chery Automobile, iCar |- | LUX || Dongfeng Yulon Motor Co. Ltd. |- | LUZ || Hozon Auto New Energy Automobile Co., Ltd. (Neta) |- | LVA || Foton Motor |- | LVB || Foton Motor truck |- | LVC || Foton Motor bus |- | LVF || Changhe Suzuki |- | LVG || GAC Toyota (Toyota, Leahead) |- | LVH || Dongfeng Honda (Honda, Ciimo) |- | LVM || Chery Commercial Vehicle |- | LVP || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LVR || Changan Mazda |- | LVS || Changan [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] (Ford, Lincoln) & Changan Ford Mazda & Volvo S40 and S80L made by Changan Ford Mazda |- | LVT || Chery Automobile, Exeed, Jetour, Soueast |- | LVU || Chery Automobile, Jetour, Jaecoo, Omoda |- | LVV || Chery Automobile, Omoda, Jaecoo |- | LVX || Landwind, JMC (discontinued in 2021) |- | LVX || Aiways Automobiles Company Ltd. |- | LVY || Volvo Cars Daqing factory |- | LVZ || Dongfeng Sokon Motor Company (DFSK) |- | LV3 || Hengchi Automobile (Evergrande Group) |- | LV7 || Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle |- | LWB || Wuyang Honda Motorcycle (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. |- | LWE || Yangtse Motor Group (bus) |- | LWG || Chongqing Huansong Industries (Group) Co., Ltd. |- | LWL || Qingling Isuzu |- | LWM || Chongqing Wonjan Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LWV || GAC Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Fiat, Jeep) |- | LWX || Shanghai Wanxiang Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LW4 || Li Auto |- | LXA || Jiangmen Qipai Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXD || Ningbo Dongfang Lingyun Vehicle Made Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LXG || Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG) |- | LXK || Shanghai Meitian Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LXM || Xiamen Xiashing Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (SYM) |- | LXN || Link Tour |- | LXV || Beijing Borgward Automotive Co., Ltd. |- | LXW || JMC - Ford |- | LXY || Chongqing Shineray Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LX6 || Jiangmen City Huari Group Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LX8 || Chongqing Xgjao (Xinganjue) Motorcycle Co Ltd. |- | LYB || Weichai (Yangzhou) Yaxing Automobile Co., Ltd. |- | LYD || Taizhou City Kaitong Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LYJ || Beijing ZhongdaYanjing Auto Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | LYM || Zhuzhou Jianshe Yamaha Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | LYS || Nanjing Vmoto Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LYU || Huansu (BAIC Motor & Yinxiang Group) |- | LYV || Volvo Cars Chengdu factory & Taizhou, Luqiao District factory |- | LY4 || Chongqing Yingang Science & Technology Group Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | LZE || Isuzu Guangzhou, China |- | LZF || SAIC Iveco Hongyan (-2021), SAIC Hongyan (2021-) |- | LZG || Shaanxi Automobile Group (Shacman) |- | LZK || Sinotruk (CNHTC) Huanghe bus |- | LZL || Zengcheng Haili Motorcycle Ltd. |- | LZM || MAN China |- | LZP || Zhongshan Guochi Motorcycle (Baotian) |- | LZS || Zongshen, Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) made by Zongshen |- | LZU || Guangzhou Isuzu Bus |- | LZW || SAIC-GM-Wuling (Wuling, Baojun, Chevrolet [for export]) |- | LZY || Yutong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | LZZ || Sinotruk (CNHTC) (Howo, Sitrak) |- | LZ0 || Shandong Wuzheng Group Co., Ltd. |- | LZ4 || Jiangsu Linzhi Shangyang Group Co Ltd. |- | LZ9/LZX || Raysince |- | L0N || Ezytrail (camper trailers) |- | L08 || Zhejiang Apollo Sports Technology Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L1K || Chongqing Hengtong Bus Co., Ltd. |- | L1N || XPeng Motors |- | L10 || Geely Emgrand |- | L2B || Jiangsu Baodiao Locomotive Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L2C || Chery Jaguar Land Rover |- | L3H || Shanxi Victory Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L37 || Huzhou Daixi Zhenhua Technology Trade Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4B || Xingyue Group (motorcycles) |- | L4F || Suzhou Eagle Electric Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L4H || Ningbo Longjia Motorcycle Co., Ltd. |- | L4S || Zhejiang Xingyue Vehicle Co Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L4Y || Qingqi Group Ningbo Rhon Motorcycle / Ningbo Dalong Smooth Locomotive Industry Co., Ltd. |- | L5C || Zhejiang Kangdi Vehicles Co., Ltd. (motorcycles, ATVs) |- | L5E || Zoomlion Heavy Industry Science & Technology Co., Ltd. |- | L5K || Zhejiang Yongkang Easy Vehicle |- | L5N || Zhejiang Taotao (ATV & motorcycles) |- | L5R || Jiangsu Dafier Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (motorcycles) |- | L5Y || Taizhou Zhongneng Motorcycle Co. Ltd. (Znen) |- | L6F || Shandong Liangzi Power Co. Ltd. |- | L6J || Zhejiang Kayo Motor Co. Ltd. (ATV) |- | L6K || Shanghai Howhit Machinery Manufacture Co. Ltd. |- | L6T || Geely, Lynk & Co, Zeekr |- | L66 || Zhuhai Granton Bus and Coach Co. Ltd. |- | L82 || Baotian |- | L85 || Zhejiang Yongkang Huabao Electric Appliance |- | L8A || Jinhua Youngman Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L8X || Zhejiang Summit Huawin Motorcycle |- | L8Y || Zhejiang Jonway Motorcycle Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |- | L9G || Zhuhai Guangtong Automobile Co., Ltd. (bus) |- | L9N || Zhejiang Taotao Vehicles Co., Ltd. |- | MAA || India Kawasaki Motors Pvt. Ltd. |- | MAB || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAC || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MAH || Fiat India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd |- | MAJ || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] India |- | MAK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Cars India |- | MAL || Hyundai Motor India |- | MAN || Eicher Polaris Multix |- | MAT || Tata Motors, Rover CityRover |- | MA1 || Mahindra & Mahindra |- | MA3 || Maruti Suzuki India (domestic & export) |- | MA6 || GM India |- | MA7 || Hindustan Motors Ltd. & Mitsubishi Motors & Isuzu models made by Hindustan Motors |- | MA8 || Daewoo Motor India |- | MBF || Royal Enfield |- | MBH || Suzuki (for export) & Nissan Pixo made by Maruti Suzuki India Limited |- | MBJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBK || MAN Trucks India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MBL || Hero MotoCorp |- | MBR || Mercedes-Benz India |- | MBU || Swaraj Vehicles Limited |- | MBV || Premier Automobiles Ltd. |- | MBX || Piaggio India (Piaggio Ape) |- | MBY || Asia Motor Works Ltd. |- | MB1 || Ashok Leyland |- | MB2 || Hyundai Motor India (SUV) |- | MB7 || Reva Electric Car Company/Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. |- | MB8 || Suzuki Motorcycle India Limited |- | MCA || FCA India Automobiles Pvt. Ltd. (Fiat, Jeep) |- | MCB || GM India |- | MCD || Mahindra Two Wheelers |- | MCG || Atul Auto Ltd. |- | MCL || International Cars And Motors Ltd. |- | MC1 || Force Motors Ltd. |- | MC2 || Eicher Motors Ltd./Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles Ltd. |- | MC4 || Dilip Chhabria Design Pvt Ltd. |- | MC9/RE1 || Reva Electric Car Company (Reva G-Wiz) |- | MDE || Kinetic Engineering Limited |- | MDH || Nissan Motor India Pvt Ltd. (including Datsun) |- | MDT || Kerala Automobiles Limited |- | MD2 || Bajaj Auto Ltd. & KTM and Husqvarna motorcycles built by Bajaj & Indian-market Triumph motorcycles built by Bajaj |- | MD6 || TVS Motor Company |- | MD7 || LML Ltd including Genuine Scooter Company Stella |- | MD9 || Shuttle Cars India |- | MEC || Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (BharatBenz) |- | MEE || Renault India Private Limited |- | MEG || Harley-Davidson India |- | MER || Benelli India |- | MES || Mahindra Navistar |- | MET || Piaggio India (Vespa, Indian-market Aprilia) |- | MEX || Škoda Auto Volkswagen India Pvt. Ltd. 2015 on |- | ME1 || India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd. |- | ME3 || Royal Enfield |- | ME4 || Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India |- | MYH || Ather Energy |- | MZB || Kia India Pvt. Ltd. |- | MZD || Classic Legends Private Limited – Jawa |- | MZZ || Citroen India (PCA Automobiles India Private Limited) |- | MZ7 || MG Motor India Pvt. Ltd. |- | M3G || Isuzu Motors India |- | M6F || UM Lohia Two Wheelers Private Limited |- | ME9/ || BUYMYEV TECHNOLOGY PVT. LTD. (Indibike) |- | MF3 || PT Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHB || PT Nissan Motor Indonesia |- | MHD || PT Indomobil Suzuki International |- | MHF || PT [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Indonesia |- | MHK || PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (includes Toyotas made by Astra Daihatsu) |- | MHL || PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia |- | MHR || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Indonesia (PT Honda Prospect Motor) (car) |- | MHY || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (car, MPV, van) |- | MH1 || PT Astra Honda Motor (motorcycle) |- | MH3 || PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Mfg. |- | MH4 || PT Kawasaki Motor Indonesia |- | MH8 || PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor (motorcycle) |- | MJB || GM Indonesia |- | MKF || PT Sokonindo Automobile (DFSK) |- | MK2 || PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia |- | MK3 || PT SGMW Motor Indonesia (Wuling) |- | MLB || Siam Yamaha Co Ltd. |- | MLC || Thai Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLE || Thai Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MLH || Thai [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLW || Sco Motor Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) |- | MLY || Harley-Davidson Thailand |- | ML0 || Ducati Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | ML3 || Mitsubishi Motors, Dodge Colt 100 [Canada], [[w:Dodge Attitude#Third generation (A10; 2015)|Dodge Attitude]] [Mexico] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | ML5 || Kawasaki Motors Enterprise Co. Ltd. (Thailand) |- | MMA || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) & Nissan Navara D27 made by Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMB || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMC || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMD || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MME || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMF || BMW Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MML || MG Thailand (SAIC-CP) |- | MMM || Chevrolet Thailand, Holden Colorado RC pickup |- | MMR || Subaru/Tan Chong Subaru Automotive (Thailand) Co. Ltd. |- | MMS || Suzuki Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (passenger car) |- | MMT || Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) |- | MMU || Holden Thailand (Colorado RG, Colorado 7, & Trailblazer) |- | MM0, MM6, MM7, MM8 || Mazda Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) |- | MNA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for Australia/New Zealand export |- | MNB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for other right-hand drive markets |- | MNC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford-Mazda AutoAlliance Thailand plant) for left-hand drive markets |- | MNK || Hino Motors Manufacturing Thailand Co Ltd. |- | MNT || Nissan Motor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MNU || Great Wall Motor Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MN3 || Eagle Vista [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | MPA || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. & Holden Rodeo RA pickup made by Isuzu in Thailand |- | MPB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Thailand (Ford Thailand Manufacturing plant) |- | MP1 || Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP2 || Mazda BT-50 pickup built by Isuzu Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. |- | MP3 || Plymouth Colt 100 [Canada] made by Mitsubishi (Thailand) |- | MP5 || Foton Motor Thailand |- | MRH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Thailand (car) |- | MRT || Neta (Hozon Auto) made by Bangchan General Assembly Co., Ltd. |- | MR0 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (pickups & Fortuner SUV) |- | MR1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand |- | MR2 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Gateway plant) (passenger cars & CUVs) |- | MR3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Thailand (Hilux Champ chassis cab) |- | MS0 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS MOTORS INDUSTRY CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Motors]] Myanmar |- | MS1 || [[../SUPER SEVEN STARS AUTOMOTIVE CO.,LTD/VIN Codes|Super Seven Stars Automotive]] Myanmar |- | MS3 || Suzuki Myanmar Motor Co., Ltd. |- | MXB || Saryarka AvtoProm bus (Kazakhstan) |- | MXL || Yutong bus made by Qaz Tehna (Kazakhstan) |- | MXV || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles (Kazakhstan) |- | MX3 || Hyundai Trans Auto (Kazakhstan) |- | NAA || Iran Khodro (Peugeot Iran) |- | NAC || Mammut (truck trailers) |- | NAD || Škoda |- | NAL || Maral Sanat Jarvid (truck trailers) |- | NAP || Pars Khodro |- | NAS || SAIPA |- | NC0 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NC9/ || VIRA Diesel |- | ND9/345 || Oghab Afshan (bus) |- | NFB || Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Ltd. |- | NG3 || Lucky Motor Corporation |- | NLA || Honda Turkiye A.S. cars |- | NLC || Askam Kamyon Imalat Ve Ticaret A.S. |- | NLE || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Truck |- | NLF || Koluman Otomotiv Endustri A.S. (truck trailer) |- | NLH || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv car/SUV |- | NLJ || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Assan Otomotiv van |- | NLN || Karsan |- | NLR || Otokar |- | NLT || Temsa |- | NLZ || Tezeller |- | NL1 || TOGG |- | NL2 || HABAS/HBS (bus) |- | NMA || MAN Türkiye A.Ş. |- | NMB || Mercedes-Benz Türk A.S. Buses |- | NMC || BMC Otomotiv Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. |- | NMH || Honda Anadolu motorcycle |- | NMS || Otoyol San. A.Ş. |- | NMT || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing Turkey |- | NM0 || Ford Otosan |- | NM1 || Oyak Renault Otomobil Fabrikaları A.Ş. |- | NM4 || Tofaş (Turk Otomobil Fabrikasi AS) |- | NNA || Anadolu Isuzu |- | NNN || Gépébus Oréos 4X (based on Otokar Vectio) |- | NNY || Yeksan (truck trailer) |- | NPM || Seyit Usta Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NPR || Oztreyler (truck trailer) |- | NPS || Nursan (truck trailer) |- | NP8|| ÖZGÜL TREYLER (truck trailer) |- | NP9/002 || OKT Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/003 || Aksoylu Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/011 || Güleryüz (bus) |- | NP9/021 || Dogumak (truck trailer) |- | NP9/022 || Alim (truck trailer) |- | NP9/042 || Ali Rıza Usta (truck trailer) |- | NP9/066 || Makinsan (truck trailer) |- | NP9/093 || BRF Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NP9/103 || Türkkar (bus) |- | NP9/106 || Çarsan Treyler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/107 || Arbus Perfect (bus) |- | NP9/108 || Guven Makina (truck trailer) |- | NP9/117 || Katmerciler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/300 || TCV (bus) |- | NP9/258 || Ceytrayler (truck trailer) |- | NP9/306 || Cryocan (truck trailer) |- | NRE || Bozankaya |- | NRX || Musoshi |- | NRY || Pilotcar Otomotiv |- | NR9/012 || Doğan Yıldız (truck trailer) |- | NR9/028 || Micansan (truck trailer) |- | NR9/029 || Yilteks (truck trailer) |- | NR9/034 || Akia (bus) |- | NR9/084 || Harsan (truck trailer) |- | NR9/257 || Vega Trailer (truck trailer) |- | NSA || SamAvto / SAZ (Uzbekistan) |- | NS2 || JV MAN Auto - Uzbekistan |- | NVA || Khazar (IKCO Dena made in Azerbaijan) |- | PAB || Isuzu Philippines Corporation |- | PAD || Honda Cars Philippines |- | PE1 || Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PE3 || Mazda Philippines made by Ford Motor Company Philippines |- | PFD || Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore (HMGICS) |- | PL1 || Proton, Malaysia |- | PL8 || Inokom-Hyundai |- | PLP || Subaru/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PLZ || Isuzu Malaysia |- | PMA || MAN Truck & Bus Malaysia |- | PMH || Honda Malaysia (car) |- | PMK || Honda Boon Siew (motorcycle) |- | PML || Hicom |- | PMN || Modenas |- | PMS || Suzuki Assemblers Malaysia (motorcycle) |- | PMV || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PMY || Hong Leong Yamaha Motor Sdn. Bhd. |- | PM1 || BMW & Mini/Inokom |- | PM2 || Perodua |- | PM9/ || Bufori |- | PNA || Naza/Kia/Peugeot |- | PNA || Stellantis Gurun (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (Peugeot) |- | PNS || SKSBUS Malaysia (bus) |- | PNS || TMSBUS Malaysia (bus) |- | PNV || Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia |- | PN1 || UMW Toyota Motor - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) |- | PN2 || UMW Toyota Motor - Assembly Services Sdn. Bhd. (ASSB) |- | PN8 || Nissan/Tan Chong Motor Assemblies, Malaysia |- | PPP || Suzuki |- | PPV || Volkswagen/HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) |- | PP1 || Mazda/Inokom |- | PP3 || Hyundai/Inokom |- | PRA || Sinotruk |- | PRH || Chery (by Chery Alado Holdings [joint venture] at Oriental Assemblers plant) |- | PRX || Kia/Inokom |- | PR8 || Ford |- | PRN || GAC Trumpchi made by Warisan Tan Chong Automotif Malaysia |- | PV3 || Ford made by RMA Automotive Cambodia |- | RA1 || Steyr Trucks International FZE, UAE |- | RA9/015 || Al-Assri Industries (Trailers), UAE |- | LES || Isuzu MPV made by Sanfu Motor Industrial Co., Ltd. (Trooper '87-'91) (Taiwan) |- | LFA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Taiwan) |- | LM1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LM4 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki ATV made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LM5 || Isuzu Truck (Light Duty) made by Sanfu Motor Industrial Co., Ltd. (Trooper '87-'88) (Taiwan) |- | LN1 || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. old designation (Suzuki motorcycle made by Tai Ling) (Taiwan) |- | LPR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. old designation (Taiwan) |- | RFB || Kwang Yang Motor Co., Ltd. (Kymco), Taiwan |- | RFC || Taiwan Golden Bee |- | RFD || Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan) |- | RFG || Sanyang Motor Co., Ltd. (SYM) Taiwan |- | RFL || Her Chee Industrial Co., Ltd. (Adly), Taiwan |- | RFT || CPI Motor Company, Taiwan |- | RFV || Motive Power Industry Co., Ltd. (PGO Scooters including Genuine Scooter Company models made by PGO) (Taiwan) |- | RF3 || Aeon Motor Co., Ltd., Taiwan |- | RF5 || Yulon Motor Co. Ltd., Taiwan (Luxgen) |- | RF8 || EVT Technology Co., Ltd (motorcycle) |- | RGS || Kawasaki made by Kymco (Taiwan) |- | RHA || Ford Lio Ho Motor Co Ltd. new designation (Taiwan) |- | RKJ || Prince Motors Taiwan |- | RKL || Kuozui Motors (Toyota) (Taiwan) |- | RKM || China Motor Corporation (Taiwan) |- | RKR || Yamaha Motor Taiwan Co. Ltd. new designation |- | RKT || Access Motor Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) |- | RK3 || E-Ton Power Tech Co., Ltd. (motorcycle) (Taiwan) |- | RK3 || Honda Taiwan |- | RK7 || Kawasaki ATV made by Tai Ling Motor Co Ltd (rebadged Suzuki ATV) new designation (Taiwan) |- | RLA || Vina Star Motors Corp. – Mitsubishi (Vietnam) |- | RLC || Yamaha Motor Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLE || Isuzu Vietnam Co. |- | RLH || Honda Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RLL || VinFast SUV |- | RLM || Mercedes-Benz Vietnam |- | RLN || VinFast |- | RLV || Vietnam Precision Industrial CO., Ltd. (Can-Am DS 70 & DS 90) |- | RL0 || Ford Vietnam |- | RL4 || Toyota Motor Vietnam |- | RP8 || Piaggio Vietnam Co. Ltd. |- | RUN || Sollets-Auto ST6 (Russia) |- | R1J || Jiayuan Power (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Electric Low-Speed Vehicles) (Hong Kong) |- | R1N || Niu Technologies Group Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R10 || ZAP (HK) Co. Ltd. |- | R19/003 || GMI (bus) (Hong Kong) |- | R2P || Evoke Electric Motorcycles (Hong Kong) |- | R3M || Mangosteen Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R3W || Hong Kong Runhorse Holding Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R36 || HK Shansu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | R4N || Elyx Smart Technology Holdings (Hong Kong) Ltd. |- | R82 || Hangzhou Lantu Technology Co., Ltd. (Hong Kong) |- | SAA || Austin |- | SAB || Optare (1985-2020), Switch Mobility (2021-) |- | SAD || Daimler Company Limited (until April 1987) |- | SAD || Jaguar SUV (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace) |- | SAF || ERF trucks |- | SAH || Honda made by Austin Rover Group |- | SAJ || Jaguar passenger car & Daimler passenger car (after April 1987) |- | SAL || [[../Land Rover/VIN Codes|Land Rover]] |- | SAM || Morris |- | SAR || Rover & MG Rover Group |- | SAT || Triumph car |- | SAX || Austin-Rover Group including Sterling Cars |- | SAY || Norton Motorcycles (UK) Ltd. (Donington Park/Donington Hall) |- | SAZ || Freight Rover |- | SA3 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/ || OX Global |- | SA9/A11 || Morgan Roadster (V6) (USA) |- | SA9/J00 || Morgan Aero 8 (USA) |- | SA9/004 || Morgan (4-wheel passenger cars) |- | SA9/005 || Panther |- | SA9/010 || Invicta S1 |- | SA9/011 || Midas Cars |- | SA9/019 || TVR |- | SA9/022 || Triking Sports Cars |- | SA9/026 || Fleur de Lys |- | SA9/036 || Ginetta Cars |- | SA9/038 || DAX Cars |- | SA9/039 || Westfield Sportscars |- | SA9/048 || McLaren F1 |- | SA9/050 || Marcos Engineering |- | SA9/062 || AC Cars (Brooklands Ace) |- | SA9/068 || Johnston Sweepers |- | SA9/073 || Tomita Auto UK (Tommykaira ZZ) |- | SA9/074 || Ascari |- | SA9/088 || Spectre Angel |- | SA9/105 || Mosler Europe Ltd. |- | SA9/113 || Noble |- | SA9/130 || MG Sport and Racing |- | SA9/141 || Wrightbus |- | SA9/202 || Morgan 3-Wheeler, Super 3 |- | SA9/207 || Radical Sportscars |- | SA9/211 || BAC (Briggs Automotive Company Ltd.) |- | SA9/225 || Paneltex (truck trailer) |- | SA9/231 || Peel Engineering |- | SA9/337 || Ariel |- | SA9/341 || Zenos |- | SA9/438 || Charge Cars |- | SA9/458 || Gordon Murray Automotive |- | SA9/474 || Mellor (bus) |- | SA9/612 || Tiger Racing (kit car) |- | SA9/621 || AC Cars (Ace) |- | SBB || Leyland Vehicles |- | SBC || Iveco Ford Truck |- | SBF || Nugent (trailer) |- | SBJ || Leyland Bus |- | SBL || Leyland Motors & Leyland DAF |- | SBM || McLaren |- | SBS || Scammell |- | SBU || United Trailers (truck trailer) |- | SBV || Kenworth & Peterbilt [incomplete vehicle] made by Leyland Trucks |- | SBW || Weightlifter Bodies (truck trailer) |- | SB1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing UK |- | SCA || Rolls Royce passenger car |- | SCB || Bentley passenger car |- | SCC || Lotus Cars & Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton |- | SCD || Reliant Motors |- | SCE || DeLorean Motor Cars N. Ireland (UK) |- | SCF || Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. passenger car & '21 DBX SUV |- | SCG || Triumph Engineering Co. Ltd. (original Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SCK || Ifor Williams Trailers |- | SCM || Manitowoc Cranes - Grove |- | SCR || London Electric Vehicle Company & London Taxi Company & London Taxis International |- | SCV || Volvo Truck & Bus Scotland |- | SC5 || Wrightbus (from ~2020) |- | SC6 || INEOS Automotive SUV |- | SDB || Talbot |- | SDC || SDC Trailers Ltd. (truck trailer) |- | SDF || Dodge Trucks – UK 1981–1984 |- | SDG || Renault Trucks Industries 1985–1992 |- | SDK || Caterham Cars |- | SDL || TVR |- | SDP || NAC MG UK & MG Motor UK Ltd. |- | SDU || Utility (truck trailer) |- | SD7 || Aston Martin SUV |- | SD8 || Moke International Ltd. |- | SED || IBC Vehicles (General Motors Luton Plant) (Opel/Vauxhall, 1st gen. Holden Frontera, Isuzu Midi) |- | SEG || Dennis Eagle Ltd., including Renault Trucks Access and D Access |- | SEP || Don-Bur (truck trailer) |- | SEY || LDV Group Ltd. |- | SFA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] UK |- | SFD || Dennis UK / Alexander Dennis |- | SFE || Alexander Dennis UK |- | SFR || Fruehauf (truck trailer) |- | SFN || Foden Trucks & Kenworth [truck] made by Foden Trucks |- | SFZ || Tesla Roadster made by Lotus |- | SGA || Avondale (caravans) |- | SGB || Bailey (caravans) |- | SGD || Swift Group Ltd. (caravans) |- | SGE || Elddis (caravans) |- | SGL || Lunar Caravans Ltd. |- | SG4 || Coachman Caravan Co. Ltd. |- | SG7 || ABI Caravans Ltd. |- | SHH || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK passenger car |- | SHS || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] UK SUV |- | SH2 || The Norton Motorcycle Co., Ltd. (TVS Motor Co. subsidiary) |- | SH7 || INEOS Automotive truck |- | SJA || Bentley SUV |- | SJB || Brian James Trailers Ltd |- | SJK || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Infiniti |- | SJN || Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK - Nissan |- | SJ1 || Ree Automotive |- | SKA || Vauxhall |- | SKB || Kel-Berg Trailers & Trucks |- | SKF || Bedford Vehicles |- | SKL || Anaig (UK) Technology Ltd |- | SKM || King Military Engineering Ltd. |- | SLA || Rolls Royce SUV |- | SLC || Thwaites Dumpers |- | SLG || McMurtry Automotive |- | SLN || Niftylift |- | SLP || JC Bamford Excavators Ltd. |- | SLV || Volvo bus |- | SMR || Montracon (truck trailer) |- | SMT || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. (current Triumph Motorcycle company) |- | SMW || Cartwright (truck trailer) |- | SMX || Gray & Adams (truck trailer) |- | SNE || Barkas (East Germany) |- | SNE || Wartburg (East Germany) |- | SNT || Trabant (East Germany) |- | SNZ || MZ (motorcycle) (Germany) |- | SPE || B-ON GmbH (Germany) |- | ST3 || Calabrese (truck trailer) |- | SUA || Autosan (bus) |- | SUB || Tramp Trail (trailer) |- | SUC || Wiola (trailer) |- | SUD || Wielton (truck trailers) |- | SUF || FSM/Fiat Auto Poland (Polski Fiat) |- | SUG || Mega Trailers (truck trailer) (Poland) |- | SUJ || Jelcz (Poland) |- | SUL || FSC (Poland) |- | SUM || Novatrail (truck trailers) |- | SUP || FSO/Daewoo-FSO (Poland) |- | SUU || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) |- | SU9/AR1 || Emtech (truck trailer) |- | SU9/BU1 || BODEX (truck trailer) |- | SU9/DE2 || Demarco (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EB1 || Elbo (truck trailer) |- | SU9/EZ1 || Enerco (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NC5 || Zasta (truck trailer) |- | SU9/NJ1 || Janmil (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PL1 || Plandex (truck trailer) |- | SU9/PN1 || Solaris Bus & Coach (Poland) - until 2004 |- | SU9/RE1 || Redos (truck trailer) |- | SU9/RE2 || Gromex (trailer) |- | SU9/TR1 || Plavec (truck trailer) |- | SU9/YV1 || Pilea bus/ARP E-Vehicles (Poland) |- | SU9/ZC1 || Wolf (truck trailer) |- | SVH || ZASŁAW (truck trailer) |- | SVM || Inter Cars (truck trailer) |- | SVS || BODEX (truck trailer) |- | SV9/BC2 || BC-LDS (truck trailer) |- | SV9/DR1 || Dromech (truck trailer) |- | SV9/RN1 || Prod-Rent (truck trailer) |- | SWH || Temared (trailers) |- | SWR || Weekend Trailers (trailers) |- | SWV || TA-NO (Poland) |- | SWZ || Zremb (trailers) |- | SW9/BA1 || Solbus |- | SW9/WG3 || Grew / Opalenica (trailer) |- | SXE || Neptun Trailers |- | SXK || Konar (truck trailer) |- | SXM || MELEX Sp. z o.o. |- | SXY || Wecon (truck trailer) |- | SXX || Martz (trailer) |- | SX7 || Arthur Bus |- | SX9/GR0 || GRAS (truck trailer) |- | SX9/KT1 || AMZ - Kutno (bus) |- | SX9/PN1 || Polkon (truck trailer) |- | SX9/SP1 || SOMMER Polska (truck trailer) |- | SYB || Rydwan (trailer) |- | SYG || Gniotpol, GT Trailers Sp. z o. o. (truck trailer) |- | SY1 || Neso Bus (PAK-PCE Polski Autobus Wodorowy) |- | SY9/FR1 || Feber (truck trailer) |- | SY9/PF1 || KEMPF (truck trailer) |- | SZA || Scania Poland |- | SZC || Vectrix (motorcycle) |- | SZL || Boro Trailers |- | SZN || Przyczepy Głowacz (trailer) |- | SZR || Niewiadów (trailer) |- | SZ9/AE6 || Gewe (trailer) |- | SZ9/BG1 || GALA Syriusz (trailer) |- | SZ9/PW1 || PRO-WAM (truck trailer) |- | SZ9/TU1 || Ovibos (truck trailer) |- | S19/AM0 || AMO Plant (bus) (Latvia) |- | S19/EF1 || Electrify (minibus) (Latvia) |- | S19/MT0 || Mono-Transserviss (truck trailer) (Latvia) |- | TAW || NAW Nutzfahrzeuggesellschaft Arbon & Wetzikon AG (Switzerland) |- | TBS || Boschung AG (Switzerland) |- | TCC || Micro Compact Car AG (smart 1998-1999) (Switzerland) |- | TDM || QUANTYA Swiss Electric Movement (Switzerland) |- | TEB || Bucher Municipal AG (includes Johnston Sweepers) (Switzerland) |- | TEM || Twike (SwissLEM AG) (Switzerland) |- | TFH || FHS Frech-Hoch AG (truck trailer) (Switzerland) |- | TH9/512 || Hess AG (bus, trolleybus) (Switzerland) |- | TJ5 || Vezeko (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKP || Panav a.s. (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKX || Agados s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TKY || Metaco (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AH3 || Atmos Chrást s.r.o. (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/AP3 || Agados, spol. s.r.o. (trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/HP1 || Hipocar (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/PP7 || Paragan Trucks (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SL5 || SOR Libchavy buses (Czech Republic) |- | TK9/SS5 || SVAN Chrudim (truck trailer) (Czech Republic) |- | TLJ || Jawa Moto (Czech Republic) |- | TMA || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech |- | TMB || Škoda Auto|Škoda (Czech Republic) |- | TMC || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] Motor Manufacturing Czech (SUV) |- | TMK || Karosa (Czech Republic) |- | TMP || Škoda trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TMT || Tatra passenger car (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/CA2 || Oasa bus (Oprava a stavba automobilů) (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE3 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/SE4 || Škoda Transportation trolleybuses (Czech Republic) |- | TM9/TE6 || TEDOM bus (Czech Republic) |- | TNA || Avia/Daewoo Avia |- | TNE || TAZ |- | TNG || LIAZ (Liberecké Automobilové Závody) |- | TNT || Tatra trucks |- | TNU || Tatra trucks |- | TN9/EE7 || Ekova (bus) (Czech Republic) |- | TN9/VP5 || VPS (truck trailer) |- | TRA || Ikarus Bus |- | TRC || Csepel bus |- | TRE || Rákos bus |- | TRK || Credo bus/Kravtex (Hungary) |- | TRR || Rába Bus (Hungary) |- | TRU || Audi Hungary (TT/TTS, '12-'13 TT RS) |- | TSB || Ikarus Bus |- | TSC || VIN assigned by the National Transport Authority of Hungary |- | TSE || Ikarus Egyedi Autobuszgyar (EAG) (Hungary) |- | TSF || Alfabusz (Hungary) |- | TSM || Suzuki Hungary (Magyar Suzuki),<br> Fiat Sedici made by Suzuki, Subaru Justy G3X made by Suzuki, Suzuki Swace made by Toyota UK (TMUK) |- | TSY || Keeway Motorcycles (Hungary) |- | TS9/102 || Evopro Holding Zrt. (bus) (Hungary) |- | TS9/111 || NABI Autóbuszipari (bus) (Hungary) |- | TS9/130 || Enterprise Bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/131 || MJT bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/156 || Ikarus / ARC (Auto Rad Controlle Kft.) & Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. bus (Hungary) |- | TS9/167 || Hungarian Bus Kft. (Hungary) |- | TS9/170 || Csaba Metál bus (Hungary) |- | TT9/117 || Ikarus Egyedi Autobusz Gyarto Kft. / Magyar Autóbuszgyártó Kft. / MABI bus (Hungary) |- | TT9/123 || Ikarus Global Zrt. (Hungary) |- | TWG || CaetanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW0 || CaetanoBus (Portugal) |- | TW1 || Toyota Caetano Portugal, S.A. (Toyota Coaster, Dyna, Optimo, Land Cruiser 70 Series) |- | TW2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Lusitana (Portugal) |- | TW4 || UMM (Portugal) |- | TW6 || Citroën (Portugal) |- | TW7 || Mini Moke made by British Leyland & Austin Rover Portugal |- | TX5 || Mini Moke made by Cagiva (Moke Automobili) |- | TX9/046 || Riotrailer (truck trailer) (Portugal) |- | TYA || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (right-hand drive) |- | TYB || Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corp. Portugal (left-hand drive) |- | T3C || Lohr Backa Topola (truck trailer) (Serbia) |- | T49/BG7 || FAP (Serbia) |- | T49/BH8 || Megabus (bus) (Serbia) |- | T49/BM2 || Feniksbus (minibus) (Serbia) |- | T49/V16 || MAZ made by BIK (bus) (Serbia) |- | T7A || Ebusco (Netherlands) |- | UA1 || AUSA Center (Spain) |- | UA2 || Iveco Massif & Campagnola made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | UA4 || Irizar e-mobility (Spain) |- | UCY || Silence Urban Ecomobility (Spain) |- | UD3 || Granalu truck trailers (Belgium) |- | UHE || Scanvogn (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UHL || Camp-let (recreational vehicle) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || Brenderup (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH2 || De Forenede Trailerfabrikke (trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/DA3 || DAB - Danish Automobile Building (acquired by Scania) (Denmark) |- | UH9/EM1 || Egholm (Denmark) |- | UH9/FK1 || Dapa Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HF1 || HFR Trailer A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/HM1 || HMK Bilcon A/S (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/NS1 || Nopa (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/NT1 || Nordic Trailer (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UH9/VM2 || VM Tarm a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UJG || Garia ApS - Club Car (Denmark) |- | UKR || Hero Camper (Denmark) |- | UMT || MTDK a/s (truck trailer) (Denmark) |- | UN1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Ireland |- | UN9/012 || Duffy Coachbodies (Ireland) |- | UN9/089 || Brian Noone Ltd. bus (Ireland) |- | UU1 || Dacia (Romania) |- | UU2 || Oltcit |- | UU3 || ARO |- | UU4 || Roman/Grivbuz |- | UU5 || Rocar |- | UU6 || Daewoo Romania |- | UU7 || Euro Bus Diamond |- | UU9 || Astra Bus |- | UVW || UMM (truck trailer) |- | UV9/AT1 || ATP Trucks, ATP Bus |- | UWR || Robus Reșița |- | UZT || UTB (Uzina de Tractoare Brașov) |- | U1A || Sanos (North Macedonia) |- | U1V || VDL Van Hool Macedonia (North Macedonia) |- | U5Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U59/AS0 || ASKO (truck trailer) |- | U6A || Granus (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U6Y || Kia Motors Slovakia |- | U69/M11 || Mobility & Innovation Production (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U69/NL1 || Novoplan (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U69/SB1 || SlovBus (bus) (Slovakia) |- | U69/TR8 || Troliga Bus (Slovakia) |- | VAG || Steyr-Daimler-Puch Puch G & Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer |- | VAH || Hangler (truck trailer) |- | VAK || Kässbohrer Transport Technik |- | VAN || MAN Austria/Steyr-Daimler-Puch Steyr Trucks |- | VAV || Schwarzmüller |- | VAX || Schwingenschlogel (truck trailer) |- | VA0 || ÖAF, Gräf & Stift |- | VA4 || KSR Group (motorcycle) |- | VA9/GS0 || Gsodam Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | VA9/RB1 || Rosenbauer International AG (truck) |- | VA9/ZT0 || Berger Fahrzeugtechnik (truck trailer) |- | VBF || Fit-Zel (trailer) |- | VBK || KTM |- | VBK || Husqvarna Motorcycles & Gas Gas under KTM ownership |- | VCF || Fisker Inc. (Fisker Ocean) made by Magna Steyr |- | VFA || Alpine (A310, A610, A110, A390), Renault Alpine GTA |- | VFG || Caravelair (caravans) |- | VFK || Fruehauf (truck trailers) |- | VFN || Trailor, General Trailers (truck trailers) |- | VF1 || Renault, Renault GTA '87-'90 (UK market Alpine GTA), Mobilize Duo, Eagle Medallion made by Renault,<br> Opel/Vauxhall Arena made by Renault, Mitsubishi ASX, Colt, Grandis, & Eclipse Cross EV made by Renault |- | VF2 || Renault Trucks |- | VF3 || Peugeot |- | VF4 || Talbot |- | VF5 || Iveco Unic |- | VF6 || Renault Trucks including vans made by Renault S.A. & Maxity truck made by Nissan Motor Ibérica S.A. |- | VF7 || Citroën |- | VF8 || Matra Automobiles (Talbot-Matra Murena, Rancho made by Matra, Renault Espace I/II/III, Avantime made by Matra) |- | VF9/024 || Legras Industries (truck trailer) |- | VF9/045 || Nardeau SAS (truck trailer) |- | VF9/049 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/063 || Maisonneuve (truck trailer) |- | VF9/132 || Jean CHEREAU S.A.S. (truck trailer) |- | VF9/300 || EvoBus France |- | VF9/435 || Merceron (truck trailer) |- | VF9/519 || Hommell |- | VF9/607 || Mathieu (sweeper) |- | VF9/673 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VF9/795 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.]] |- | VF9/848 || G. Magyar (truck trailer) |- | VF9/880 || Bolloré Bluebus |- | VF9/938 || SAFRA (bus) |- | VGA || Peugeot Motocycles |- | VGT || ASCA (truck trailers) |- | VGU || Trouillet (truck trailers) |- | VGW || BSLT (truck trailers) |- | VGX || Coder (truck trailers) |- | VGY || Lohr (truck trailers) |- | VG5 || MBK (motorcycles) & Yamaha Motor |- | VG6 || Renault Trucks & Mack Trucks medium duty trucks made by Renault Trucks |- | VG7 || Renault Trucks |- | VG8 || Renault Trucks |- | VG9/019 || Naya (autonomous vehicle) |- | VG9/061 || Alstom-NTL Aptis (bus) |- | VHR || Robuste (truck trailer) |- | VHX || Manitowoc Cranes - Potain |- | VH1 || Benalu SAS (truck trailer) |- | VH8 || Microcar |- | VJR || Ligier |- | VJY || Gruau |- | VJ1 || Heuliez Bus |- | VJ2 || Mia Electric |- | VJ4 || Gruau |- | VKD || Cheval Liberté (horse trailer) |- | VK1 || SEG (truck trailer) |- | VK2 || Grandin Automobiles |- | VK8 || Venturi Automobiles |- | VLG || Aixam-Mega |- | VLU || Scania France |- | VL4 || Bluecar, Citroen E-Mehari |- | VMK || Renault Sport Spider |- | VMS || Automobiles Chatenet |- | VMT || SECMA |- | VMW || Gépébus Oréos 55 |- | VM3 || Lamberet (trailer) |- | VM3 || Chereau (truck trailer) |- | VN1 || Renault SOVAB (France), Opel/Vauxhall Movano A made at SOVAB |- | VN4 || Voxan |- | VNB || Sherco Motorcycles SARL |- | VNE || IVECO Bus/Irisbus (France) |- | VNK || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Manufacturing France & '11-'13 Daihatsu Charade (XP90) made by TMMF |- | VNV || Nissan made in France by Renault |- | VPG || MPM Motors |- | VPL || Nosmoke S.A.S |- | VP3 || G. Magyar (truck trailers) |- | VRW || Goupil |- | VR1 || DS Automobiles |- | VR3 || Peugeot (under Stellantis) |- | VR7 || Citroën (under Stellantis) |- | VSA || Mercedes-Benz Spain |- | VSC || Talbot |- | VSE || Santana Motors (Land Rover Series-based models) & Suzuki SJ/Samurai, Jimny, & Vitara made by Santana Motors in Spain |- | VSF || Santana Motors (Anibal/PS-10, 300/350) |- | VSK || Nissan Motor Iberica SA, Nissan passenger car/MPV/van/SUV/pickup & Ford Maverick 1993–1999 |- | VSR || Leciñena (truck trailers) |- | VSS || SEAT/Cupra |- | VSX || Opel Spain |- | VSY || Renault V.I. Spain (bus) |- | VS1 || Pegaso |- | VS5 || Renault Spain |- | VS6 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Spain |- | VS7 || Citroën Spain |- | VS8 || Peugeot Spain |- | VS9/001 || Setra Seida (Spain) |- | VS9/011 || Advanced Design Tramontana |- | VS9/013 || Mirofret (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/016 || Irizar bus (Spain) |- | VS9/019 || Cobos Hermanos (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/031 || Carrocerias Ayats (Spain) |- | VS9/032 || Parcisa (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/044 || Beulas bus (Spain) (Spain) |- | VS9/047 || Indox (truck trailers) (Spain) |- | VS9/052 || Montull (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/057 || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) (Spain) |- | VS9/072 || Mecanicas Silva (truck trailer) (Spain) |- | VS9/098 || Sunsundegui bus (Spain) |- | VS9/172 || EvoBus Iberica |- | VS9/917 || Nogebus (Spain) |- | VTD || Montesa Honda (Honda Montesa motorcycle models) |- | VTH || Derbi (motorcycles) |- | VTL || Yamaha Spain (motorcycles) |- | VTM || Montesa Honda (Honda motorcycle models) |- | VTP || Rieju S.A. (motorcycles) |- | VTR || Gas Gas |- | VTT || Suzuki Spain (motorcycles) |- | VVC || SOR Ibérica (truck trailers) |- | VVG || Tisvol (truck trailers) |- | VV1 || Lecitrailer Group (truck trailers) |- | VV5 || Prim-Ball (truck trailers) |- | VV9/ || [[wikipedia:Tauro Sport Auto|TAURO]] Sport Auto Spain |- | VV9/010 || Castrosúa bus (Spain) |- | VV9/125 || Indetruck (truck trailers) |- | VV9/130 || Vectia Mobility bus (Spain) |- | VV9/130 || UNVI bus (Spain) |- | VV9/359|| Hispano-Suiza |- | VWA || Nissan Vehiculos Industriales SA, Nissan Commercial Vehicles |- | VWF || Guillén Group (truck trailers) |- | VWL || Indox (truck trailers) |- | VWV || Volkswagen Spain |- | VXE || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall van |- | VXF || Fiat van (Fiat Scudo, Ulysse '22-) (Stellantis) |- | VXK || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall car/SUV |- | VXY || Neobus a.d. (Serbia) |- | VX1 || [[w:Zastava Automobiles|Zastava Automobiles]] / [[w:Yugo|Yugo]] (Yugoslavia/Serbia) |- | VYC || Lancia Ypsilon (4th gen.) (Stellantis) |- | VYE || Jeep Compass (3rd gen. - EU market '26-) (Stellantis) |- | VYF || Fiat Doblo '23- & Fiat Topolino '23- & Fiat Grande Panda '25- (Stellantis) |- | VYJ || Ram 1200 '25- (sold in Mexico) (Stellantis) |- | VYS || Renault & Alpine made by Ampere (Renault 5 E-Tech, Renault 4 E-Tech, Alpine A290) |- | VZ2 || Avtomontaža (bus) (Slovenia) |- | V1Y || FAS Sanos bus (Yugoslavia/North Macedonia) |- | V2X || Ikarbus a.d. (Serbia) |- | V31 || Tvornica Autobusa Zagreb (TAZ) (Croatia) |- | V34 || Crobus bus (Croatia) |- | V39/AB8 || Rimac Automobili (Croatia) |- | V39/CB3 || Eurobus (Croatia) |- | V39/WB4 || Rasco (machinery) (Croatia) |- | V6A || Bestnet AS; Tiki trailers (Estonia) |- | V6B || Brentex-Trailer (Estonia) |- | V6T || Verge Motorcycles (Estonia) |- | V61 || Respo Trailers (Estonia) |- | WAC || Arge Audi Porsche (Audi/Porsche RS2 Avant) |- | WAF || Ackermann (truck trailer) |- | WAG || Neoplan |- | WAP || Alpina |- | WAU || Audi car |- | WA1 || Audi SUV |- | WBA || BMW car |- | WBC || Boom Trikes |- | WBJ || Bitter Cars |- | WBK || Böcker Maschinenwerke GmbH |- | WBL || Blumhardt (truck trailers) |- | WBS || BMW M car |- | WBU || Bürstner (caravans) |- | WBX || BMW SUV |- | WBY || BMW i car |- | WB0 || Böckmann Fahrzeugwerke GmbH (trailers) |- | WB1 || BMW Motorrad |- | WB2 || Blyss (trailer) |- | WB3 || BMW Motorrad Motorcycles made in India by TVS |- | WB4 || BMW Motorrad Motorscooters made in China by Loncin |- | WB5 || BMW i SUV |- | WCD || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2019 |- | WCM || Wilcox (truck trailer) |- | WDA || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | WDB || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] & Maybach |- | WDC || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | WDD || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] car |- | WDF || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] van/pickup (French & Spanish built models – Citan & Vito & X-Class) |- | WDP || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2019 |- | WDR || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDT || Dethleffs (caravans) |- | WDW || Dodge Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 2008–2009 |- | WDX || Dodge Sprinter incomplete vehicle 2005–2009 |- | WDY || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2019 |- | WDZ || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD0 || Dodge Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WD1 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 incomplete vehicle |- | WD2 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | WD3 || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | WD4 || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | WD5 || Freightliner Sprinter 2002 & Sprinter (Dodge or Freightliner) 2003–2005 MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | WD6 || Freightliner Unimog truck |- | WD7 || Freightliner Unimog incomplete vehicle |- | WD8 || Dodge Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) 2005–2009 |- | WEB || Evobus GmbH (Mercedes-Benz buses) |- | WEG || Ablinger (trailer) |- | WEL || e.GO Mobile AG |- | WFB || Feldbinder Spezialfahrzeugwerke GmbH |- | WFC || Fendt (caravans) |- | WFD || Fliegl Trailer |- | WFN || Tadano Faun GmbH |- | WF0 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Germany |- | WF1 || Merkur |- | WGB || Göppel Bus GmbH |- | WG0 || Goldhofer AG (truck trailer) |- | WHB || Hobby - Wohnwagenwerk, Ing. H. Striewski GmbH (recreational vehicles) |- | WHD || Humbaur GmbH (truck trailer) |- | WHL || Hulco (trailer) |- | WHW || Hako GmbH |- | WHY || Hymer GmbH & Co. KG (recreational vehicles) |- | WH7 || Hüfferman (truck trailer) |- | WJM || Iveco/Iveco Magirus |- | WJR || Irmscher |- | WKE || Krone (truck trailers) |- | WKK || Setra (Evobus GmbH; formerly Kässbohrer) |- | WKN || Knaus, Weinsberg (caravans) |- | WKV || Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke Gmbh (truck trailers) |- | WK0 || Kögel (truck trailers) |- | WLA || Langendorf semi-trailers |- | WLF || Liebherr (mobile crane) |- | WMA || MAN Truck & Bus |- | WME || smart (from 5/99) |- | WMG || Demag Cranes |- | WMM || Karl Müller GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailers) |- | WMP || M & V GmbH (truck trailers) |- | WMU || Hako GmbH (Multicar) |- | WMW || MINI car |- | WMX || Mercedes-AMG used for Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG & Mercedes-AMG GT & Mercedes-AMG One (not used in North America) |- | WMZ || MINI SUV |- | WNA || Next.e.GO Mobile SE |- | WP0 || Porsche car |- | WP1 || Porsche SUV |- | WRA || Renders (truck trailers) |- | WRJ || Riese & Müller (bicycle) |- | WSE || STEMA Metalleichtbau GmbH (trailers) |- | WSJ || STERK Trailers (truck trailers) |- | WSK || Schmitz-Cargobull Gotha (truck trailers) |- | WSM || Schmitz-Cargobull (truck trailers) |- | WSP || Spitzer (truck trailers) |- | WSV || Aebi Schmidt Group |- | WS5 || StreetScooter |- | WS7 || Sono Motors |- | WTA || Tabbert (caravans) |- | WUA || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) car <br> (includes '04-'09 S4 Cabriolet & '06 S4 25quattro Special Edition sedan & '16-'18 S8 Plus & non-North American mkt. Q7 V12 TDI) |- | WU1 || Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH) SUV |- | WVG || Volkswagen SUV & Touran & N. American mkt. ID Buzz '25 |- | WVM || Arbeitsgemeinschaft VW-MAN |- | WVP || Viseon Bus |- | WVW || Volkswagen passenger car, Sharan, Golf Plus, Golf Sportsvan |- | WV1 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (cargo van or 1st gen. Amarok) |- | WV2 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (passenger van or minibus) |- | WV3 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (incomplete vehicle: chassis cab/cutaway)<br> [includes Winnebago Rialta ('97-'04), Winnebago Vista ('02-'04), Itasca Sunstar ('02-'04)] |- | WV4 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (2nd gen. Amarok & T7 Transporter made by Ford) |- | WV5 || Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles (T7 Caravelle made by Ford) |- | WWA || Wachenhut (truck trailer) |- | WWC || WM Meyer (truck trailer) |- | WZ1 || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for North America) |- | W0D || Obermaier (truck trailer) |- | W0L || Adam Opel AG/Vauxhall & Holden |- | W0L || Holden Zafira & Subaru Traviq made by GM Thailand |- | W0V || Opel Automobile Gmbh/Vauxhall & Holden (since 2017) |- | W04 || Buick Regal & Buick Cascada |- | W06 || Cadillac Catera |- | W08 || Saturn Astra |- | W09/A55 || Artega Automobile |- | W09/A71 || Apollo |- | W09/B09 || Bitter Cars |- | W09/B16 || Brabus |- | W09/B48 || Bultmann (trailer) |- | W09/B91 || Boerner (truck trailer) |- | W09/C09 || Carnehl Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/D04 || DOLL (truck trailer) |- | W09/D05 || Drögmöller (bus) |- | W09/D17 || Dinkel (truck trailer) |- | W09/E04 || Eder (trailer) |- | W09/E27 || Esterer (truck trailer) |- | W09/E32 || ES-GE (truck trailer) |- | W09/E45 || Eurotank (truck trailer) |- | W09/F46 || FSN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/F57 || Twike |- | W09/G10 || GOFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/G64 || Gumpert |- | W09/H10 || Heitling Fahrzeugbau |- | W09/H21|| Dietrich Hisle GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/H46 || Hendricks (truck trailer) |- | W09/H49 || H&W Nutzfahrzeugtechnik GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/J02 || Isdera |- | W09/K27 || Krupp |- | W09/K27 || Kotschenreuther (truck trailer) |- | W09/L05 || Liebherr |- | W09/L06 || LMC Caravan (recreational vehicles) |- | W09/M08 || MEILLER Kipper (truck trailer) |- | W09/M09 || Meierling (truck trailer) |- | W09/M29 || MAFA (truck trailer) |- | W09/M40 || Franz Mersch (trailer) |- | W09/M79 || MKF Matallbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/N22 || NFP-Eurotrailer (truck trailer) |- | W09/P13 || Pagenkopf (truck trailer) |- | W09/P72 || De Tomaso Automobili (Capricorn) |- | W09/R06 || RUF |- | W09/R14 || Rancke (truck trailer) |- | W09/R27 || Gebr. Recker Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W09/R30 || Reisch (truck trailer) |- | W09/R38 || Rewaco |- | W09/SG0 || Sileo (bus) |- | W09/SG1 || SEKA (truck trailer) |- | W09/S24 || Sommer (truck trailer) |- | W09/S25 || Spermann (truck trailer) |- | W09/S27 || Schröder (truck trailer) |- | W09/W11 || Wilken (truck trailer) |- | W09/W14 || Weka (truck trailer) |- | W09/W16 || Wellmeyer (truck trailer) |- | W09/W20 || Kurt Willig GmbH & Co. KG (truck trailer) |- | W09/W29 || Wiese (truck trailer) |- | W09/W35 || Wecon GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/W46 || WT-Metall (trailer) |- | W09/W59 || Wiesmann |- | W09/W70 || Wüllhorst (truck trailer) |- | W09/W86 || Web Trailer GmbH (truck trailer) |- | W09/004 || ORTEN Fahrzeugbau (truck trailer) |- | W1A || smart |- | W1H || Freightliner Econic |- | W1K || Mercedes-Benz car |- | W1N || Mercedes-Benz SUV |- | W1T || Mercedes-Benz truck |- | W1V || Mercedes-Benz van |- | W1W || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W1X || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | W1Y || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | W1Z || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | W2W || Freightliner Sprinter MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) |- | W2X || Freightliner Sprinter incomplete vehicle |- | W2Y || Freightliner Sprinter truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) |- | W2Z || Freightliner Sprinter "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | XDN || Mercedes Sprinter Classic made by GAZ (Russia) |- | XD2 || CTTM Cargoline (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XEA || AmberAvto (Avtotor) (Russia) |- | XE2 || AMKAR Automaster (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XF9/B24 || NK Trailers (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/D44 || Militsis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/J03 || Christos Nezis (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XF9/J63 || Kaoussis (truck trailer) (Greece) |- | XG3 || Petros Petropoulos Group - Ecoshift NOOS electric motorscooters (Greece) |- | XG4|| Mpitis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XG5 || Stavropoulos trailers (Greece) |- | XG6 || MGK Hellenic Motor motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG8 || Gorgolis SA motorcycles (Greece) |- | XG9/B01 || Sfakianakis bus Greece |- | XG9/H33 || Rappas Trailer (Greece) |- | XG9/H51 || Eurotrailer Tourlakopoulos (trailer) (Greece) |- | XG9/H92 || Diamantis N. & Co. (trailer) (Greece) |- | XΗ9/B21 || Hellenic Vehicle Industry - ELVO bus Greece |- | XH9/H08 || Poseidonas Litsakis (trailer) (Greece) |- | XH9/H34 || Flexi-Wheels (trailer) (Greece) |- | XJY || Bonum (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | XJ4 || PKTS (PK Transportnye Sistemy) bus (Russia) |- | XKM || Volgabus (Russia) |- | XLA || DAF Bus International |- | XLB || Volvo Car B.V./NedCar B.V. (Volvo Cars) |- | XLC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Netherlands |- | XLD || Pacton Trailers B.V. |- | XLE || Scania Netherlands |- | XLH || Hapert (trailer) |- | XLJ || Anssems (trailer) |- | XLK || Burg Trailer Service BV (truck trailer) |- | XLR || DAF Trucks & Leyland DAF |- | XLU || Henra (trailer) |- | XLV || DAF Bus |- | XLW || Terberg Benschop BV |- | XL3 || Ebusco |- | XL4 ||Lightyear |- | XL9/001 || ESVE BV (truck trailers) |- | XL9/002 || Jumbo Groenewegen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/003 || Autobusfabriek Bova BV |- | XL9/004 || G.S. Meppel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/007|| Broshuis BV (truck trailer) |- | XL9/010|| Ginaf Trucks |- | XL9/014 || Contar (truck trailer) |- | XL9/017 || Van Eck (truck trailer) |- | XL9/021 || Donkervoort Cars |- | XL9/033 || Wijer (trailer) |- | XL9/039 || Talson (truck trailer) |- | XL9/042 || Den Oudsten Bussen |- | XL9/052 || Witteveen (trailer) |- | XL9/055 || Fripaan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/067 || HTF (truck trailer) |- | XL9/068 || Vogelzang (truck trailer) |- | XL9/069 || Kraker (truck trailer) |- | XL9/070 || Veldhuizen (truck trailers) |- | XL9/073 || Zwalve (truck trailers) |- | XL9/074 || Draco (truck trailers) |- | XL9/081 || EBO van Weel (truck trailers) |- | XL9/084 || Vocol (truck trailers) |- | XL9/089 || Meijvo (trailers) |- | XL9/092 || Bulthuis (truck trailers) |- | XL9/103 || D-TEC (truck trailers) |- | XL9/109|| Groenewold Carrosseriefabriek B.V. (car transporter) |- | XL9/150 || Univan (truck trailer) |- | XL9/251 || Spierings Mobile Cranes |- | XL9/320 || VDL Bova bus |- | XL9/348 || HOKA (trailer) |- | XL9/355 || Berdex (truck trailer) |- | XL9/363 || Spyker |- | XL9/423 || Tijhof (trailer) |- | XL9/461 || BK Market Trailers (trailer) |- | XL9/495 || BE-Combi (truck trailer) |- | XL9/508 || Talson (truck trailer) |- | XL9/527 || GINAF |- | XL9/530 || Ebusco |- | XL9/611 || Zocon (trailer) |- | XMC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (LHD) |- | XMD || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors (RHD) |- | XMG || VDL Bus International |- | XMR || Nooteboom Trailers |- | XM4 || RAVO Holding B.V. (sweeper) |- | XNB || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - RHD) |- | XNC || NedCar B.V. Mitsubishi Motors made by Pininfarina (Colt CZC convertible - LHD) |- | XNJ || Broshuis (truck trailer) |- | XNL || VDL Bus & Coach |- | XNT || Pacton Trailers B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XN1 || Kraker Trailers Axel B.V. (truck trailer) |- | XPN || Knapen Trailers |- | XPP || Atec Trailers |- | XP7 || Tesla Europe (based in the Netherlands) (Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg) |- | XRP || Proline (trailer) |- | XRY || D-TEC (truck trailer) |- | XR7 || Qarry |- | XTA || Lada / AvtoVAZ (Russia) |- | XTB || Moskvitch / AZLK (Russia) |- | XTC || KAMAZ (Russia) |- | XTD || LuAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTE || ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTF || GolAZ (Russia) |- | XTH || GAZ (Russia) |- | XTJ || Lada Oka made by SeAZ (Russia) |- | XTK || IzhAvto (Russia) |- | XTM || MAZ (Belarus); used until 1997 |- | XTP || Ural (Russia) |- | XTS || ChMZAP (truck trailer) |- | XTT || UAZ / Sollers (Russia) |- | XTU || Trolza, previously ZiU (Russia) |- | XTW || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | XTY || LiAZ (Russia) |- | XTZ || ZiL (Russia) |- | XUF || General Motors Russia |- | XUS || Nizhegorodets (minibus) (Russia) |- | XUU || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Korea SKD, Kaiyi Auto) |- | XUV || Avtotor (DFSK, SWM) |- | XUZ || InterPipeVAN (truck trailer) |- | XU6 || Avtodom (minibus) (Russia) |- | XVG || MARZ (bus) (Russia) |- | XVU || Start (truck trailer) |- | XWB || UZ-Daewoo/GM Uzbekistan/Ravon/UzAuto Motors (Uzbekistan) |- | XWD || Avtotor (Russia, BAIC SKD) |- | XWE || Avtotor (Russia, Hyundai-Kia SKD) |- | XWF || Avtotor (Russia, Chevrolet Tahoe/Opel/Cadillac/Hummer SKD) |- | XWK || Kia assembled in Russia by IzhAvto |- | XW7 || Toyota Motor Manufacturing Russia |- | XW8 || Volkswagen Group Russia (VW, Skoda) |- | XX3 || Ujet Manufacturing (Luxembourg) |- | XZB || SIMAZ (bus) (Russia) |- | XZE || Specpricep (truck trailer) |- | XZG || Great Wall Motor (Haval Motor Rus) |- | XZP || Gut Trailer (truck trailer) |- | XZT || FoxBus (minibus) (Russia) |- | X1D || RAF (Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika) (Latvia) |- | X1E || KAvZ (Russia) |- | X1F || NefAZ (Russia) |- | X1M || PAZ (Russia) |- | X1P || Ural (Russia) |- | X2L || Fox Trailer (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X21 || Diesel-S (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X4K || Volgabus (Volzhanin) (Russia) |- | X4T || Sommer (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X4X || Avtotor (Russia, BMW SKD) |- | X5A || UralSpetzTrans (trailer) (Russia) |- | X6D || VIS-AVTO (Russia) |- | X6S || TZA (truck trailer) (Russia) |- | X7L || Renault AvtoFramos (1998-2014), Renault Russia (2014-2022), Moskvitch (2022-) (Russia) |- | X7M || [[../Hyundai/VIN Codes|Hyundai]] & Vortex (rebadged Chery) made by TagAZ (Russia) |- | X89/AD4 || ВМЗ (VMZ) bus |- | X89/BF8 || Rosvan bus |- | X89/CU2 || EvoBus Russland (bus) |- | X89/DJ2 || VMK (bus) |- | X89/EY4 || Brabill (minibus) |- | X89/FF6 || Lotos (bus) |- | X89/FY1 || Sherp |- | X8J || IMZ-Ural Ural Motorcycles |- | X8U || Scania Russia |- | X9F || Ford Motor Company ZAO |- | X9L || GM-AvtoVAZ (Chevrolet Niva & Viva) |- | X9N || Samoltor (minibus) |- | X9P || Volvo Vostok ZAO (Volvo Trucks) |- | X9W || Brilliance, Lifan made by Derways |- | X9X || Great Wall Motors |- | X96 || GAZ |- | X99/000 || Marussia |- | X90 || GRAZ (truck trailer) |- | X0T || Tonar (truck trailer) |- | YAF || Faymonville (special transport trailers) |- | YAG || Syma aanhangwagenbouw BV (trailers) |- | YAM || MAX Trailer (truck trailers) |- | YAR || Toyota Motor Europe (based in Belgium) used for Toyota ProAce, Toyota ProAce City and Toyota ProAce Max made by PSA/Stellantis |- | YA2 || Atlas Copco Group |- | YA5 || Renders (truck trailers) |- | YA9/ || Lambrecht Constructie NV (truck trailers) |- | YA9/111 || OVA (truck trailer) |- | YA9/121 || Atcomex (truck trailer) |- | YA9/128 || EOS (bus) |- | YA9/139 || ATM Maaseik (truck trailer) |- | YA9/168 || Forthomme s.a. (truck trailer) |- | YA9/169 || Automobiles Gillet |- | YA9/180 || EOS (bus) |- | YA9/191 || Stokota (truck trailers) |- | YA9/195 || Denolf & Depla (minibus) |- | YBC || Toyota Supra (Fifth generation for Europe) |- | YBD || Addax Motors |- | YBW || Volkswagen Belgium |- | YB1 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (truck) |- | YB2 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (bus chassis) |- | YB3 || Volvo Trucks Belgium (incomplete vehicle) |- | YB4 || LAG Trailers N.V. (truck trailer) |- | YB6 || Jonckheere (VDL Belgium) |- | YCM || Mazda Motor Logistics Europe (based in Belgium) used for European-market Mazda 121 made by Ford in UK |- | YC1 || Honda Belgium NV (motorcycle) |- | YC3 || Eduard Trailers |- | YD3 || Chateau Caravans (Belgium) |- | YE1 || Van Hool (trailers) (Belgium) |- | YE2 || Van Hool (buses) (Belgium) |- | YE6 || STAS (truck trailer) |- | YE7 || Turbo's Hoet (truck trailer) |- | YF1 || Närko (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YF3 || NTM (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YF9/050 || JYKI (truck trailer) (Finland) |- | YGU || JJ-Trailer (trailer) (Finland) |- |YG6 |Majava Group Oy; Majava trailers (Finland) |- | YH1 || Solifer (caravans) |- | YH2 || BRP Finland (Lynx snowmobiles) |- | YH4 || Fisker Automotive (Fisker Karma) built by Valmet Automotive |- | YK1 || Saab-Valmet Finland |- | YK2, YK7 || Sisu Auto |- | YK9/003 || Kabus (bus) |- | YK9/008 || Lahden Autokori (-2013), SOE Busproduction Finland (2014-2024) (bus) |- | YK9/016 || Linkker (bus) |- | YSC || Cadillac BLS (made by Saab) |- | YSM || Polestar cars |- | YSP || Volta Trucks AB |- | YSR || Polestar SUV |- | YS2 || Scania commercial vehicles (Södertälje factory) |- | YS3 || Saab cars |- | YS4 || Scania buses and bus chassis until 2002 (Katrineholm factory) |- | YS5 || OmniNova (minibus) |- | YS7 || Solifer (recreational vehicles) |- | YS9/KV1 || Backaryd (minibus) |- | YTN || Saab made by NEVS |- | YT7 || Kabe (recreational vehicles) |- | YT9/007 || Koenigsegg |- | YT9/034 || Carvia |- | YU1 || Fogelsta, Brenderup Group (trailer) |- | YU7 || Husaberg (motorcycles) |- | YVV || WiMa 442 EV |- | YV1 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] cars |- | YV2 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] trucks |- | YV3 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] buses and bus chassis |- | YV4 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo]] SUV |- | YV5 || [[../Volvo/VIN Codes|Volvo Trucks]] incomplete vehicle |- | YYB || Tysse (trailer) (Norway) |- | YYC || Think Nordic (Norway) |- | YY9/017 || Skala Fabrikk (truck trailer) (Norway) |- | Y29/005 || Buddy Electric (Norway) |- | Y3D || MTM (truck trailer) (Belarus) |- | Y3F || Lida Buses Neman (Belarus) |- | Y3J || Belkommunmash (Belarus) |- | Y3K || Neman Bus (Belarus) |- | Y3M || MAZ (Belarus) |- | Y3W || VFV built by Unison (Belarus) |- | Y39/047 || Altant-M (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/051 || Bus-Master (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/052 || Aktriya (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/072 || Klassikbus (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/074 || Alterra (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/135 || EuroDjet (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/240 || Alizana (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/241 || RSBUS (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y39/323 || KF-AVTO (minibus) (Belarus) |- | Y4F || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Belarus |- | Y4K || Geely / BelGee (Belarus) |- | Y6B || IVECO (Ukraine) |- | Y6D || ZAZ / AvtoZAZ, Chevrolet Lanos made by ZAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6E || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y6J || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y6L || Bogdan group including buses, Lada, & Hyundai made by Bogdan (Ukraine) |- | Y6U || Škoda Auto made by Eurocar (Ukraine) |- | Y6W || PGFM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y6Y || LEV (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/B19 || Stryi Avto (bus) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/B98 || VESTT (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/C49 || TAD (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y69/D75 || Barrel Dash (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7A || KrAZ trucks (Ukraine) |- | Y7B || Bogdan group (Ukraine) |- | Y7C || Great Wall Motors, Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7D || GAZ made by KrymAvtoGAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7F || Boryspil Bus Factory (BAZ) (Ukraine) |- | Y7S || Korida-Tech (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y7W || Geely made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y7X || ChRZ - Ruta (minibus) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/A23 || OdAZ (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B21 || Everlast (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y79/B65 || Avtoban (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8A || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y8H || UNV Leader (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y8S || Alekseevka Ximmash (truck trailer) |- | Y8X || GAZ Gazelle made by KrASZ (Ukraine) |- | Y89/A98 || VARZ (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y89/B75 || Knott (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y89/C65 || Electron (Ukraine) |- | Y9A || PAVAM (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9H || LAZ (Ukraine) |- | Y9M || AMS (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9T || Dnipro (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9W || Pragmatec (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y9Z || Lada, Renault made in Ukraine |- | Y99/B32 || Santey (trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/E21 || Zmiev-Trans (truck trailer) (Ukraine) |- | Y99/C79 || Electron (bus) (Ukraine) |- | ZAA || Autobianchi |- | ZAA || Alfa Romeo Junior 2024- |- | ZAC || Jeep Compass (2nd gen. - EU market '20-'25), Jeep Renegade, Dodge Hornet |- | ZAH || Rolfo SpA (car transporter) |- | ZAJ || Trigano SpA; Roller Team recreational vehicles |- | ZAM || [[../Maserati/VIN Codes|Maserati]] |- | ZAP || Piaggio/Vespa/Gilera |- | ZAR || Alfa Romeo car |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo Alfasud & Sprint through 1989 |- | ZAS || Alfa Romeo SUV 2018- |- | ZAX || Zorzi (truck trailer) |- | ZA4 || Omar (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/A12 || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] through mid-2003 (including LM002) |- | ZA9/A17 || Carrozzeria Luigi Dalla Via (bus) |- | ZA9/A18 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZA9/A33 || Antonelli / Bucher Schörling Italia (small truck / sweeper) |- | ZA9/A47 || Silver Car (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B09 || Mauri Bus System |- | ZA9/B34 || Mistrall Siloveicoli (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B45 || Bolgan (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B49 || OMSP Macola (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/B95 || Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena (bus) |- | ZA9/C38 || Dulevo (sweeper) |- | ZA9/D38 || Cizeta Automobili SRL |- | ZA9/D39 || [[../Bugatti/VIN Codes|Bugatti Automobili S.p.A]] |- | ZA9/D50 || Italdesign Giugiaro |- | ZA9/E15 || Tecnobus Industries S.r.l. |- | ZA9/E73 || Sitcar (bus) |- | ZA9/E88 || Cacciamali (bus) |- | ZA9/F16 || OMT (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F21 || FGM (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/F48 || Rampini Carlo S.p.A. (bus) |- | ZA9/F76 || Pagani Automobili S.p.A. |- | ZA9/G97 || EPT Horus (bus) |- | ZA9/H02 || O.ME.P.S. (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/H44|| Green-technik by Green Produzione s.r.l. (machine trailer) |- | ZA9/J21 || VRV (truck trailer) |- | ZA9/J93 || Barbi (bus) |- | ZA9/K98 || Esagono Energia S.r.l. |- | ZA9/M09 || Italdesign Automobili Speciali |- | ZA9/M27 || Dallara Stradale |- | ZA9/M91 || Automobili Pininfarina |- | ZA9/180 || De Simon (bus) |- | ZA0 || Acerbi (truck trailer) |- | ZBA || Piacenza (truck trailer) |- | ZBB || Bertone |- | ZBD || InBus |- | ZBN || Benelli |- | ZBW || Rayton-Fissore Magnum |- | ZB3 || Cardi (truck trailer) |- | ZCB || E. Bartoletti SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZCF || IVECO / Irisbus (Italy) |- | ZCG || Cagiva SpA / MV Agusta |- | ZCG || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under MV Agusta ownership |- | ZCM || BredaMenarinibus / Menarinibus / IIA (Industria Italiana Autobus) |- | ZCN || Astra Veicoli Industriali S.p.A. |- | ZCV || Vibreti (truck trailer) |- | ZCZ || BredaBus |- | ZC1 || AnsaldoBreda S.p.A. |- | ZC2 || Chrysler TC by Maserati |- | ZDC || Honda Italia Industriale SpA |- | ZDF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] Dino |- | ZDJ || ACM Biagini |- | ZDM || Ducati Motor Holdings SpA |- | ZDT || De Tomaso Modena SpA |- | ZDY || Cacciamali |- | ZD0 || Yamaha Motor Italia SpA & Belgarda SpA |- | ZD3 || Beta Motor |- | ZD4 || Aprilia |- | ZD5 || Casalini |- | ZEB || Ellebi (trailer) |- | ZEH || Trigano SpA (former SEA Group); McLouis & Mobilvetta recreational vehicles |- | ZES || Bimota |- | ZEX || TM Racing (motorcycle) |- | ZE5 || Carmosino (truck trailer) |- | ZFA || FIAT |- | ZFB || FIAT MPV/SUV & Ram Promaster City |- | ZFC || FIAT truck (FIAT Ducato for Mexico, RAM 1200) |- | ZFE || KL Motorcycle |- | ZFF || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] |- | ZFJ || Carrozzeria Pezzaioli (truck trailer) |- | ZFM || Fantic Motor |- | ZFR || Pininfarina |- | ZF4 || Qvale |- | ZGA || IVECO Bus |- | ZGP || Merker (truck trailer) |- | ZGU || Moto Guzzi |- | ZG2 || FAAM (commercial vehicle) |- | ZHU || Husqvarna Motorcycles Under Cagiva ownership |- | ZHW || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] (Mid-2003 – ) |- | ZHZ || Menci SpA (truck trailer) |- | ZH5 || FB Mondial (motorcycle) |- | ZJM || Malaguti |- | ZJN || Innocenti |- | ZJT || Italjet |- | ZKC || Ducati Energia Free Duck (electric quadricycle) |- | ZKH || Husqvarna Motorcycles Srl Under BMW ownership |- | ZLA || Lancia |- | ZLF || Tazzari GL SpA |- | ZLM || Moto Morini srl |- | ZLV || Laverda |- | ZNN || Energica |- | ZN0 || SWM Motorcycles S.r.l. |- | ZN3 || IVECO Defence |- | ZN6 || Maserati SUV |- | ZPB || [[../Lamborghini/VIN Codes|Lamborghini]] SUV |- | ZPY || DR Automobiles |- | ZP6 || XEV |- | ZP8 || Regis Motors |- | ZRG || Tazzari GL Imola SpA |- | ZR1 || Microlino |- | ZSG || [[../Ferrari/VIN Codes|Ferrari]] SUV |- | ZS1 || Leapmotor International B.V. |- | ZX1 || TAM (Tovarna Avtomobilov Maribor) bus (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/KU0 || K-Bus / Kutsenits (bus) (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/DUR || TAM bus (Slovenia) |- | ZX9/TV0 || TAM (Tovarna Vozil Maribor) bus (Slovenia) |- | ZY1 || Adria (recreational vehicles) (Slovenia) |- | ZY9/002 || Gorica (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | ZZ1 || Tomos motorcycle (Slovenia) |- | Z29/555 || Vozila FLuid (truck trailer) (Slovenia) |- | Z3D || Tauriga UAB; Tauras trailers (Lithuania) |- | Z39/008 || Autogalantas (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z39/009 || Patikima Linija / Rimo (truck trailer) (Lithuania) |- | Z6F || Ford Sollers (Russia) |- | Z7C || Luidor (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7N || KAvZ (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7T || RoAZ (bus) (Russia) |- | Z7X || Isuzu Rus (Russia) |- | Z76 || SEMAZ (Kazakhstan) |- | Z8M || Marussia (Russia) |- | Z8N || Nissan Manufacturing Rus & Nissan and Datsun models made by AvtoVAZ (Russia) |- | Z8P || IRITO |- | Z8T || PCMA Rus (Peugeot, Citroen, Mitsubishi) (Russia) |- | Z8U || [[w:SsangYong Korando#Third generation (C200; 2010)|Ssangyong Actyon]] made by Sollers (Russia) |- | Z8Y || Nasteviya (bus) (Russia) |- | Z9B || KuzbassAvto (Hyundai bus) (Russia) |- | Z9M || Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing Rus / Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok (Russia) |- | Z9N || Samotlor-NN (Iveco) (Russia) |- | Z94 || Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Rus (Hyundai, Kia) (2008-2023), Solaris Auto - AGR Automotive (2023-) (Russia) |- | Z07 || Volgabus (Russia) |- | 1A4 1A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2009 only |- | 1A9/007 || Advance Mixer Inc. |- | 1A9/111 || Amerisport Inc. (federalized late model DeTomaso Pantera) |- | 1A9/398 || Ameritech (federalized McLaren F1 & Bugatti EB110) |- | 1A9/569 || American Custom Golf Cars Inc. (AGC) |- | 1AC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 1AF || American LaFrance truck |- | 1AJ || Ajax Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 1AM || American Motors Corporation car & Renault Alliance 1983 only |- | 1BN || Beall Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 1B4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 1981–2002 |- | 1B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 1B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 1B9/133 || Buell Motorcycle Company through mid-1995 |- | 1B9/274 || Brooks Brothers Trailers |- | 1B9/275 || Boydstun Metal Works (truck trailer) |- | 1B9/285 || Boss Hoss Cycles |- | 1B9/374 || Big Dog Custom Motorcycles through mid-2002 |- | 1B9/975 || Motus Motorcycles |- | 1BA || Blue Bird Corporation bus |- | 1BB || Blue Bird Wanderlodge MPV |- | 1BD || Blue Bird Corporation incomplete vehicle |- | 1BL || Balko, Inc. |- | 1C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 1C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 1C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 1990–2005 |- | 1C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV 2012– |- | 1C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 1C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 1C9/257 || CEI Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/291 || CX Automotive |- | 1C9/496 || Carlinville Truck Equipment (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/535 || Chance Coach (bus) |- | 1C9/737 || Corbin Motors, Inc. |- | 1C9/772 || Cozad (truck trailer) |- | 1C9/971 || Cool Amphibious Manufacturers International |- | 1CM || Checker Motors Corporation |- | 1CU || Cushman Haulster (Cushman division of Outboard Marine Corporation) |- | 1CY || Crane Carrier Company |- | 1CY || Battle Motors, Inc. |- | 1D3 || Dodge truck 2002–2009 |- | 1D4 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2011 only |- | 1D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 1D8 || Dodge MPV/SUV 2003–2009 only |- | 1D9/008 || KME Fire Apparatus |- | 1D9/628 || Dymac Vehicle Group (low-speed vehicle) |- | 1D9/791 || Dennis Eagle, Inc. |- | 1DW || Stoughton Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/007 || E.D. Etnyre & Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1E9/190 || Electric Transit Inc. (trolleybus) |- | 1E9/363 || E-SUV LLC (E-Ride Industries) |- | 1E9/456 || Electric Motorsport (GPR-S electric motorcycle) |- | 1E9/526 || Epic TORQ |- | 1E9/581 || Vetter Razor |- | 1EU || Eagle Coach Corporation (bus) |- | 1FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 1FB || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1FC || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] stripped chassis made by Ford |- | 1FD || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] incomplete vehicle |- | 1FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 1FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 1FU || Freightliner (truck) |- | 1FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1F1 || Ford SUV - Limousine (through 2009) |- | 1F6 || Ford stripped chassis made by Detroit Chassis LLC |- | 1F9/037 || Federal Motors Inc. |- | 1F9/140 || Ferrara Fire Apparatus (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1F9/458 || Faraday Future prototypes |- | 1F9/FT1 || FWD Corp. |- | 1F9/ST1 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1F9/ST2 || Seagrave Fire Apparatus |- | 1G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] USA |- | 1G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 1G0 || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1981–1984 |- | 1G0 || Opel/Vauxhall car 2007–2017 |- | 1G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 1G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 1G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 1G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 1G5 || GMC MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G5 || Pontiac incomplete vehicle 1989-1990, 2003-2006 |- | 1G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 1G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 1G8 || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1981–1986 |- | 1G8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Saturn]] car 1991–2010 |- | 1G9/492 || GreenPower Motor Company incomplete vehicle |- | 1G9/495 || Google & Waymo |- | 1GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 1GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicle |- | 1GC || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] truck |- | 1GD || GMC incomplete vehicle |- | 1GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 1GF || Flxible bus |- | 1GG || Isuzu pickup trucks made by GM |- | 1GH || GMC Rapid Transit Series (RTS) bus 1985–1986 |- | 1GH || Oldsmobile MPV/SUV 1990–2004 |- | 1GH || Holden Acadia 2019–2020 |- | 1GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 1GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 1GM || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] MPV |- | 1GN || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 1GR || Great Dane Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1GT || [[../GM/VIN Codes|GMC]] Truck |- | 1GW || Grumman Olson Kubvan (truck) |- | 1GY || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] SUV |- | 1HA || Chevrolet incomplete vehicles (Express cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors |- | 1HD || Harley-Davidson & LiveWire |- | 1HF || Honda motorcycle/ATV/UTV |- | 1HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 1HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 1HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 1HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks & Chevrolet Silverado 4500HD, 5500HD, 6500HD (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 1HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 1H9/484 || Hughes Trailers (Based in Canyon, TX) (trailer) |- | 1H9/674 || Hines Specialty Vehicle Group |- | 1JC || Jeep SUV 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JJ || Wabash (truck trailer) |- | 1JT || Jeep truck 1981–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 1JU || Marmon Motor Company (truck) |- | 1J4 || Jeep SUV 1989–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J7 || Jeep truck 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1J8 || Jeep SUV 2002–2011 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 1KB || Holiday Rambler Corp. 1981-2010 (trailer) |- | 1K9/058 || Kovatech Mobile Equipment (fire engine) |- | 1LH || Landoll (truck trailer) |- | 1LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle |- | 1LN || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] car |- | 1LV || Lectra Motors |- | 1L0 || Lufkin Trailers |- | 1L1 || Lincoln car – limousine |- | 1L9/155 || LA Exotics |- | 1L9/234 || Laforza |- | 1MB || Mercedes-Benz Truck Co. |- | 1ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 1MR || Continental Mark VI & VII 1981–1985 & Continental sedan 1982–1985 |- | 1M0 || John Deere Gator |- | 1M1 || Mack Truck USA (truck) |- | 1M2 || Mack Truck USA (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1M3 || Mack Truck USA (glider) |- | 1M8 || Motor Coach Industries (bus) |- | 1M9/089 || Mauck Special Vehicles (bus) |- | 1M9/682 || Mosler Automotive |- | 1M9/816 || Proterra Through mid-2019 |- | 1N4 || Nissan car |- | 1N6 || Nissan truck |- | 1N9/019 || Neoplan USA |- | 1N9/084 || Eldorado National (California) |- | 1N9/140 || North American Bus Industries (bus) |- | 1N9/393 || Nikola Corporation (truck) |- | 1NK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1NL || Gulf Stream Coach (recreational vehicles) |- | 1NN || Monon made by Evans Products Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1NP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1NX || Toyota car made by NUMMI |- | 1P3 || Plymouth car |- | 1P4 || Plymouth MPV/SUV |- | 1P7 || Plymouth Scamp |- | 1P9/038 || Hawk Vehicles, Inc. (Trihawk motorcycles) |- | 1P9/213 || Panoz |- | 1P9/255 || Pinson Truck Equipment Company (truck trailer) |- | 1PM || Polar Tank Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1PT || Trailmobile Trailer Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1PY || John Deere USA |- | 1RF || Roadmaster, Monaco Coach Corporation (incomplete vehicle) |- | 1RN || Reitnouer (truck trailer) |- | 1R9/956 || Reede Fabrication and Design (motorcycles) |- | 1ST || Airstream (recreational vehicles) |- | 1S1 || Strick Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/003 || Sutphen Corporation (fire engines - truck) |- | 1S9/009|| Superior Trailer Works (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/098 || Scania AB (Scania CN112 bus made in Orange, CT) |- | 1S9/842 || Saleen S7 |- | 1S9/260 || Stairs Welding RL (truck trailer) |- | 1S9/901 || Suckerpunch Sallys, LLC |- | 1S9/944 || SSC North America |- | 1TD || Timpte (truck trailer) |- | 1TK || Trail King (truck trailer) |- | 1TD || Transcraft Corporation (truck trailer) |- | 1T7 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T8 || Thomas Built Buses |- | 1T9/072 || The Trailer Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1T9/717 || Thunder Mountain Custom Cycles |- | 1T9/825 || TICO Manufacturing Company (truck) |- | 1T9/899 || Tomcar USA |- | 1T9/970 || Three Two Chopper |- | 1TC || Coachmen Recreational Vehicle Co., LLC |- | 1TU || Transportation Manufacturing Corporation |- | 1UJ || Jayco, Inc. |- | 1UT || AM General military trucks, Jeep DJ made by AM General |- | 1UY || Utility Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 1VH || Orion Bus Industries |- | 1VW || Volkswagen car |- | 1V1 || Volkswagen truck |- | 1V2 || Volkswagen SUV |- | 1V9/048 || Vector Aeromotive |- | 1V9/113 || Vantage Vehicle International Inc (low-speed vehicle) |- | 1V9/190 || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 1WA || White Motor Company (Autocar brand truck) |- | 1WB || White Motor Company (Autocar brand incomplete vehicle) |- | 1WD || White Motor Company (Autocar brand glider) |- | 1WT || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. |- | 1WU || White Motor Company (White brand truck) |- | 1WV || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class C Motorhome built on VW chassis & front cab [Winnebago Rialta ('95-'96)] |- | 1WW || Winnebago Industries: Winnebago M.P.V. - Class B Motorhome built on Renault chassis [Winnebago LeSharo, Centauri, Itasca Phasar] |- | 1WX || White Motor Company (White brand incomplete vehicle) |- | 1WY || White Motor Company (White brand glider) |- | 1W1 || Wilson Trailer Co. (truck trailer) |- | 1W5 || Western Recreational Vehicles (Alpenlite) |- | 1W8 || Witzco (truck trailer) |- | 1W9/010 || Weld-It Company (truck trailer) |- | 1W9/485 || Wheego Electric Cars |- | 1W9/488 || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (2010 & later) |- | 1XA || Excalibur Automobile Corporation |- | 1XK || Kenworth (truck) |- | 1XM || Renault Alliance/GTA/Encore 1984–1987 |- | 1XP || Peterbilt (truck) |- | 1Y1 || Chevrolet/Geo car made by NUMMI |- | 1YJ || Rokon International, Inc. |- | 1YV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mazda made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZV || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford made by Mazda Motor Manufacturing USA/AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1ZW || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury made by AutoAlliance International]] |- | 1Z3 1Z7 || Mitsubishi Raider |- | 1Z9/170 || [[w:Orange County Choppers|Orange County Choppers]] |- | 10B || Brenner Tank (truck trailer) |- | 10R || E-Z-GO |- | 10T || Oshkosh Corporation |- | 11H || Hendrickson Mobile Equipment, Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) |- | 11V || Kalmar Solutions (Truck - Terminal Tractor) |- | 12A || Avanti |- | 137 || AM General Hummer & Hummer H1 |- | 13N || Fontaine (truck trailer) |- | 15G || Gillig bus |- | 16C || Clenet Coachworks |- | 16W || Certified Stainless Services Inc. DBA West-Mark (truck trailer) (prior to 2010) |- | 16X || Vixen 21 motorhome |- | 17N || John Deere incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 18X || Western Recreational Vehicles |- | 19U || Acura car made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 19V || Acura car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 19X || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 2A3 || Imperial |- | 2A4 2A8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2006–2011 only |- | 2AY 2AZ || Hino |- | 2BC || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1987–1988 (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2BP || Ski-Doo |- | 2BV || Can-Am & Bombardier ATV |- | 2BW || Can-Am Commander E LSV |- | 2BX || Can-Am Spyder & Canyon 3-wheelers |- | 2BZ || Can-Am Freedom Trailer for Can-Am Spyder & Canyon |- | 2B1 || Orion Bus Industries |- | 2B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 2B4 || Dodge MPV 1981–2002 |- | 2B5 || Dodge "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–2002 |- | 2B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 2B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 2B9/001 || BWS Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 2C1 || Geo/Chevrolet car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 2C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Lancia) 2012- |- | 2C4 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2000–2005 |- | 2C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Lancia Voyager & Volkswagen Routan) 2012- |- | 2C7 || Pontiac car made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2C8 || Chrysler brand MPV/SUV 2001–2005 |- | 2C9/145 || Campagna Motors |- | 2C9/197 || Canadian Electric Vehicles |- | 2CC || American Motors Corporation MPV |- | 2CG || Asüna/Pontiac SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada |- | 2CK || GMC Tracker SUV made by CAMI Automotive only sold by GM Canada 1990–1991 only |- | 2CK || Pontiac Torrent SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2006–2009 only |- | 2CM || American Motors Corporation car |- | 2CN || Geo/Chevrolet SUV made by CAMI Automotive 1990–2011 only |- | 2CT || GMC Terrain SUV made by CAMI Automotive 2010–2011 only |- | 2D4 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003 |- | 2D7 || Dodge truck 2003 |- | 2D8 || Dodge MPV 2003–2011 only |- | 2DG || Ontario Drive & Gear |- | 2DM || Di-Mond Trailers (truck trailer) |- | 2DN || Dynasty Electric Car Corporation |- | 2EZ || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2E3 || Eagle car 1989–1997 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2E4 || 2011 Lancia MPV (Voyager) |- | 2E9/080 || Electra Meccanica Vehicles Corp. (Solo) |- | 2FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 2FH || Zenn Motor Co., Ltd. (low-speed vehicle) |- | 2FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 2FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 2FU || Freightliner (truck) |- | 2FV || Freightliner (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2FW || Sterling Trucks (truck-complete vehicle) |- | 2FY || New Flyer |- | 2FZ || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2Gx || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Canada |- | 2G0 || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1986 |- | 2G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 2G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 2G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Oldsmobile]] car |- | 2G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 2G5 || GMC MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2G5 || Chevrolet BrightDrop / BrightDrop Zevo truck 2023-2026 |- | 2G6 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Cadillac]] car |- | 2G7 || Pontiac car only sold by GM Canada |- | 2G8 || Chevrolet MPV 1981–1986 |- | 2GA || Chevrolet "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 2GB || Chevrolet incomplete vehicle |- | 2GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 2GD || GMC incomplete vehicle |- | 2GE || Cadillac incomplete vehicle |- | 2GH || GMC GM New Look bus & GM Classic series bus |- | 2GJ || GMC "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1987– |- | 2GK || GMC MPV/SUV 1987– |- | 2GN || Chevrolet MPV/SUV 1987- |- | 2GT || GMC truck |- | 2HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HH || Acura car made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HJ || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] truck made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HK || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] MPV/SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HM || Hyundai Canada |- | 2HN || Acura SUV made by Honda of Canada Manufacturing |- | 2HP || International Trucks (complete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 2HS || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 2HT || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 2HV || International or IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 2J4 || Jeep Wrangler (YJ) 1989–1992 (using Chrysler-style VIN structure) |- | 2L1 || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limo |- | 2LD || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2LJ || Lincoln incomplete vehicle – hearse |- | 2LM || Lincoln SUV |- | 2LN || Lincoln car |- | 2M1 || Mack Trucks Canada (truck) |- | 2M2 || Mack Trucks Canada (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2M3 || Mack Truck Canada (glider) |- | 2ME || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] car |- | 2MG || Motor Coach Industries (Produced from Sept. 1, 2008 on) |- | 2MH || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] incomplete vehicle |- | 2MR || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV |- | 2M9/044 || Westward Industries |- | 2M9/058 || Motor Coach Industries |- | 2NK || Kenworth incomplete vehicle |- | 2NP || Peterbilt incomplete vehicle |- | 2NV || Nova Bus |- | 2P3 || Plymouth car |- | 2P4 || Plymouth MPV 1981–2000 |- | 2P5 || Plymouth "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) 1981–1983 |- | 2P9/001 || Prevost 1981–1995 |- | 2PC || Prevost 1996- |- | 2S2 || Suzuki car made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2S3 || Suzuki SUV made by CAMI Automotive |- | 2TU || Tri-Star Industries Limited |- | 2T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by TMMC |- | 2T2 || Lexus SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMC |- | 2T9/206 || Triple E Canada Ltd. |- | 2V4 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2V8 || Volkswagen Routan made by Chrysler Canada |- | 2W9/044 || Westward Industries |- | 2WK || Western Star (truck) |- | 2WL || Western Star (incomplete vehicle) |- | 2WM || Western Star (glider) |- | 2XK || Kenworth (truck) |- | 2XM || Eagle Premier 1988 only (using AMC-style VIN structure) |- | 2XP || Peterbilt (truck) |- | 3A4 3A8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2006–2010 only |- | 3A9/050 || MARGO (truck trailer) |- | 3AK || Freightliner Trucks (truck) |- | 3AL || Freightliner Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3AW || Fruehauf de Mexico (truck trailer) |- | 3AX || Scania Mexico |- | 3BE || Scania Mexico (buses) |- | 3BH || Western Star 3700 (truck) made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BH || Western Star (truck) |- | 3BJ || Western Star 3700 (incomplete vehicle) made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BJ || Western Star (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3BK || Kenworth (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3BM || Motor Coach Industries bus made by DINA S.A. |- | 3BP || Peterbilt (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3B3 || Dodge car 1981–2011 |- | 3B4 || Dodge SUV 1986–1993 |- | 3B6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 1981–2002 |- | 3B7 || Dodge truck 1981–2002 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler brand car 1981–2011 |- | 3C3 || Chrysler Group (all brands) car (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C4 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3C4 || Chrysler Group (all brands) MPV (including Fiat) 2012- |- | 3C6 || Chrysler Group (all brands) truck 2012– |- | 3C7 || Chrysler Group (all brands) incomplete vehicle 2012– |- | 3C8 || Chrysler brand MPV 2001–2005 |- | 3CA || Chrysler brand MPV 2001 (PT Cruiser w/serial# 232057-265662) |- | 3CE || Volvo Buses de Mexico |- | 3CG || KTMMEX S.A. de C.V. |- | 3CZ || Honda SUV made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3D2 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2007–2009 |- | 3D3 || Dodge truck 2006–2009 |- | 3D4 || Dodge SUV 2009–2011 |- | 3D6 || Dodge incomplete vehicle 2003–2011 |- | 3D7 || Dodge truck 2002–2011 |- | 3EL || ATRO (truck trailer) |- | 3E4 || 2011 Fiat SUV (Freemont) |- | 3FA || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] car |- | 3FC || Ford stripped chassis made by Ford & IMMSA |- | 3FE || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Mexico |- | 3FM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] MPV/SUV |- | 3FN || Ford F-650/F-750 made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (truck) |- | 3FR || Ford F-650/F-750 & Ford LCF made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. (incomplete vehicle) |- | 3FT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] truck |- | 3F6 || Sterling Bullet |- | 3G || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Mexico |- | 3G0 || Saab 9-4X 2011 |- | 3G0 || Holden Equinox 2018–2020 |- | 3G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] car |- | 3G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] car |- | 3G4 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] car |- | 3G5 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Buick]] SUV |- | 3G7 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] SUV |- | 3GA || JAC models assembled by Giant Motors in Mexico |- | 3GC || Chevrolet truck |- | 3GK || GMC SUV |- | 3GM || Holden Suburban |- | 3GN || Chevrolet SUV |- | 3GP || Honda Prologue EV made by GM |- | 3GS || Saturn SUV |- | 3GT || GMC truck |- | 3GY || Cadillac SUV |- | 3H1 || Honda motorcycle/UTV |- | 3H3 || Hyundai de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. for Hyundai Translead (truck trailers) |- | 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015 |- | 3HA || International Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016- |- | 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Blue Diamond Truck Co. 2011-2015 |- | 3HC || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) made by Navistar Mexico/International Motors Mexico 2016- |- | 3HD || Acura SUV made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3HG || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] car made by Honda de Mexico |- | 3HR || International Trucks (complete vehicle - truck) |- | 3HS || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (complete vehicle - truck tractor) |- | 3HT || International Trucks & Caterpillar Trucks (incomplete vehicle - straight truck) |- | 3HV || International (incomplete vehicle - bus) |- | 3JB || BRP Mexico (Can-Am ATV/UTV & Can-Am Ryker 3-wheeler) |- | 3JC || BRP Mexico (Can-Am Origin & Pulse electric 2-wheel motorcycles) |- | 3KM || Kia/Hyundai MPV/SUV made by KMMX |- | 3KP || Kia/Hyundai car made by KMMX |- | 3LN || Lincoln car |- | 3MA || Mercury car (1988-1995) |- | 3MD || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 2) |- | 3ME || Mercury car (1996-2011) |- | 3MF || BMW M car |- | 3MG || Isuzu Motors de Mexico |- | 3MJ || Mazda CX-3 (Mazda de Mexico) |- | 3MV || Mazda de Mexico SUV (Mazda CX-30) |- | 3MW || BMW car |- | 3MY || Toyota car made by Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation |- | 3MZ || Mazda de Mexico car (Mazda 3) |- | 3N1 || Nissan Mexico car |- | 3N6 || Nissan Mexico truck & Chevrolet City Express |- | 3N8 || Nissan Mexico MPV |- | 3NS || Polaris Industries ATV |- | 3NE || Polaris Industries UTV |- | 3P3 || Plymouth car |- | 3PC || Infiniti SUV made by COMPAS |- | 3TM || Toyota truck made by TMMBC |- | 3TY || Toyota truck made by TMMGT |- | 3VV || Volkswagen Mexico SUV |- | 3VW || Volkswagen Mexico car |- | 3WK || Kenworth truck |- | 3WP || Peterbilt truck |- | 3X1 || Mack Truck Mexico (truck) |- | 3X2 || Mack Truck Mexico (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4A3 || Mitsubishi Motors car |- | 4A4 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV |- | 4B3 || Dodge car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4B9/038 || BYD Coach & Bus LLC |- | 4C3 || Chrysler car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4C6 || Reinke Manufacturing Company (truck trailer) |- | 4C9/272 || Christini Technologies (motorcycle) |- | 4C9/561 || Czinger |- | 4C9/626 || Canoo Inc. |- | 4CD || Oshkosh Chassis Division incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 4DR || IC Bus (complete vehicle - bus) |- | 4E3 || Eagle car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory |- | 4EN || E-ONE, Inc. (fire engines - truck) |- | 4EZ || KZ Recreational Vehicles (trailer) |- | 4F2 || Mazda SUV made by Ford |- | 4F4 || Mazda truck made by Ford |- | 4G1 || Chevrolet Cavalier convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G2 || Pontiac Sunfire convertible made by Genasys L.C. – a GM/ASC joint venture |- | 4G3 || Toyota Cavalier made by GM |- | 4G5 || General Motors EV1 |- | 4GD || WhiteGMC Brigadier 1988–1989 made by GM |- | 4GD || Opel/Vauxhall Sintra |- | 4GL || Buick incomplete vehicle |- | 4GT || Isuzu incomplete vehicle built by GM |- | 4JG || [[../Mercedes-Benz/VIN Codes|Mercedes-Benz]] SUV |- | 4J8 || LBT, Inc. (truck trailer) |- | 4KA || IC Bus (complete vehicle - truck) |- | 4KB || Chevrolet W-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty) |- | 4KD || GMC W-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty) |- | 4KL || Isuzu N-Series (gas engine only) made by GM (Incomplete Vehicle - medium duty) |- | 4LM || Capacity Trucks (truck) [terminal tractors] |- | 4M2 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Mercury]] MPV/SUV |- | 4M9/220 || Meyers Manx, LLC (Manx 2.0 EV) [Passenger Car - Replica] |- | 4ML || Oshkosh Trailer Division |- | 4MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company (Mid-1995 – ) |- | 4N2 || Nissan Quest made by Ford |- | 4NU || Isuzu Ascender made by GM |- | 4PR || Hughes Trailers of Jackson (trailer) |- | 4P1 || Pierce Manufacturing Inc. USA |- | 4P3 || Plymouth car made by Diamond-Star Motors factory 1990–1994 |- | 4P3 || Mitsubishi Motors SUV made by Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America 2013–2015 for export only |- | 4RK || Nova Bus & Prevost made by Nova Bus (US) Inc. |- | 4S1 || Isuzu truck made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S2 || Isuzu SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive & 2nd gen. Holden Frontera made by SIA |- | 4S3 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] car |- | 4S4 || [[../Subaru/VIN Codes|Subaru]] SUV/MPV |- | 4S6 || Honda SUV made by Subaru Isuzu Automotive |- | 4S7 || Spartan Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 4S9/197 || Smith Electric Vehicles |- | 4S9/345 || Satellite Suites (trailer) |- | 4S9/419 || Spartan Motors truck |- | 4S9/454 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/520 || Signature Autosport, LLC (Osprey Custom Cars) |- | 4S9/542 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus SCG Boot (M.P.V.) |- | 4S9/544 || Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus passenger car |- | 4S9/559 || Spartan Fire, LLC truck (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/560 || Spartan Fire, LLC incomplete vehicle (formerly Spartan ER) |- | 4S9/569 || SC Autosports, LLC (Kandi) |- | 4TA || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by NUMMI |- | 4T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T3 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] MPV/SUV made by Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky |- | 4T4 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] car made by Subaru of Indiana Automotive |- | 4T9/208 || Xos, Inc. |- | 4T9/228 || Lumen Motors |- | 4UF || Arctic Cat Inc. |- | 4US || BMW car |- | 4UZ || Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation & <br /> gas-powered Mitsubishi Fuso trucks assembled by Freightliner Custom Chassis & <br /> Thomas Built Buses FS-65 & Saf-T-Liner C2 |- | 4V0 || Crossroads RV (recreational vehicles) |- | 4V1 || WhiteGMC (truck) 1988-1995 |- | 4V2 || WhiteGMC (incomplete vehicle) 1988-1995 |- | 4V3 || WhiteGMC (glider) 1988-1995 |- | 4V1 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (truck) 2000-2003 |- | 4V2 || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine] (incomplete vehicle) 2000-2003 |- | 4V4 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (truck) 1996+ |- | 4V5 || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional] (incomplete vehicle) 1996+ |- | 4V6 || Volvo Trucks North America (glider) |- | 4VA || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999 |- | 4VB || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999 |- | 4VC || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 7 w/hydraulic brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VD || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VE || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 7 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VG || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) 1997-1999 |- | 4VH || Volvo Trucks North America [conventional- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) 1997-1999 |- | 4VJ || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VK || Volvo Trucks North America [high cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VL || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (truck) |- | 4VM || Volvo Trucks North America [low cab-over engine- Class 8 w/air brakes] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 4VZ || Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group (incomplete vehicle – bare chassis only) |- | 4WW || Wilson Trailer Sales |- | 4W1 || '24+ Chevrolet Suburban HD made by GM Defense for US govt. in Concord, NC |- | 4W5 || Acura ZDX EV made by GM |- | 4XA || Polaris Inc. |- | 4X4 || Forest River |- | 4YD || KeyStone RV Company (recreational vehicle) |- | 4YM || Carry-On Trailer, Inc. |- | 4YM || Anderson Manufacturing (trailer) |- | 4Z3 || American LaFrance truck |- | 43C || Consulier |- | 44K || HME Inc. (fire engines - incomplete vehicle) (HME=Hendrickson Mobile Equipment) |- | 46G || Gillig incomplete vehicle |- | 46J || Federal Motors Inc |- | 478 || Honda ATV |- | 480 || Sterling Trucks (truck) |- | 49H || Sterling Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5AS || Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) 1999-2011 |- | 5AX || Armor Chassis (truck trailer) |- | 5A4 || Load Rite Trailers Inc. |- | 5BP || Solectria |- | 5BZ || Nissan "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) |- | 5B4 || Workhorse Custom Chassis, LLC incomplete vehicle (RV chassis) |- | 5CD || Indian Motorcycle Company of America (Gilroy, CA) |- | 5CJ || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5CK || Western Star Trucks (truck) |- | 5CX || Shelby Series 1 |- | 5DF || Thomas Dennis Company LLC |- | 5DG || Terex Advance Mixer, Inc. (Formerly Advance Mixer, Inc.) (truck) |- | 5EH || Excelsior-Henderson Motorcycle |- | 5EO || Cottrell (truck trailer) |- | 5FC || Columbia Vehicle Group (Columbia, Tomberlin) (low-speed vehicles) |- | 5FN || Honda MPV/SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FP || Honda truck made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FR || Acura SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5FT || Feeling Trailers |- | 5FY || New Flyer |- | 5GA || Buick MPV/SUV |- | 5GD || Daewoo G2X |- | 5GN || Hummer H3T |- | 5GR || Hummer H2 |- | 5GT || Hummer H3 |- | 5GZ || Saturn MPV/SUV |- | 5G8 || Holden Volt |- | 5HD || Harley-Davidson for export markets |- | 5HT || Heil Trailer (truck trailer) |- | 5J1 || Big Dog Motorcycles (Mid-2002 – ) |- | 5J5 || Club Car (low-speed vehicle) |- | 5J6 || Honda SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5J8 || Acura SUV made by Honda of America Mfg. in Ohio |- | 5KB || Honda car made by Honda Manufacturing of Alabama |- | 5KJ || Western Star Trucks (truck) |- | 5KK || Western Star Trucks (incomplete vehicle) |- | 5KM || Vento Motorcycles |- | 5KT || Karavan Trailers |- | 5L1 || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV - Limousine (2004–2009) |- | 5L5 || American IronHorse Motorcycle |- | 5LD || Ford & Lincoln incomplete vehicle – limousine (2010–2014) |- | 5LM || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] SUV |- | 5LT || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Lincoln]] truck |- | 5MZ || Buell Motorcycle Company for export markets |- | 5N1 || Nissan & Infiniti SUV |- | 5N3 || Infiniti SUV |- | 5NH || Forest River |- | 5NM || Hyundai SUV made by HMMA |- | 5NP || Hyundai car made by HMMA |- | 5NT || Hyundai truck made by HMMA |- | 5PV || Hino incomplete vehicle made by Hino Motors Manufacturing USA |- | 5RJ || International MXT made by Android Industries - Springfield LLC |- | 5RX || Heartland Recreational Vehicles |- | 5S3 || Saab 9-7X |- | 5SA || Suzuki Manufacturing of America Corp. (ATV) |- | 5SX || American LaFrance incomplete vehicle (Condor) |- | 5TB || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] truck made by TMMI |- | 5TD || Toyota MPV/SUV & Lexus TX made by TMMI |- | 5TE || Toyota truck made by NUMMI |- | 5TF || Toyota truck made by TMMTX |- | 5TU || Construction Trailer Specialist (truck trailer) |- | 5UM || BMW M car |- | 5UX || BMW SUV |- | 5VC || Autocar incomplete vehicle |- | 5VF || American Electric Vehicle Company (low-speed vehicle) |- | 5VK || Great Northern Trailer Works (truck trailer) |- | 5VP || Victory Motorcycles |- | 5V4 || Autocar truck |- | 5V8 || Vanguard National (truck trailer) |- | 5WE || IC Bus (incomplete vehicle - bus or truck) |- | 5XX || Kia car made by KMMG |- | 5XY || Kia/Hyundai SUV made by KMMG |- | 5YA || Indian Motorcycle Company (Kings Mountain, NC) |- | 5YF || Toyota car made by TMMMS |- | 5YJ || Tesla, Inc. passenger car (only used for US-built Model S and Model 3 starting from Nov, 1st 2021) |- | 5YM || BMW M SUV |- | 5YN || Cruise Car, Inc. |- | 5Y2 || Pontiac Vibe made by NUMMI |- | 5Y4 || Yamaha Motor Motor Mfg. Corp. of America (ATV, UTV) |- | 5ZT || Forest River (recreational vehicles) |- | 5ZU || Greenkraft (truck) |- | 5Z6 || Suzuki Equator (truck) made by Nissan |- | 50E || Lucid Motors passenger car |- | 50G || Karma Automotive |- | 50H || Norstar Company (truck trailers, truck beds) |- | 516 || Autocar truck |- | 51R || Brammo Motorcycles |- | 51T || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Monaco (trailer) |- | 51U || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Holiday Rambler 2010- (trailer) |- | 51V || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: R-Vision (trailer) |- | 51X || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: McKenzie (trailer) |- | 51Z || Monaco RV LLC/Navistar RV LLC: Monaco RV [Roadmaster Chassis] (incomplete vehicle) |- | 522 || GreenGo Tek (low-speed vehicle) |- | 523 || VPG (The Vehicle Production Group) |- | 52C || GEM subsidiary of Polaris Inc. |- | 537 || Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric |- | 538 || Zero Motorcycles |- | 53G || Coda Automotive |- | 53T || Think North America in Elkhart, IN |- | 546 || EBR Motorcycles |- | 54C || Winnebago Industries travel trailer |- | 54D || Isuzu & Chevrolet commercial trucks built by Spartan Motors/The Shyft Group |- | 54F || Rosenbauer Motors (incomplete vehicle) |- | 55S || Mercedes-Benz car |- | 56E || Armor Lite Trailer Mfg. (truck trailers) |- | 56K || Indian Motorcycle International, LLC (Polaris subsidiary) |- | 573 || Grand Design RV (truck trailer) |- | 57C || Maurer Manufacturing (truck trailer) |- | 57R || Oreion Motors |- | 57S || Lightning Motors Corp. (electric motorcycles) |- | 57W || Mobility Ventures |- | 57X || Polaris Slingshot |- | 58A || Lexus car made by TMMK (Lexus ES) |- | 6AB || MAN Australia |- | 6AM || Jayco Corp. (RVs) |- | 6F1 || Ford |- | 6F2 || Iveco Trucks Australia Ltd. |- | 6F4 || Nissan Motor Company Australia |- | 6F5 || Kenworth Australia |- | 6FM || Mack Trucks Australia |- | 6FP || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Australia |- | 6G1 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (post Nov 2002), Chevrolet 2000-2013, Vauxhall Monaro & VXR8 ('08-'17), Daewoo Statesman & Veritas |- | 6G2 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Pontiac]] made in Australia ('04-'06 GTO & '08-'09 G8) |- | 6G3 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]] Chevrolet Caprice PPV & SS performance sedan 2014-2017, Middle East mkt. Chevrolet Caprice '14-'17 |- | 6H8 || [[../GM/VIN Codes|General Motors]]-Holden (pre Nov 2002) |- | 6KT || BCI Bus |- | 6MM || Mitsubishi Motors Australia |- | 6MP || Mercury Capri 1991-1994 |- | 6T1 || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Motor Corporation Australia |- | 6T9 || Privately Imported car (VIN issued by Victoria) or Trailer in Australia |- | 6U9 || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 6Y9/043 || Intertruck Distributors (NZ) Ltd. - International Trucks New Zealand |- | 6ZZ || Privately Imported car in Australia |- | 7AB || MAN New Zealand |- | 7AT || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi from 29 November 2009 |- | 7A1 || Mitsubishi New Zealand |- | 7A3 || Honda New Zealand |- | 7A4 || Toyota New Zealand |- | 7A5 || Ford New Zealand |- | 7A7 || Nissan New Zealand |- | 7A8 || VIN assigned by the New Zealand Transport Authority Waka Kotahi before 29 November 2009 |- | 7B2 || Nissan Diesel bus New Zealand |- | 7FA || Honda SUV made by Honda Manufacturing of Indiana |- | 7FC || Rivian truck |- | 7F7 || Arcimoto, Inc. |- | 7GZ || GMC incomplete vehicles (Savana cutaway) made by Navistar International/International Motors |- | 7G0 || Faraday Future |- | 7G2 || Tesla, Inc. truck (used for Nevada-built Semi Trucks & Texas-built Cybertruck) |- | 7H4 || Hino truck |- | 7H8 || Cenntro Electric Group Limited low-speed vehicle |- | 7JD || Volvo Cars SUV |- | 7JR || Volvo Cars passenger car |- | 7JS || White River Marine Group (trailer) |- | 7JZ || Proterra From mid-2019 on |- | 7KG || Vanderhall Motor Works |- | 7KY || Dorsey (truck trailer) |- | 7MM || Mazda SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MU || Toyota SUV made by MTMUS (Mazda-Toyota Joint Venture) |- | 7MW || Cenntro Electric Group Limited truck |- | 7MZ || HDK electric vehicles |- | 7NA || Navistar Defense/ND Defense |- | 7NY || Lordstown Motors |- | 7PD || Rivian SUV |- | 7RZ || Electric Last Mile Solutions |- | 7SA || Tesla, Inc. (US-built MPVs (e.g. Model X, Model Y)) |- | 7SU || Blue Arc electric trucks made by The Shyft Group |- | 7SV || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] SUV made by TMMTX |- | 7SX || Global Electric Motorcars (WAEV) 2022- |- | 7SY || Polestar SUV |- | 7TN || Canoo |- | 7UU || Lucid Motors MPV/SUV |- | 7UZ || Kaufman Trailers (trailer) |- | 7VV || Ree Automotive |- | 7WA || Scout Motors (MPV) |- | 7WE || Bollinger Motors incomplete vehicle |- | 7XB || Denago EV Corporation (Low-Speed Vehicle) |- | 7YA || Hyundai & Kia MPV/SUV made by HMGMA |- | 7ZJ || Meyers Manx, LLC (Manx EV Resorter) [Low Speed Vehicle] |- | 7Z0 || Zoox |- | 71T || Slate Auto (truck) |- | 71V || Slate Auto (MPV) |- | 722 || Isuzu North America Corp. (incomplete vehicle - medium duty) |- | 8AB || Mercedes Benz truck & bus (Argentina) |- | 8AC || Mercedes Benz vans (for South America) |- | 8AD || Peugeot Argentina |- | 8AE || Peugeot van |- | 8AF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Argentina |- | 8AG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Argentina |- | 8AJ || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Argentina |- | 8AK || Suzuki Argentina |- | 8AN || Nissan Argentina |- | 8AP || Fiat Argentina |- | 8AT || Iveco Argentina |- | 8AW || Volkswagen Argentina |- | 8A1 || Renault Argentina |- | 8A3 || Scania Argentina |- | 8A7 || Minarelli S.A. |- | 8BB || Agrale Argentina S.A. |- | 8BC || Citroën Argentina |- | 8BN || Mercedes-Benz incomplete vehicle (North America) |- | 8BR || Mercedes-Benz "bus" (van with more than 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BT || Mercedes-Benz MPV (van with 2 or 3 rows of seats) (North America) |- | 8BU || Mercedes-Benz truck (cargo van with 1 row of seats) (North America) |- | 8CH || Honda motorcycle |- | 8C3 || Honda car/SUV |- | 8G1 || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Renault |- | 8GD || Automotores Franco Chilena S.A. Peugeot |- | 8GG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Chile |- | 8LD || General Motors OBB - Chevrolet Ecuador |- | 8LF || Maresa (Mazda) |- | 8LG || Aymesa (Hyundai Motor & Kia) |- | 8L4 || Great Wall Motors made by Ciudad del Auto (Ciauto) |- | 8XD || Ford Motor Venezuela |- | 8XJ || Mack de Venezuela C.A. |- | 8XV || Iveco Venezuela C.A. |- | 8Z1 || General Motors Venezolana C.A. |- | 829 || Industrias Quantum Motors S.A. (Bolivia) |- | 9BD || Fiat Brazil & Dodge, Ram made by Fiat Brasil |- | 9BF || [[../Ford/VIN Codes|Ford]] Brazil |- | 9BG || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Brazil |- | 9BH || Hyundai Motor Brasil |- | 9BM || Mercedes-Benz Brazil car, SUV, commercial truck & bus |- | 9BN || Mafersa |- | 9BR || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 9BS || Scania Brazil |- | 9BU ||Gurgel Motores S.A. (defunct Brazilian automaker) |- | 9BV || Volvo Trucks Brazil |- | 9BW || Volkswagen Brazil |- | 9BY || Agrale S.A. |- | 9C2 || Moto Honda Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9C6 || Yamaha Motor Da Amazonia Ltda. |- | 9CD || Suzuki (motorcycles) assembled by J. Toledo Motos do Brasil |- | 9DF || Puma |- | 9DW || Kenworth & Peterbilt trucks [incomplete vehicle] made by Volkswagen do Brasil |- | 9EZ || homemade or handbuilt vehicles |- | 92H || Origem Brazil |- | 932 || Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 935 || Citroën Brazil |- | 936 || Peugeot Brazil |- | 937 || Dodge Dakota |- | 93C || Chevrolet SUV [Tracker] or pickup [Tornado, Montana, S10] (sold in Mexico, made in Brazil) |- | 93H || [[../Honda/VIN Codes|Honda]] Brazil car/SUV |- | 93K || Volvo Trucks Brazil |- | 93P || Volare |- | 93S || Navistar International |- | 93R || [[../Toyota/VIN Codes|Toyota]] Brazil |- | 93U || Audi Brazil 1999–2006 |- | 93W || Fiat Ducato made by Iveco 2000–2016 |- | 93V || Navistar International |- | 93X || Souza Ramos – Mitsubishi Motors / Suzuki Jimny |- | 93Y || Renault Brazil |- | 93Z || Iveco |- | 94D || Nissan Brazil |- | 94N || RWM Brazil |- | 94T || Troller Veículos Especiais |- | 95P || CAOA Hyundai & CAOA Chery |- | 95V || Dafra Motos (motorscooters from SYM) & Ducati, KTM, & MV Agusta assembled by Dafra |- | 95V || BMW motorcycles assembled by Dafra Motos 2009–2016 |- | 95Z || Buell Motorcycle Company assembled by Harley-Davidson Brazil |- | 953 || VW Truck & Bus / MAN Truck & Bus |- | 96P || Kawasaki |- | 97N || Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. |- | 988 || Jeep, Ram [Rampage], and Fiat [Toro] (made at the Goiana plant) |- | 98M || BMW car/SUV |- | 98P || DAF Trucks |- | 98R || Chery |- | 99A || Audi 2016- |- | 99H || Shineray |- | 99J || Jaguar Land Rover |- | 99K || Haojue & Kymco assembled by JTZ Indústria e Comércio de Motos |- | 99L || BYD |- | 99Z || BMW Motorrad (Motorcycle assembled by BMW 2017-) |- | 9FB || Renault Colombia (Sofasa) |- | 9FC || Compañía Colombiana Automotriz S.A. (Mazda) |- | 9GA || [[../GM/VIN Codes|Chevrolet]] Colombia (GM Colmotores S.A.) |- | 9UJ || Chery assembled by Chery Socma S.A. (Uruguay) |- | 9UK || Lifan (Uruguay) |- | 9UT || Dongfeng trucks made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9UW || Kia made by Nordex S.A. |- | 9VC || Fiat made by Nordex S.A. (Scudo, 2025 Titano) |- | 9V7 || Citroen made by Nordex S.A. (Jumpy) |- | 9V8 || Peugeot made by Nordex S.A. (Expert) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BookCat}} atyhvxdqsobygje3cmqzl01ijy5ldqp 0 142029 4678742 4678261 2026-10-28T17:55:31Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR */ 4678742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18-, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-, Range Rover Sport SE '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-, Range Rover Sport HSE '18- [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18-, Supercharged Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18- [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} nhlaj0d14xiq7ibvfa9qt2aqdpc1b8x 4678749 4678742 2026-10-28T19:46:41Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18- |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-, Range Rover Sport SE '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-, Range Rover Sport HSE '18- [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18-, Supercharged Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18- [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} cld1phs9bzmfej3vs535d8sh2xool1d 4678750 4678749 2026-10-28T19:49:31Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'19, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-, Range Rover Sport SE '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-, Range Rover Sport HSE '18- [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18-, Supercharged Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18- [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18- |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18- [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18- [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18- [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} pndm3p1ad3ydtddao9nw6xljkynwpop 4678755 4678750 2026-10-28T20:40:25Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'19, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'19, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'19, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} 3kkeowu2f9wqte5eqq3lbuefvjq7z60 4678760 4678755 2026-10-28T22:06:58Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'19, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'19, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'19 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} bh7hdb8vqfbcfrdi0jex7wulbkuf49r 4678775 4678760 2026-10-28T23:57:41Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20, Range Rover Evoque S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20, Range Rover Evoque SE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19-'20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} j5ir34c28z5a0okcc1sujeakuctc7mm 4678777 4678775 2026-10-29T00:04:39Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20, Range Rover Evoque S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20, Range Rover Evoque SE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19-'20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} 0bypclirm98lzuv86efx4thwu11gglx 4678779 4678777 2026-10-29T00:29:57Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20, Range Rover Evoque S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20, Range Rover Evoque SE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19-'20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} d25jiid3mvjq5eutifr2g6qxab0rjlq 4678784 4678779 2026-10-29T00:52:33Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20, Range Rover Evoque S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20, Range Rover Evoque SE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19-'20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} sggz9cepcf7c7ba5g3omsrdfd13uwgx 4678785 4678784 2026-10-29T01:00:17Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19, Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-21, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'21, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'21, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'21, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18, Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18, Autobiography '19-'20 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'20 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} ftv3o94wgebibjkix405lathx9y8s91 4 155682 4678796 4678652 2026-10-29T04:15:40Z BoYBeM 3629672 /* นายวาสนา สร้อยมุกดา */ new section 4678796 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == New gadget to browse subpages == Hi all! I developed a gadget to easily browse subpages through a collapsible menu, that I think might be useful in Wikibooks. Here's a little demo video: [[File:Subpages_gadget_demo.webm|frameless]] To test it yourself, add the following to [[Special:MyPage/common.js|your common.js]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' ); </syntaxhighlight> If you find it useful, I can enable it as a gadget to make it generally available from the preferences. Thoughts? Cheers! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 2 July 2026 (UTC) :Wikibooks relies heavily on subpages, so this is a nice addition. Merci. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:43, 2 July 2026 (UTC) :This could be extremely useful for books here!! I'll note, though, that it doesn't work quite right with the vector legacy skin (what I use). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:20, 3 July 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] I will be the one in charge installing this as a gadget since there is no objection, but what dependecies does this gadget need to use? You might also want to read Kittycataclysm's suggestion above. ''Muchos saludos''. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:08, 9 July 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Hi! I just fixed the issue with Vector legacy and also for other skins. Regarding dependencies, this gadget requires <code>mediawiki.api</code> and <code>@wikimedia/codex</code>. If you want to take care of the installation, please do not copy-paste the source code, but rather load the global version using <code>mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' );</code>, like other [[mw:Global gadgets|global gadgets]]. Thanks! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 14:22, 22 July 2026 (UTC) ::: I put the code on the gadgets definition page @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]], but feel free to fix what I placed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:45, 22 July 2026 (UTC) == Breadcrumbs in the title == Hi! I think breadcrumbs would be more intuitive, compact and cleaner if they were integrated into the title rather than below it, like so: <gallery> Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (before).png|Current breadcrumbs Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (after).png|Proposed breadcrumbs </gallery> What do you think? [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :I appreciate the effort, but I don't see a big difference or that one would be more usable than another. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:14, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :I like proposal and I think it would be an improvement. Having the breadcrumbs twice, as in the current system, creates a redundant ui element. I also think the formatting around the forward slashes in the "new" version better conveys that they have specific technical meaning and are not part of the name of the page. --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:52, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? == Some of the text was based off of the global CheckUser policy, but in this case, should we approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? There is a special clause allowing stewards to perform checks even during non-emergency situations (as set in [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy]]). I have yet to include a part where users may request CU checks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 21:55, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :I'm somewhat just unsure on what the benefit of making this policy would be. Sure, there's strength in policy, of course. But this seems to be doing fine overall as an information page, no? It doesn't differ very much from the global CU policy, so I'm not sure that a page without any Wikibooks-specific information really benefits from policy status. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:22, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :I would {{support}} this. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:26, 20 September 2026 (UTC) == FlaggedRevs again == {{closed|[[phab:T440519]] was done, sending FlaggedRevs down to the void. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:52, 27 October 2026 (UTC)}} <div class="cd-moveMark">''Moved from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#FlaggedRevs again]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 1 October 2026 (UTC)''</div> Hi all. I already know there were various topics over the years about this subject, but I was considering for the project on whether we should remove this extension from this project, and go back to using MediaWiki's page patrol system. Currently, there is a backlog of more than 3000 unreviewed edits (some going back as far as a few years ago); that’s why I started this discussion here. {{collapse top}} * <code>autoreview</code> and <code>editor</code> would be <code>autopatrolled</code> and <code>patroller</code>, respectively. * <code>wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>wgUseFilePatrol</code> would be re-enabled for English Wikibooks. * <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> would be re-assigned back to sysops and their respective user groups. * <code>patroller</code> would also have <code>rollback</code> and <code>suppressredirect</code> and its rate limit untouched. {{collapse bottom}} Best, [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:56, 30 September 2026 (UTC) :{{s}} the removal of FlaggedRevs. Inasmuch as the extension works at all, it works best when it is used selectively on projects like Wikipedia, for individual high-traffic pages with lots of watchers which are subject to vandalism or controversy. Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 15:51, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :{{s}} I don't see any way that backlog ever gets cleared, frankly, and if it isn't going to be cleared, we might as well go to something easier, which is the normal page patrol system, which works well off of [[Special:NewPages]] already. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:31, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :{{neutral}} - Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension, and with 3000 unreviewed edits with no progress at all, it does make sense to remove it. On the other hand, there could be a WikiProject to review each of these edits. For this reason, I am voting neutral [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:41, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :: There was the outdated [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] before this project used FlaggedRevs. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:22, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} the removal of FlaggedRevs from Wikibooks. It's a redundant extension that's not useful in this wiki. --[[User:Agusbou2015|Agusbou2015]] ([[User talk:Agusbou2015|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Agusbou2015|contribs]]) 21:53, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Support}}. Several years ago I spent hundreds of hours trying to do the first review of every page. I managed to get all the root pages done but only got as far as "E" for the other pages. While I was doing this I stopped reviewing changes - and in that time over a 1,000 out of date pages were in the list. I concluded it was an impossible task unless lots of people joined in the work but that didn't happen and I doubt it ever will. I do think it has value for Wikijunior in showing the last reviewed page rather than the possibly offensively vandalised latest revision, but other than that it's a waste of time. At some point the extension will get fully deprecated and we'll be forced to stop using it anyway. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Will <code>patroller</code> be granted automatically? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:24, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :: Unfortunately, no. Since we will stop using FlaggedRevs, the patroller user group will not be granted automatically and thus will have to be manually given out by administrators. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: And are we planning on giving back the <code>patroller</code> right to existing reviewers? Or will they have to manually reapply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:30, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :::: I have a plan: any former reviewer who has been active recently in the past two years will have patroller rights. This will be done to reduce a huge amount of inactive former reviewers. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:26, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::::Keep the name the same; just remove the reviewer right. After all, patrolling is a form of reviewing. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:52, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::::: Do we have to use the term {{tq|reviewing}} instead of {{tq|patrolling}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:57, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Is there a reason that we should not simply give the reviewer group the <code>patrol</code> right, and keep the auto-granting going? [[Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic criteria]] does not appear to be FlaggedRevs-specific, so auto-promotion should still be able to continue even without FlaggedRevs, and reviewers could simply become patrollers (in the technical sense). [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 07:55, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :::: I believe that would require some additional code on InitialiseSettings.php, and as for <code>reviewer</code>, I'm not sure we should still use that user group term over <code>patroller</code> as per the point {{tq|Special groups on small wikis}} on [[m:Limits to configuration changes]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:58, 10 October 2026 (UTC) : If you take a look at the extended content, I also included what I also proposed too. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:19, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}}. The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] is not recommended for production use, per Mediawiki. On this basis alone we should discontinue use of it. However, we haven't determined if page patrolling is the best replacement. There are [[mw:Content approval extensions|alternative extensions]] and the mediawiki page for FlaggedRevs specifically recommends [[mw:Extension:Approved Revs|'''Approved Revs extension''']]. We should determine which of page patrolling or these extensions is the most appropriate antivandalism tool first. (after all, according to [[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]], the purpose of FlaggedRevs is to be "our primary counter-vandalism tool"). --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:48, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :: Approved Revs would require significant testing and approval per [[mw:Writing an extension for deployment]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:35, 7 October 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Disable (some) page creation by temporary accounts == Creating a new book, or adding a chapter to an existing book, is a significant action, and users performing this action should be available to discuss it. Additionally, in practice, most page creations by temp accounts are out of scope, if not outright vandalism. (See https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=create for some examples.) As such, I'd like to propose that the wiki require a registered account to create pages in any non-talk namespace. Temporary accounts will still be able to edit existing pages, or to create talk pages to start discussions. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : From a technical point of view, this would require moving <code>createpage</code> from unregistered users (<code><nowiki>*</nowiki></code>) to registered users (<code>user</code>), but that would mean every non-registered user may not be able to create pages in every namespace, but talk pages. : Another solution would be to add [[mw:Extension:ArticleCreationWorkflow]] to this project, but we don't have a system to create drafts (or similar). : And a final solution would be to create an edit filter disallowing unregistered users from creating pages in mainspace. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:43, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :: Just to note, please read the first point of [[m:Limits to configuration changes#Changes that are likely to be declined]] (Disable non-autoconfirmed page creation). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:50, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :::What I'm proposing is that we require a registered account for page creation, not autoconfirmed. enwiki (as well as a few other wikis) already use this configuration - it's not new. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:58, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :::: Okay, but I provided some alternatives above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:06, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : In that case, I have no objections here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:03, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :I would propose the use of autoconfirmed, to better patrol new pages that are being created. There are countless advertisement pages being created on Wikibooks, usually in the user's userpage. The use of a registered account proposed by Omphalographer therefore may have some limitations. I agree with the proposal to make new pages strictly autoconfirmed. If a user wishes to create a page, there could be a feature for reviewers/patrollers to check such pages that are being created. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:36, 9 October 2026 (UTC) :: You might want to read my point about limits to configuration changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:53, 9 October 2026 (UTC) :Why turn off potential good contributors by telling them they must register AND log-in in order to contribute? The problem at Wikibooks right now is the dearth of contributions, not vandalism, I think (?). :* Anons are already precluded from editing pages that have been "protected" by admins. :* Anon user contributions are automatically marked for Review before they become public :* There are less than 500 anon accounts that have contributed more than one edit to Wikibooks? :Is it really necessary to stop us from contributing to Wikibooks? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:19, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :: {{ping|~2026-40500-29}} The initial question was not whether registered accounts can contribute, it is whether temporary accounts can create pages. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:48, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :::Isn't the creation of new pages a subset of potential contributions to Wikibooks? Are you saying that some members in good standing of this community are only allowed to correct obvious spelling and grammar mistakes by others? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 19:23, 11 October 2026 (UTC) ::::That message was to {{comment}} that this discussion was about creating pages, not about whether anonymous users can contribute. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:22, 13 October 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]], is your response considered an objection? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:55, 27 October 2026 (UTC) :Limiting page creation to registered users might reduce new spam/promotional/out of scope pages. I disagree with 2026-405000-29 that requiring account registration is unnecessarily burdensome for new editors. :I don't know where the number <500 anon accounts have contributed more than one edit comes from and it seems unlikely to me: that would mean there have only been 23 anon editors per year since wikibooks was founded. Looking at Special:RecentChanges there seems to be four or five anon editors a day. :Overall I think it is a reasonable restriction. I can't speak to the technical aspects of this change (re configuration changes, vs. autoconfirmed patrolling, etc) but if it is easy to implement I support it. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 10:13, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Add inactivity policies for patrollers and uploaders? == I am proposing that we include inactivity policies for both patrollers and uploaders, which include no edits or logged actions for two years. I previously proposed this for [now former] reviewers, but someone probably objected. Now, if their rights are removed for inactivity, they can request them back at [[WB:RFP]] (without prejudice), unless the rights were removed for cause (such as a vote of confidence). Edit: Someone also proposed inactivity policies for importers (and possibly import uploaders too), which are sensitive permissions. I initially forgot to include that permission when creating this proposal, but now I am also proposing for importer permissions to have an inactivity policy. Which procedure should we choose if we agree on the inactivity policy proposals? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 22:18, 18 October 2026 (UTC) : {{Oppose}} - There is no need for inactivity policies for patrollers and uploaders, since there is no harm in keeping patrollers and uploaders in the current roles. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:09, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :: I have to disagree here. Some larger projects have their own inactivity policies for patrollers, such as [[m:Meta:Patrollers#Removal of access]] on Meta-Wiki and [[w:en:WP:NPPREVOKE]] (new page reviewers on English Wikipedia, a similar permission). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 00:34, 20 October 2026 (UTC) ::: CC to @[[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]], who was previously TechVindicator. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 27 October 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: I will say that it seems odd to propose these policies for patrollers and uploaders without proposing an equivalent for [[WB:importers|importers]], when that's arguably a far more sensitive role. I do at least support an inactivity policy for importers, and am as yet neutral vis-à-vis patrollers and uploaders. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:05, 21 October 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] I've edited my proposal to also include both importers and import uploaders. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:29, 22 October 2026 (UTC) == Approving [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]] as a policy == I created this draft policy two years ago, and would like to see whether the community is willing to approve it now. I have substituted it in its current form (00:16, 20 October 2026 (UTC)) below: {{hidden archive top|Policy text}} Sometimes, there will be a book that has a lot of information that was very useful at the time, but has become out of date over time. There are generally two procedures that can be followed here. ;For books that aren't up to date, but can be reasonably updated This category applies to books that, for instance, have not been updated with new information in a few years, but where the subject still exists and new information can be found about it. In this scenario, you should add the {{tlx|Outdated}} tag to the top of the book, and post on its discussion page explaining what should be updated. Or, you can always just [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]] and update it yourself! ;For books that cannot be reasonably updated This category includes books that are so outdated that their subject either no longer exists, or has changed so much since the book was written that it is virtually unrecognizable, and it would be nearly impossible to update it satisfactorily. These books should generally not be deleted, as they do provide valuable information, but should not be easily accessible to readers looking for recent information. Here, the following instructions should be followed. If the case is unambiguous: # Add {{tlx|Archived}} to the top of the book. Doing this will also remove it from search engine indexes, unless you override this by using {{tlx|Archived|2=noindex=false}}. # Move the book to a subpage of [[Wikibooks:Outdated books/Archive]]. # Replace the content of the redirect left behind after the move with {{tlx|Soft redirect|2=Wikibooks:Outdated books/Archive/<book title>}}. # (''optional'') Inform the author(s) of the book of your decision. If the case is ambiguous: Follow these steps if there is any reasonable doubt about if the book can be updated. # Follow the instructions at {{Section link|Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Deletion}} to file a request. Make sure to note that the request is for archiving, not deletion. # The proposal for archiving will be discussed. # If consensus has been reached to archive the book, any uninvolved user may close the discussion and follow the instructions in {{Section link|#If the case is unambiguous}}. Otherwise, the book will remain as is. {{hidden archive bottom}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 20 October 2026 (UTC) : I have a question, is there any difference if we approve this as a guideline (common sense) compared to as a policy? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 00:24, 20 October 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: That would also be fine; I'm not exactly sure if the delineation between guidelines and policies on Wikibooks is as clearly defined as on Wikipedia. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:27, 20 October 2026 (UTC) ::: I would suggest approving this as a guideline should an experienced, yet uninvolved editor may use their judgment and common sense when dealing with outdated books. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 00:29, 20 October 2026 (UTC) : {{support}} for approval as a guideline, as I said and mentioned above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:45, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks Magazine == I am proposing that we create a magazine quarterly, or bimonthly detailing latest news on Wikibooks (and maybe ''some'' current affairs, considering the shutdown of Wikinews, though this is unlikely). <br> If it were to be approved, it would be inspired by the WikiKids magazine in Dutch [https://wikikids.nl/Wikikids:Magazine/11 link], though with a Wikibooks feel. A user could propose something for the next Wikibooks Magazine on the talk page of [[Wikibooks:Magazine]], including ideas for the next Wikibooks magazine. It would be promoted on the front page (and maybe) on the MediaWiki Sitenotice, providing information about the next edition. On Wikikids, the project has been going on since 2024, and since then there have been 11 editions. What do you think? [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:20, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Courtesy ping|Codename Noreste}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:36, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Courtesy ping|JJPMaster}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:04, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :I '''weak support''' a '''quarterly''' publication. There isn't a ton of activity here compared to many other <abbr>WMF</abbr> wikis, so there won't be quite as much to report as there is at (e.g.) [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST]] or [[:wikt:en:WIktionary:The Headword]] but that said, having a publication could encourage engagement by showing what hard work others are doing. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:36, 21 October 2026 (UTC) : Because of the low activity, should the releases be biannual (every six months)? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:29, 22 October 2026 (UTC) ::I would support a quarterly publication, given the fact that Wikibooks does not have enough traffic (in my opinion) to justify a bimonthly publication, but, at the same time, the idea of a biannual publication seems relatively infrequent. Furthermore, the magazine would follow the quarterly format used on WikiKids. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 03:47, 23 October 2026 (UTC) : We can do that with [[Wikibooks:Magazine]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:00, 27 October 2026 (UTC) ::I will create a page about what the Wikibooks Magazine on the page provided, and the editions that will follow. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:32, 28 October 2026 (UTC) == Discussion on whether to create an extended mover user group == Currently, patrollers (formerly reviewers) have the <code>suppressredirect</code> user right as well as a rate limit per InitialiseSettings.php. However, I am consulting with the community if we: # Remove <code>suppressredirect</code> from patrollers # Add <code>suppressredirect</code> to <code>extendedmover</code> as well as include <code>delete-redirect</code> (for deleting redirects with a single revision) and <code>move-subpages</code> (to move all subpages of a book in a single action) # Also include <code>noratelimit</code> to <code>extendedmover</code> instead of using a custom rate limit (optional), or increase the limit to 500 This is because, per the principle of least privilege, patrollers should be responsible for marking new pages as patrolled and reverting vandalism/spam, while extended movers are trustworthy users (usually non-admins) responsible for moving books, et al. This is ''not'' a proposal to implement the extended mover user group, but rather a community consultation. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:48, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Relevant prior discussion can be found [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2020/December#Suppress redirect feature|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 20:21, 20 October 2026 (UTC) : Also, if this passes, we should create some guidelines for granting. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:48, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == Enabling wgUseRCPatrol == Some of our sister projects have <code><nowiki>wgUseRCPatrol</nowiki></code> enabled, but on the other hand, we do not. I think we should enable this so that we can also focus on reviewing edits in the recent changes, not just new pages. [[Wikibooks:Patrolling]] can also include information about this once we enable it here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:39, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == นายวาสนา สร้อยมุกดา == โป๊กเกอร์ ลมหัวกุด [[User:BoYBeM|BoYBeM]] ([[User talk:BoYBeM|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BoYBeM|contribs]]) 04:15, 29 October 2026 (UTC) dxbzmnqia0hlt20l6oejtxb1uaz2q4q 4678803 4678796 2026-10-29T05:56:14Z Koavf 16549 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4678796|4678796]] by [[Special:Contributions/BoYBeM|BoYBeM]] ([[User talk:BoYBeM|discuss]]) 4678803 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:RFC|WB:PROPOSALS}} {{TOC left<!--|limit=2-->}} Welcome to the '''Proposals reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about suggestions for improving Wikibooks. {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(120d) |counter = 1 |key = 1f2adc5eee951900b65c7b981b786191 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} {{clear}} <!--Take threads to archive below this line--> <!--Add new threads to bottom of page--> == New gadget to browse subpages == Hi all! I developed a gadget to easily browse subpages through a collapsible menu, that I think might be useful in Wikibooks. Here's a little demo video: [[File:Subpages_gadget_demo.webm|frameless]] To test it yourself, add the following to [[Special:MyPage/common.js|your common.js]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' ); </syntaxhighlight> If you find it useful, I can enable it as a gadget to make it generally available from the preferences. Thoughts? Cheers! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 2 July 2026 (UTC) :Wikibooks relies heavily on subpages, so this is a nice addition. Merci. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:43, 2 July 2026 (UTC) :This could be extremely useful for books here!! I'll note, though, that it doesn't work quite right with the vector legacy skin (what I use). —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:20, 3 July 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] I will be the one in charge installing this as a gadget since there is no objection, but what dependecies does this gadget need to use? You might also want to read Kittycataclysm's suggestion above. ''Muchos saludos''. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:08, 9 July 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] Hi! I just fixed the issue with Vector legacy and also for other skins. Regarding dependencies, this gadget requires <code>mediawiki.api</code> and <code>@wikimedia/codex</code>. If you want to take care of the installation, please do not copy-paste the source code, but rather load the global version using <code>mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' );</code>, like other [[mw:Global gadgets|global gadgets]]. Thanks! [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 14:22, 22 July 2026 (UTC) ::: I put the code on the gadgets definition page @[[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]], but feel free to fix what I placed. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:45, 22 July 2026 (UTC) == Breadcrumbs in the title == Hi! I think breadcrumbs would be more intuitive, compact and cleaner if they were integrated into the title rather than below it, like so: <gallery> Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (before).png|Current breadcrumbs Wikisource breadcrumbs proposal (after).png|Proposed breadcrumbs </gallery> What do you think? [[User:Sophivorus|Sophivorus]] ([[User talk:Sophivorus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sophivorus|contribs]]) 16:02, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :I appreciate the effort, but I don't see a big difference or that one would be more usable than another. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:14, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :I like proposal and I think it would be an improvement. Having the breadcrumbs twice, as in the current system, creates a redundant ui element. I also think the formatting around the forward slashes in the "new" version better conveys that they have specific technical meaning and are not part of the name of the page. --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:52, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? == Some of the text was based off of the global CheckUser policy, but in this case, should we approve [[Wikibooks:CheckUser]] as a local policy? There is a special clause allowing stewards to perform checks even during non-emergency situations (as set in [[Wikibooks:Global rights policy]]). I have yet to include a part where users may request CU checks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 21:55, 13 September 2026 (UTC) :I'm somewhat just unsure on what the benefit of making this policy would be. Sure, there's strength in policy, of course. But this seems to be doing fine overall as an information page, no? It doesn't differ very much from the global CU policy, so I'm not sure that a page without any Wikibooks-specific information really benefits from policy status. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:22, 14 September 2026 (UTC) :I would {{support}} this. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:26, 20 September 2026 (UTC) == FlaggedRevs again == {{closed|[[phab:T440519]] was done, sending FlaggedRevs down to the void. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:52, 27 October 2026 (UTC)}} <div class="cd-moveMark">''Moved from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#FlaggedRevs again]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 1 October 2026 (UTC)''</div> Hi all. I already know there were various topics over the years about this subject, but I was considering for the project on whether we should remove this extension from this project, and go back to using MediaWiki's page patrol system. Currently, there is a backlog of more than 3000 unreviewed edits (some going back as far as a few years ago); that’s why I started this discussion here. {{collapse top}} * <code>autoreview</code> and <code>editor</code> would be <code>autopatrolled</code> and <code>patroller</code>, respectively. * <code>wgUseNPPatrol</code> and <code>wgUseFilePatrol</code> would be re-enabled for English Wikibooks. * <code>autopatrol</code> and <code>patrol</code> would be re-assigned back to sysops and their respective user groups. * <code>patroller</code> would also have <code>rollback</code> and <code>suppressredirect</code> and its rate limit untouched. {{collapse bottom}} Best, [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:56, 30 September 2026 (UTC) :{{s}} the removal of FlaggedRevs. Inasmuch as the extension works at all, it works best when it is used selectively on projects like Wikipedia, for individual high-traffic pages with lots of watchers which are subject to vandalism or controversy. Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 15:51, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :{{s}} I don't see any way that backlog ever gets cleared, frankly, and if it isn't going to be cleared, we might as well go to something easier, which is the normal page patrol system, which works well off of [[Special:NewPages]] already. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 00:31, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :{{neutral}} - Wikibooks is not a good use case for this extension, and with 3000 unreviewed edits with no progress at all, it does make sense to remove it. On the other hand, there could be a WikiProject to review each of these edits. For this reason, I am voting neutral [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:41, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :: There was the outdated [[Wikibooks:New page patrol]] before this project used FlaggedRevs. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:22, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :{{support}} the removal of FlaggedRevs from Wikibooks. It's a redundant extension that's not useful in this wiki. --[[User:Agusbou2015|Agusbou2015]] ([[User talk:Agusbou2015|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Agusbou2015|contribs]]) 21:53, 3 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Support}}. Several years ago I spent hundreds of hours trying to do the first review of every page. I managed to get all the root pages done but only got as far as "E" for the other pages. While I was doing this I stopped reviewing changes - and in that time over a 1,000 out of date pages were in the list. I concluded it was an impossible task unless lots of people joined in the work but that didn't happen and I doubt it ever will. I do think it has value for Wikijunior in showing the last reviewed page rather than the possibly offensively vandalised latest revision, but other than that it's a waste of time. At some point the extension will get fully deprecated and we'll be forced to stop using it anyway. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 09:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Will <code>patroller</code> be granted automatically? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:24, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :: Unfortunately, no. Since we will stop using FlaggedRevs, the patroller user group will not be granted automatically and thus will have to be manually given out by administrators. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:46, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: And are we planning on giving back the <code>patroller</code> right to existing reviewers? Or will they have to manually reapply? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:30, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :::: I have a plan: any former reviewer who has been active recently in the past two years will have patroller rights. This will be done to reduce a huge amount of inactive former reviewers. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 12:26, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::::Keep the name the same; just remove the reviewer right. After all, patrolling is a form of reviewing. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 18:52, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::::: Do we have to use the term {{tq|reviewing}} instead of {{tq|patrolling}}? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:57, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :::{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Is there a reason that we should not simply give the reviewer group the <code>patrol</code> right, and keep the auto-granting going? [[Wikibooks:Reviewers#Automatic criteria]] does not appear to be FlaggedRevs-specific, so auto-promotion should still be able to continue even without FlaggedRevs, and reviewers could simply become patrollers (in the technical sense). [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 07:55, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :::: I believe that would require some additional code on InitialiseSettings.php, and as for <code>reviewer</code>, I'm not sure we should still use that user group term over <code>patroller</code> as per the point {{tq|Special groups on small wikis}} on [[m:Limits to configuration changes]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:58, 10 October 2026 (UTC) : If you take a look at the extended content, I also included what I also proposed too. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:19, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :{{comment}}. The [[mw:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] is not recommended for production use, per Mediawiki. On this basis alone we should discontinue use of it. However, we haven't determined if page patrolling is the best replacement. There are [[mw:Content approval extensions|alternative extensions]] and the mediawiki page for FlaggedRevs specifically recommends [[mw:Extension:Approved Revs|'''Approved Revs extension''']]. We should determine which of page patrolling or these extensions is the most appropriate antivandalism tool first. (after all, according to [[Help:Tracking_changes#Reviewing_pages]], the purpose of FlaggedRevs is to be "our primary counter-vandalism tool"). --[[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 14:48, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :: Approved Revs would require significant testing and approval per [[mw:Writing an extension for deployment]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 16:35, 7 October 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == Disable (some) page creation by temporary accounts == Creating a new book, or adding a chapter to an existing book, is a significant action, and users performing this action should be available to discuss it. Additionally, in practice, most page creations by temp accounts are out of scope, if not outright vandalism. (See https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=create for some examples.) As such, I'd like to propose that the wiki require a registered account to create pages in any non-talk namespace. Temporary accounts will still be able to edit existing pages, or to create talk pages to start discussions. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:48, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : From a technical point of view, this would require moving <code>createpage</code> from unregistered users (<code><nowiki>*</nowiki></code>) to registered users (<code>user</code>), but that would mean every non-registered user may not be able to create pages in every namespace, but talk pages. : Another solution would be to add [[mw:Extension:ArticleCreationWorkflow]] to this project, but we don't have a system to create drafts (or similar). : And a final solution would be to create an edit filter disallowing unregistered users from creating pages in mainspace. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:43, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :: Just to note, please read the first point of [[m:Limits to configuration changes#Changes that are likely to be declined]] (Disable non-autoconfirmed page creation). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:50, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :::What I'm proposing is that we require a registered account for page creation, not autoconfirmed. enwiki (as well as a few other wikis) already use this configuration - it's not new. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 19:58, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :::: Okay, but I provided some alternatives above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 20:06, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : In that case, I have no objections here. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:03, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :I would propose the use of autoconfirmed, to better patrol new pages that are being created. There are countless advertisement pages being created on Wikibooks, usually in the user's userpage. The use of a registered account proposed by Omphalographer therefore may have some limitations. I agree with the proposal to make new pages strictly autoconfirmed. If a user wishes to create a page, there could be a feature for reviewers/patrollers to check such pages that are being created. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 13:36, 9 October 2026 (UTC) :: You might want to read my point about limits to configuration changes. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:53, 9 October 2026 (UTC) :Why turn off potential good contributors by telling them they must register AND log-in in order to contribute? The problem at Wikibooks right now is the dearth of contributions, not vandalism, I think (?). :* Anons are already precluded from editing pages that have been "protected" by admins. :* Anon user contributions are automatically marked for Review before they become public :* There are less than 500 anon accounts that have contributed more than one edit to Wikibooks? :Is it really necessary to stop us from contributing to Wikibooks? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:19, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :: {{ping|~2026-40500-29}} The initial question was not whether registered accounts can contribute, it is whether temporary accounts can create pages. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:48, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :::Isn't the creation of new pages a subset of potential contributions to Wikibooks? Are you saying that some members in good standing of this community are only allowed to correct obvious spelling and grammar mistakes by others? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 19:23, 11 October 2026 (UTC) ::::That message was to {{comment}} that this discussion was about creating pages, not about whether anonymous users can contribute. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 07:22, 13 October 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]], is your response considered an objection? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:55, 27 October 2026 (UTC) :Limiting page creation to registered users might reduce new spam/promotional/out of scope pages. I disagree with 2026-405000-29 that requiring account registration is unnecessarily burdensome for new editors. :I don't know where the number <500 anon accounts have contributed more than one edit comes from and it seems unlikely to me: that would mean there have only been 23 anon editors per year since wikibooks was founded. Looking at Special:RecentChanges there seems to be four or five anon editors a day. :Overall I think it is a reasonable restriction. I can't speak to the technical aspects of this change (re configuration changes, vs. autoconfirmed patrolling, etc) but if it is easy to implement I support it. [[User:JCrue|JCrue]] ([[User talk:JCrue|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JCrue|contribs]]) 10:13, 12 October 2026 (UTC) == Add inactivity policies for patrollers and uploaders? == I am proposing that we include inactivity policies for both patrollers and uploaders, which include no edits or logged actions for two years. I previously proposed this for [now former] reviewers, but someone probably objected. Now, if their rights are removed for inactivity, they can request them back at [[WB:RFP]] (without prejudice), unless the rights were removed for cause (such as a vote of confidence). Edit: Someone also proposed inactivity policies for importers (and possibly import uploaders too), which are sensitive permissions. I initially forgot to include that permission when creating this proposal, but now I am also proposing for importer permissions to have an inactivity policy. Which procedure should we choose if we agree on the inactivity policy proposals? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 22:18, 18 October 2026 (UTC) : {{Oppose}} - There is no need for inactivity policies for patrollers and uploaders, since there is no harm in keeping patrollers and uploaders in the current roles. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:09, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :: I have to disagree here. Some larger projects have their own inactivity policies for patrollers, such as [[m:Meta:Patrollers#Removal of access]] on Meta-Wiki and [[w:en:WP:NPPREVOKE]] (new page reviewers on English Wikipedia, a similar permission). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 00:34, 20 October 2026 (UTC) ::: CC to @[[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]], who was previously TechVindicator. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:01, 27 October 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: I will say that it seems odd to propose these policies for patrollers and uploaders without proposing an equivalent for [[WB:importers|importers]], when that's arguably a far more sensitive role. I do at least support an inactivity policy for importers, and am as yet neutral vis-à-vis patrollers and uploaders. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 02:05, 21 October 2026 (UTC) :: @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] I've edited my proposal to also include both importers and import uploaders. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:29, 22 October 2026 (UTC) == Approving [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]] as a policy == I created this draft policy two years ago, and would like to see whether the community is willing to approve it now. I have substituted it in its current form (00:16, 20 October 2026 (UTC)) below: {{hidden archive top|Policy text}} Sometimes, there will be a book that has a lot of information that was very useful at the time, but has become out of date over time. There are generally two procedures that can be followed here. ;For books that aren't up to date, but can be reasonably updated This category applies to books that, for instance, have not been updated with new information in a few years, but where the subject still exists and new information can be found about it. In this scenario, you should add the {{tlx|Outdated}} tag to the top of the book, and post on its discussion page explaining what should be updated. Or, you can always just [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]] and update it yourself! ;For books that cannot be reasonably updated This category includes books that are so outdated that their subject either no longer exists, or has changed so much since the book was written that it is virtually unrecognizable, and it would be nearly impossible to update it satisfactorily. These books should generally not be deleted, as they do provide valuable information, but should not be easily accessible to readers looking for recent information. Here, the following instructions should be followed. If the case is unambiguous: # Add {{tlx|Archived}} to the top of the book. Doing this will also remove it from search engine indexes, unless you override this by using {{tlx|Archived|2=noindex=false}}. # Move the book to a subpage of [[Wikibooks:Outdated books/Archive]]. # Replace the content of the redirect left behind after the move with {{tlx|Soft redirect|2=Wikibooks:Outdated books/Archive/<book title>}}. # (''optional'') Inform the author(s) of the book of your decision. If the case is ambiguous: Follow these steps if there is any reasonable doubt about if the book can be updated. # Follow the instructions at {{Section link|Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Deletion}} to file a request. Make sure to note that the request is for archiving, not deletion. # The proposal for archiving will be discussed. # If consensus has been reached to archive the book, any uninvolved user may close the discussion and follow the instructions in {{Section link|#If the case is unambiguous}}. Otherwise, the book will remain as is. {{hidden archive bottom}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 20 October 2026 (UTC) : I have a question, is there any difference if we approve this as a guideline (common sense) compared to as a policy? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 00:24, 20 October 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: That would also be fine; I'm not exactly sure if the delineation between guidelines and policies on Wikibooks is as clearly defined as on Wikipedia. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:27, 20 October 2026 (UTC) ::: I would suggest approving this as a guideline should an experienced, yet uninvolved editor may use their judgment and common sense when dealing with outdated books. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 00:29, 20 October 2026 (UTC) : {{support}} for approval as a guideline, as I said and mentioned above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:45, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks Magazine == I am proposing that we create a magazine quarterly, or bimonthly detailing latest news on Wikibooks (and maybe ''some'' current affairs, considering the shutdown of Wikinews, though this is unlikely). <br> If it were to be approved, it would be inspired by the WikiKids magazine in Dutch [https://wikikids.nl/Wikikids:Magazine/11 link], though with a Wikibooks feel. A user could propose something for the next Wikibooks Magazine on the talk page of [[Wikibooks:Magazine]], including ideas for the next Wikibooks magazine. It would be promoted on the front page (and maybe) on the MediaWiki Sitenotice, providing information about the next edition. On Wikikids, the project has been going on since 2024, and since then there have been 11 editions. What do you think? [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:20, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Courtesy ping|Codename Noreste}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 00:36, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Courtesy ping|JJPMaster}} [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:04, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :I '''weak support''' a '''quarterly''' publication. There isn't a ton of activity here compared to many other <abbr>WMF</abbr> wikis, so there won't be quite as much to report as there is at (e.g.) [[:w:en:WP:SIGNPOST]] or [[:wikt:en:WIktionary:The Headword]] but that said, having a publication could encourage engagement by showing what hard work others are doing. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:36, 21 October 2026 (UTC) : Because of the low activity, should the releases be biannual (every six months)? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:29, 22 October 2026 (UTC) ::I would support a quarterly publication, given the fact that Wikibooks does not have enough traffic (in my opinion) to justify a bimonthly publication, but, at the same time, the idea of a biannual publication seems relatively infrequent. Furthermore, the magazine would follow the quarterly format used on WikiKids. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 03:47, 23 October 2026 (UTC) : We can do that with [[Wikibooks:Magazine]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:00, 27 October 2026 (UTC) ::I will create a page about what the Wikibooks Magazine on the page provided, and the editions that will follow. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:32, 28 October 2026 (UTC) == Discussion on whether to create an extended mover user group == Currently, patrollers (formerly reviewers) have the <code>suppressredirect</code> user right as well as a rate limit per InitialiseSettings.php. However, I am consulting with the community if we: # Remove <code>suppressredirect</code> from patrollers # Add <code>suppressredirect</code> to <code>extendedmover</code> as well as include <code>delete-redirect</code> (for deleting redirects with a single revision) and <code>move-subpages</code> (to move all subpages of a book in a single action) # Also include <code>noratelimit</code> to <code>extendedmover</code> instead of using a custom rate limit (optional), or increase the limit to 500 This is because, per the principle of least privilege, patrollers should be responsible for marking new pages as patrolled and reverting vandalism/spam, while extended movers are trustworthy users (usually non-admins) responsible for moving books, et al. This is ''not'' a proposal to implement the extended mover user group, but rather a community consultation. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 19:48, 20 October 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]: Relevant prior discussion can be found [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals/2020/December#Suppress redirect feature|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 20:21, 20 October 2026 (UTC) : Also, if this passes, we should create some guidelines for granting. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:48, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == Enabling wgUseRCPatrol == Some of our sister projects have <code><nowiki>wgUseRCPatrol</nowiki></code> enabled, but on the other hand, we do not. I think we should enable this so that we can also focus on reviewing edits in the recent changes, not just new pages. [[Wikibooks:Patrolling]] can also include information about this once we enable it here. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:39, 27 October 2026 (UTC) mtp5qc1qj0hu2d2kuhw2wf4i7vb1yr6 2 189868 4678713 4678671 2026-10-28T14:08:26Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 4678713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user|Moby-Dick4000}} ==Sandbox== [[/Apollo 20 hoax]] [[/paella alicantina]] [[/Haggis]] [[/Spaghetti allo Scoglio]] [[/Spaghetti alla Chitarra]] [[/Marinara sauce]] [[/Valencian inspired paella]] [[/Meat and sausage ragu with pasta]] Singaporean chicken rice *http://allrecipes.com/Recipe/Singapore-Chicken-Rice/Detail.aspx ==Wikibooks== [[wikibooks:templates|Templates]] *{ { inuse } } [[wikipedia:wp:merging and moving pages#performing the merger|How to perform mergers]] [[wikipedia:wp:redirect|How to perform redirects]] [[Special:UserList|Find all Wikibooks users]] [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook Policy]] ===Procedure For Changing the Cookbook main page=== * Step 1: Edit [[Template:Featured recipe]] or [[Template:Featured ingredient]]. * Step 2: Purge the cache of the main cookbook page, by [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cookbook:Table_of_Contents&action=purge clicking here]. This will allow non-logged in users to see the change. * Step 3: Add [[:Category:Featured recipes]] or [[:Category:Featured ingredients]] to the featured item. ==Ingredients== *[[cookbook:rice]] *[[cookbook:pasta]] *[[cookbook:potato]] *[[cookbook:tomato]] *[[cookbook:onion]] *[[cookbook:Bell Pepper]] *[[cookbook:Bivalve Preparation]] ==Recipes== [[cookbook:Healthy, Traditional Recipes]] ===[[cookbook:Asian Cuisine]]=== [[cookbook:Duck fried rice]] ===Hispanic recipes=== #[[cookbook:Paella Cooking Techniques]] F #[[cookbook:Paella Roja]] FC #[[cookbook:Cuisine of Puerto Rico]] #[[cookbook:Mastering the Art of Cooking Paellas]] F #[[cookbook:Cuisine of Spain]] #[[cookbook:Gambas al Ajillo]] F #[[cookbook:Fabes con Almejas]] FC #[[cookbook:Arroz con Pollo]] F #[[cookbook:Arroz Negro]] FC #[[cookbook:Paella Valenciana]] FC #[[cookbook:Paella de Marisco]] FC #[[Cookbook:Ají de Gallina]] F #[[cookbook:Arroz con Leche]] #[[cookbook:Arroz con Frijoles Negros]] F #[[cookbook:Black Beans and Rice]] #[[cookbook:Arroz Tapado]] F #[[cookbook:Sofrito]] #[[Cookbook:Spanish Omelet]] #[[Cookbook:Lechon asado]] #[[Cookbook:Tortilla Canaria]] FC #[[Cookbook:Valencian-Inspired Paella]] FC ===[[cookbook:Cuisine of Italy|Cuisine of Italy]]=== #[[cookbook:Baked Ziti]] #[[cookbook:Cannoli]] #[[cookbook:Caponata]] #[[cookbook:Marinara Sauce]] FC #[[cookbook:Ossobuco Alla Milanese]] F #[[cookbook:Risotto]] F #[[cookbook:Spaghetti alla Carbonara]] FC #[[cookbook:Spaghetti alla Puttanesca]] FC #[[cookbook:Spaghetti alle Vongole]] FC #[[cookbook:Spaghetti with Bolognese meat sauce]] #[[wikipedia:it:Spaghetti alle vongole]] (Italian Wikipedia) #[[wikipedia:it:Spaghetti alla puttanesca]] (Italian Wikipedia) #[[wikipedia:it:Pasta alla carbonara]] (Italian Wikipedia) ===[[cookbook:Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]]=== #[[cookbook:Cuisine of the United States]] #[[cookbook:Long Island Roast Duckling]] FC #[[cookbook:New England Clam Chowder]] #[[cookbook:Whole, Roasted Turkey with Stuffing]] F #[[cookbook:Pumpkin Bread]] F #[[cookbook:Pancake]] #[[cookbook:Chocolate Chip Pancakes]] #[[cookbook:Whole-Wheat Pancakes]] C #[[cookbook:Succotash]] ====[[cookbook:Italian-American cuisine|Italian-American cuisine]]==== #[[cookbook:Cioppino]] #[[cookbook:Spaghetti and Meatballs]] #[[cookbook:Spaghetti with clams in white wine sauce]] #[[cookbook:New York City-style pizza]] #[[cookbook:American marinara sauce]] #[[Cookbook:Meat and Sausage Ragu with Pasta]] ====[[cookbook:New York City cuisine|New York City cuisine]]==== #[[cookbook:Manhattan Clam Chowder]] F #[[cookbook:New York Cheesecake]] F #[[cookbook:New York City-style pizza]] F ====[[cookbook:Louisiana Creole cuisine|Louisiana Creole cuisine]]==== #[[cookbook:Jambalaya]] F #[[cookbook:Seafood Gumbo]] #[[cookbook:Gumbo]] #[[cookbook:Cajun Red Beans and Rice]] ===French cuisine=== #[[cookbook:Boeuf Bourguignon]] FC #[[cookbook:Bouillabaisse]] F #[[cookbook:Duck à l'Orange]] #[[cookbook:Duck Confit]] ==Non recipes== *[[Modern Greek]] *[[IB Computer Science]] *[[Movie Making Manual]] 2l13onzi5tr8s26o8yzzrmjekzzjunu 4678714 4678713 2026-10-28T14:09:31Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4678713|4678713]] by [[Special:Contributions/Moby-Dick4000|Moby-Dick4000]] ([[User talk:Moby-Dick4000|discuss]]) 4678714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{user|Moby-Dick4000}} ==Sandbox== [[/Apollo 20 hoax]] [[/paella alicantina]] [[/Haggis]] [[/Spaghetti allo Scoglio]] [[/Spaghetti alla Chitarra]] [[/Marinara sauce]] [[/Valencian inspired paella]] [[/Ragu with pasta]] Singaporean chicken rice *http://allrecipes.com/Recipe/Singapore-Chicken-Rice/Detail.aspx ==Wikibooks== [[wikibooks:templates|Templates]] *{ { inuse } } [[wikipedia:wp:merging and moving pages#performing the merger|How to perform mergers]] [[wikipedia:wp:redirect|How to perform redirects]] [[Special:UserList|Find all Wikibooks users]] [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook Policy]] ===Procedure For Changing the Cookbook main page=== * Step 1: Edit [[Template:Featured recipe]] or [[Template:Featured ingredient]]. * Step 2: Purge the cache of the main cookbook page, by [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Cookbook:Table_of_Contents&action=purge clicking here]. This will allow non-logged in users to see the change. * Step 3: Add [[:Category:Featured recipes]] or [[:Category:Featured ingredients]] to the featured item. ==Ingredients== *[[cookbook:rice]] *[[cookbook:pasta]] *[[cookbook:potato]] *[[cookbook:tomato]] *[[cookbook:onion]] *[[cookbook:Bell Pepper]] *[[cookbook:Bivalve Preparation]] ==Recipes== [[cookbook:Healthy, Traditional Recipes]] ===[[cookbook:Asian Cuisine]]=== [[cookbook:Duck fried rice]] ===Hispanic recipes=== #[[cookbook:Paella Cooking Techniques]] F #[[cookbook:Paella Roja]] FC #[[cookbook:Cuisine of Puerto Rico]] #[[cookbook:Mastering the Art of Cooking Paellas]] F #[[cookbook:Cuisine of Spain]] #[[cookbook:Gambas al Ajillo]] F #[[cookbook:Fabes con Almejas]] FC #[[cookbook:Arroz con Pollo]] F #[[cookbook:Arroz Negro]] FC #[[cookbook:Paella Valenciana]] FC #[[cookbook:Paella de Marisco]] FC #[[Cookbook:Ají de Gallina]] F #[[cookbook:Arroz con Leche]] #[[cookbook:Arroz con Frijoles Negros]] F #[[cookbook:Black Beans and Rice]] #[[cookbook:Arroz Tapado]] F #[[cookbook:Sofrito]] #[[Cookbook:Spanish Omelet]] #[[Cookbook:Lechon asado]] #[[Cookbook:Tortilla Canaria]] FC #[[Cookbook:Valencian-Inspired Paella]] FC ===[[cookbook:Cuisine of Italy|Cuisine of Italy]]=== #[[cookbook:Baked Ziti]] #[[cookbook:Cannoli]] #[[cookbook:Caponata]] #[[cookbook:Marinara Sauce]] FC #[[cookbook:Ossobuco Alla Milanese]] F #[[cookbook:Risotto]] F #[[cookbook:Spaghetti alla Carbonara]] FC #[[cookbook:Spaghetti alla Puttanesca]] FC #[[cookbook:Spaghetti alle Vongole]] FC #[[cookbook:Spaghetti with Bolognese meat sauce]] #[[wikipedia:it:Spaghetti alle vongole]] (Italian Wikipedia) #[[wikipedia:it:Spaghetti alla puttanesca]] (Italian Wikipedia) #[[wikipedia:it:Pasta alla carbonara]] (Italian Wikipedia) ===[[cookbook:Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]]=== #[[cookbook:Cuisine of the United States]] #[[cookbook:Long Island Roast Duckling]] FC #[[cookbook:New England Clam Chowder]] #[[cookbook:Whole, Roasted Turkey with Stuffing]] F #[[cookbook:Pumpkin Bread]] F #[[cookbook:Pancake]] #[[cookbook:Chocolate Chip Pancakes]] #[[cookbook:Whole-Wheat Pancakes]] C #[[cookbook:Succotash]] ====[[cookbook:Italian-American cuisine|Italian-American cuisine]]==== #[[cookbook:Cioppino]] #[[cookbook:Spaghetti and Meatballs]] #[[cookbook:Spaghetti with clams in white wine sauce]] #[[cookbook:New York City-style pizza]] #[[cookbook:American marinara sauce]] #[[Cookbook:Meat and Sausage Ragu with Pasta]] ====[[cookbook:New York City cuisine|New York City cuisine]]==== #[[cookbook:Manhattan Clam Chowder]] F #[[cookbook:New York Cheesecake]] F #[[cookbook:New York City-style pizza]] F ====[[cookbook:Louisiana Creole cuisine|Louisiana Creole cuisine]]==== #[[cookbook:Jambalaya]] F #[[cookbook:Seafood Gumbo]] #[[cookbook:Gumbo]] #[[cookbook:Cajun Red Beans and Rice]] ===French cuisine=== #[[cookbook:Boeuf Bourguignon]] FC #[[cookbook:Bouillabaisse]] F #[[cookbook:Duck à l'Orange]] #[[cookbook:Duck Confit]] ==Non recipes== *[[Modern Greek]] *[[IB Computer Science]] *[[Movie Making Manual]] s854vt51dox9wk6iajmnsmth0rzwhkg 3 225320 4678799 4594274 2026-10-29T05:30:14Z Yerpo 96844 Yerpo moved page [[User talk:Mrt doulaty]] to [[User talk:Mdoulaty]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mrt doulaty|Mrt doulaty]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mdoulaty|Mdoulaty]]" 4594274 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;">[[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikibooks, Mrt doulaty!</div> <div style="width:55%; float:left; margin: .2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7;"> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#15304f; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; color:#f4eed7;">[[Image:Crystal Clear app kedit.png|20px]] '''First steps tutorial'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> '''Wikibooks is for freely-licensed collaboratively-developed [[WB:WIW|textbooks]].'''<br/> You don't need technical skills in order to contribute here. '''[[WB:BOLD|Be bold]]''' contributing and ''[[WB:AGF|assume good faith]]'' about the intentions of others. Remember, this is a ''[[w:wiki|wiki]]'', so you're allowed to change just about anything, and changes can be made easily. Come [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|introduce yourself]] to everyone, and let us know what [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects|interests you]]. If you're coming here from other Wikimedia projects, you should read [[Help:Wikibooks for Wikimedians|our primer for Wikimedians]] to get quickly up-to-speed. </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#2a62a1; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; color:#e9deaf;">[[Image:Icon apps query.svg|20px]] '''Getting help'''</div> <div style="padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> * See the '''Wikibooks [[Help:Contents|help pages]]''' for common issues, or read [[Using Wikibooks]] for a more user-friendly introduction to the project. * Remember, every edit is saved, so if you make mistakes, you can [[Wikibooks:Reverting|revert]] to an earlier version if needed. * Get help from the community in the [[WB:HELP|user assistance room]] or in our [[irc:wikibooks|IRC channel]]. * Files must be uploaded to [[commons:Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia Commons]], unless they are copyrighted and need to be uploaded here under [[w:fair use|fair use]]. If you need to upload a fair use file, you may [[WB:RFP|request permission]] to do so. Please be sure to provide the required {{tlx|information}}: a [[WB:FILES|license tag]] and source are always required; fair use images require a {{tlx|fair use rationale}}. </div> </div> <div style="width:43%; float:left; margin: .2em; border:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#f4eed7;"> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#5f96d3; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; color:#15304f;">[[Image:Transmission icon.png|20px]] '''Goodies, tips and tricks'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> * Please fill in [[:w:Help:Edit summary|the edit summary]] and [[Help:Show preview|preview]] your edits before saving. * Sign your name on [[Help:Talk page|discussion pages]] by typing &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * User scripts can make many tasks easier. Look at the ''Gadgets'' tab of [[Special:Preferences|''my preferences'']]; check off the boxes for the scripts you want, and hit ''save''! </div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; background-color:#5f96d3; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; color:#15304f;">[[Image:Nuvola filesystems trashcan full.png|20px]] '''Made a mistake?'''</div> <div style="border-bottom:1px solid #15304f; padding:0.4em 1em 0.3em 1em;"> * '''Please make sure you follow our [[WB:NP|naming policy]]''' - modules should be named like <code>Book Title/Chapter Title</code>. * Need to rename a page? Use the ''move'' tab (only becomes available once your account is 4 days old - until then, ask for [[WB:HELP|help]]). * To get a page deleted, add {{tlx|delete|''your reason for requesting deletion''}} to the top of the page. * If something you wrote was deleted, please read the [[WB:DP|deletion policy]], and check the [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]] to find out why. Also check the [[WB:RFD|RFD]] archives if applicable. You can request undeletion at [[WB:RFU]], or ask the administrator who deleted the page. </div> <div style="background-color:#transparent; padding:0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.5em;">Thanks, '''[[User:Kayau|<span style="color:navy"> Kayau </span>]]''' ''[[User talk:Kayau|David Copperfield]]'' [[Special:Contributions/Kayau|<span style="color:red">MOBY DICK</span>]] <small> [[:w:User:Kayau/guestbook|the great gatsby]] </small> 10:37, 27 April 2010 (UTC)</div> </div> <div style="clear: both; text-align:right; font-size:smaller">(P.S. Would you like to provide [[Template talk:Bigwelcome|feedback]] on this message?)</div> b7iosg3411chr26v8fw2linfkwkahxs 0 225467 4678829 2630646 2026-10-29T11:48:29Z ~2026-57628-74 3629700 PNG to SVG 4678829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navigate|Prev=Parallel lines|curr=Symmetry|Next=Transformation}} In this section, we will talk about symmetry. Symmetry is when a figure has certain properties. There are many kinds of symmetry, but you only need to learn two in elementary school. Note that a figure with any kind of symmetry is called a symmetrical figure. ==Reflectional symmetry== [[File:Symmetry.svg|thumb|100px|right|The three with axes are shapes with reflectional symmetry. The last one is not.]] A figure is considered to have reflectional symmetry when a half of the figure coincides with the other half when folded in half (an easier way to say it would be saying it looks exactly the same on both sides). The line produced by folding is called the axis of symmetry, also known as the line of symmetry. The line must be dotted and must reach outside the figure. Common figures with reflectional symmetry are the English letters A, C, D, E, H, I, K, M, O, and so on. Regular polygons always have reflectional symmetry. The square, for example, has four axes of symmetry. Reflectional symmetry is also known as line symmetry, since it is symmetrical across a line. ==Rotational symmetry== [[File:Recycling symbol.svg|thumb|left|100px|The recycling sign has only rotational symmetry.]] Rotational symmetry is when a figure returns to its original shape after rotating at a certain angle. The point around which it is rotated is called the centre of rotation, and is marked with an 'x'. The centre of rotation is also the centre of the shape, so you can find the centre of rotation easily. Many figures with reflectional symmetry have also rotational symmetry. Common figures with ''only'' rotational symmetry are the recycling sign and fan blades. If a figure coincides with the original twice in one full turn, it has two-fold rotational symmetry, or rotational symmetry order two. Regular polygons always have rotational symmetry. The square, for example, has four-fold rotational symmetry. ==Examples== <gallery> Image:Rotational.svg|A figure with rotational symmetry. What should we add to its centre? Image:Rotational w centre.svg|We should add a cross. </gallery> {{BookCat}} qap6qg4dtxwdiass5ca4s1unpwnz1a2 0 237399 4678692 4678490 2026-10-28T12:23:39Z Jeff1138 301139 4678692 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://juen.in/ Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/reinauer/Voyager Voyager fork GCC] [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Downloading videos and/or audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Chat IRC, ICB, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [ AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet by network time protocol (NTP) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ old standard NIST Internet Time Servers], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/amitimekeeper.i386-aros.lha amitimekeeper with c src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync, [http://aminet.net/package/util/cdity/AmiTimeKeeper amitimekeeper], [http://aminet.net/comm/misc/netclock netclock], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/net/sntp sntp], [http://aminet.net/package/util/time/ScreenTime ScreenTime], [https://github.com/reinauer/SyncTime SyncTime], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->AI |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BBS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type [https://github.com/Flare-Animate/Flare Flare Animate] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, [https://github.com/tangency-labs/solidcraft solidcraft], [https://github.com/ingelibre/ingetrazo ingetrazo] etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=123609 Lightwave3D RTG]*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage metadata of images [https://github.com/exiv2/exiv2 exiv2], [ EXIF/IPTC/XMP metadata manipulation], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Suite |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office], [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&rowstart=20&pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing, editing and digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-foliopdf folio version of mupdf], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash xpdf], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Kickdown c src with reaction gui], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App Filofax like |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Desktop |<!--AROS-->Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS-->Bebbossh, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fido U2F (Universal 2nd Factor) and later FIDO2 (W3C WebAuthn with CTAP2) key authorization like Yubico YubiKey, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio] |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript [https://github.com/ratchov/midish midish] midi sequencer |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=8143&order=ASC&status=&mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [ MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |<!--AROS-->Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |<!--MorphOS-->Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ FileMaster], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, DirWork 2*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Package Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak?tab=repositories Pkg manager], [https://aros-pkg.azurewebsites.net/search?arch=x86_64 Pkg], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair and backups |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Edge snap window tool |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/edgesnap edgesnap] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE Integrated Development |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ Text Editors |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Protext], [ CED], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Cross Development |<!--AROS-->[], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Terminals Shells CLIs |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/limpet limpet], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Echo " " >SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CNC control with laser and vinyl cutting |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio, [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->modern smart home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX, IFTTT (aka IF This Then That), |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games emulation Ms-Dos Dosbox type |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-boxerapp Boxer] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray], [https://staniks.github.io/articles/serious-engine-networking-analysis/ Serious Sam] [https://github.com/Croteam-official/Serious-Engine Serious Engine 1] |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sports |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-swos OpenSWOS], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/index.php?downloads=yes maniadrive like trackmania], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], [https://github.com/jakobharder/burntime/tree/main Burntime], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [https://github.com/Kalamatee/ Openmw], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [https://juen.in Aveterna online civ], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [https://github.com/ZeroK-RTS/Zero-K Zero-K multi player rts lua], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/game/strat/OpenDUNE_RTG OpenDUNE_RTG src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [https://github.com/endless-sky/endless-sky endless-sky], [https://github.com/pioneerspacesim/pioneer pioneer space command], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-micropolis micropolis] |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/Kalamatee/veloren veloren] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games unpack unarc [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE >NIL: Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] [ DuckDuckGo] [ Ecosia] [ Qwant] [ Swisscows] [ Mojeek] [ Brave Search] [ PreSearch] [ Startpage] ===E-mail=== Emailinium is now available for IMAP and POP3 based accounts YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help <pre> File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool Transform Alt Cntrl T Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask </pre> Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extension). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} 4j40a5y4iqtzcu716osvyzgy8zy51r1 4678693 4678692 2026-10-28T12:28:17Z Jeff1138 301139 4678693 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://juen.in/ Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/reinauer/Voyager Voyager fork GCC] [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Downloading videos and/or audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Chat IRC, ICB, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [ AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet by network time protocol (NTP) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ old standard NIST Internet Time Servers], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/amitimekeeper.i386-aros.lha amitimekeeper with c src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync, [http://aminet.net/package/util/cdity/AmiTimeKeeper amitimekeeper], [http://aminet.net/comm/misc/netclock netclock], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/net/sntp sntp], [http://aminet.net/package/util/time/ScreenTime ScreenTime], [https://github.com/reinauer/SyncTime SyncTime], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->AI |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BBS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[ PhotoCraft], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> [ LightCraft], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type [https://github.com/Flare-Animate/Flare Flare Animate] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, [https://github.com/tangency-labs/solidcraft solidcraft], [https://github.com/ingelibre/ingetrazo ingetrazo] etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=123609 Lightwave3D RTG]*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage metadata of images [https://github.com/exiv2/exiv2 exiv2], [ EXIF/IPTC/XMP metadata manipulation], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Suite |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office], [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[ WordCraft], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&rowstart=20&pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[ GridCraft], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[ DeckCraft], [http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing, editing and digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-foliopdf folio version of mupdf], [ PDFCraft], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash xpdf], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Kickdown c src with reaction gui], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App Filofax like |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Desktop |<!--AROS-->DOpus5, Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[ DesignCraft], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS-->Bebbossh, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fido U2F (Universal 2nd Factor) and later FIDO2 (W3C WebAuthn with CTAP2) key authorization like Yubico YubiKey, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio] |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript [https://github.com/ratchov/midish midish] midi sequencer |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=8143&order=ASC&status=&mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [ MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |<!--AROS-->Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |<!--MorphOS-->Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ FileMaster], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, DirWork 2*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Package Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak?tab=repositories Pkg manager], [https://aros-pkg.azurewebsites.net/search?arch=x86_64 Pkg], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair and backups |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Edge snap window tool |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/edgesnap edgesnap] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE Integrated Development |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ Text Editors |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Protext], [ CED], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Cross Development |<!--AROS-->[], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Terminals Shells CLIs |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/limpet limpet], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Echo " " >SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CNC control with laser and vinyl cutting |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio, [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->modern smart home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX, IFTTT (aka IF This Then That), |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games emulation Ms-Dos Dosbox type |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-boxerapp Boxer] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray], [https://staniks.github.io/articles/serious-engine-networking-analysis/ Serious Sam] [https://github.com/Croteam-official/Serious-Engine Serious Engine 1] |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sports |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-swos OpenSWOS], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/index.php?downloads=yes maniadrive like trackmania], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], [https://github.com/jakobharder/burntime/tree/main Burntime], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [https://github.com/Kalamatee/ Openmw], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [https://juen.in Aveterna online civ], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [https://github.com/ZeroK-RTS/Zero-K Zero-K multi player rts lua], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/game/strat/OpenDUNE_RTG OpenDUNE_RTG src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [https://github.com/endless-sky/endless-sky endless-sky], [https://github.com/pioneerspacesim/pioneer pioneer space command], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-micropolis micropolis] |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/Kalamatee/veloren veloren] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games unpack unarc [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE >NIL: Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] [ DuckDuckGo] [ Ecosia] [ Qwant] [ Swisscows] [ Mojeek] [ Brave Search] [ PreSearch] [ Startpage] ===E-mail=== Emailinium is now available for IMAP and POP3 based accounts YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help <pre> File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool Transform Alt Cntrl T Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask </pre> Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extension). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} fx2ppk4kd20kkmy2pan49t3ml5q4o97 4678694 4678693 2026-10-28T12:37:13Z Jeff1138 301139 4678694 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== [[#Graphical Image Editing Art]] [[#Office Application]] [[#Audio]] [[#Misc Application]] [[#Games & Emulation]] [[#Application Guides]] [[#top|...to the top]] [[#top|...to the top]] Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Internet Applications !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Web Online Browser [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&highlight=odyssey&rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://juen.in/ Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/reinauer/Voyager Voyager fork GCC] [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser Netsurf], |<!--MorphOS-->Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Downloading videos and/or audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab], |<!--AROS-->[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, |<!--MorphOS-->[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ getVideo], Tubexx |- |<!--Sub Menu-->E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based |<!--AROS-->Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--Amiga OS-->Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] |<!--AmigaOS4-->SimpleMail, YAM, |<!--MorphOS--> SimpleMail, YAM, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Chat IRC, ICB, |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC |<!--AmigaOS4-->Wookiechat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [ AmIRC], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/chat jabberwocky], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Torrents |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/p2p ArTorr], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->CTorrent, Transmission |<!--MorphOS-->MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->FTP |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->WYSIWYG Web Site Editor |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiPhone with Speak Freely, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Weather Forecast |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench AWeather], [] |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Clock and Date setting from the internet by network time protocol (NTP) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ old standard NIST Internet Time Servers], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=utility/workbench/amitimekeeper.i386-aros.lha amitimekeeper with c src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc ntpsync], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->ntpsync, [http://aminet.net/package/util/cdity/AmiTimeKeeper amitimekeeper], [http://aminet.net/comm/misc/netclock netclock], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/net/sntp sntp], [http://aminet.net/package/util/time/ScreenTime ScreenTime], [https://github.com/reinauer/SyncTime SyncTime], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Newsgroups |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->RSS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->AI |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BBS |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Graphical Image Editing Art== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Image Editing !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, |<!--MorphOS-->Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Image viewing |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--Amiga OS-->PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&topic_id=31400&forum=32&start=80&viewmode=flat&order=0#583458 Picture Album] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm) |<!--AROS-->[ PhotoCraft], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, |<!--AmigaOS4-->WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit Photocrop] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc |<!--AROS--> [ LightCraft], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Thumbnail Generator [], |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Icon Editor |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Pixel Art Animation |<!--AROS-->Lunapaint |<!--Amiga OS-->PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D SVG based MovieSetter type [https://github.com/Flare-Animate/Flare Flare Animate] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->MovieSetter*, Fantavision* |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Morphing |<!--AROS-->[ GLMorph] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->2D Cad (qcad->LibreCAD, etc.) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Xcad, MaxonCAD |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, [ cadcraft], [https://github.com/tangency-labs/solidcraft solidcraft], [https://github.com/ingelibre/ingetrazo ingetrazo] etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, |<!--AROS-->POV-Ray |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=123609 Lightwave3D RTG]*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Format Converter [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen grabbing display |<!--AROS-->[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record screen recorder], [] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Manage metadata of images [https://github.com/exiv2/exiv2 exiv2], [ EXIF/IPTC/XMP metadata manipulation], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Office Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Office !width:10%;|AROS (x86) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC) !width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Suite |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office], [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Word-processing |<!--AROS-->[ WordCraft], [https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&rowstart=20&pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], |<!--MorphOS-->[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Spreadsheets |<!--AROS-->[ GridCraft], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/spreadsheet ], |<!--AmigaOS-->[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!] |<!--AmigaOS4-->Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], |<!--MorphOS-->[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Presentations |<!--AROS-->[ DeckCraft], [http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, |<!--Amiga OS4-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Databases |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/database BeeBase], |<!--Amiga OS-->Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->BeeBase, SQLite, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PDF Viewing, editing and digital signatures |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-foliopdf folio version of mupdf], [ PDFCraft], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash xpdf], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf], |<!--Amiga OS-->APDF |<!--AmigaOS4-->AmiPDF |<!--MorphOS-->APDF, vPDF, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Kickdown c src with reaction gui], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App Filofax like |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], |<!--AmigaOS4-->AOrganiser, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Accounting |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], |[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Project Management Research |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->SuperGantt, SuperPlan, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Desktop |<!--AROS-->DOpus5, Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Search |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], |<!--AROS-->[ ], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual |<!--AROS-->[ ], |Kuma K-Roget*, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) |<!--AROS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DTP Desktop Publishing |<!--AROS-->[ DesignCraft], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |<!--MorphOS-->[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Printing |<!--AROS-->Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->(some native drivers), |<!--MorphOS-->early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Scanning |<!--AROS-->[ SCANdal], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], |<!--AmigaOS4-->SCANdal (Sane) |<!--MorphOS-->SCANdal |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OCR |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert gOCR] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text Editing |<!--AROS-->Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, |<!--MorphOS-->MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] |<!--AROS-->[ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS-->TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Drawing Vector |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit] |<!--Amiga OS-->Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit amifig], |<!--MorphOS-->SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->video conferencing (jitsi) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->source code hosting |<!--AROS-->Gitlab, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (server) |<!--AROS-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] |MorphVNC, vncserver |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/misc rdesktop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->notifications |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Ranchero |<!--AmigaOS4-->Ringhio |<!--MorphOS-->MagicBeacon |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features |<!--AROS-->Bebbossh, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fido U2F (Universal 2nd Factor) and later FIDO2 (W3C WebAuthn with CTAP2) key authorization like Yubico YubiKey, etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Audio== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Audio !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio] |<!--AmigaOS4-->TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer |AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Audio |<!--AROS-->[ Audio Evolution 4] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] |[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Tracker Music |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], |<!--Amiga OS-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], |<!--AmigaOS4-->MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker |MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript [https://github.com/ratchov/midish midish] midi sequencer |<!--AROS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David "Talin" Joiner & Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=8143&order=ASC&status=&mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->Bars'n'Pipes, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Sound Sampling |<!--AROS-->[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4, |<!--MorphOS-->[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD burn |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], |<!--Amiga OS-->FryingPan, [ MakeCD], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FryingPan, AmiDVD, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CD/DVD audio rip |<!--AROS-->Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&cfid=0&did=167 Quick CDrip], |<!--Amiga OS-->Lame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Lame, |<!--MorphOS-->Lame, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger |<!--AROS-->id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/edit mp3info], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> | |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Audio Convert |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc Sox], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->DJ mixing jamming |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled *2005 ZP100 with ZP80 *2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp) ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, *2009 ZonePlayer S5, *2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support), *2011 Play:3 *2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1, *2016 Arc, Play:1, *Beam (Gen 2), Playbar, Ray, Era 100, Era 300, Roam, Move 2, *Sub (Gen 3), Sub Mini, Five, Amp S2 |<!--AROS-->SonosController |<!--Amiga OS-->SonosController |<!--AmigaOS4-->SonosController |<!--MorphOS-->SonosController |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Smart Speakers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Video Creativity and Production== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Video !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing Video |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, |<!--AmigaOS4-->DvPlayer, MPlayer |<!--MorphOS-->MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Playing DVD |<!--AROS-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer |<!--Amiga OS-->AMP2, Frogger |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2, |<!--MorphOS-->Mplayer |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Recording |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Screenrecorder, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE |<!--AROS-->[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, |<!--Amiga OS-->[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->FFMpeg/GUI |<!--MorphOS-->Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Subtitle editor |<!--AROS-->[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Blogging like Lemmy or kbin |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR face recognition for Vtubers |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) <pre> Model data (cmo3) Basic motions (can3) Background image (png) Set of files for embedding (runtime folder) • Model data (moc3) • Motion data (motion3.json) • Model settings file (model3.json) • Physics settings file (physics3.json) • Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json) </pre> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. [[#top|...to the top]] ==Misc Application== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Management |<!--AROS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ FileMaster], |<!--Amiga OS-->DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, DirWork 2*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], |<!--AmigaOS4-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk |<!--MorphOS-->DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Package Application Installer |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak?tab=repositories Pkg manager], [https://aros-pkg.azurewebsites.net/search?arch=x86_64 Pkg], [ InstallerNG], |<!--Amiga OS-->InstallerNG, Grunch, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Jack |<!--MorphOS-->Jack |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], |<!--AROS-->XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Binary Hexadecimal Editor |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/edit Zaphod], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&highlight=partition&pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox] |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Filesystem Repair and backups |<!--AROS-->ArSFSDoctor, |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->File Verification / Repair |<!--AROS-->[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2), [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->Par2, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Multiple File renaming |<!--AROS-->DOpus 4 or 5, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Anti Virus |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->VChecker, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Edge snap window tool |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/kaffeine1/edgesnap edgesnap] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ IDE Integrated Development |<!--AROS-->[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->C/C++ Text Editors |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Protext], [ CED], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Repository |<!--AROS-->[ Git] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->Git |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->BASIC Computer Language |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->sdlBasic |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Gui Creators |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[ MuiBuilder], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors |<!--AROS-->FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Cross Development |<!--AROS-->[], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Misc Application 3== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->System |<!--AROS-->[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Terminals Shells CLIs |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/limpet limpet], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->OSK On Screen Keyboard |<!--AROS-->[], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification |<!--AROS-->[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Reader |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Ebook Converter |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Echo " " >SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=audio/misc flite], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&tool=simple FLite] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Screen Display Blanker screensaver |<!--AROS-->Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->MultiCX, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->ModernArt Blanker, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/misc AFortune], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |} ==Misc Application 4== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:30%;|Misc Application !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k) !width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Fractals mandelbrot, etc |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/misc], |<!--Amiga OS-->ZoneXplorer, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Landscape Rendering |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set] |<!--AmigaOS4-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |<!--MorphOS-->[ WCS World Construction Set], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree) |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Languages |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->Fun School, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/scientific mathX] |<!--Amiga OS-->Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4-->Yacas |<!--MorphOS-->Yacas |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Maths Graph Function Plotting |<!--AROS-->[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->CNC control with laser and vinyl cutting |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->PCB design |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[ ], [ ], [ ], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Digital Signage |<!--AROS-->Hollywood, Hollywood Designer |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio, [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->modern smart home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX, IFTTT (aka IF This Then That), |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Commercial product. ==Games & Emulation== Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1] Rom patching https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list. [https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Emulation] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Amstrad CPC |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL & pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Arcade |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS-->Mame, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 7800 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Atari800], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Lynx |<!--AROS-->[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Atari Jaguar |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], |<!--AROS-->[], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore C64 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Frodo, |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], |<!--MorphOS-->Vice, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Commodore Amiga |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer UAE], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem vba] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo NES |<!--AROS-->[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], |<!--Amiga OS-->AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem amines] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo SNES |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Nintendo N64 *HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], *LLE [], |<!--AROS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Nintendo Wii U] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation NEC PC Engine |<!--AROS-->[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], |[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS) |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Saturn *HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast *HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], *LLE [], [], |<!--AROS-->? |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum |[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sinclair QL |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation Sony PlayStation |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS2] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[ Sony PS3] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4] |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer Oricutron] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron] |<!--MorphOS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=emulation/computer], |<!--Amiga OS-->[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games emulation Ms-Dos Dosbox type |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-boxerapp Boxer] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General] !width:10%;|AROS(x86) !width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k) !width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC) !width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC) |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action BOH], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Cards |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], |<!--AmigaOS-->[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray], [https://staniks.github.io/articles/serious-engine-networking-analysis/ Serious Sam] [https://github.com/Croteam-official/Serious-Engine Serious Engine 1] |<!--AROS-->Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, |<!--AmigaOS4-->Doom, Quake, |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games MMORG like |<!--AROS-->[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Platform like |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[ Giana Sisters], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sports |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-swos OpenSWOS], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], |<!--AROS-->[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/index.php?downloads=yes maniadrive like trackmania], |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS-->Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 3rd third person action CRPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], [https://github.com/jakobharder/burntime/tree/main Burntime], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [https://github.com/Kalamatee/ Openmw], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [https://juen.in Aveterna online civ], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [https://github.com/ZeroK-RTS/Zero-K Zero-K multi player rts lua], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=140&pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://aminet.net/package/game/strat/OpenDUNE_RTG OpenDUNE_RTG src] |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], |<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], ||<!--AROS-->[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--AmigaOS--> |<!--AmigaOS4-->[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War] |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [https://github.com/endless-sky/endless-sky endless-sky], [https://github.com/pioneerspacesim/pioneer pioneer space command], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/tomaszstaniak/aros-micropolis micropolis] |<!--Amiga OS-->SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS-->[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12] |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], |<!--AROS-->[https://github.com/Kalamatee/veloren veloren] |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], [] |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&rowstart=180&pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D], [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], |<!--AROS-->[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], |<!--Amiga OS-->[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library GLFW], [], |<!--AROS-->[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=development/library Raylib 5], |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu-->Games unpack unarc [], [], |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |- |<!--Sub Menu--> |<!--AROS--> |<!--Amiga OS--> |<!--AmigaOS4--> |<!--MorphOS--> |} ==Application Guides== [[#top|...to the top]] ===Web Browser=== OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0. This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -> Content Blocking and Windows -> Messages and enter https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads* https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview* https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads* into your custom filters Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ], OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: So add this : <pre> copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE >NIL: copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: >NIL: </pre> Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …) If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it. copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE >NIL: Error messages SSL error "cant verify with ca-certificates", check bios clock time date is correct Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros [https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&udm=14 Google search without AI overview] [ DuckDuckGo] [ Ecosia] [ Qwant] [ Swisscows] [ Mojeek] [ Brave Search] [ PreSearch] [ Startpage] ===E-mail=== Emailinium is now available for IMAP and POP3 based accounts YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections ====SimpleMail==== SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes. Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list] GMail Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first. pop3: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 smtp: smtp.gmail.com (with authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use SSL: Yes Port: 465 or 587 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013. If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way: 1. Email/Password 2. Manual 3. IMAP 4. * Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked * Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked * POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL Yahoo Mail On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts. Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well. Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server * Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 993 * Requires SSL - Yes Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server * Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com * Port - 465 or 587 * Requires SSL - Yes * Requires authentication - Yes Your login info * Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com) * Password - Your account's password * Requires authentication - Yes Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 * Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. * “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. * “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com * “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. * Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. ====YAM Yet Another Mailer==== YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists] One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server. Possible issues Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue. getting a "Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library GMail Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com Use SSL: Yes Port: 995 Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication) Use Authentication: Yes Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL) Port: 465 or 587 Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com') Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com) Password: your Gmail password Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead. Outlook.com access <pre > Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias) Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password Outlook.com SMTP port: 587 Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes </pre > Yahoo Mail <pre > “POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port. “SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work. “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”. “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password. </pre > Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com. Note that you need to enable “Web & POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program. You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client. Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 1. Get the files to your PC. By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received. 2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM. 3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too. 4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments. 5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format. ===FTP=== Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a "thing of the past", its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort. First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure "FTP file transfer" is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command: ifconfig -a Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan: Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on "New". You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine: 1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before. 2) click on Custom Options: 1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu; 2) Ensure "Passive Transfers" is NOT selected; 3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source: 1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and 2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's "MyWorkspace" contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes. Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well. ===IRC Internet Relay Chat=== Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying. Other things to type in - replace <message> with a line of text and <nick> with a person's name <pre> /help /list /who /whois <nick> /msg <nick> <message> /query <nick> <message>s /query /away <message> /away /quit <going away message> </pre> [http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript]. Issue the command /me <text> where <text> is the text that should follow your nickname. Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout /nick <newNick> /nickserv register <password> <email address> /ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv /nickserv identify <password> Alternatives: /ns identify <password> /msg nickserv identify <password> ==== IRC WookieChat ==== WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities. add smilies drawer/directory run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000 select a server / server window * nickname * user name * real name - optional Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in. servers * New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box * New Group * Delete Entry * Connect to server * connect in new tab * perform on connect Change details * Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: * Port number - no need to change * Server password * Channel - add #channel from below * auto join - can click this * nick registration password, Click Connect to server button above <pre> Server: irc.freenode.net Channel: #aros </pre> irc://irc.freenode.net/aros <pre> Server: chat.amigaworld.net Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans </pre> <pre> On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC) Server:irc.superhosts.net Channel #team*amiga </pre> <pre> BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks Server: im.bitlbee.org Port 6667 Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. </pre> [http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers], <pre> #Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL) </pre> <pre> Multiple server support "Perform on connect" scripts and channel auto-joins Automatic Nickserv login Tabs for channels and private conversations CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers Colours for different events Logging and automatic reloading of logs mIRC colour code filters Configurable timestamps GUI for changing channel modes easily Configurable highlight keywords URL Grabber window Optional outgoing swear word filter Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages DCC CHAT support Doubleclickable URL's Support for multiple languages using LOCALE Clone detection Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection Command aliases Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style Counter for Unread messages Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser </pre> ====IRC Aircos ==== Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. ====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky==== Servers are setup and close down at random You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky <pre > Jabberwocky -> Server -> XMPP -> open and ad-free Jabberwocky -> Server -> Transports (Gateways) -> Proprietary closed systems </pre > The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead. The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc. You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list], Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other. Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password. Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users. Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's "Windows" menu and select the "Agents" option. The "Agents List" window will open. Roster (contacts list) [http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL. Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN. There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options. Facebook If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway. <pre > 1. launch jabberwocky 2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu 3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID 4. your password is your normal facebook password 5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field 6. click the 'add' button 7. click the 'close' button 8. click the 'connect' button </pre > you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky. [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&forum=32 Read more here] for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password Twitter For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net], and . An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to] :Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more] Instagram no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client ICQ The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check. Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/ Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window->Agents->"Register". Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account. Yahoo Messenger although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies MSN early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time.... Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in. You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again. It may also take multiple tries to sign in. (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.) You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting. msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window. From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure. 1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address. 2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following: * Select the "Windows/Agents" menu option in Jabberwocky. * Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server. * Click the Register button to open a new window asking for: **Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address. **Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list. **Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address. * Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window. 3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN. 4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works. If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz.. then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time... Google Talk any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users. implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format ===Video Player MPlayer=== Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using 4:3 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi 16:9 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi if you want gui use; mplayer -gui 1 <other params> file.avi <pre > stack 1000000 ; using AspireOS 1.xx ; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 1.x ; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: ; using Icaros Desktop 2.x ; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE > Nil: cd RAM:MPlayer run MPlayer -gui > Nil: ;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls > Nil: </pre > $ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4 MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though. AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP. If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP -rtsp-stream-over-tcp If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol server needs authentification: -user -passwd MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls http://scenesat.com/ http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm http://www.kohina.com/ http://www.remix64.com/ http://retrogamer.net/forum/ http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml http://retrogamesquad.com/ http://www.retronauts.com/ http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/ http://www.retrogamingradio.com/ http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp [[#top|...to the top]] ====ZunePaint==== simplified typical workflow * importing and organizing and photo management * making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time * exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes. For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction. For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common. Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject. Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking. For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term. * White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under "Misc color effects" tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green * Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery * Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software * Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations * Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement * Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) * Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) * Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - * Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) * Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size White Balance - F12 and K scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above. Exposure correction F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up Workflows in practice * Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z * Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. * Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. * Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. * After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK. And save your picture Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, * negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc. adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, * reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon, etc. * red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate, effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) * blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc. borders such as * dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc. brushes e.g. * frost, smoke, etc. and manual control of fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration - lens and body profiles perspective correction levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows curves - Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast color balance one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc. Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later. File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc. contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr Image Picture Formats * low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace - TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, making them proprietary. * linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=graphics/convert dcraw] There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible. A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values. The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a "downsampling" - should prevent as much loss as possible. Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured. Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help <pre> File PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Ctrl+n New Open Ctrl+o Open Close Ctrl+w Close Save Ctrl+s Save Save as Shift+Ctrl+s Save as Revert F12 Revert Print Ctrl+p Print Exit Ctrl+q Quit Edit PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Undo/Redo (1 level) Ctrl+z Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z) Cut Ctrl+x Cut Copy Ctrl+c Copy Paste Ctrl+v Paste Paste Into Shift+Ctrl+v Paste Into Fill with FG color Alt+Backspace Fill with FG color Fill with BG color Control+Backspace Fill with BG color Image/Colors PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Levels Ctrl+l Levels Auto Contrast Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l Stretch Contrast (same?) Curves Ctrl+m Curves Color Balance Ctrl+b Color Balance Hue/Saturation Ctrl+u Hue-Saturation Desaturate Shift+Ctrl+u Desaturate Invert Ctrl+i Invert Default Colors d Default Colors Switch Colors x Switch Colors Layer PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP New Layer Shift+Ctrl+n New Layer Layer via Copy Ctrl+j Duplicate Layer Bring (layer) to Front Shift+Ctrl+] Layer to Top Send (layer) to Back Shift+Ctrl+[ Layer to Bottom Bring (layer) Forward Ctrl+] Raise Layer Send (layer) Backward Ctrl+[ Lower Layer Select Top Layer Shift+Alt+] Select Top Layer Select Bottom Layer Shift+Alt+[ Select Bottom Layer Select One Layer Forward Alt+] Select Previous Layer Select One Layer Backward Alt+[ Select Next Layer Merge Down Ctrl+e Merge Down Merge Visible Shift+Ctrl+e Merge Visible Preserve Transparency / Keep Transparency Cycle Modes Forwards Shift+= Next Layer Mode Cycle Modes Backwards Shift+- Previous Layer Mode Select PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Select All Ctrl+a Select All Deselect Ctrl+d Select None Inverse Shift+Ctrl+i Invert Feather Ctrl+Alt+d Feather View PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Zoom In Ctrl+= Zoom In Zoom Out Ctrl+- Zoom Out Fit on Screen Ctrl+0 Zoom to Fit Window Actual Pixels Ctrl+Alt+0 Zoom 1:1 Show/Hide Extras Ctrl+h Toggle Show Selection (close enough?) Show/Hide Guides Ctrl+' Toggle Show Guides Show/Hide Grid Ctrl+Alt+' Toggle Show Grid Show/Hide Rulers Ctrl+r Toggle Show Rulers Snap Ctrl+; Snap to Guides Scroll View Up Page Up Scroll Page Up Scroll View Down Page Down Scroll Page Down Scroll View Left Ctrl+Page Up Scroll Page Left Scroll View Right Ctrl+Page Down Scroll Page Right Window/Dialogs PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP ? F5 Tools Dialog Color Tab F6 Colors Dialog Layers Tab F7 Layers Dialog Info Tab F8 Image Information Tools PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Move Tool v Move Tool Lasso Tool l Free Select Tool Magic Wand Tool w Fuzzy Select Tool Crop Tool c Crop & Resize Tool Airbrush Tool j Airbrush Tool Paintbrush Tool b Paintbrush Tool Clone Stamp Tool s Clone Stamp Tool Eraser Tool e Eraser Tool Blur Tool r Convolve Tool Dodge Tool o DodgeBurn Tool Type Tool t Text Tool Pen Tool p Bezier Select Tool Eye Dropper Tool i Color Picker Tool Zoom Tool z Magnify Tool Previous Brush , Previous Brush Next Brush . Next Brush First Brush Shift+< First Brush Last Brush Shift+> Last Brush Decrease Brush Size [ Decrease Brush Size Increase Brush Size ] Increase Brush Size Decrease Brush Hardness { Decrease Brush Hardness Increase Brush Hardness } Increase Brush Hardness Rectangular Marquee Tool m Rect Select Tool Elliptical Marquee Tool Shift+m Ellipse Select Tool Gradient Tool g Blend Tool Paint Bucket Tool Shift+g Bucket Fill Tool Transform Alt Cntrl T Help PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Help F1 Help Context Help Shift+F1 Context Help Misc. PHOTOSHOP SHORTCUT GIMP Last Filter Ctrl+f Repeat Last Filter ? Shift+Ctrl+f Reshow Last Filter Preferences Ctrl+k Preferences Liquify Shift+Ctrl+x IWarp (close enough?) Toggle Quick Mask q Toggle Quick Mask </pre> Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. * Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by and brushes for other areas. * Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. Remove fringe/halo saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact. Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. * RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) * YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video] Histograms White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right. RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30% RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) . The alpha channel is used for "alpha compositing", which can mostly be associated as "opacity". AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel. The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph. The highlights are represented by the right third. And the midtones are, of course, in the middle. The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . RGB Curves * Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens * Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens Color Curves * Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but * Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow. <pre> Red <-> Cyan Green <->Magenta Blue <->Yellow </pre> YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e. separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white. A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram. A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited. By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative . The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much Can be used to create a negative image but also With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow. With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan. e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green. YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other. using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping. ====Lunapaint==== Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail <pre> b BRUSH e ERASER alt eyedropper v layer tool z ZOOM / MAGNIFY < > n spc panning m marque q lasso w same color selection / region </pre> <pre> , LM RM v V f filter F . size p , pick color [] last / next color </pre> There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc. Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software. author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added. * add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del] * whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble * pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes. * Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint. * to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64. * implement graphic tablet features support **GENERAL DRAWING** Miss it very much: UNDO ERASER COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked. BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from "New project screen" Miss it somewhat: ICON for UNDO ICON for ERASER ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often ) BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush **ANIMATING** Miss it very much: NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush Miss it somewhat: ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day. LAYERS -Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames -Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?). EXPORTING IMAGES -Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --> My robot was blue now it's "gold" ) I think this only happens if you have layers. -Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them) -Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10 LOAD/SAVE (Preferences) -Make a setting for the default "Work" folder. * Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers * mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying) <pre> Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key [Technique] F1 - Paint F2 - Single Colour F3 - Replace F4 - Smear F5 - Shade F6 - Cycle F7 - Smooth M - Colour Cycle [Brush] B - Restore O - Outline h - Halve brush size H - Double brush size x - Flip brush on X axis X - Double brush size on X axis only y - Flip on Y Y - Double on Y z - Rotate brush 90 degrees Z - Stretch [Stencil] ` - Stencil On [Miscellaneous] F9 - Info Bar F10 - Selection Bar @o - Co-Ordinates @a - Anti-alias @r - Colourise @t - Translucent TAB - Colour Cycle [Picture] L - Load S - Save j - Page to Spare(Flip) J - Page to Spare(Copy) V - View Page Q - Quit [General Keys] m - Magnify < - Zoom In > - Zoom Out [ - Palette Colour Up ] - Palette Colour Down ( - Palette Colour Left ) - Palette Colour Right , - Eye Dropper . - Pixel / Brush Toggle / - Symmetry | - Co-Ordinates INS - Perspective Control +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control) w - Unfilled Polygon W - Filled Polygon e - Unfilled Ellipse E - Filled Ellipse r - Unfilled Rectangle R - Filled Rectangle t - Type/text tool a - Select Font u/U - Undo d - Brush D - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon f/F - Fill Options g/G - Grid h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control) K - Clear c - Unfilled Circle C - Filled Circle v - Line b - Scissor Select and Toggle B - Brush {,} - Toggle between two background colours </pre> ====Lodepaint==== Pixel based painting artwork app ====Grafx2==== Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], ====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG==== Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps *Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping *Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide *Colour - fill stroke *Stroke - size *Brushes - *Layers - *Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows *Text - *Transform - AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) [[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]] for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent ;Menu options * Load - fig format but import(s) SVG * Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png * PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys * Deselect all points There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted. ;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings ;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) * Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes, polygon * Lines - polylines * Text "T" button * Photos - bitmaps * Compound - Glue, Break, Scale * POINTs - Move, Add, Remove * Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s) * Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square ;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives * Color * Line Width * Line Style * arrowheads ;Modes Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc. ;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored * compound tools to add .fig(s) together ;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 <pre> Landscape Center Inches Letter 100.00 Single -2 1200 2 4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01 </pre> # change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). # The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13. # The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default). # The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20. # The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees). # twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch. # thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before. * The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox. * The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence. ; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation [[#top|...to the top]] ===Audio=== # AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem. # When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always). # For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording. ====Music Mods==== Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI. Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds. Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock. In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr]) If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon *Sample *Note - Effect *Track (column) - Pattern - Order It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) The Note can be changed with an Effect. A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song. Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above). Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head. *Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. *Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of "swing" feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. *Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds. *Moody - minor key First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too. This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song. The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats. Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section. The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords. Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave. To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them. For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth. The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern "00", then pattern "02", then "03", then "01", etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song. The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song. The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D. Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern "03" at order "02" are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 "Kick". The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6. The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the "F" effect, which is a tempo command. The "04" means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster). Base pattern When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In "Wild Bunnies" the base pattern is pattern "03" at order "02". In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow. Drums Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The "F" command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of "swing" feel. In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation. In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The "8" command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix. Bass line There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more "live". The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key. Chords The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm. Lead Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention. A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The "461" effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes. Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 "Square"), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form. Song structure Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations. A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus. Other single sectional song structures are <pre> Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form ABAB Song Form ABAC Song Form ABCD Song Form AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 8-Bar Song Form 16-Bar Song Form Hybrid / Compound Song Forms </pre> The most common building blocks are: #INTRODUCTION(INTRO) #VERSE #REFRAIN #PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB #CHORUS #BRIDGE #MIDDLE EIGHT #SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK #COLLISION #CODA / OUTRO #AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO) The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember. The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus. Playing RCTRL: Play song from row 0. LSHIFT + RCTRL: Play song from current row. RALT: Play pattern from row 0. LSHIFT + RALT: Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on '>': Play song from row 0. Right mouse on '>': Play song from current row. Left mouse on '|>': Play pattern from row 0. Right mouse on '|>': Play pattern from current row. Left mouse on 'Edit/Record': Edit mode on/off. Right mouse on 'Edit/Record': Record mode on/off. Editing LSHIFT + ESCAPE: Switch large patterns view on/off TAB: Go to next track LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. track LCTRL + TAB: Go to next note in track LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB: Go to prev. note in track SPACE: Toggle Edit mode On & Off (Also stop if the song is being played) SHIFT SPACE: Toggle Record mode On & Off (Wait for a key note to be pressed or a midi in message to be received) DOWN ARROW: 1 Line down UP ARROW: 1 Line up LEFT ARROW: 1 Row left RIGHT ARROW: 1 Row right PREV. PAGE: 16 Arrows Up NEXT PAGE: 16 Arrows Down HOME / END: Top left / Bottom right of pattern LCTRL + HOME / END: First / last track F5, F6, F7, F8, F9: Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns + - (Numeric keypad): Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous pattern LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous position LALT + LEFT / RIGHT: Next / Previous instrument LSHIFT + M: Toggle mute state of the current channel LCTRL + LSHIFT + M: Solo the current track / Unmute all LSHIFT + F1 to F11: Select a tab/panel LCTRL + 1 to 4: Select a copy buffer Tracking 1st and 2nd keys rows: Upper octave row 3rd and 4th keys rows: Lower octave row RSHIFT: Insert a note off / and * (Numeric keypad) or F1 F2: -1 or +1 octave INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current track or current selected block. LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE: Insert or Delete a line in current pattern DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE): Empty a column or a selected block. Blocks (Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel). LCTRL + A: Select entire current track LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern LALT + A: Select entire column note in a track LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track LCTRL + X: Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer LCTRL + C: Copy the selected block into the block-buffer LCTRL + V: Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern LCTRL + I: Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection LSHIFT + ARROWS PREV. PAGE NEXT PAGE: Select a block LCTRL + R: Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them) LCTRL + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher LCTRL + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher LCTRL + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument) LCTRL + W: Save the current selection into a file Misc LALT + ENTER: Switch between full screen / windowed mode LALT + F4: Exit program (Windows only) LCTRL + S: Save current module LSHIFT + S: Switch top right panel to synths list LSHIFT + I: Switch top right panel to instruments list <pre> C-x xh xx xx hhhh Volume B-x xh xx xx hhhh Jump to A#x xh xx xx hhhh hhhh Slide F-x xh xx xx hhhh Tempo D-x xh xx xx hhhh Pattern Break G#x xh xx xx hhhh </pre> h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13 d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume. The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex. Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly. This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it... The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary. Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from. Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. <pre> C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing --- 000 C-3 330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30. --- 300 - Continues the slide --- 300 - Continues the slide </pre> Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note. This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up. There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them. C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 02 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 05 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 08 C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0A C-3 04 .. .. 09 00 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 0D C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 ---> C-3 04 .. .. 09 10 (You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..) Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns. The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa. Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest. Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use. Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format. vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) <pre> C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 <- Turn Arpeggio effect on --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B38 <- Change datas --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 0000 --- .. .. .. 1B00 <- Turn it off </pre> Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21. Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from. Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order. Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off. Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well. Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31. Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart. Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16. Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop. Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato. Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged. Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex). Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work. Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played! Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for. Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop "movement" is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000). effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine. It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel). so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings. for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top. In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself. For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud. The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation. <pre> Support for the following modules formats: 669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), FAR (Farandole Composer), GDM (General DigiMusic), IT (Impulse Tracker), IMF (Imago Orpheus), MOD (15 and 31 instruments), MED (OctaMED), MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), S3M (Scream Tracker 3), STM (Scream Tracker), STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), ULT (UltraTracker), UNI (MikMod), XM (FastTracker 2), Mid (midi format via timidity) </pre> Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2], ====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface==== A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it). '''Timidity''' Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity added to SYSːs/User-Startup '''WildMidi playback''' '''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)''' *Sync Menu - CAMD Receive, Send checked *Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup MCB Master Control Bus *Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&P). *B&P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes *CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE *MIDI Machine Control *Midi Bar Display *Select CAMD MIDI in / out *Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely Channel - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, Subgroup - Volume, Mute, Solo Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward Misc - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up <pre> q - quit First 3 already opened when AE started F1 - timeline window F2 - mixer F3 - control F4 - subgroups F5 - aux returns F6 - sample list i - Load sample to use space - start/stop play b - reset time 0:00 s - split mode r - open recording window a - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume [ / ] - zoom in / out : - previous track * - next track x c v f - cut copy paste cross-fade g - snap grid </pre> '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]''' BarsnPipes debug ... in shell Menu (right mouse) *Song - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 *Track - *Edit - *Tool - *Timing - SMTPE Synchronizing *Windows - *Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) *Workflow -> Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, *Control -> Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -> Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time Right mouse menu -> Preferences -> Environment... -> ScreenMode - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC '''Tracks''' #Double-click on B&P's icon. B&P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&P. #Choose a track. The B&P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup. #Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record. #Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration. #Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel. #Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features. Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help '''Tracks window''' * blue "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group" and transport tape deck VCR-type controls * Flags * [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] Each Track has a *Left LHS - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline *Middle - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap *Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times '''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)''' After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc right mouse -> Toolbox menu option -> Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms [https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars & Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group '''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' Accessories -> Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support '''Song Construction''' <pre> F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Duplicator F5 Eraser F6 Toolpad F7 Bounding box F8 Lock to A-B-A A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, </pre> Bars&Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations '''Tempo Map''' F1 Pencil F2 Magic Wand F3 Hand F4 Eraser F5 Curve F6 Toolpad Compositions Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature '''Master Parameters''' Key, Scale/Mode '''Track Parameters''' Dynamics '''Time-line Scoring''' '''Media Madness''' '''Mix Maestro''' *ACCESSORIES Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules *CLIPBOARD Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks. *INFORMATION A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine. *MASTER PARAMETERS Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes. *MEDIA MADNESS A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc *METRONOME Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required. *MIX MAESTRO Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software *RECORD ACTIVATION Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc *SET FLAGS Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time *SONG CONSTRUCTION Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections *TEMPO MAP Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves *TEMPO PALETTE Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings. *TIMELINE SCORING Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance. *TOOLBOX Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available *TRACKS Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools. *TRANSPORT Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes. Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed. Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory. In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID "NAME" (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as "NAME". On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as "EMAN". The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA). If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically "note on", "note off", "program change", "controller change", or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music. * Channel - 1 to 16 - * Messages - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs, etc * Sequencing - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, * Recording - * GUI - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations. Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -> PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors) Preferences -> Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF Prefs -> Environment -> screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) Customization -> pics in gui drawer (folder) - Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi SMF is a “Standard Midi File” ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], * SMF0 All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel. * SMF1 The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels. * SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels. Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers? On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. <pre> MIDI can control 16 channels There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically </pre> <pre> Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc. </pre> Composers <pre> [https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] </pre> <pre> 1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc 1992 Bars&Pipes Pro published November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&Pipes Pro 2.5c beta end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) </pre> Protrekkr How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ? First of all, midi in & out capabilities of this program are rather limited. # Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time). # Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected). # Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk. # Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported. Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row: <pre> C-3 02 .. .. 0000.... --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... << This will set the value --- .. .. .. 0000.... of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex) --- .. .. .. 0000.... </pre> So "--- .. .. 90 2040...." will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64). You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages. N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal! Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard. Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible. Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels. Further devices can respond to, and transmit, "breath controller" data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it. A controller keyboard may be capable of sending "expression pedal" data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message. Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The "voice" or "instrument" is selected using a "Program Change" message on its own. Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in "banks", and the choice of instrument is made by responding to "Bank Select MSB" (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use "Bank Select LSB" (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List. MIDI Implementation Chart But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart. If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are "compatible". In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart. The chart is divided into four columns headed "Function", "Transmitted" (or "Tx"), "Received" (or "Rx"), or more correctly "Recognised", and finally, "Remarks". <pre> The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described. The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device. The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to. The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns. </pre> There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra "Notes". Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI "modes" and what the "X" and the "O" mean. <pre> Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono. </pre> O means "yes" (implemented), X means "no" (not implemented). Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks "**************", these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise). Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail. Basic Channel But the very first set of boxes will tell us the "Basic Channel(s)" that the device sends or receives on. "Default" is what happens when the device is first turned on, "changed" is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels. On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be "split" with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel. So we might see the default as "1" but the changed as "1-16". Modes. We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes. But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device. If we send an "Omni On" message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, "Omni Off". So "Omni Off" (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel. "Poly" (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords. "Mono" (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a "smoother" transition. So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4). We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono). This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none. Finally, in the "Altered" field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode. Note Number <pre> The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127. The second line, "True Voice" has the following in the MIDI specification: "Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument." My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. </pre> Velocity This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually "O" plus a range or "X" for not implemented. After touch This may have one or two lines two it. If a one liner the either "O" or "X", yes or no. If a two liner then it may include "Keys" or "Poly" and "Channel". This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither. Pitch Bend Again "O" for implemented, "X" for not implemented. (Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.) It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel. Control Change This is likely to be the largest section of the chart. It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using "O" or "X" respectively. You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation. Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers] Program Change Again "O" or "X" in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available. True # (number): "The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected." System Exclusive Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation. System Common - These include the following: <pre> MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation). Song Position Pointer Song Select Tune Request </pre> The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages. System Real Time These include the following: <pre> Timing Clock - often just written as "Clock" Start Stop Continue </pre> These three are usually just referred to as "Commands" and listed. Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to. <pre> Aux. Messages Again "O" or "X" for implemented or not. Aux. = Auxiliary. Active Sense = Active Sensing. </pre> Often with an explanation of the action of the device. Notes The "Notes" section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation. Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA. OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from "MIDI by the Numbers" by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete. WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information. MIDI 1.0 Specification Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1000nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note Off event. This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1001nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Note On event. This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity. |- |<!--Status-->1010nnnn || <!--Data-->0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Control Change. This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as "Channel Mode Messages" (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127). |- |<!--Status-->1100nnnn || <!--Data-->0ppppppp || <!--Description-->Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number. |- |<!--Status-->1101nnnn || <!--Data-->0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it "bottoms out". This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value. |- |<!--Status-->1110nnnn || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits. |} Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->1011nnnn || <!--Data-->0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || <!--Description-->Channel Mode Messages. This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are: *All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off *Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice. *Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On * All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.) c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off) |} System Common Messages System Messages (0xF0) The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category. The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories. System Common If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes. System Common Messages Type Status Byte Number of Data Bytes Usage <pre> Time Code Quarter Frame 0xF1 1 Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*. Song Position 0xF2 2 Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song. Song Select 0xF3 1 Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song. Undefined 0xF4 0 Undefined 0xF5 0 Tune Request 0xF6 0 Requests that the receiver retunes itself**. </pre> *MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification **While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command. System Exclusive If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates. System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format: 0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7 The message is bookended with distinct bytes. It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0. The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier. Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning. If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value. <pre> ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities. ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message. ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message. </pre> After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes. The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7. The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios. An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer. System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer. Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages. Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11110000 || <!--Data-->0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii] 0ddddddd --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || <!--Description-->System Exclusive. This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.) |- |<!--Status-->11110001 || <!--Data-->0nnndddd || <!--Description-->MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame. nnn = Message Type dddd = Values |- |<!--Status-->11110010 || <!--Data-->0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || <!--Description-->Song Position Pointer. This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB. |- |<!--Status-->11110011 || <!--Data-->0sssssss || <!--Description-->Song Select. The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played. |- |<!--Status-->11110100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11110110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators. |- |<!--Status-->11110111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. |} System Real-Time Messages {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Status D7----D0 ! width="10%" |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 ! width="20%" |Description |- |<!--Status-->11111000 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required. |- |<!--Status-->11111001 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111010 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks). |- |<!--Status-->11111011 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped. |- |<!--Status-->11111100 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Stop. Stop the current sequence. |- |<!--Status-->11111101 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Undefined. (Reserved) |- |<!--Status-->11111110 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. |- |<!--Status-->11111111 || <!--Data--> || <!--Description-->Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up. |} Advanced Messages Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0) Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages. Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages. The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp n is the status (0xA) c is the channel nybble kk is the key number (0 to 127) pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all. Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xD) c is the channel number pp is the pressure value (0 to 127) </pre> Pitch Bend (0xE0) Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends. Pitch Bend Wheel The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format <pre> 0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM n is the status (0xE) c is the channel number LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value </pre> You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000). Control Change (0xB0) In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below. Continuous Controllers These controls send the following message format: <pre> 0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv n is the status (0xB) c is the MIDI channel cc is the controller number (0-127) vv is the controller value (0-127) </pre> Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments. The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers. On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard. Program Change (0xC0) Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command: <pre> 0xnc, 0xpp n is the status (0xc) c is the channel pp is the patch number (0-127) </pre> This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change. Audio & Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ? Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me: Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key) and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value that will make sound sync both audio/midi. The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ? You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the "wav" option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals. Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment ====DAW Audio Evolution 4==== Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ. Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware. Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88. sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extension). and 16bit WAV (pcm only) Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. * Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom) stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format sox recital.wav recital.aiff sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm sox input.wav output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16. rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00 records half an hour of stereo audio play existing-file.wav 24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work *No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI. *No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps. *Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output. *No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables. *No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.) The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo. Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz. Channels Monitor Gain Inout Output Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port * Options -> Soundcard In/Out * Options -> SampleRate * Options -> Preferences F6 for Sample File List Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track "not in time" ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway). If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it). AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording. These are the usual features found in DAWs... * Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer * virtual VST instruments and plug-ins * automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor * different track views * mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) * traditional two windows (track and mixer) Mixing - mixdown Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect. Take look at page17 of the manual. When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu. Menus->Windows-> Aux Returns Window or press F5 You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are "prefade" so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them. Tracking Effects - fade in To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out. To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal. There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal, You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so Sample -> Amplify -> Delay Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard. Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out. Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage. Signal Processing - Overdub [[#top|...to the top]] ===Office=== ====Spreadsheet Leu==== Support for some xlsx, and ods functions ====Spreadsheet Ignition==== ; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done File formats supported * ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). * igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas. There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment. * Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells. * copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -> Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. * Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c) to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively * Edit -> Insert -> Row seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be... Change Sheet name by Object -> Sheet -> Properties Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells. Object -> Cell -> Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. View -> Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet). Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered. * #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used. ;Graphs use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents * value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ... ;Dates * Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)''' Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put date in days ;Time Set formatting Object -> Cell -> Properties and put time in seconds taken ;Database (to be done by someone else) type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), * select a bunch of cells and Object -> Database -> Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) * Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?) * Object -> Database -> Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ? Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition(). Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax(). Table sorting - ;Scripts (Arexx) ;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions *SUM(), *AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(), *IF(), AND, OR, NOT *LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), *LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(), * DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), *TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), *EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), *NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(), *DBSUM() becomes DSUM(), ;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel) *HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), *TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &, PROPER(), REPT(), *[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), *PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, *MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), *DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(), ;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] <pre> Ctrl Z - Undo Ctrl D - Fill Down Ctrl R - Fill right Ctrl F - Find Ctrl H - Replace Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number Ctrl ; - Todays Date F2 - Edit cell F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references </pre> ====Document Scanning - Scandal==== Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead. Check in Trident Prefs -> Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None) If not found then reboot the computer and recheck. Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device). The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx * gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx. * epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used '''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes) Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections. Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected. Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not. In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet. In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage. The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select "NONE" to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now. [[#top|...to the top]] ===Emulators=== ==== Amiberry ==== ==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ==== With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script: <pre> cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator changetaskpri -1 run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config >nil: cd sys:prefs endcli </pre> This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time. ===Miscellaneous=== ====Screensaver Blanker==== Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker. Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange >NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h). Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options <pre> seconds=number </pre> Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup e.g. for 5 minutes run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 >NIL: *[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor. *[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver. Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker. <pre> cx_priority= cx_popkey= ie CX_POPKEY="Shift F1" cx_popup=Yes or No </pre> <pre> Qualifier String Input Event Class ---------------- ----------------- "lshift" IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT "rshift" IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT "capslock" IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK "control" IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL "lalt" IEQUALIFIER_LALT "ralt" IEQUALIFIER_RALT "lcommand" IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND "rcommand" IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND "numericpad" IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD "repeat" IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT "midbutton" IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON "rbutton" IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON "leftbutton" IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON "relativemouse" IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE </pre> <pre> Synonym Synonym String Identifier ------- ---------- "shift" IXSYM_SHIFT /* look for either shift key */ "caps" IXSYM_CAPS /* look for either shift key or capslock */ "alt" IXSYM_ALT /* look for either alt key */ Highmap is one of the following strings: "space", "backspace", "tab", "enter", "return", "esc", "del", "up", "down", "right", "left", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", "f8", "f9", "f10", "help". </pre> [[#top|...to the top]] ==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ==== WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris "Xenon" Hanson" from Questar <pre> Assign "WCSProjects:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects" Assign "WCSFrames:" "Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames" </pre> <pre> Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -> Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening Render by pull down menu Modules -> Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render </pre> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. Then drop-down menu and select Save As ("NewName".proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name) After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu *Database - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), *Data Ops - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats *Map View - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor *Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc *Render - rendering terrain These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock *Motion Editor *Color Editor *Ecosys Editor Simple minimal workflow *Load database (1st icon - 1st) *Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon) *Render scene (5th icon) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], <pre> .proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files .binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff conversion .Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats USGS 7.5MinDEM, .par </pre> Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the "Mapview" (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities: * Loading of a demonstration project. * The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the "Database-Editor" and the "Color-Editor". * The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing. The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the "Mapview" window is active. The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that "Color-Editor" and the "Data-Editor" comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the "Data-Editor" (creation of roads, railways, etc.) The Map View (MapView) window *Database - Objects and Topos *View - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move *Draw - Maps and distance *Object - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate *Motion - Camera, Focus, path, elevation *Windows - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height. Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above ZOOM button Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map. Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view. PAN button Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything. There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details. Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further... Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape. With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value. Ecosys Ecosystem Editor Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated). Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters. <pre> Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5 Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000 Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain </pre> Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water . Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water. Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor. Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All' EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model Color Editor Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first. Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations! So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50 <pre> 'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30 'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60 'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80 ' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30 <pre> Now we can work on pre-existing colors <pre> 'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130 'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170 'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190 'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200 'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170 </pre> Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0 So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep. Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously. Motion Editor Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics: <pre> -Camera Altitude: 7.0 -Camera Latitude: 36.075 -Camera Longitude: 112.133 -Focus Attitude: -2.0 -Focus Latitude: 36.275 -Focus Longitude: 112.386 -Camera : 512 → rendering window -Camera Y: 384 → rendering window -View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees -Sun Longitude: 172 -Sun Latitude: -0.9 -Haze Start: 3.8 -Haze Range: 78, 5 </pre> As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear. Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude... Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one. From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain. While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision. Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel. The sun Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box. Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again. Animation The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions ("slide", "drag"...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...). At the bottom of the "Motion-Editor", a "cam-view" function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images ("path"), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer ("zbuffer"), the blur, the background image, etc. Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the "Render" button. For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program. Strengths: * Multi-window. * Quality of rendering. * Accuracy. * Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen. * Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats * The "zbuffer" function. Weaknesses: * No OpenGL management * Calculation time. * No network computing tool. ====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan==== Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero) Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. ("Data/Audio Tracks" is on the right). You should use the "Data/Audio tracks" page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd. Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button Examples Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to "Tracks" page "ISO Builder" and "ADD" everything you need to burn. On the "Write" page i have "Masterize Disc (DAO)", "Close Disc" and "Eject after Write" set. One must not "Blank disc before write" if one uses a CDR AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to "Tracks" page and "Data/Audio Tracks" and add the .iso ====odf==== Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document. * content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content. * styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves. * meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action. * settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information. To read document follow these steps: * Extracting .ods file. * Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data). * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file). * With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables. * Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data. * At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface. To write document follow these steps: * Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template). * Getting content.xml file. * Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file. * Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file. * Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements. * Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file. * Zipping that file as new .ods file. XLS file format The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records. These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records. * Workbook stream **Globals substream ***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) **Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format) ***Blank cell record ***RK cell record 32-bit number. ***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code) ***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number) ***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST) ***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself) ***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on) ***MulRK record ***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook. ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), DB(), DDB(), DISC(), DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(), <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> <pre> </pre> {{BookCat}} knsexvdyql6175aovp98qfmvla275a5 0 248412 4678822 4675299 2026-10-29T10:35:35Z Larsnooden 430753 Update successful login examples 4678822 wikitext text/x-wiki Both the OpenSSH client and server offer a lot of choice as to where the logs are written and how much information is collected. A prerequisite for logging is having an accurate system clock using the Network Time Protocol, NTP, or equivalent, service which provides ongoing time synchronization with rest of the world. The more accurate the time stamp in the log is, the faster it is to coordinate forensics between machines or sites or service providers. If you have to contact outside parties like a service provider, progress can usually only be made with very exact times. ==Server Logs== By default [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sends logging information to the system logs using the log level INFO and the system log facility AUTH. So the place to look for log data from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] is in '''/var/log/auth.log'''. These defaults can be overridden using the '''SyslogFacility''' and '''LogLevel''' directives. Below is a typical server startup entry in the authorization log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> In most cases the default level of logging is sufficient, but during initial testing of new services or activities it is sometimes necessary to have more information. Debugging info usually goes to '''stderr'''. Starting with OpenSSH 7.6, '''Match''' blocks can set alternate log levels for specific conditions. The log excerpt below show the same basic server start up with increased detail. Contrast the log level DEBUG1 below with the default above: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> And here is the same startup using the most verbose level, DEBUG3: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 6 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 7 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> Every failed login attempt is recorded, once the value in directive '''MaxAuthTries''' is exceeded the connection is broken. Below is a log excerpt showing how the default log looks after some failed attempts: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 5 12:44:43 server sshd-session[80932]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 58164 ssh2 Apr 5 12:44:51 server last message repeated 2 times Apr 5 12:44:51 server sshd-session[80932]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 58164 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> It is not usually a good idea to allow root login, especially not root login with authentication via password. Blocking login for root simplifies the log analysis greatly, and in particular it eliminates the time consuming question of who is trying to get in and why. People that need full root level access can gain it through [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)] for general activities. Or for specific tasks which need root level access, those can be given those privileges through custom-made entries for '''sudo(8)''' or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)]. Note that in those cases, only specific services and programs should be allowed, not blanket access which is an all too common misconfiguration seen with '''sudo(8)'''. Alternatively, a single-purpose key made using '''forced-commands-only''' could be used since some argue that providing extra means of privilege escalation, such as [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)], '''sudo(8)''', or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)], is more dangerous than carefully providing remote root access through a key or certificate tied to a specific function. ===Successful logins=== By default, the server does not store much information about user transactions. That is a good thing. It is also a good thing to recognize when the system is operating as it should. So here is an example of a successful SSH login using a password: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:23:59 server sshd-session[91524]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 16135 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example using a key for authentication. It shows the key fingerprint as a SHA256 hash in base64 and reports that the second line of the '''authorized_keys''' file has the matching key. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:28:19 server sshd-session[6878]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example of successful authentication with a user certificate. The certificate's identification string is "edcba" and the serial number is "2". In this example the certificate is using ECDSA and the key itself is using Ed25519. The certificate, being a different key of its own, has a different SHA256 fingerprint from the authentication key it was made from. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID edcba (serial 2) CA ED25519 SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 </syntaxhighlight> In all three cases, older versions prior to 9.8 will use a process named '''sshd''' rather than one named '''sshd-session''' as is now a side effect of better privilege separation. Prior to 6.8, the key's fingerprint was a hexadecimal MD5 hash. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:51:43 server sshd[5104]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 60594 ssh2: RSA e8:31:68:c7:01:2d:25:20:36:8f:50:5d:f9:ee:70:4c </syntaxhighlight> In older versions of OpenSSH prior to 6.3 the key fingerprint is completely missing from authentication logging. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:52:05 server sshd[1003]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 20042 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> Here is an example of password authentication for an SFTP session, using the server's internal-sftp subsystem. The logging for that subsystem set to INFO. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:14:18 server sshd-session[19850]: Accepted password for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 59946 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> Here is an example of a successful SFTP login using an Ed25519 key for authentication, with the SFTP subsystem itself logging at INFO. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 13:56:02 server shd-session[58881]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 40445 ssh2: ED25519 SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU Apr 5 13:56:02 server internal-sftp[21121]: session opened for local user fred from [192.0.2.60] </syntaxhighlight> Additional data, such as connection duration, can be logged with the help of xinetd(8). ===Logging Problems from SSH Certificate Authentication=== When a certificate fails, there is generally no client side information disclosed and all investigation must occur server side. Finding the account or actual certificate in question can require some sleuthing in older versions of OpenSSH, but newer versions can identify the certificate and the certificate authority under certain circumstances. It is also important to be familiar with how log entries are supposed to look when things go correctly. Here is a successful login using certificate-based authentication: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 18:32:29 server sshd-session[49021]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 10932 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID fedcba (serial 11) CA ED25519 SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM </syntaxhighlight> When the connection is closed there will be a log entry noting which account was involved. Older versions of OpenSSH will have less information in the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Received disconnect from 192.0.2.60 port 12952:11: disconnected by user May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Disconnected from user fred 192.0.2.60 port 12952 </syntaxhighlight> However, if the connection is allowed to timeout without first making any other authentication attempts by some other means, then there will be nothing to go on except maybe the time of day. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:03:12 server sshd[9205]: Timeout before authentication for connection from 192.0.2.60 to 203.0.113.120, pid = 57844 </syntaxhighlight> Below are some common examples of log entries for failed certificate-based login attempts. There can sometimes be more than one problem with a certificate but in such cases only one error will get logged at a time. ====Expired or Not-yet-valid Certificate==== Certificates which have not yet become valid or which have already expired get a log entry as to the reason and include the offending certificate's id string and serial number as well as the fingerprint of the signing certificate authority. Below is one which is not yet valid being rejected by the server, perhaps at a future date it will be valid but that information is in the certificate, not the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:52 server sshd-session[96551]: error: Refusing certificate ID "fedcb" serial=9 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> Next is an expired certificate which has been rejected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:53 server sshd-session[99417]: error: Refusing certificate ID "gfedc" serial=5 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: expired </syntaxhighlight> If a certificate is not yet valid, then the log entry will say that explicitly and the trailing text on the line will be "Certificate invalid: not yet valid". The old style log entries for an expired certificate and for a certificate which has not yet become valid have much less information. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:33:31 server sshd-session[88953]: error: Certificate invalid: expired Apr 5 14:32:41 server sshd-session[51695]: error: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> The improved logging arrived with OpenSSH 10.1 ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Principal==== Like with other reasons for rejecting certificates, when the account and allowed principals do not match the account logging in, information is logged about which certificate was tried and failed. Here is an entry showing an invalid principal: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:54 server sshd-session[12928]: error: Refusing certificate ID "edcba" serial=33 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> The old style log entry from OpenSSH 10.0 and earlier provides much less information about the certificate in question: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:34:56 server sshd-session[66692]: error: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> If the client closes the connection on purpose, there may be some information in the connection closed entry but that will be a different log entry. ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Source Address==== If the certificate is limited to connecting from specific addresses or host names, the log will complain if the connection comes from a different address or host and identify the incorrect source address. The information will be split across two log entries, which might or might not be adjacent depending on how busy the server is. Here is an entry showing an invalid source address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: error: Refusing certificate ID "ihgfe" serial=8 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> Prior to OpenSSH 10.1, the second entry had much less information about the offending certificate. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: error: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> However, it will not be possible to identify the specific certificate directly with that old style log entry. ===Logging SFTP File Transfers=== SFTP file transfers can be logged using '''LogLevel''' INFO or VERBOSE. The log level for the SFTP server can be set in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] separately from the general SSH server settings. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> By default the SFTP messages will also end up in ''auth.log'' but it is possible to filter these messages to their own file by reconfiguring the system logger, usually rsyslogd(8) or [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslogd(8)]. Sometimes this is done by changing the log facility code from the default of AUTH. Available options are LOCAL0 through LOCAL7, plus, less usefully, DAEMON and USER. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO -f LOCAL6 </syntaxhighlight> If new system log files are assigned, it is important to remember them in the log rotation, too. Again, the '''Match''' directive can be use to change the log level just for certain connections. The following log excerpts are generated from using the log level INFO. A session starts with an open and end with a close. The number in the brackets is the process id for the SFTP session and is the only way to follow a session through the logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:45 server internal-sftp[4929]: session opened for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] ... Oct 22 12:09:10 server internal-sftp[4929]: session closed for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] </syntaxhighlight> Here is an SFTP upload of a small file of 928 bytes named '''foo''' to the home directory for user 'fred' when logging the SFTP at log level INFO. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 928 </syntaxhighlight> And a directory listing in the same session in the directory '''/var/www'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/www/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/www/" </syntaxhighlight> And lastly here is a download of the same small 928-byte file called '''foo''' from the home directory for the user 'fred'. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags READ mode 0666 Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 928 written 0 </syntaxhighlight> Successful transfers will be noted by a ''close'' message. Attempts to download (open) files that do not exist will be followed by a ''sent status No such file'' message on a line of its own instead of a ''close''. Files that exist but that the user is not allowed to read will create a ''sent status Permission denied'' message. ===Logging Chrooted SFTP=== Logging with the built-in '''sftp-subsystem''' inside a chroot jail, defined by '''ChrootDirectory''', needs a '''./dev/log''' node to exist inside the jail. This can be done by having the system logger such as [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] add additional log sockets inside the chrooted directory when starting up. On some systems that is as simple as adding more flags, like "'''-u -a /chroot/dev/log'''", in '''/etc/rc.conf.local''' or whatever the equivalent startup script may be. Here is an example of an SFTP login with password to a chroot jail using log level DEBUG3 for the SFTP-subsystem. The log shows a file upload: <syntaxhighlight lang="text">Apr 5 15:08:41 server sshd-session[31716]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 39238 ssh2 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: session opened for local user fred from [198.51.100.135] Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: received client version 3 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 1: limits Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 2: realpath Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: realpath "." Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 2: sent names count 1 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 3: open flags 26 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 3: sent handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 5: write "/home/fred/foo" (handle 0) off 0 len 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 5: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: close handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success </syntaxhighlight> Remember that SFTP is a separate subsystem and that like the file creation mode, the log level and log facility are set separately from the SSH server in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], for example: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l ERROR </syntaxhighlight> ===Logging Stability of Client Connectivity=== When '''ClientAliveInterval''' is set in the server's configuration, the server makes periodic probes of the clients which have established connections. At normal log levels, these are not noted in the log until something goes wrong. If the '''ClientAliveInterval''' is exceeded more times in a row than allowed by '''ClientAliveCountMax''' the client is officially declared disconnected and the connection dropped. At the default log level of INFO a brief message is logged, identifying the client which has been dropped. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:42:08 server sshd[83709]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57608: Host is down </syntaxhighlight> At log level DEBUG, the client's responses to the polls will be logged by the server showing that the session is still connected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:27:52 server sshd[9075]: debug1: Got 100/147 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Log level DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 will give even more information about the connection. However, even at log level DEBUG3, the specific client being polled will not be identified directly in the log messages and will have to be inferred from the process id of the daemon if such information is needed. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: send packet: type 98 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: receive packet: type 100 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Again, when the '''ClientAliveCountMax''' is exceeded, the connection is broken after the final failure of the client to respond. Here is how that looks with the log level set to DEBUG2. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57552: Host is down Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: session_pty_cleanup: session 0 release /dev/ttyp0 </syntaxhighlight> The directives '''ClientAliveInterval''' and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' normally apply to all clients connecting to the server. However, they can be used inside a '''Match''' block and thus applied only to specific connections. ===Logging Revoked Keys=== If the '''RevokedKeys''' directive is used to point to a list of public keys that have been revoked, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will make a log entry when access is attempted using a revoked key. The entry will be the same whether a plaintext list of public keys is used or if a binary Key Revocation List (KRL) has been generated. If password authentication is allowed, and the user tries it, then after the key authentication fails there will be a record of password authentication. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:36:40 server sshd-session[29235]: error: Authentication key RSA SHA256:jXEPmu4thnubqPUDcKDs31MOVLQJH6FfF1XSGT748jQ revoked by file /etc/ssh/ssh_revoked_keys ... Mar 14 20:36:45 server sshd-session[29235]: Accepted password for fred from 192.0.2.10 port 59967 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If password authentication is not allowed, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will close the connection as soon as the key fails. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:38:27 server sshd-session[29163]: error: Authentication key RSA SHA256:jXEPmu4thnubqPUDcKDs31MOVLQJH6FfF1XSGT748jQ revoked by file /etc/ssh/ssh_revoked_keys ... </syntaxhighlight> The account trying the revoked key remains a mystery though. So it will be necessary to try to look up the key by its fingerprint from your archive of old keys using <code>ssh-keygen -lf</code> and read the key's comments. Although if a valid account cancels the connection without trying a password after the key attempt fails, the usual message will still be posted to the log and that will show the login name. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:44:04 server sshd-session[14352]: Connection closed by authenticating user fred 192.0.2.237 port 55051 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> That may be enough to provide some clue and allow a bit of log filtering with a short AWK script, if the messages are all in the same log file. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ awk '/revoked by file/ { pid[$5]++; key[$5]=$9; hash[$5]=$10; next; } pid[$5] && /closed by authenticating user/ { print key[$5], hash[$5], $10, $11; delete key[$5]; delete hash[$5]; delete pid[$5]; }' /var/log/authlog </syntaxhighlight> Similarly, if the client makes no attempt at logging in and just times out, the message will say just that. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 18 21:40:25 server sshd[9942]: fatal: Timeout before authentication for connection from 198.51.100.236 to 203.0.113.75, pid = 67611 ... </syntaxhighlight> On the client side, no warning or error will be given if a revoked key is tried. It will just fail and the next key or method will be tried. ===Brute force and Hail Mary attacks=== It’s fairly common to see failed login attempts almost as soon as the server is connected to the net. Brute force attacks, where one machine hammers on a few accounts trying to find a valid password, are becoming rare. In part this is because packet filters, like NFables for Linux and PF for the BSDs, can limit the number and rate of connection attempts from a single host. The server configuration directive '''MaxStartups''' can limit the number of simultaneous, unauthenticated connections. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 4 16:45:34 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:46:58 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:47:04 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 Apr 4 16:47:05 server sshd-session[96275]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 48294 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Prior to 9.8, it was slightly different: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:54:44 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:48 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Disconnecting authenticating user root 201.179.249.231 port 52404: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Note the "authenticating user" is present in the logs from OpenSSH 7.5 and onward when a valid user name is attempted. When an invalid user name is attempted, that is written too. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 3 10:25:59 server sshd-session[78513]: Invalid user ad1tz from 103.42.56.121 port 55778 Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Received disconnect from 103.42.56.121 port 55778:11: Bye Bye [preauth] Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Disconnected from invalid user ad1tz 103.42.56.121 port 55778 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, in versions prior to 9.8, the process name is different as is the closing message. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Failed password for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: Disconnecting invalid user ubnt 201.179.249.231 port 52471: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> The way to deal with brute force attacks coming from a single machine or network is to customize the server host’s packet filter to limit the attacks or even temporarily block machines that overload the maximum number or rate of connections. Optionally, one should also contact the attacker’s net block owner with the IP address and exact date and time of the attacks. A kind of attack common at the time of this writing is one which is distributed over a large number of compromised machines, each playing only a small role in attacking the server. To deal with Hail Mary attacks, contact the attacker’s net block owner. A form letter with a cut-and-paste excerpt from the log is enough if it gives the exact times and addresses. Alternately, teams of network or system administrators can work to pool data to identify and blacklist the compromised hosts participating in the attack. ====Failed None For Invalid User==== The SSH protocol specifies a number of possible authentication methods<ref name="rfc_4252">{{cite web | url =https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4252#section-5.2 | title=RFC 4252: The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol | date=2006 | publisher=IETF | access-date=2021-08-10 }}</ref>. The methods <code>password</code>, <code>keyboard-interactive</code>, and <code>publickey</code> are fairly common. A lesser known authentication method is <code>none</code>, which will only succeed if the server requires no further authentication such as if '''PermitEmptyPassword''' is set and the account does not actually have a password<ref name="failed_none">{{cite mailing list | url=https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=162858437916966&w=2 | last=Tucker | first=Darren | mailing-list=OpenBSD-Misc | date=2021-08-10 | accessdate=2021-08-10 | title=Re: ssh authlog: Failed none for invalid user | publisher=OpenBSD}}</ref>. Some SSH clients including OpenSSH's start by asking for <code>none</code> authentication and then use the list of remaining possible authentication methods to decide what to do next if that doesn't work. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Aug 10 19:09:05 server sshd[93126]: Failed none for invalid user admin from 125.64.94.136 port 27586 ssh2 ... </syntaxhighlight> So in other words, that is a brute force attack trying the <code>none</code> authentication method. It is an attack which will only get into accounts which have been explicitly set with an empty password and furthermore have also been set up specifically to allow access by having both the authentication method of <code>none</code> and the '''PermitEmptyPasswords''' configuration directive enabled on the server. Most brute force attacks try only <code>password</code> authentication, and some of those even check for the <code>password</code> method and then give up if it is not available. Other attackers may just hammer away pointlessly even if the method is not available. ===Connections Seemingly From 127.0.0.1, ::1, or Other localhost Addresses=== When the SSH server is accessed via a reverse tunnel to another machine, the incoming connections will appear to be from the ''localhost'' address, which is usually ''127.0.0.1'' or ''::1''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:16:16 server sshd[9265]: Accepted password for fred from 127.0.0.1 port 40426 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If the port at the other end of the reverse tunnel is publicly accessible, it will be probed and possibly attacked. Because of the reverse tunnel, the attacks will then also appear to be coming from the server's own loopback address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:20:17 server sshd-session[5613]: Invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 Mar 23 14:20:21 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:26 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd-session[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Like in the other examples, the disconnection message was different prior to 9.8: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 23 14:20:32 server sshd[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Therefore the usual countermeasures like SSHGuard or Fail2Ban or other similar intrusion detection systems cannot be used because the ''localhost'' address is used by the tunnel for all login attempts, regardless of their real origins. A partial solution would be to bind the incoming connections to a different IP address. The loopback interface would need an additional permanent address, an alias, for that. That alias could then be assigned when establishing the reverse tunnel: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -R 2022:127.2.2.1:22 fred@vps.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Thus it would designate the source address for all logins coming in over that tunnel. So, in that way, the alias would then show up in the logs instead of the default loopback address when that reverse tunnel is used: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 18:00:13 server sshd-session[8525]: Invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 Mar 23 18:00:15 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:00:19 server sshd-sesssion[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:23 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:26 server sshd-session[8525]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud 127.2.2.1 port 17271 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> If the ports do not need to be available to the open Internet, a full solution would be just to ensure that they are not accessible from the outside. This would be done by not using the '''-g''' option on the client when making the reverse tunnel or else by setting the '''GatewayPorts''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] back to the default of '''no''', or both. The system's built-in packet filter can also be used. Then, even with the forwarded ports closed off from the outside, the '''ProxyJump''' option can still be used to skip through the jump host and use the setup for SSH access. However, since it is sometimes necessary that these ports be accessible to the outside world, this approach is not always an option. ==Client Logging== The OpenSSH client normally sends log information to '''stderr'''. The '''-y''' option can be used to send output to the system logs, managed by [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] or something similar. Client log verbosity can be increased or decreased by changing the '''LogLevel''' directive and the log facility changed with the '''SyslogFacility''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)]. Both require use of the '''-y''' run-time option and do nothing without it. Alternatively, instead of using the '''-y''' option, using the '''-E''' option sends log output to a designated file instead of '''stderr'''. Working with the system logs or separate log files are something which can be useful when running [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] in automated scripts. Below is an example of a connection to an interactive shell with the normal level of client logging: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -l fred server.example.org fred@server.example.org‘s password: Last login: Thu Jan 27 13:21:57 2011 from 192.168.11.1 </syntaxhighlight> The same connection at the first level of verbosity gives lots of debugging information, 90 lines in all. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v -l fred server.example.org debug1: OpenSSH_10.6, LibreSSL 4.4.0 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Connecting to server.example.org [198.51.100.20] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: compat_banner: match: OpenSSH_10.6 pat OpenSSH* compat 0x04000000 debug1: Authenticating to server.example.org:22 as 'fred' debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: mlkem768x25519-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ssh-ed25519 debug1: kex: server->client cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: kex: client->server cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY received debug1: Server host key: ssh-ed25519 SHA256:agRZDZn8awhQ+tc19Ip/whkHoV33Ln2REO7v1kcYbdU debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: Host 'server.example.org' is known and matches the ED25519 host key. debug1: Found key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_packet_send2_wrapped: resetting send seqnr 3 debug1: rekey out after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: Sending SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: ssh_packet_read_poll2: resetting read seqnr 3 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: rekey in after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: publickey-hostbound@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: ping@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: agent-forward=<0> debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: password Authenticated to server.example.org ([198.51.100.20]:22) using "password". debug1: channel 0: new session [client-session] (inactive timeout: 0.000000) debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: pledge: filesystem debug1: client_input_global_request: rtype hostkeys-00@openssh.com want_reply 0 debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: hostkeys file /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 does not exist debug1: client_input_hostkeys: no new or deprecated keys from server debug1: pledge: fork debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 Last login: Sat Mar 14 21:31:33 2015 from 192.0.2.111 ... </syntaxhighlight> The same login with the maximum of verbosity, '''-vvv''', gives around 239 lines of debugging information. The following will save the debugging information separately in a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -E ~/ssh-client.log -l fred somehost.example.org </syntaxhighlight> ===Capturing Client Debugging Information Together with the Session Contents=== Regular pipes and redirects work only with '''stdout''' so that if '''-E''' is not used to capture debugging output the output on '''stderr''' must instead be sent to '''stdout''' if one is going to capture it at the same time as the actual session. That is done with an extra redirect, '''2>&amp;1''' to capture '''stderr'''. Mind the spaces, or lack of them. The following will capture both the session text and the debugging information to a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -l fred somehost.example.org 2>&1 | tee ~/ssh-output.log </syntaxhighlight> The tool [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)] is like a T-pipe and sends output two directions, one to '''stdout''' and one to a file. ===Changing Client Debugging Levels At Runtime or On The Fly=== At run-time, when establishing a new connection, just use the '''-v''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -v -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The debugging verbosity on the client can be increased just like on the server. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -vvv -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The extra information can be useful to see exactly what is being sent to or requested of the server. After the fact, once a connection is established, the escape sequences '''~v''' and '''~V''' can be used to increase or decrease, respectively, the verbosity on the fly. Through them it is possible to change the verbosity of the client in an established connection. When increasing the log level with '''~v''', the client raises its log level to VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3, in that order, if starting from the default of INFO. Conversely, when lowering the log level with '''~V''', the client will descend through ERROR, FATAL, to QUIET if starting from the default of INFO. ==Debugging and Troubleshooting== The server logs are your best friend when troubleshooting. It may be necessary to turn up the log level there temporarily to get more information. It is then also necessary to turn them back to normal after things are fixed to avoid privacy problems or excessively use of disk space. For example, the SFTP-subsystem logging defaults to ERROR, reporting only errors. To track transactions made by the client, change the log level to INFO or VERBOSE: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> Caution. Again, operating with elevated logging levels would violate the privacy of users, in addition to filling a lot of disk space. Elevated logging levels should generally not be used in production once the changes are figured out. Even then, the elevated log messages should really be sent to a separate log file during the time they are being collected. By default, some systems send only the normal messages to the regular system log files and ignore the elevated messages. Some save all the messages by default. If the elevated system log messages are not showing up in any of the system logs, that may be the reason. Either way, check the system log configurations and make sure that the extra messages are only sent to a separate log file and not mixed in with the regular system logs. Change the configuration to do that, if necessary. Separating the extra messaging helps keep the logs tidy as well as protecting privacy. The system log settings are found in the system log daemon's configuration file, the exact name of which will vary depending on what is installed, but common ones are [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.conf.5 syslog.conf(5)] and rsyslog.conf(5). Notice that the configuration below has the all messages including the more detailed VERBOSE, and on up through DEBUG3, messages for the AUTH facility going to a separate log file from the regular AUTH messages: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ grep '^auth\.' /etc/syslog.conf auth.info /var/log/authlog auth.* /var/log/authdebug </syntaxhighlight> See [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] for the log facilities and log levels. It is best to limit the time the debugging information is collected to be as short as possible and to actively watch the logs while the extra information is being collected. However, if the more verbose logging is running for any length of time, and especially if it is left unattended even for a short while, be sure to remember to add the new log file to the log rotation schedule so that it cannot fill up the partition. Note, logs might be handled by other services on some systems. Check with the official documentation for your system to be sure. On the client side, '''Match''' blocks can help further by setting log levels for specific situations and avoid a situation where everything is logged intensely. The manual pages for OpenSSH are very well written and many times problems can be solved by finding the right section within the right manual page. At the very minimum, it is important to skim through the four main manual pages for both the programs and their configuration to become familiar with at least the section headings. * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.5 sshd(8)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] Once the right section is found in the manual page, read it in detail and become familiar with its contents. The same goes for the other OpenSSH manual pages, depending on the activity. Be sure to use the version(s) of OpenSSH actually in use on your system(s) with their corresponding manual pages. When possible, use those that are installed on your system so as to avoid a mismatch. In some cases, the client and the server will be of different versions, so the manual pages for each must be looked up separately. It is also a good idea to review OpenSSH's release notes when a new version is published. With a few exceptions below, specific examples of troubleshooting are usually given in the cookbook section relevant to a particular activity. So, for example, sorting problems with authentication keys is done in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Authentication_Keys|Public Key Authentication]] itself. ===Debugging a script, configuration or key that uses sudo(8)=== Usually log levels only need to be changed when writing and testing a script, a new configuration, some new keys, or all three at once. When working with '''sudo(8)''', it is especially important to see exactly what the client is sending so as to enter the right pattern into '''/etc/sudoers''' for safety. Using the lowest level of verbosity, the exact string being sent by the client to the remote server is shown in the debugging output: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ rsync -e "ssh -v -i /home/webmaint/.ssh/bkup_key -l webmaint" \ -a server.example.org:/var/www/ var/backup/www/ ... debug1: Sending command: rsync --server --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ ... </syntaxhighlight> What '''sudoers''' then needs is something like the following, assuming account 'webmaint' is in the group 'webmasters': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> %webmasters ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/rsync --server \ --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to debug new server configurations or key logins. Once things are set to run as needed, the log level settings can be lowered back to INFO for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and to ERROR for '''internal-sftp'''. Additionally, once the script is left to run in fully automated mode, the client logging information can be set use the [http://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] system module instead of '''stderr''' by using the '''-y''' option when [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] is launched. ===Debugging a server configuration=== Running the server in debug mode provides a lot of information about the connection and a smaller amount about the server configuration. The server's debugging level ('''-d''') can be raised once, twice ('''-dd''') or thrice ('''-ddd'''). <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -d </syntaxhighlight> Note that in this case the server does not detach and become a daemon, so it will terminate when the SSH connection terminates. The advantage is this collects the logs for one single session and only that session. The server must be started again in order to make a subsequent connection from the client. Though in some ways this is a hassle, it does make sure that session data is a unique set and not mixes of multiple sessions and thus possibly different configurations. Alternately, another option ('''-e''') when debugging sends the debugging data to '''stderr''' instead in order to keep the system logs clean. It is also possible to log the debugging data from the system logs directly to a separate file and keep noise out of the system logs. Since OpenSSH 6.3, the option '''-E''' will append the debug data to a particular log file instead of sending it to the system log. This facilitates debugging live systems without cluttering the system logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -E /home/fred/sshd.debug.log -d </syntaxhighlight> In really old versions of OpenSSH, which are hopefully no longer in production, if you need to save output to a file while still viewing it live on the screen, you can use '''tee(1)'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -ddd 2>&1 | tee /tmp/foo </syntaxhighlight> That will save output to the file ''foo'' by redirecting to '''stdout''' what [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sent to '''stderr''' and saving it to a file. This works with really old versions of OpenSSH, but the '''-E''' option above is preferable. If the server is remote and it is important to reduce the risk of getting locked out, the experiments on the configuration file can be done with a second instance of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] using a separate configuration file and listening to a high port until the settings have been tested. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -dd -p 22222 -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> If the OpenSSH server's configuration file is set to listen on odd ports or more than one port using the '''ListenAddress''' directive, then that can also be overriden so that the server listens on the extra port. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -o 'ListenAddress 0.0.0.0:22222' -dd \ -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> It is also possible to make an extended test ('''-T''') of the configuration file first. If there is a syntax error, it will be reported, but remember that even sound configurations can still lock you out. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> The extended test mode can be used by itself, but it is also possible to specify custom parameters to use with '''-C''' to see what happens with specific kinds of connections. [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will the connection. It will then process the configuration file in light of the parameters passed to it and return output with the modified results. This is good for showing the results of any '''Match''' directives which might apply to the session. The variables ''user'', ''host'', and ''addr'' are the minimum required when passing specific connection parameters to [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for evaluation with the '''-C''' option . The following options will print out the configurations that will be applied when the user ''fred'' tries to log in to the host ''server.example.org'' from the address ''192.0.2.15'': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15 </syntaxhighlight> Two more parameters, ''laddr'' and ''lport'', may also be passed. They refer to the server's IP number and port connected to. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15,laddr=192.0.2.2,lport=2222 </syntaxhighlight> And lastly, there is a parameter ''rdomain'' to specify the routing domain or routing table to try. Between those six variables it should be possible to describe any possible incoming connection. ====Adding Timestamps to Server Debugging Output==== The '''-d''' option increases the value for '''LogLevel''' but does not prepend any timestamps to the server's output. Timestamps can nevertheless be added on the fly by writing the debug logs to '''stderr''' using the '''-e''' option, redirecting '''stderr''' to '''stdout''', and then piping that into [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)], a timestamping utility. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 | ts "%.T" | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> That will show the time, including microseconds. Mind the dot there before the letter 'T'. The options '''-i''' and '''-s''' for [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] can be relevant, too. The '''-i''' option will measure the relative time between the timestamps themselves. The '''-s''' option will show the time elapsed since the start of the program. Other custom date and time formats can be specified as per [https://man.openbsd.org/strftime strftime(3)], if needed. When [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] is not already present it can usually be added via the moreutils package. Although some systems, such as OpenBSD, include it in the base system. If it is not already installed and not available for installation, then Perl can be used on POSIX systems to prepend a timestamp to '''stdin''': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | perl -p -e 'use POSIX strftime; print strftime("%F %T ", localtime)' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> However, that only provides an accuracy of whole seconds. If more precision is needed, then Python3 can provide timestamps with precision down to the microsecond. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | python -c 'import datetime; import sys; [print (datetime.datetime.now(), flush=True) for line in sys.stdin]' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> Note that the Python approach requires explicitly setting the buffer to flush automatically. Some non-POSIX shells can make use of [https://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessSubstitution process substitution] to pipe '''stderr''' output into another program. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2> >(ts) | tee /tmp/sshd.log | less -X </syntaxhighlight> There are even fancier approaches using IO redirection on extra file descriptors, but those are far outside the scope of this book. ===Debugging a client configuration=== Sometimes when debugging a server configuration it is necessary to track the client configurations settings, as well. Since OpenSSH 6.8, the '''-G''' option makes [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] print its configuration after evaluating any '''Host''' and '''Match''' blocks and then exit without connecting. That allows viewing of the exact configuration options which will actually be used by the client for a particular session. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -G -l fred server.example.org | sort </syntaxhighlight> Client configuration is determined in three ways. The first is by run-time options, then by the account's own configuration file, or lastly the system-wide client configuration file. The priority is in that order. Whichever value is found first gets used. With [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] the options are also passed to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)]. ====Invalid or Outdated Ciphers or MACs==== A proper client will show the details of the failure. For a bad Message Authentication Code (MAC), a proper client might show something like the following when trying to foist a bad MAC like hmac-md5-96 onto the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching mac found: client hmac-md5-96 server umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1 </syntaxhighlight> And for a bad cipher, a proper client might show something like this when trying to foist an arcfour cipher on the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching cipher found: client arcfour server chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com </syntaxhighlight> Sometimes when troubleshooting a problem with the client it is necessary to turn to the server logs. In [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-6.7 OpenSSH 6.7 unsafe MACs were removed] and in [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-7.2 OpenSSH 7.2 unsafe ciphers were removed], but some third-party clients may still try to use them to establish a connection. In that case, the client might not provide much information beyond a vague message that the server unexpectedly closed the network connection. The server logs will, however, show what happened: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: no matching mac found: client hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5 server hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-ripemd160 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> More recent versions would show a simpler error for a bad MAC. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55044: no matching MAC found. Their offer: hmac-md5-96 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> A bad cipher would be reported like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55046: no matching cipher found. Their offer: arcfour [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> The error message in the server log might not say which MACs or ciphers are actually available. For those, the extended test mode can be used to show the server settings and, in particular, the MACs or ciphers allowed. In its most basic usage the extended test mode would just be '''-T''', as in <code>/usr/sbin/sshd -T | grep -E 'cipher|macs'</code> with no other options. For more details and options, see the previous section on "Debugging a server configuration" above. One solution there is to upgrade the client to one that can handle the right ciphers and MACs. Another option is to switch to a different client, one that can handle the modern ciphers or MACs. See also the configuration directive '''WarnWeakCrypto''' in the manual page. It has been around since 10.1. The default for '''WarnWeakCrypto''' is 'yes'. ===Debugging Key-Based Authentication=== The most common causes of failure for public key authentication seem to be for either of two reasons: * Mangling the public key on the way to getting it into '''authorized_keys''' on the server * Incorrect permissions for the files and directories involved, ether on the client or the server. These are the directory for the keys, usually '''~/.ssh/''', or its parent directories, or the '''authorized_keys''' file, or the private key itself. As of the time of this writing, it looks like pretty much every failure of key-based authentication described on mailing lists and forums is solved by addressing either or both of those two situations. So, when encountering the error message ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'', or similar, see the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]]. Also be sure to read the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and its section on authorized keys. Usually, though not always, it will be obvious when the private key's permissions are incorrect: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519 fred@192.0.2.193 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Permissions 0664 for '/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519' are too open. It is required that your private key files are NOT accessible by others. This private key will be ignored. Load key "/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519": bad permissions </syntaxhighlight> In addition mangled public keys in the authorized keys file and to incorrect permissions, a very rare third case is if the public and private key files don't match and are not from the same key pair. As mentioned in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]], the public and private keys need to be parts of the same key pair so that they match. That is because even before the SSH client uses private key cryptographically, it looks at the file name of the proposed private key and then sends the public key matching that same name, if it exists, to the server. If that public key does not match the public key on the server in '''authorized_keys''' then the connection will be denied with the error ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'' or similar. That alone is a very good reason to give unique descriptive file names when creating keys. Note that as mentioned above there are usually other causes to that same error message besides having mismanaged the public key file on the client machine. The file names for both parts of each key pair have to be kept synchronized so that the names match. As for a solution, the way out in the long term is to stay organized and carefully manage the keys and their file names. It can be solved on the short term by deleting the offending ''public'' key file and then using the private key to regenerate a new one, replacing the incorrect public key under that name. Again, this is an unusual edge case and not a common cause of that error. ====SSH Too Many Authentication Failures==== When there are multiple keys in the authentication agent, the client will try them against the server in the same order in which they were added to the agent. However, on odd or older agents they are returned in an unpredictable order. Newer versions allow the client to query the server to see if a particular key is acceptable. This is set by the '''PubkeyAuthOptions''' and is counted separately from the '''MaxAuthTries''' directive. When the former are used up, then the additional tries count against the latter. Either way, if the client happens to cycle through enough of the wrong keys first and hits the server's '''MaxAuthTries''' limit before finding the right key, the server will naturally break off the connection with an error message on the server about too many authentication failures: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Disconnecting authenticating user fred 203.0.113.110 port 35893: Too many authentication failures [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Or in earlier versions: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> "Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed." </syntaxhighlight> When that happens, the client side will show this error: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Received disconnect from server.example.org port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from server.example.org port 22 </syntaxhighlight> With increased verbosity, the specific keys tested and rejected will also be shown by the client. Newer clients will include the key's comment, if available, and not just the fingerprint. The keys get tried first from the agent in the order in which they were loaded into the agent, then from : <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 . . . hdebug1: Offering public key: a key for fred ED25519 SHA256:7e5qkSHxSp8xitlM4JP4dOeCdnQn Vt9q6GPaB0+IrSM agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred's key ED25519 SHA256:8U7Fy6nJxbxfAu0K8WXZV0WN80t/ 4lb/f9bqObw0isE agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: one more comment ED25519 SHA256:F61Sx2t4BmoHASuMCVrBd8C30A7S QdGPwgfb7ZGWZf0 agent debug1: Authentications that a publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred@desk.example.org ED25519 SHA256:TMfO5S6oBQ0Cu273yPp9+7carGP926kRfg6iS435cmU agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: yet one more key ED25519 SHA256:36tMBWe4kX9hyVLZaxyjm2pp1TMFbRw0+O1xWOU5Fgk agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: the last straw ED25519 SHA256:gNZd1TF48UgEUgoYFNXop9tEhO53If1qiDqZyKbRT4U agent Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 2222:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from 203.0.113.110 port 2222 </syntaxhighlight> Each key in the agent also gets an annotation which says whether or not the key file was supplied by the user, either in the configuration file or as a run-time argument. For the former, it will marked with 'agent' and for the latter two as 'explicit'. The client prefers keys that are currently in the agent in the order in which they were added to the agent. Then it will try the one(s) added via run-time arguments, in the order in which they are supplied. Then, lastly, it will try the one(s) specified in the client configuration file. Or in earlier versions the file name used to load the key will be listed by the client in verbose mode, but the order will be less predictable: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.06.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.02.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.03.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.04.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.01.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.05.rsa Received disconnect from port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed. </syntaxhighlight> In the older clients, the client prefers keys that were specified in the configuration and are also currently in the agent. Then it will try try them in the order in which they were supplied. [3] <ref name="key_order">{{cite mailing list | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-April/037700.html | title=IdentityFile vs IdentitiesOnly | date=2019-04-01 | accessdate=2019-04-04 | mailinglist=openssh-unix-dev | last=Tucker |first=Darren }}</ref> There are two solutions if you see the ''Too many authentication failures'' error: One way around this error is to remove keys from the agent one at a time using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] with the '''-d''' option until there is just the right key left. Refer to each key by its file system path, for example: <code>ssh-add -d ~/.ssh/some.key.rsa</code> Because the private key to be removed is looked up in the agent based on the corresponding public key both files must exist. Without matching a public key file, the private key cannot be removed individually from the authentication agent. Instead the whole lot may be removed all at once using the '''-D''' option. However, is not always practical to do either when many remote systems are used frequently and the agent needs to be kept well-stocked. This is probably not the most practical way. Another way around this error, and probably the most practical method, is to limit the client to trying only a specific key using the '''IdentitiesOnly''' configuration directive in conjunction with the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. The latter points explicitly to the right key. Both can be added either as run-time options or in the client's configuration file. As a runtime option, they can be used like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa -l fred server14.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Those settings can be stored permanently by adding something like the following '''IdentitiesFile''' and '''IdentitiesOnly''' directives to the client configuration file instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host server14 server14.example.org HostName server14.example.org IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa User fred </syntaxhighlight> In that way, the server could be reached with either the short name or the fully qualified domain name, whatever names are listed under the '''Host''' stanza. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh server14 </syntaxhighlight> Remember that options are selected from the client configuration file on a first-match basis. Because the first-match wins, specific rules must come before more general rules in the client configuration file. ====Signing Failed for ... Agent Refused Operation==== As mentioned, incorrect permissions on client files or directories are a common cause of authentication failure when attempting key-based authentication. Not all the errors are clear about that, however. Here is an example of a misleading error message which is actually caused by incorrect permissions: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/key-ed25519 fred@server.example.org sign_and_send_pubkey: signing failed for ED25519 "/home/fred/.ssh/key-ed25519" from agent: agent refused operation fred@server.example.org: Permission denied (publickey). </syntaxhighlight> The solution for that is to ensure that no other accounts can read or write to the private key. No others should be able to write to the '''.ssh''' directory or its parent either. ===Debugging Chrooted SFTP Accounts=== With chrooted SFTP sessions, the most common problem seems to be bad directory permissions. The chroot directory, and all directories above it, must be owned by root and not writable by any other user or group. Even though these directories' group memberships do not have to be root, if any of them is not root then it must not be group writable either. Failure to use the correct ownership will result in not being able to log in with the affected accounts. The errors when login is attempted can look like this from the client side: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: Connection to 192.0.2.206 closed by remote host. Connection closed. </syntaxhighlight> Older clients will look like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: packet_write_wait: Connection to 192.0.2.206: Broken pipe Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer </syntaxhighlight> The error message is much clearer on the server side: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 4 23:52:38 server sshd[7075]: fatal: bad ownership or modes for chroot directory component "/home/fred/" </syntaxhighlight> Check the directory permissions for the chroot target and all directories above it. If even one is off it must be fixed so that it is owned by root and not writable by any others. There are many, many routes to get there. Here are two was to set up chroot permissions: * One quick way to fix the permissions is to change both ownership and group membership of the directory to root. Same for all directories above the chroot target. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> That will work with the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive set to '''%h''' but has some drawbacks that will quickly become obvious when adding files or directories. * Another easy way to fix the permissions is to change both the account's home directory and the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive. Arrange the account's home directory so that it is under a unique directory owned by root, such as the user name itself: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-x--- 3 root fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ drwxr-x--- 8 fred fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> Then chroot the account to the parent directory and combine that with an alternate starting directory working from the user name token with the '''-d''' option for the SFTP server. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> ChrootDirectory /home/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u </syntaxhighlight> That way, when the account connects it will see only its own directory and no other parts of the system. ===Debugging RC Scripts Interfering with SFTP Sessions=== Recent versions of the server do not launch either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' when initiating an SFTP session. However, on older versions, these scripts will get executed for both SFTP and SSH, if present and the server is configured to run them. Therefore, in older versions one common mistake is when either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' send anything at all to '''stdout''' instead of being quiet. The SFTP connection will drop when there are any extraneous data either direction on '''stdin''', whether from the client or the server. The reason is that the output to '''stdout''' on the server is received by the client on '''stdin''' but matches no correct protocol and thus causes the client to disconnect with an error. However, even in the case of using the RC scripts, the response from the server must remain 8-bit clean or an error will occur: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp server.example.org Received message too long 1400204832 </syntaxhighlight> That one message will be the main clue. Increasing the verbosity of the SFTP client with '''-v''' won't provide more relevant information. Upgrading [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] might be a more practical option, when possible. When the RC scripts cause the SFTP client to disconnect, the standard server logs will show only that the client disconnected and not provide any information about why. At higher levels of logging, some extraneous reads and corresponding discards might be noticed but that is all. Below is a log sample recorded at the verbosity DEBUG3 showing such an example. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... debug2: subsystem request for sftp by user fred debug1: subsystem: exec() /usr/libexec/sftp-server Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.38 port 37446 id 0 ... debug2: channel 0: read 13 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 12 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 15 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 18 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, new versions won't run the RC scripts when connecting for an SFTP session. On older versions, neither RC script may produce any output on '''stdout''' during use of SFTP or it will ruin the connection. If an RC script does produce output, it must be redirected to a system log, to a file, or sent to '''stderr''' instead of '''stdout'''. Regular interactive SSH connections are not disturbed by use of '''stdout''' and the client will just display whatever is sent. See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] in the section "SSHRC" for more. The same restriction goes for any other part of the SSH service which runs over '''stdin''' and '''stdout''', such as '''ProxyJump''' or some uses of '''ProxyCommand'''. So another example of potential interference would be when using '''LocalCommand''' with the client to specify a command to execute on the local machine after successfully connecting to the server. Any output from it also needs to be redirected to '''stderr'''. If '''LocalCommand''' ends up interfering with '''ProxyJump''' then the connection will appear to hang at the stage when '''stdout''' gets used. ===Debugging When An SSH Agent Has The Correct Private Key But Does Not Use It=== In older versions of OpenSSH, the public key must also be available on the client at the time the private key is loaded into the agent. If it is not then without the matching public key the agent will not be able to use that private key unless other arrangements are made. A symptom of this is although specifying the key via a run-time argument works, the same key does not work via the agent. Upgrading to a more recent version of OpenSSH is a better option. Otherwise a work-around is to specify the private key either as a run-time argument to the client or in the [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] file, from there the client will find the correspondingly named public key file. Importantly the client will still use the key in the agent yet use the designated matching public key file, so the private key file does not have to contain anything at all and could even be empty. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519 fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> However, if it is undesirable to have the private key accessible on the file system or if the private key is only in the agent and not itself available via the file system, then the public key can be specified explicitly instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519.pub fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Either way, another approach is to name the key in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] using the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. When a public key file is missing, it can easily be regenerated from the private key using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] with the '''-y''' option. ==SSH Client Error Messages And Common Causes== As rehash of the above, below are some client-side error messages with some of the more common reasons<ref name="troubleshooting">{{cite web | url=https://ittavern.com/ssh-troubleshooting-guide/ | title=SSH Troubleshooting Guide | date=2023-01-17 | publisher=IT Tavern | access-date=2023-01-26 }}</ref> for those messages. Neither list of errors nor the reasons for the errors are comprehensive. The suggestions for causes just touch on one or two of the commonly seen reasons. There is no substitute for checking the actual logs, especially on the server. The server log files are usually '''/var/log/auth.log''' on most system or a variant of that name. Occasionally you will find the information in the file '''/var/log/secure''' instead. '''No address associated with name:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh nonesuch.example.org ssh: Could not resolve hostname nonesuch.example.org: no address associated with name </syntaxhighlight> The destination's host name does not exist in DNS. Was it spelled correctly? '''Operation timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Operation timed out </syntaxhighlight> There's not a system associated with that IP address, or else a packet filter is causing trouble. '''Connection timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Connection timed out </syntaxhighlight> You can't get there from here. It is probable that the destination machine is disconnected from the network or that the network which it is on is not reachable. '''Connection refused:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org ssh: connect to host www.example.org port 22: Connection refused </syntaxhighlight> The destination system exists but there is no SSH service available at the port being tried. Is the destination right? It might be the wrong system, SSH might not be running at all, SSH might be listening on another port, or a packet filter might be blocking connections. '''Permission denied:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org fred@www.example.org: Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive). </syntaxhighlight> That is usually a sign of a problem caused by the wrong user name, wrong authentication method, wrong SSH key or SSH certificate, or wrong file permissions in the authorized keys file on the destination system. If it is a matter of SSH key-based authentication, see the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for more thorough coverage. If it is a question of SSH certificates, see the corresponding [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Certificate-based_Authentication‎ | Certificate-based Authentication]] chapter. It can also be a matter of server-side settings with '''AllowGroups''', '''DenyGroups''', or similar configuration directives at the destination. Any of those possibilities can really only be identified and solved by checking the log output from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)]. '''No matching host key type found:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> The SSH daemon on that server is really outdated. Contact the system administrator about an upgrade and get them moving. More details can be seen with the '''-v''' option on the client. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v fred@example.org ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: (no match) Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> In the above shell session, it is the server which is badly in need of an update as shown by the deprecated key exchange algorithms which it tries to use. Again, for emphasis, the solution is to update the outdated software. If a specific, old version of an particular operating system absolutely must be used for a while longer, see about getting a back port of the SSH daemon. Many GNU/Linux distros even have specific back port repositories. If you would like to see which key exchange algorithms the client supports try using the '''-Q''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -Q kex diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 diffie-hellman-group16-sha512 diffie-hellman-group18-sha512 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 ecdh-sha2-nistp256 ecdh-sha2-nistp384 ecdh-sha2-nistp521 mlkem768nistp256-sha256 curve25519-sha256 curve25519-sha256@libssh.org sntrup761x25519-sha512 sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com mlkem768x25519-sha256 </syntaxhighlight> <noinclude>{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}</noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} pu8f8j7jpvrd36ad8awgcd5yhu3k1re 4678825 4678822 2026-10-29T11:12:44Z Larsnooden 430753 Update successful SFTP login examples 4678825 wikitext text/x-wiki Both the OpenSSH client and server offer a lot of choice as to where the logs are written and how much information is collected. A prerequisite for logging is having an accurate system clock using the Network Time Protocol, NTP, or equivalent, service which provides ongoing time synchronization with rest of the world. The more accurate the time stamp in the log is, the faster it is to coordinate forensics between machines or sites or service providers. If you have to contact outside parties like a service provider, progress can usually only be made with very exact times. ==Server Logs== By default [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sends logging information to the system logs using the log level INFO and the system log facility AUTH. So the place to look for log data from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] is in '''/var/log/auth.log'''. These defaults can be overridden using the '''SyslogFacility''' and '''LogLevel''' directives. Below is a typical server startup entry in the authorization log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> In most cases the default level of logging is sufficient, but during initial testing of new services or activities it is sometimes necessary to have more information. Debugging info usually goes to '''stderr'''. Starting with OpenSSH 7.6, '''Match''' blocks can set alternate log levels for specific conditions. The log excerpt below show the same basic server start up with increased detail. Contrast the log level DEBUG1 below with the default above: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> And here is the same startup using the most verbose level, DEBUG3: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 6 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 7 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> Every failed login attempt is recorded, once the value in directive '''MaxAuthTries''' is exceeded the connection is broken. Below is a log excerpt showing how the default log looks after some failed attempts: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 5 12:44:43 server sshd-session[80932]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 58164 ssh2 Apr 5 12:44:51 server last message repeated 2 times Apr 5 12:44:51 server sshd-session[80932]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 58164 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> It is not usually a good idea to allow root login, especially not root login with authentication via password. Blocking login for root simplifies the log analysis greatly, and in particular it eliminates the time consuming question of who is trying to get in and why. People that need full root level access can gain it through [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)] for general activities. Or for specific tasks which need root level access, those can be given those privileges through custom-made entries for '''sudo(8)''' or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)]. Note that in those cases, only specific services and programs should be allowed, not blanket access which is an all too common misconfiguration seen with '''sudo(8)'''. Alternatively, a single-purpose key made using '''forced-commands-only''' could be used since some argue that providing extra means of privilege escalation, such as [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)], '''sudo(8)''', or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)], is more dangerous than carefully providing remote root access through a key or certificate tied to a specific function. ===Successful logins=== By default, the server does not store much information about user transactions. That is a good thing. It is also a good thing to recognize when the system is operating as it should. So here is an example of a successful SSH login using a password: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:23:59 server sshd-session[91524]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 16135 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example using a key for authentication. It shows the key fingerprint as a SHA256 hash in base64 and reports that the second line of the '''authorized_keys''' file has the matching key. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:28:19 server sshd-session[6878]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example of successful authentication with a user certificate. The certificate's identification string is "edcba" and the serial number is "2". In this example the certificate is using ECDSA and the key itself is using Ed25519. The certificate, being a different key of its own, has a different SHA256 fingerprint from the authentication key it was made from. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID edcba (serial 2) CA ED25519 SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 </syntaxhighlight> In all three cases, older versions prior to 9.8 will use a process named '''sshd''' rather than one named '''sshd-session''' as is now a side effect of better privilege separation. Prior to 6.8, the key's fingerprint was a hexadecimal MD5 hash. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:51:43 server sshd[5104]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 60594 ssh2: RSA e8:31:68:c7:01:2d:25:20:36:8f:50:5d:f9:ee:70:4c </syntaxhighlight> In older versions of OpenSSH prior to 6.3 the key fingerprint is completely missing from authentication logging. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:52:05 server sshd[1003]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 20042 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> Back to the recent versions, here is a longer example of password authentication for an SFTP session, using the server's internal-sftp subsystem. The acceptance of the password is on a separate line from trhe starting of the SFTP subsystem which is actually done in a new process. The logging for that subsystem set to the default of ERROR. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[81526]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 34249 ssh2 Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[81526]: User child is on pid 59428 Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[59428]: Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 34249 id 0 </syntaxhighlight> Here is an example of a successful SFTP login using an Ed25519 key for authentication, with the SFTP subsystem itself logging at ERROR, which is the default log level. The key used was on the third line of the '''authorized_keys''' file. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:3 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:3 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 ssh2: ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: User child is on pid 10321 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[10321]: Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 id 0 </syntaxhighlight> Additional data, such as connection duration, can be logged with the help of xinetd(8). ===Logging Problems from SSH Certificate Authentication=== When a certificate fails, there is generally no client side information disclosed and all investigation must occur server side. Finding the account or actual certificate in question can require some sleuthing in older versions of OpenSSH, but newer versions can identify the certificate and the certificate authority under certain circumstances. It is also important to be familiar with how log entries are supposed to look when things go correctly. Here is a successful login using certificate-based authentication: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 18:32:29 server sshd-session[49021]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 10932 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID fedcba (serial 11) CA ED25519 SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM </syntaxhighlight> When the connection is closed there will be a log entry noting which account was involved. Older versions of OpenSSH will have less information in the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Received disconnect from 192.0.2.60 port 12952:11: disconnected by user May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Disconnected from user fred 192.0.2.60 port 12952 </syntaxhighlight> However, if the connection is allowed to timeout without first making any other authentication attempts by some other means, then there will be nothing to go on except maybe the time of day. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:03:12 server sshd[9205]: Timeout before authentication for connection from 192.0.2.60 to 203.0.113.120, pid = 57844 </syntaxhighlight> Below are some common examples of log entries for failed certificate-based login attempts. There can sometimes be more than one problem with a certificate but in such cases only one error will get logged at a time. ====Expired or Not-yet-valid Certificate==== Certificates which have not yet become valid or which have already expired get a log entry as to the reason and include the offending certificate's id string and serial number as well as the fingerprint of the signing certificate authority. Below is one which is not yet valid being rejected by the server, perhaps at a future date it will be valid but that information is in the certificate, not the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:52 server sshd-session[96551]: error: Refusing certificate ID "fedcb" serial=9 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> Next is an expired certificate which has been rejected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:53 server sshd-session[99417]: error: Refusing certificate ID "gfedc" serial=5 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: expired </syntaxhighlight> If a certificate is not yet valid, then the log entry will say that explicitly and the trailing text on the line will be "Certificate invalid: not yet valid". The old style log entries for an expired certificate and for a certificate which has not yet become valid have much less information. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:33:31 server sshd-session[88953]: error: Certificate invalid: expired Apr 5 14:32:41 server sshd-session[51695]: error: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> The improved logging arrived with OpenSSH 10.1 ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Principal==== Like with other reasons for rejecting certificates, when the account and allowed principals do not match the account logging in, information is logged about which certificate was tried and failed. Here is an entry showing an invalid principal: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:54 server sshd-session[12928]: error: Refusing certificate ID "edcba" serial=33 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> The old style log entry from OpenSSH 10.0 and earlier provides much less information about the certificate in question: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:34:56 server sshd-session[66692]: error: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> If the client closes the connection on purpose, there may be some information in the connection closed entry but that will be a different log entry. ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Source Address==== If the certificate is limited to connecting from specific addresses or host names, the log will complain if the connection comes from a different address or host and identify the incorrect source address. The information will be split across two log entries, which might or might not be adjacent depending on how busy the server is. Here is an entry showing an invalid source address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: error: Refusing certificate ID "ihgfe" serial=8 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> Prior to OpenSSH 10.1, the second entry had much less information about the offending certificate. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: error: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> However, it will not be possible to identify the specific certificate directly with that old style log entry. ===Logging SFTP File Transfers=== SFTP file transfers can be logged using '''LogLevel''' INFO or VERBOSE. The log level for the SFTP server can be set in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] separately from the general SSH server settings. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> By default the SFTP messages will also end up in ''auth.log'' but it is possible to filter these messages to their own file by reconfiguring the system logger, usually rsyslogd(8) or [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslogd(8)]. Sometimes this is done by changing the log facility code from the default of AUTH. Available options are LOCAL0 through LOCAL7, plus, less usefully, DAEMON and USER. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO -f LOCAL6 </syntaxhighlight> If new system log files are assigned, it is important to remember them in the log rotation, too. Again, the '''Match''' directive can be use to change the log level just for certain connections. The following log excerpts are generated from using the log level INFO. A session starts with an open and end with a close. The number in the brackets is the process id for the SFTP session and is the only way to follow a session through the logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:45 server internal-sftp[4929]: session opened for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] ... Oct 22 12:09:10 server internal-sftp[4929]: session closed for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] </syntaxhighlight> Here is an SFTP upload of a small file of 928 bytes named '''foo''' to the home directory for user 'fred' when logging the SFTP at log level INFO. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 928 </syntaxhighlight> And a directory listing in the same session in the directory '''/var/www'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/www/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/www/" </syntaxhighlight> And lastly here is a download of the same small 928-byte file called '''foo''' from the home directory for the user 'fred'. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags READ mode 0666 Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 928 written 0 </syntaxhighlight> Successful transfers will be noted by a ''close'' message. Attempts to download (open) files that do not exist will be followed by a ''sent status No such file'' message on a line of its own instead of a ''close''. Files that exist but that the user is not allowed to read will create a ''sent status Permission denied'' message. ===Logging Chrooted SFTP=== Logging with the built-in '''sftp-subsystem''' inside a chroot jail, defined by '''ChrootDirectory''', needs a '''./dev/log''' node to exist inside the jail. This can be done by having the system logger such as [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] add additional log sockets inside the chrooted directory when starting up. On some systems that is as simple as adding more flags, like "'''-u -a /chroot/dev/log'''", in '''/etc/rc.conf.local''' or whatever the equivalent startup script may be. Here is an example of an SFTP login with password to a chroot jail using log level DEBUG3 for the SFTP-subsystem. The log shows a file upload: <syntaxhighlight lang="text">Apr 5 15:08:41 server sshd-session[31716]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 39238 ssh2 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: session opened for local user fred from [198.51.100.135] Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: received client version 3 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 1: limits Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 2: realpath Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: realpath "." Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 2: sent names count 1 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 3: open flags 26 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 3: sent handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 5: write "/home/fred/foo" (handle 0) off 0 len 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 5: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: close handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success </syntaxhighlight> Remember that SFTP is a separate subsystem and that like the file creation mode, the log level and log facility are set separately from the SSH server in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], for example: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l ERROR </syntaxhighlight> ===Logging Stability of Client Connectivity=== When '''ClientAliveInterval''' is set in the server's configuration, the server makes periodic probes of the clients which have established connections. At normal log levels, these are not noted in the log until something goes wrong. If the '''ClientAliveInterval''' is exceeded more times in a row than allowed by '''ClientAliveCountMax''' the client is officially declared disconnected and the connection dropped. At the default log level of INFO a brief message is logged, identifying the client which has been dropped. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:42:08 server sshd[83709]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57608: Host is down </syntaxhighlight> At log level DEBUG, the client's responses to the polls will be logged by the server showing that the session is still connected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:27:52 server sshd[9075]: debug1: Got 100/147 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Log level DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 will give even more information about the connection. However, even at log level DEBUG3, the specific client being polled will not be identified directly in the log messages and will have to be inferred from the process id of the daemon if such information is needed. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: send packet: type 98 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: receive packet: type 100 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Again, when the '''ClientAliveCountMax''' is exceeded, the connection is broken after the final failure of the client to respond. Here is how that looks with the log level set to DEBUG2. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57552: Host is down Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: session_pty_cleanup: session 0 release /dev/ttyp0 </syntaxhighlight> The directives '''ClientAliveInterval''' and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' normally apply to all clients connecting to the server. However, they can be used inside a '''Match''' block and thus applied only to specific connections. ===Logging Revoked Keys=== If the '''RevokedKeys''' directive is used to point to a list of public keys that have been revoked, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will make a log entry when access is attempted using a revoked key. The entry will be the same whether a plaintext list of public keys is used or if a binary Key Revocation List (KRL) has been generated. If password authentication is allowed, and the user tries it, then after the key authentication fails there will be a record of password authentication. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:36:40 server sshd-session[29235]: error: Authentication key RSA SHA256:jXEPmu4thnubqPUDcKDs31MOVLQJH6FfF1XSGT748jQ revoked by file /etc/ssh/ssh_revoked_keys ... Mar 14 20:36:45 server sshd-session[29235]: Accepted password for fred from 192.0.2.10 port 59967 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If password authentication is not allowed, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will close the connection as soon as the key fails. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:38:27 server sshd-session[29163]: error: Authentication key RSA SHA256:jXEPmu4thnubqPUDcKDs31MOVLQJH6FfF1XSGT748jQ revoked by file /etc/ssh/ssh_revoked_keys ... </syntaxhighlight> The account trying the revoked key remains a mystery though. So it will be necessary to try to look up the key by its fingerprint from your archive of old keys using <code>ssh-keygen -lf</code> and read the key's comments. Although if a valid account cancels the connection without trying a password after the key attempt fails, the usual message will still be posted to the log and that will show the login name. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:44:04 server sshd-session[14352]: Connection closed by authenticating user fred 192.0.2.237 port 55051 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> That may be enough to provide some clue and allow a bit of log filtering with a short AWK script, if the messages are all in the same log file. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ awk '/revoked by file/ { pid[$5]++; key[$5]=$9; hash[$5]=$10; next; } pid[$5] && /closed by authenticating user/ { print key[$5], hash[$5], $10, $11; delete key[$5]; delete hash[$5]; delete pid[$5]; }' /var/log/authlog </syntaxhighlight> Similarly, if the client makes no attempt at logging in and just times out, the message will say just that. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 18 21:40:25 server sshd[9942]: fatal: Timeout before authentication for connection from 198.51.100.236 to 203.0.113.75, pid = 67611 ... </syntaxhighlight> On the client side, no warning or error will be given if a revoked key is tried. It will just fail and the next key or method will be tried. ===Brute force and Hail Mary attacks=== It’s fairly common to see failed login attempts almost as soon as the server is connected to the net. Brute force attacks, where one machine hammers on a few accounts trying to find a valid password, are becoming rare. In part this is because packet filters, like NFables for Linux and PF for the BSDs, can limit the number and rate of connection attempts from a single host. The server configuration directive '''MaxStartups''' can limit the number of simultaneous, unauthenticated connections. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 4 16:45:34 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:46:58 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:47:04 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 Apr 4 16:47:05 server sshd-session[96275]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 48294 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Prior to 9.8, it was slightly different: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:54:44 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:48 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Disconnecting authenticating user root 201.179.249.231 port 52404: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Note the "authenticating user" is present in the logs from OpenSSH 7.5 and onward when a valid user name is attempted. When an invalid user name is attempted, that is written too. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 3 10:25:59 server sshd-session[78513]: Invalid user ad1tz from 103.42.56.121 port 55778 Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Received disconnect from 103.42.56.121 port 55778:11: Bye Bye [preauth] Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Disconnected from invalid user ad1tz 103.42.56.121 port 55778 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, in versions prior to 9.8, the process name is different as is the closing message. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Failed password for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: Disconnecting invalid user ubnt 201.179.249.231 port 52471: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> The way to deal with brute force attacks coming from a single machine or network is to customize the server host’s packet filter to limit the attacks or even temporarily block machines that overload the maximum number or rate of connections. Optionally, one should also contact the attacker’s net block owner with the IP address and exact date and time of the attacks. A kind of attack common at the time of this writing is one which is distributed over a large number of compromised machines, each playing only a small role in attacking the server. To deal with Hail Mary attacks, contact the attacker’s net block owner. A form letter with a cut-and-paste excerpt from the log is enough if it gives the exact times and addresses. Alternately, teams of network or system administrators can work to pool data to identify and blacklist the compromised hosts participating in the attack. ====Failed None For Invalid User==== The SSH protocol specifies a number of possible authentication methods<ref name="rfc_4252">{{cite web | url =https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4252#section-5.2 | title=RFC 4252: The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol | date=2006 | publisher=IETF | access-date=2021-08-10 }}</ref>. The methods <code>password</code>, <code>keyboard-interactive</code>, and <code>publickey</code> are fairly common. A lesser known authentication method is <code>none</code>, which will only succeed if the server requires no further authentication such as if '''PermitEmptyPassword''' is set and the account does not actually have a password<ref name="failed_none">{{cite mailing list | url=https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=162858437916966&w=2 | last=Tucker | first=Darren | mailing-list=OpenBSD-Misc | date=2021-08-10 | accessdate=2021-08-10 | title=Re: ssh authlog: Failed none for invalid user | publisher=OpenBSD}}</ref>. Some SSH clients including OpenSSH's start by asking for <code>none</code> authentication and then use the list of remaining possible authentication methods to decide what to do next if that doesn't work. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Aug 10 19:09:05 server sshd[93126]: Failed none for invalid user admin from 125.64.94.136 port 27586 ssh2 ... </syntaxhighlight> So in other words, that is a brute force attack trying the <code>none</code> authentication method. It is an attack which will only get into accounts which have been explicitly set with an empty password and furthermore have also been set up specifically to allow access by having both the authentication method of <code>none</code> and the '''PermitEmptyPasswords''' configuration directive enabled on the server. Most brute force attacks try only <code>password</code> authentication, and some of those even check for the <code>password</code> method and then give up if it is not available. Other attackers may just hammer away pointlessly even if the method is not available. ===Connections Seemingly From 127.0.0.1, ::1, or Other localhost Addresses=== When the SSH server is accessed via a reverse tunnel to another machine, the incoming connections will appear to be from the ''localhost'' address, which is usually ''127.0.0.1'' or ''::1''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:16:16 server sshd[9265]: Accepted password for fred from 127.0.0.1 port 40426 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If the port at the other end of the reverse tunnel is publicly accessible, it will be probed and possibly attacked. Because of the reverse tunnel, the attacks will then also appear to be coming from the server's own loopback address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:20:17 server sshd-session[5613]: Invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 Mar 23 14:20:21 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:26 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd-session[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Like in the other examples, the disconnection message was different prior to 9.8: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 23 14:20:32 server sshd[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Therefore the usual countermeasures like SSHGuard or Fail2Ban or other similar intrusion detection systems cannot be used because the ''localhost'' address is used by the tunnel for all login attempts, regardless of their real origins. A partial solution would be to bind the incoming connections to a different IP address. The loopback interface would need an additional permanent address, an alias, for that. That alias could then be assigned when establishing the reverse tunnel: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -R 2022:127.2.2.1:22 fred@vps.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Thus it would designate the source address for all logins coming in over that tunnel. So, in that way, the alias would then show up in the logs instead of the default loopback address when that reverse tunnel is used: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 18:00:13 server sshd-session[8525]: Invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 Mar 23 18:00:15 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:00:19 server sshd-sesssion[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:23 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:26 server sshd-session[8525]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud 127.2.2.1 port 17271 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> If the ports do not need to be available to the open Internet, a full solution would be just to ensure that they are not accessible from the outside. This would be done by not using the '''-g''' option on the client when making the reverse tunnel or else by setting the '''GatewayPorts''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] back to the default of '''no''', or both. The system's built-in packet filter can also be used. Then, even with the forwarded ports closed off from the outside, the '''ProxyJump''' option can still be used to skip through the jump host and use the setup for SSH access. However, since it is sometimes necessary that these ports be accessible to the outside world, this approach is not always an option. ==Client Logging== The OpenSSH client normally sends log information to '''stderr'''. The '''-y''' option can be used to send output to the system logs, managed by [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] or something similar. Client log verbosity can be increased or decreased by changing the '''LogLevel''' directive and the log facility changed with the '''SyslogFacility''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)]. Both require use of the '''-y''' run-time option and do nothing without it. Alternatively, instead of using the '''-y''' option, using the '''-E''' option sends log output to a designated file instead of '''stderr'''. Working with the system logs or separate log files are something which can be useful when running [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] in automated scripts. Below is an example of a connection to an interactive shell with the normal level of client logging: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -l fred server.example.org fred@server.example.org‘s password: Last login: Thu Jan 27 13:21:57 2011 from 192.168.11.1 </syntaxhighlight> The same connection at the first level of verbosity gives lots of debugging information, 90 lines in all. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v -l fred server.example.org debug1: OpenSSH_10.6, LibreSSL 4.4.0 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Connecting to server.example.org [198.51.100.20] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: compat_banner: match: OpenSSH_10.6 pat OpenSSH* compat 0x04000000 debug1: Authenticating to server.example.org:22 as 'fred' debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: mlkem768x25519-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ssh-ed25519 debug1: kex: server->client cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: kex: client->server cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY received debug1: Server host key: ssh-ed25519 SHA256:agRZDZn8awhQ+tc19Ip/whkHoV33Ln2REO7v1kcYbdU debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: Host 'server.example.org' is known and matches the ED25519 host key. debug1: Found key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_packet_send2_wrapped: resetting send seqnr 3 debug1: rekey out after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: Sending SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: ssh_packet_read_poll2: resetting read seqnr 3 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: rekey in after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: publickey-hostbound@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: ping@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: agent-forward=<0> debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: password Authenticated to server.example.org ([198.51.100.20]:22) using "password". debug1: channel 0: new session [client-session] (inactive timeout: 0.000000) debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: pledge: filesystem debug1: client_input_global_request: rtype hostkeys-00@openssh.com want_reply 0 debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: hostkeys file /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 does not exist debug1: client_input_hostkeys: no new or deprecated keys from server debug1: pledge: fork debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 Last login: Sat Mar 14 21:31:33 2015 from 192.0.2.111 ... </syntaxhighlight> The same login with the maximum of verbosity, '''-vvv''', gives around 239 lines of debugging information. The following will save the debugging information separately in a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -E ~/ssh-client.log -l fred somehost.example.org </syntaxhighlight> ===Capturing Client Debugging Information Together with the Session Contents=== Regular pipes and redirects work only with '''stdout''' so that if '''-E''' is not used to capture debugging output the output on '''stderr''' must instead be sent to '''stdout''' if one is going to capture it at the same time as the actual session. That is done with an extra redirect, '''2>&amp;1''' to capture '''stderr'''. Mind the spaces, or lack of them. The following will capture both the session text and the debugging information to a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -l fred somehost.example.org 2>&1 | tee ~/ssh-output.log </syntaxhighlight> The tool [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)] is like a T-pipe and sends output two directions, one to '''stdout''' and one to a file. ===Changing Client Debugging Levels At Runtime or On The Fly=== At run-time, when establishing a new connection, just use the '''-v''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -v -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The debugging verbosity on the client can be increased just like on the server. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -vvv -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The extra information can be useful to see exactly what is being sent to or requested of the server. After the fact, once a connection is established, the escape sequences '''~v''' and '''~V''' can be used to increase or decrease, respectively, the verbosity on the fly. Through them it is possible to change the verbosity of the client in an established connection. When increasing the log level with '''~v''', the client raises its log level to VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3, in that order, if starting from the default of INFO. Conversely, when lowering the log level with '''~V''', the client will descend through ERROR, FATAL, to QUIET if starting from the default of INFO. ==Debugging and Troubleshooting== The server logs are your best friend when troubleshooting. It may be necessary to turn up the log level there temporarily to get more information. It is then also necessary to turn them back to normal after things are fixed to avoid privacy problems or excessively use of disk space. For example, the SFTP-subsystem logging defaults to ERROR, reporting only errors. To track transactions made by the client, change the log level to INFO or VERBOSE: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> Caution. Again, operating with elevated logging levels would violate the privacy of users, in addition to filling a lot of disk space. Elevated logging levels should generally not be used in production once the changes are figured out. Even then, the elevated log messages should really be sent to a separate log file during the time they are being collected. By default, some systems send only the normal messages to the regular system log files and ignore the elevated messages. Some save all the messages by default. If the elevated system log messages are not showing up in any of the system logs, that may be the reason. Either way, check the system log configurations and make sure that the extra messages are only sent to a separate log file and not mixed in with the regular system logs. Change the configuration to do that, if necessary. Separating the extra messaging helps keep the logs tidy as well as protecting privacy. The system log settings are found in the system log daemon's configuration file, the exact name of which will vary depending on what is installed, but common ones are [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.conf.5 syslog.conf(5)] and rsyslog.conf(5). Notice that the configuration below has the all messages including the more detailed VERBOSE, and on up through DEBUG3, messages for the AUTH facility going to a separate log file from the regular AUTH messages: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ grep '^auth\.' /etc/syslog.conf auth.info /var/log/authlog auth.* /var/log/authdebug </syntaxhighlight> See [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] for the log facilities and log levels. It is best to limit the time the debugging information is collected to be as short as possible and to actively watch the logs while the extra information is being collected. However, if the more verbose logging is running for any length of time, and especially if it is left unattended even for a short while, be sure to remember to add the new log file to the log rotation schedule so that it cannot fill up the partition. Note, logs might be handled by other services on some systems. Check with the official documentation for your system to be sure. On the client side, '''Match''' blocks can help further by setting log levels for specific situations and avoid a situation where everything is logged intensely. The manual pages for OpenSSH are very well written and many times problems can be solved by finding the right section within the right manual page. At the very minimum, it is important to skim through the four main manual pages for both the programs and their configuration to become familiar with at least the section headings. * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.5 sshd(8)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] Once the right section is found in the manual page, read it in detail and become familiar with its contents. The same goes for the other OpenSSH manual pages, depending on the activity. Be sure to use the version(s) of OpenSSH actually in use on your system(s) with their corresponding manual pages. When possible, use those that are installed on your system so as to avoid a mismatch. In some cases, the client and the server will be of different versions, so the manual pages for each must be looked up separately. It is also a good idea to review OpenSSH's release notes when a new version is published. With a few exceptions below, specific examples of troubleshooting are usually given in the cookbook section relevant to a particular activity. So, for example, sorting problems with authentication keys is done in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Authentication_Keys|Public Key Authentication]] itself. ===Debugging a script, configuration or key that uses sudo(8)=== Usually log levels only need to be changed when writing and testing a script, a new configuration, some new keys, or all three at once. When working with '''sudo(8)''', it is especially important to see exactly what the client is sending so as to enter the right pattern into '''/etc/sudoers''' for safety. Using the lowest level of verbosity, the exact string being sent by the client to the remote server is shown in the debugging output: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ rsync -e "ssh -v -i /home/webmaint/.ssh/bkup_key -l webmaint" \ -a server.example.org:/var/www/ var/backup/www/ ... debug1: Sending command: rsync --server --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ ... </syntaxhighlight> What '''sudoers''' then needs is something like the following, assuming account 'webmaint' is in the group 'webmasters': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> %webmasters ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/rsync --server \ --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to debug new server configurations or key logins. Once things are set to run as needed, the log level settings can be lowered back to INFO for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and to ERROR for '''internal-sftp'''. Additionally, once the script is left to run in fully automated mode, the client logging information can be set use the [http://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] system module instead of '''stderr''' by using the '''-y''' option when [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] is launched. ===Debugging a server configuration=== Running the server in debug mode provides a lot of information about the connection and a smaller amount about the server configuration. The server's debugging level ('''-d''') can be raised once, twice ('''-dd''') or thrice ('''-ddd'''). <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -d </syntaxhighlight> Note that in this case the server does not detach and become a daemon, so it will terminate when the SSH connection terminates. The advantage is this collects the logs for one single session and only that session. The server must be started again in order to make a subsequent connection from the client. Though in some ways this is a hassle, it does make sure that session data is a unique set and not mixes of multiple sessions and thus possibly different configurations. Alternately, another option ('''-e''') when debugging sends the debugging data to '''stderr''' instead in order to keep the system logs clean. It is also possible to log the debugging data from the system logs directly to a separate file and keep noise out of the system logs. Since OpenSSH 6.3, the option '''-E''' will append the debug data to a particular log file instead of sending it to the system log. This facilitates debugging live systems without cluttering the system logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -E /home/fred/sshd.debug.log -d </syntaxhighlight> In really old versions of OpenSSH, which are hopefully no longer in production, if you need to save output to a file while still viewing it live on the screen, you can use '''tee(1)'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -ddd 2>&1 | tee /tmp/foo </syntaxhighlight> That will save output to the file ''foo'' by redirecting to '''stdout''' what [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sent to '''stderr''' and saving it to a file. This works with really old versions of OpenSSH, but the '''-E''' option above is preferable. If the server is remote and it is important to reduce the risk of getting locked out, the experiments on the configuration file can be done with a second instance of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] using a separate configuration file and listening to a high port until the settings have been tested. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -dd -p 22222 -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> If the OpenSSH server's configuration file is set to listen on odd ports or more than one port using the '''ListenAddress''' directive, then that can also be overriden so that the server listens on the extra port. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -o 'ListenAddress 0.0.0.0:22222' -dd \ -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> It is also possible to make an extended test ('''-T''') of the configuration file first. If there is a syntax error, it will be reported, but remember that even sound configurations can still lock you out. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> The extended test mode can be used by itself, but it is also possible to specify custom parameters to use with '''-C''' to see what happens with specific kinds of connections. [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will the connection. It will then process the configuration file in light of the parameters passed to it and return output with the modified results. This is good for showing the results of any '''Match''' directives which might apply to the session. The variables ''user'', ''host'', and ''addr'' are the minimum required when passing specific connection parameters to [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for evaluation with the '''-C''' option . The following options will print out the configurations that will be applied when the user ''fred'' tries to log in to the host ''server.example.org'' from the address ''192.0.2.15'': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15 </syntaxhighlight> Two more parameters, ''laddr'' and ''lport'', may also be passed. They refer to the server's IP number and port connected to. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15,laddr=192.0.2.2,lport=2222 </syntaxhighlight> And lastly, there is a parameter ''rdomain'' to specify the routing domain or routing table to try. Between those six variables it should be possible to describe any possible incoming connection. ====Adding Timestamps to Server Debugging Output==== The '''-d''' option increases the value for '''LogLevel''' but does not prepend any timestamps to the server's output. Timestamps can nevertheless be added on the fly by writing the debug logs to '''stderr''' using the '''-e''' option, redirecting '''stderr''' to '''stdout''', and then piping that into [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)], a timestamping utility. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 | ts "%.T" | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> That will show the time, including microseconds. Mind the dot there before the letter 'T'. The options '''-i''' and '''-s''' for [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] can be relevant, too. The '''-i''' option will measure the relative time between the timestamps themselves. The '''-s''' option will show the time elapsed since the start of the program. Other custom date and time formats can be specified as per [https://man.openbsd.org/strftime strftime(3)], if needed. When [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] is not already present it can usually be added via the moreutils package. Although some systems, such as OpenBSD, include it in the base system. If it is not already installed and not available for installation, then Perl can be used on POSIX systems to prepend a timestamp to '''stdin''': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | perl -p -e 'use POSIX strftime; print strftime("%F %T ", localtime)' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> However, that only provides an accuracy of whole seconds. If more precision is needed, then Python3 can provide timestamps with precision down to the microsecond. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | python -c 'import datetime; import sys; [print (datetime.datetime.now(), flush=True) for line in sys.stdin]' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> Note that the Python approach requires explicitly setting the buffer to flush automatically. Some non-POSIX shells can make use of [https://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessSubstitution process substitution] to pipe '''stderr''' output into another program. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2> >(ts) | tee /tmp/sshd.log | less -X </syntaxhighlight> There are even fancier approaches using IO redirection on extra file descriptors, but those are far outside the scope of this book. ===Debugging a client configuration=== Sometimes when debugging a server configuration it is necessary to track the client configurations settings, as well. Since OpenSSH 6.8, the '''-G''' option makes [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] print its configuration after evaluating any '''Host''' and '''Match''' blocks and then exit without connecting. That allows viewing of the exact configuration options which will actually be used by the client for a particular session. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -G -l fred server.example.org | sort </syntaxhighlight> Client configuration is determined in three ways. The first is by run-time options, then by the account's own configuration file, or lastly the system-wide client configuration file. The priority is in that order. Whichever value is found first gets used. With [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] the options are also passed to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)]. ====Invalid or Outdated Ciphers or MACs==== A proper client will show the details of the failure. For a bad Message Authentication Code (MAC), a proper client might show something like the following when trying to foist a bad MAC like hmac-md5-96 onto the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching mac found: client hmac-md5-96 server umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1 </syntaxhighlight> And for a bad cipher, a proper client might show something like this when trying to foist an arcfour cipher on the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching cipher found: client arcfour server chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com </syntaxhighlight> Sometimes when troubleshooting a problem with the client it is necessary to turn to the server logs. In [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-6.7 OpenSSH 6.7 unsafe MACs were removed] and in [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-7.2 OpenSSH 7.2 unsafe ciphers were removed], but some third-party clients may still try to use them to establish a connection. In that case, the client might not provide much information beyond a vague message that the server unexpectedly closed the network connection. The server logs will, however, show what happened: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: no matching mac found: client hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5 server hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-ripemd160 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> More recent versions would show a simpler error for a bad MAC. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55044: no matching MAC found. Their offer: hmac-md5-96 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> A bad cipher would be reported like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55046: no matching cipher found. Their offer: arcfour [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> The error message in the server log might not say which MACs or ciphers are actually available. For those, the extended test mode can be used to show the server settings and, in particular, the MACs or ciphers allowed. In its most basic usage the extended test mode would just be '''-T''', as in <code>/usr/sbin/sshd -T | grep -E 'cipher|macs'</code> with no other options. For more details and options, see the previous section on "Debugging a server configuration" above. One solution there is to upgrade the client to one that can handle the right ciphers and MACs. Another option is to switch to a different client, one that can handle the modern ciphers or MACs. See also the configuration directive '''WarnWeakCrypto''' in the manual page. It has been around since 10.1. The default for '''WarnWeakCrypto''' is 'yes'. ===Debugging Key-Based Authentication=== The most common causes of failure for public key authentication seem to be for either of two reasons: * Mangling the public key on the way to getting it into '''authorized_keys''' on the server * Incorrect permissions for the files and directories involved, ether on the client or the server. These are the directory for the keys, usually '''~/.ssh/''', or its parent directories, or the '''authorized_keys''' file, or the private key itself. As of the time of this writing, it looks like pretty much every failure of key-based authentication described on mailing lists and forums is solved by addressing either or both of those two situations. So, when encountering the error message ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'', or similar, see the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]]. Also be sure to read the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and its section on authorized keys. Usually, though not always, it will be obvious when the private key's permissions are incorrect: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519 fred@192.0.2.193 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Permissions 0664 for '/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519' are too open. It is required that your private key files are NOT accessible by others. This private key will be ignored. Load key "/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519": bad permissions </syntaxhighlight> In addition mangled public keys in the authorized keys file and to incorrect permissions, a very rare third case is if the public and private key files don't match and are not from the same key pair. As mentioned in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]], the public and private keys need to be parts of the same key pair so that they match. That is because even before the SSH client uses private key cryptographically, it looks at the file name of the proposed private key and then sends the public key matching that same name, if it exists, to the server. If that public key does not match the public key on the server in '''authorized_keys''' then the connection will be denied with the error ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'' or similar. That alone is a very good reason to give unique descriptive file names when creating keys. Note that as mentioned above there are usually other causes to that same error message besides having mismanaged the public key file on the client machine. The file names for both parts of each key pair have to be kept synchronized so that the names match. As for a solution, the way out in the long term is to stay organized and carefully manage the keys and their file names. It can be solved on the short term by deleting the offending ''public'' key file and then using the private key to regenerate a new one, replacing the incorrect public key under that name. Again, this is an unusual edge case and not a common cause of that error. ====SSH Too Many Authentication Failures==== When there are multiple keys in the authentication agent, the client will try them against the server in the same order in which they were added to the agent. However, on odd or older agents they are returned in an unpredictable order. Newer versions allow the client to query the server to see if a particular key is acceptable. This is set by the '''PubkeyAuthOptions''' and is counted separately from the '''MaxAuthTries''' directive. When the former are used up, then the additional tries count against the latter. Either way, if the client happens to cycle through enough of the wrong keys first and hits the server's '''MaxAuthTries''' limit before finding the right key, the server will naturally break off the connection with an error message on the server about too many authentication failures: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Disconnecting authenticating user fred 203.0.113.110 port 35893: Too many authentication failures [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Or in earlier versions: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> "Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed." </syntaxhighlight> When that happens, the client side will show this error: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Received disconnect from server.example.org port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from server.example.org port 22 </syntaxhighlight> With increased verbosity, the specific keys tested and rejected will also be shown by the client. Newer clients will include the key's comment, if available, and not just the fingerprint. The keys get tried first from the agent in the order in which they were loaded into the agent, then from : <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 . . . hdebug1: Offering public key: a key for fred ED25519 SHA256:7e5qkSHxSp8xitlM4JP4dOeCdnQn Vt9q6GPaB0+IrSM agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred's key ED25519 SHA256:8U7Fy6nJxbxfAu0K8WXZV0WN80t/ 4lb/f9bqObw0isE agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: one more comment ED25519 SHA256:F61Sx2t4BmoHASuMCVrBd8C30A7S QdGPwgfb7ZGWZf0 agent debug1: Authentications that a publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred@desk.example.org ED25519 SHA256:TMfO5S6oBQ0Cu273yPp9+7carGP926kRfg6iS435cmU agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: yet one more key ED25519 SHA256:36tMBWe4kX9hyVLZaxyjm2pp1TMFbRw0+O1xWOU5Fgk agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: the last straw ED25519 SHA256:gNZd1TF48UgEUgoYFNXop9tEhO53If1qiDqZyKbRT4U agent Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 2222:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from 203.0.113.110 port 2222 </syntaxhighlight> Each key in the agent also gets an annotation which says whether or not the key file was supplied by the user, either in the configuration file or as a run-time argument. For the former, it will marked with 'agent' and for the latter two as 'explicit'. The client prefers keys that are currently in the agent in the order in which they were added to the agent. Then it will try the one(s) added via run-time arguments, in the order in which they are supplied. Then, lastly, it will try the one(s) specified in the client configuration file. Or in earlier versions the file name used to load the key will be listed by the client in verbose mode, but the order will be less predictable: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.06.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.02.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.03.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.04.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.01.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.05.rsa Received disconnect from port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed. </syntaxhighlight> In the older clients, the client prefers keys that were specified in the configuration and are also currently in the agent. Then it will try try them in the order in which they were supplied. [3] <ref name="key_order">{{cite mailing list | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-April/037700.html | title=IdentityFile vs IdentitiesOnly | date=2019-04-01 | accessdate=2019-04-04 | mailinglist=openssh-unix-dev | last=Tucker |first=Darren }}</ref> There are two solutions if you see the ''Too many authentication failures'' error: One way around this error is to remove keys from the agent one at a time using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] with the '''-d''' option until there is just the right key left. Refer to each key by its file system path, for example: <code>ssh-add -d ~/.ssh/some.key.rsa</code> Because the private key to be removed is looked up in the agent based on the corresponding public key both files must exist. Without matching a public key file, the private key cannot be removed individually from the authentication agent. Instead the whole lot may be removed all at once using the '''-D''' option. However, is not always practical to do either when many remote systems are used frequently and the agent needs to be kept well-stocked. This is probably not the most practical way. Another way around this error, and probably the most practical method, is to limit the client to trying only a specific key using the '''IdentitiesOnly''' configuration directive in conjunction with the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. The latter points explicitly to the right key. Both can be added either as run-time options or in the client's configuration file. As a runtime option, they can be used like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa -l fred server14.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Those settings can be stored permanently by adding something like the following '''IdentitiesFile''' and '''IdentitiesOnly''' directives to the client configuration file instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host server14 server14.example.org HostName server14.example.org IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa User fred </syntaxhighlight> In that way, the server could be reached with either the short name or the fully qualified domain name, whatever names are listed under the '''Host''' stanza. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh server14 </syntaxhighlight> Remember that options are selected from the client configuration file on a first-match basis. Because the first-match wins, specific rules must come before more general rules in the client configuration file. ====Signing Failed for ... Agent Refused Operation==== As mentioned, incorrect permissions on client files or directories are a common cause of authentication failure when attempting key-based authentication. Not all the errors are clear about that, however. Here is an example of a misleading error message which is actually caused by incorrect permissions: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/key-ed25519 fred@server.example.org sign_and_send_pubkey: signing failed for ED25519 "/home/fred/.ssh/key-ed25519" from agent: agent refused operation fred@server.example.org: Permission denied (publickey). </syntaxhighlight> The solution for that is to ensure that no other accounts can read or write to the private key. No others should be able to write to the '''.ssh''' directory or its parent either. ===Debugging Chrooted SFTP Accounts=== With chrooted SFTP sessions, the most common problem seems to be bad directory permissions. The chroot directory, and all directories above it, must be owned by root and not writable by any other user or group. Even though these directories' group memberships do not have to be root, if any of them is not root then it must not be group writable either. Failure to use the correct ownership will result in not being able to log in with the affected accounts. The errors when login is attempted can look like this from the client side: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: Connection to 192.0.2.206 closed by remote host. Connection closed. </syntaxhighlight> Older clients will look like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: packet_write_wait: Connection to 192.0.2.206: Broken pipe Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer </syntaxhighlight> The error message is much clearer on the server side: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 4 23:52:38 server sshd[7075]: fatal: bad ownership or modes for chroot directory component "/home/fred/" </syntaxhighlight> Check the directory permissions for the chroot target and all directories above it. If even one is off it must be fixed so that it is owned by root and not writable by any others. There are many, many routes to get there. Here are two was to set up chroot permissions: * One quick way to fix the permissions is to change both ownership and group membership of the directory to root. Same for all directories above the chroot target. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> That will work with the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive set to '''%h''' but has some drawbacks that will quickly become obvious when adding files or directories. * Another easy way to fix the permissions is to change both the account's home directory and the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive. Arrange the account's home directory so that it is under a unique directory owned by root, such as the user name itself: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-x--- 3 root fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ drwxr-x--- 8 fred fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> Then chroot the account to the parent directory and combine that with an alternate starting directory working from the user name token with the '''-d''' option for the SFTP server. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> ChrootDirectory /home/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u </syntaxhighlight> That way, when the account connects it will see only its own directory and no other parts of the system. ===Debugging RC Scripts Interfering with SFTP Sessions=== Recent versions of the server do not launch either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' when initiating an SFTP session. However, on older versions, these scripts will get executed for both SFTP and SSH, if present and the server is configured to run them. Therefore, in older versions one common mistake is when either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' send anything at all to '''stdout''' instead of being quiet. The SFTP connection will drop when there are any extraneous data either direction on '''stdin''', whether from the client or the server. The reason is that the output to '''stdout''' on the server is received by the client on '''stdin''' but matches no correct protocol and thus causes the client to disconnect with an error. However, even in the case of using the RC scripts, the response from the server must remain 8-bit clean or an error will occur: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp server.example.org Received message too long 1400204832 </syntaxhighlight> That one message will be the main clue. Increasing the verbosity of the SFTP client with '''-v''' won't provide more relevant information. Upgrading [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] might be a more practical option, when possible. When the RC scripts cause the SFTP client to disconnect, the standard server logs will show only that the client disconnected and not provide any information about why. At higher levels of logging, some extraneous reads and corresponding discards might be noticed but that is all. Below is a log sample recorded at the verbosity DEBUG3 showing such an example. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... debug2: subsystem request for sftp by user fred debug1: subsystem: exec() /usr/libexec/sftp-server Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.38 port 37446 id 0 ... debug2: channel 0: read 13 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 12 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 15 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 18 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, new versions won't run the RC scripts when connecting for an SFTP session. On older versions, neither RC script may produce any output on '''stdout''' during use of SFTP or it will ruin the connection. If an RC script does produce output, it must be redirected to a system log, to a file, or sent to '''stderr''' instead of '''stdout'''. Regular interactive SSH connections are not disturbed by use of '''stdout''' and the client will just display whatever is sent. See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] in the section "SSHRC" for more. The same restriction goes for any other part of the SSH service which runs over '''stdin''' and '''stdout''', such as '''ProxyJump''' or some uses of '''ProxyCommand'''. So another example of potential interference would be when using '''LocalCommand''' with the client to specify a command to execute on the local machine after successfully connecting to the server. Any output from it also needs to be redirected to '''stderr'''. If '''LocalCommand''' ends up interfering with '''ProxyJump''' then the connection will appear to hang at the stage when '''stdout''' gets used. ===Debugging When An SSH Agent Has The Correct Private Key But Does Not Use It=== In older versions of OpenSSH, the public key must also be available on the client at the time the private key is loaded into the agent. If it is not then without the matching public key the agent will not be able to use that private key unless other arrangements are made. A symptom of this is although specifying the key via a run-time argument works, the same key does not work via the agent. Upgrading to a more recent version of OpenSSH is a better option. Otherwise a work-around is to specify the private key either as a run-time argument to the client or in the [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] file, from there the client will find the correspondingly named public key file. Importantly the client will still use the key in the agent yet use the designated matching public key file, so the private key file does not have to contain anything at all and could even be empty. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519 fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> However, if it is undesirable to have the private key accessible on the file system or if the private key is only in the agent and not itself available via the file system, then the public key can be specified explicitly instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519.pub fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Either way, another approach is to name the key in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] using the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. When a public key file is missing, it can easily be regenerated from the private key using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] with the '''-y''' option. ==SSH Client Error Messages And Common Causes== As rehash of the above, below are some client-side error messages with some of the more common reasons<ref name="troubleshooting">{{cite web | url=https://ittavern.com/ssh-troubleshooting-guide/ | title=SSH Troubleshooting Guide | date=2023-01-17 | publisher=IT Tavern | access-date=2023-01-26 }}</ref> for those messages. Neither list of errors nor the reasons for the errors are comprehensive. The suggestions for causes just touch on one or two of the commonly seen reasons. There is no substitute for checking the actual logs, especially on the server. The server log files are usually '''/var/log/auth.log''' on most system or a variant of that name. Occasionally you will find the information in the file '''/var/log/secure''' instead. '''No address associated with name:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh nonesuch.example.org ssh: Could not resolve hostname nonesuch.example.org: no address associated with name </syntaxhighlight> The destination's host name does not exist in DNS. Was it spelled correctly? '''Operation timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Operation timed out </syntaxhighlight> There's not a system associated with that IP address, or else a packet filter is causing trouble. '''Connection timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Connection timed out </syntaxhighlight> You can't get there from here. It is probable that the destination machine is disconnected from the network or that the network which it is on is not reachable. '''Connection refused:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org ssh: connect to host www.example.org port 22: Connection refused </syntaxhighlight> The destination system exists but there is no SSH service available at the port being tried. Is the destination right? It might be the wrong system, SSH might not be running at all, SSH might be listening on another port, or a packet filter might be blocking connections. '''Permission denied:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org fred@www.example.org: Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive). </syntaxhighlight> That is usually a sign of a problem caused by the wrong user name, wrong authentication method, wrong SSH key or SSH certificate, or wrong file permissions in the authorized keys file on the destination system. If it is a matter of SSH key-based authentication, see the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for more thorough coverage. If it is a question of SSH certificates, see the corresponding [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Certificate-based_Authentication‎ | Certificate-based Authentication]] chapter. It can also be a matter of server-side settings with '''AllowGroups''', '''DenyGroups''', or similar configuration directives at the destination. Any of those possibilities can really only be identified and solved by checking the log output from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)]. '''No matching host key type found:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> The SSH daemon on that server is really outdated. Contact the system administrator about an upgrade and get them moving. More details can be seen with the '''-v''' option on the client. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v fred@example.org ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: (no match) Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> In the above shell session, it is the server which is badly in need of an update as shown by the deprecated key exchange algorithms which it tries to use. Again, for emphasis, the solution is to update the outdated software. If a specific, old version of an particular operating system absolutely must be used for a while longer, see about getting a back port of the SSH daemon. Many GNU/Linux distros even have specific back port repositories. If you would like to see which key exchange algorithms the client supports try using the '''-Q''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -Q kex diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 diffie-hellman-group16-sha512 diffie-hellman-group18-sha512 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 ecdh-sha2-nistp256 ecdh-sha2-nistp384 ecdh-sha2-nistp521 mlkem768nistp256-sha256 curve25519-sha256 curve25519-sha256@libssh.org sntrup761x25519-sha512 sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com mlkem768x25519-sha256 </syntaxhighlight> <noinclude>{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}</noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} hnsjxy8mq0fsvduj8y32zxbqm2nx3dv 4678826 4678825 2026-10-29T11:20:56Z Larsnooden 430753 SSH Too Many Authentication Failures — correct port number 4678826 wikitext text/x-wiki Both the OpenSSH client and server offer a lot of choice as to where the logs are written and how much information is collected. A prerequisite for logging is having an accurate system clock using the Network Time Protocol, NTP, or equivalent, service which provides ongoing time synchronization with rest of the world. The more accurate the time stamp in the log is, the faster it is to coordinate forensics between machines or sites or service providers. If you have to contact outside parties like a service provider, progress can usually only be made with very exact times. ==Server Logs== By default [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sends logging information to the system logs using the log level INFO and the system log facility AUTH. So the place to look for log data from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] is in '''/var/log/auth.log'''. These defaults can be overridden using the '''SyslogFacility''' and '''LogLevel''' directives. Below is a typical server startup entry in the authorization log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> In most cases the default level of logging is sufficient, but during initial testing of new services or activities it is sometimes necessary to have more information. Debugging info usually goes to '''stderr'''. Starting with OpenSSH 7.6, '''Match''' blocks can set alternate log levels for specific conditions. The log excerpt below show the same basic server start up with increased detail. Contrast the log level DEBUG1 below with the default above: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> And here is the same startup using the most verbose level, DEBUG3: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 6 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 7 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> Every failed login attempt is recorded, once the value in directive '''MaxAuthTries''' is exceeded the connection is broken. Below is a log excerpt showing how the default log looks after some failed attempts: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 5 12:44:43 server sshd-session[80932]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 58164 ssh2 Apr 5 12:44:51 server last message repeated 2 times Apr 5 12:44:51 server sshd-session[80932]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 58164 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> It is not usually a good idea to allow root login, especially not root login with authentication via password. Blocking login for root simplifies the log analysis greatly, and in particular it eliminates the time consuming question of who is trying to get in and why. People that need full root level access can gain it through [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)] for general activities. Or for specific tasks which need root level access, those can be given those privileges through custom-made entries for '''sudo(8)''' or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)]. Note that in those cases, only specific services and programs should be allowed, not blanket access which is an all too common misconfiguration seen with '''sudo(8)'''. Alternatively, a single-purpose key made using '''forced-commands-only''' could be used since some argue that providing extra means of privilege escalation, such as [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)], '''sudo(8)''', or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)], is more dangerous than carefully providing remote root access through a key or certificate tied to a specific function. ===Successful logins=== By default, the server does not store much information about user transactions. That is a good thing. It is also a good thing to recognize when the system is operating as it should. So here is an example of a successful SSH login using a password: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:23:59 server sshd-session[91524]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 16135 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example using a key for authentication. It shows the key fingerprint as a SHA256 hash in base64 and reports that the second line of the '''authorized_keys''' file has the matching key. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:28:19 server sshd-session[6878]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example of successful authentication with a user certificate. The certificate's identification string is "edcba" and the serial number is "2". In this example the certificate is using ECDSA and the key itself is using Ed25519. The certificate, being a different key of its own, has a different SHA256 fingerprint from the authentication key it was made from. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID edcba (serial 2) CA ED25519 SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 </syntaxhighlight> In all three cases, older versions prior to 9.8 will use a process named '''sshd''' rather than one named '''sshd-session''' as is now a side effect of better privilege separation. Prior to 6.8, the key's fingerprint was a hexadecimal MD5 hash. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:51:43 server sshd[5104]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 60594 ssh2: RSA e8:31:68:c7:01:2d:25:20:36:8f:50:5d:f9:ee:70:4c </syntaxhighlight> In older versions of OpenSSH prior to 6.3 the key fingerprint is completely missing from authentication logging. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:52:05 server sshd[1003]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 20042 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> Back to the recent versions, here is a longer example of password authentication for an SFTP session, using the server's internal-sftp subsystem. The acceptance of the password is on a separate line from trhe starting of the SFTP subsystem which is actually done in a new process. The logging for that subsystem set to the default of ERROR. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[81526]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 34249 ssh2 Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[81526]: User child is on pid 59428 Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[59428]: Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 34249 id 0 </syntaxhighlight> Here is an example of a successful SFTP login using an Ed25519 key for authentication, with the SFTP subsystem itself logging at ERROR, which is the default log level. The key used was on the third line of the '''authorized_keys''' file. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:3 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:3 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 ssh2: ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: User child is on pid 10321 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[10321]: Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 id 0 </syntaxhighlight> Additional data, such as connection duration, can be logged with the help of xinetd(8). ===Logging Problems from SSH Certificate Authentication=== When a certificate fails, there is generally no client side information disclosed and all investigation must occur server side. Finding the account or actual certificate in question can require some sleuthing in older versions of OpenSSH, but newer versions can identify the certificate and the certificate authority under certain circumstances. It is also important to be familiar with how log entries are supposed to look when things go correctly. Here is a successful login using certificate-based authentication: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 18:32:29 server sshd-session[49021]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 10932 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID fedcba (serial 11) CA ED25519 SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM </syntaxhighlight> When the connection is closed there will be a log entry noting which account was involved. Older versions of OpenSSH will have less information in the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Received disconnect from 192.0.2.60 port 12952:11: disconnected by user May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Disconnected from user fred 192.0.2.60 port 12952 </syntaxhighlight> However, if the connection is allowed to timeout without first making any other authentication attempts by some other means, then there will be nothing to go on except maybe the time of day. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:03:12 server sshd[9205]: Timeout before authentication for connection from 192.0.2.60 to 203.0.113.120, pid = 57844 </syntaxhighlight> Below are some common examples of log entries for failed certificate-based login attempts. There can sometimes be more than one problem with a certificate but in such cases only one error will get logged at a time. ====Expired or Not-yet-valid Certificate==== Certificates which have not yet become valid or which have already expired get a log entry as to the reason and include the offending certificate's id string and serial number as well as the fingerprint of the signing certificate authority. Below is one which is not yet valid being rejected by the server, perhaps at a future date it will be valid but that information is in the certificate, not the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:52 server sshd-session[96551]: error: Refusing certificate ID "fedcb" serial=9 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> Next is an expired certificate which has been rejected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:53 server sshd-session[99417]: error: Refusing certificate ID "gfedc" serial=5 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: expired </syntaxhighlight> If a certificate is not yet valid, then the log entry will say that explicitly and the trailing text on the line will be "Certificate invalid: not yet valid". The old style log entries for an expired certificate and for a certificate which has not yet become valid have much less information. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:33:31 server sshd-session[88953]: error: Certificate invalid: expired Apr 5 14:32:41 server sshd-session[51695]: error: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> The improved logging arrived with OpenSSH 10.1 ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Principal==== Like with other reasons for rejecting certificates, when the account and allowed principals do not match the account logging in, information is logged about which certificate was tried and failed. Here is an entry showing an invalid principal: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:54 server sshd-session[12928]: error: Refusing certificate ID "edcba" serial=33 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> The old style log entry from OpenSSH 10.0 and earlier provides much less information about the certificate in question: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:34:56 server sshd-session[66692]: error: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> If the client closes the connection on purpose, there may be some information in the connection closed entry but that will be a different log entry. ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Source Address==== If the certificate is limited to connecting from specific addresses or host names, the log will complain if the connection comes from a different address or host and identify the incorrect source address. The information will be split across two log entries, which might or might not be adjacent depending on how busy the server is. Here is an entry showing an invalid source address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: error: Refusing certificate ID "ihgfe" serial=8 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> Prior to OpenSSH 10.1, the second entry had much less information about the offending certificate. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: error: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> However, it will not be possible to identify the specific certificate directly with that old style log entry. ===Logging SFTP File Transfers=== SFTP file transfers can be logged using '''LogLevel''' INFO or VERBOSE. The log level for the SFTP server can be set in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] separately from the general SSH server settings. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> By default the SFTP messages will also end up in ''auth.log'' but it is possible to filter these messages to their own file by reconfiguring the system logger, usually rsyslogd(8) or [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslogd(8)]. Sometimes this is done by changing the log facility code from the default of AUTH. Available options are LOCAL0 through LOCAL7, plus, less usefully, DAEMON and USER. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO -f LOCAL6 </syntaxhighlight> If new system log files are assigned, it is important to remember them in the log rotation, too. Again, the '''Match''' directive can be use to change the log level just for certain connections. The following log excerpts are generated from using the log level INFO. A session starts with an open and end with a close. The number in the brackets is the process id for the SFTP session and is the only way to follow a session through the logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:45 server internal-sftp[4929]: session opened for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] ... Oct 22 12:09:10 server internal-sftp[4929]: session closed for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] </syntaxhighlight> Here is an SFTP upload of a small file of 928 bytes named '''foo''' to the home directory for user 'fred' when logging the SFTP at log level INFO. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 928 </syntaxhighlight> And a directory listing in the same session in the directory '''/var/www'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/www/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/www/" </syntaxhighlight> And lastly here is a download of the same small 928-byte file called '''foo''' from the home directory for the user 'fred'. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags READ mode 0666 Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 928 written 0 </syntaxhighlight> Successful transfers will be noted by a ''close'' message. Attempts to download (open) files that do not exist will be followed by a ''sent status No such file'' message on a line of its own instead of a ''close''. Files that exist but that the user is not allowed to read will create a ''sent status Permission denied'' message. ===Logging Chrooted SFTP=== Logging with the built-in '''sftp-subsystem''' inside a chroot jail, defined by '''ChrootDirectory''', needs a '''./dev/log''' node to exist inside the jail. This can be done by having the system logger such as [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] add additional log sockets inside the chrooted directory when starting up. On some systems that is as simple as adding more flags, like "'''-u -a /chroot/dev/log'''", in '''/etc/rc.conf.local''' or whatever the equivalent startup script may be. Here is an example of an SFTP login with password to a chroot jail using log level DEBUG3 for the SFTP-subsystem. The log shows a file upload: <syntaxhighlight lang="text">Apr 5 15:08:41 server sshd-session[31716]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 39238 ssh2 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: session opened for local user fred from [198.51.100.135] Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: received client version 3 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 1: limits Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 2: realpath Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: realpath "." Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 2: sent names count 1 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 3: open flags 26 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 3: sent handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 5: write "/home/fred/foo" (handle 0) off 0 len 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 5: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: close handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success </syntaxhighlight> Remember that SFTP is a separate subsystem and that like the file creation mode, the log level and log facility are set separately from the SSH server in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], for example: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l ERROR </syntaxhighlight> ===Logging Stability of Client Connectivity=== When '''ClientAliveInterval''' is set in the server's configuration, the server makes periodic probes of the clients which have established connections. At normal log levels, these are not noted in the log until something goes wrong. If the '''ClientAliveInterval''' is exceeded more times in a row than allowed by '''ClientAliveCountMax''' the client is officially declared disconnected and the connection dropped. At the default log level of INFO a brief message is logged, identifying the client which has been dropped. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:42:08 server sshd[83709]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57608: Host is down </syntaxhighlight> At log level DEBUG, the client's responses to the polls will be logged by the server showing that the session is still connected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:27:52 server sshd[9075]: debug1: Got 100/147 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Log level DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 will give even more information about the connection. However, even at log level DEBUG3, the specific client being polled will not be identified directly in the log messages and will have to be inferred from the process id of the daemon if such information is needed. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: send packet: type 98 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: receive packet: type 100 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Again, when the '''ClientAliveCountMax''' is exceeded, the connection is broken after the final failure of the client to respond. Here is how that looks with the log level set to DEBUG2. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57552: Host is down Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: session_pty_cleanup: session 0 release /dev/ttyp0 </syntaxhighlight> The directives '''ClientAliveInterval''' and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' normally apply to all clients connecting to the server. However, they can be used inside a '''Match''' block and thus applied only to specific connections. ===Logging Revoked Keys=== If the '''RevokedKeys''' directive is used to point to a list of public keys that have been revoked, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will make a log entry when access is attempted using a revoked key. The entry will be the same whether a plaintext list of public keys is used or if a binary Key Revocation List (KRL) has been generated. If password authentication is allowed, and the user tries it, then after the key authentication fails there will be a record of password authentication. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:36:40 server sshd-session[29235]: error: Authentication key RSA SHA256:jXEPmu4thnubqPUDcKDs31MOVLQJH6FfF1XSGT748jQ revoked by file /etc/ssh/ssh_revoked_keys ... Mar 14 20:36:45 server sshd-session[29235]: Accepted password for fred from 192.0.2.10 port 59967 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If password authentication is not allowed, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will close the connection as soon as the key fails. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:38:27 server sshd-session[29163]: error: Authentication key RSA SHA256:jXEPmu4thnubqPUDcKDs31MOVLQJH6FfF1XSGT748jQ revoked by file /etc/ssh/ssh_revoked_keys ... </syntaxhighlight> The account trying the revoked key remains a mystery though. So it will be necessary to try to look up the key by its fingerprint from your archive of old keys using <code>ssh-keygen -lf</code> and read the key's comments. Although if a valid account cancels the connection without trying a password after the key attempt fails, the usual message will still be posted to the log and that will show the login name. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:44:04 server sshd-session[14352]: Connection closed by authenticating user fred 192.0.2.237 port 55051 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> That may be enough to provide some clue and allow a bit of log filtering with a short AWK script, if the messages are all in the same log file. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ awk '/revoked by file/ { pid[$5]++; key[$5]=$9; hash[$5]=$10; next; } pid[$5] && /closed by authenticating user/ { print key[$5], hash[$5], $10, $11; delete key[$5]; delete hash[$5]; delete pid[$5]; }' /var/log/authlog </syntaxhighlight> Similarly, if the client makes no attempt at logging in and just times out, the message will say just that. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 18 21:40:25 server sshd[9942]: fatal: Timeout before authentication for connection from 198.51.100.236 to 203.0.113.75, pid = 67611 ... </syntaxhighlight> On the client side, no warning or error will be given if a revoked key is tried. It will just fail and the next key or method will be tried. ===Brute force and Hail Mary attacks=== It’s fairly common to see failed login attempts almost as soon as the server is connected to the net. Brute force attacks, where one machine hammers on a few accounts trying to find a valid password, are becoming rare. In part this is because packet filters, like NFables for Linux and PF for the BSDs, can limit the number and rate of connection attempts from a single host. The server configuration directive '''MaxStartups''' can limit the number of simultaneous, unauthenticated connections. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 4 16:45:34 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:46:58 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:47:04 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 Apr 4 16:47:05 server sshd-session[96275]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 48294 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Prior to 9.8, it was slightly different: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:54:44 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:48 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Disconnecting authenticating user root 201.179.249.231 port 52404: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Note the "authenticating user" is present in the logs from OpenSSH 7.5 and onward when a valid user name is attempted. When an invalid user name is attempted, that is written too. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 3 10:25:59 server sshd-session[78513]: Invalid user ad1tz from 103.42.56.121 port 55778 Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Received disconnect from 103.42.56.121 port 55778:11: Bye Bye [preauth] Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Disconnected from invalid user ad1tz 103.42.56.121 port 55778 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, in versions prior to 9.8, the process name is different as is the closing message. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Failed password for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: Disconnecting invalid user ubnt 201.179.249.231 port 52471: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> The way to deal with brute force attacks coming from a single machine or network is to customize the server host’s packet filter to limit the attacks or even temporarily block machines that overload the maximum number or rate of connections. Optionally, one should also contact the attacker’s net block owner with the IP address and exact date and time of the attacks. A kind of attack common at the time of this writing is one which is distributed over a large number of compromised machines, each playing only a small role in attacking the server. To deal with Hail Mary attacks, contact the attacker’s net block owner. A form letter with a cut-and-paste excerpt from the log is enough if it gives the exact times and addresses. Alternately, teams of network or system administrators can work to pool data to identify and blacklist the compromised hosts participating in the attack. ====Failed None For Invalid User==== The SSH protocol specifies a number of possible authentication methods<ref name="rfc_4252">{{cite web | url =https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4252#section-5.2 | title=RFC 4252: The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol | date=2006 | publisher=IETF | access-date=2021-08-10 }}</ref>. The methods <code>password</code>, <code>keyboard-interactive</code>, and <code>publickey</code> are fairly common. A lesser known authentication method is <code>none</code>, which will only succeed if the server requires no further authentication such as if '''PermitEmptyPassword''' is set and the account does not actually have a password<ref name="failed_none">{{cite mailing list | url=https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=162858437916966&w=2 | last=Tucker | first=Darren | mailing-list=OpenBSD-Misc | date=2021-08-10 | accessdate=2021-08-10 | title=Re: ssh authlog: Failed none for invalid user | publisher=OpenBSD}}</ref>. Some SSH clients including OpenSSH's start by asking for <code>none</code> authentication and then use the list of remaining possible authentication methods to decide what to do next if that doesn't work. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Aug 10 19:09:05 server sshd[93126]: Failed none for invalid user admin from 125.64.94.136 port 27586 ssh2 ... </syntaxhighlight> So in other words, that is a brute force attack trying the <code>none</code> authentication method. It is an attack which will only get into accounts which have been explicitly set with an empty password and furthermore have also been set up specifically to allow access by having both the authentication method of <code>none</code> and the '''PermitEmptyPasswords''' configuration directive enabled on the server. Most brute force attacks try only <code>password</code> authentication, and some of those even check for the <code>password</code> method and then give up if it is not available. Other attackers may just hammer away pointlessly even if the method is not available. ===Connections Seemingly From 127.0.0.1, ::1, or Other localhost Addresses=== When the SSH server is accessed via a reverse tunnel to another machine, the incoming connections will appear to be from the ''localhost'' address, which is usually ''127.0.0.1'' or ''::1''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:16:16 server sshd[9265]: Accepted password for fred from 127.0.0.1 port 40426 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If the port at the other end of the reverse tunnel is publicly accessible, it will be probed and possibly attacked. Because of the reverse tunnel, the attacks will then also appear to be coming from the server's own loopback address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:20:17 server sshd-session[5613]: Invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 Mar 23 14:20:21 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:26 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd-session[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Like in the other examples, the disconnection message was different prior to 9.8: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 23 14:20:32 server sshd[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Therefore the usual countermeasures like SSHGuard or Fail2Ban or other similar intrusion detection systems cannot be used because the ''localhost'' address is used by the tunnel for all login attempts, regardless of their real origins. A partial solution would be to bind the incoming connections to a different IP address. The loopback interface would need an additional permanent address, an alias, for that. That alias could then be assigned when establishing the reverse tunnel: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -R 2022:127.2.2.1:22 fred@vps.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Thus it would designate the source address for all logins coming in over that tunnel. So, in that way, the alias would then show up in the logs instead of the default loopback address when that reverse tunnel is used: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 18:00:13 server sshd-session[8525]: Invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 Mar 23 18:00:15 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:00:19 server sshd-sesssion[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:23 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:26 server sshd-session[8525]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud 127.2.2.1 port 17271 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> If the ports do not need to be available to the open Internet, a full solution would be just to ensure that they are not accessible from the outside. This would be done by not using the '''-g''' option on the client when making the reverse tunnel or else by setting the '''GatewayPorts''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] back to the default of '''no''', or both. The system's built-in packet filter can also be used. Then, even with the forwarded ports closed off from the outside, the '''ProxyJump''' option can still be used to skip through the jump host and use the setup for SSH access. However, since it is sometimes necessary that these ports be accessible to the outside world, this approach is not always an option. ==Client Logging== The OpenSSH client normally sends log information to '''stderr'''. The '''-y''' option can be used to send output to the system logs, managed by [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] or something similar. Client log verbosity can be increased or decreased by changing the '''LogLevel''' directive and the log facility changed with the '''SyslogFacility''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)]. Both require use of the '''-y''' run-time option and do nothing without it. Alternatively, instead of using the '''-y''' option, using the '''-E''' option sends log output to a designated file instead of '''stderr'''. Working with the system logs or separate log files are something which can be useful when running [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] in automated scripts. Below is an example of a connection to an interactive shell with the normal level of client logging: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -l fred server.example.org fred@server.example.org‘s password: Last login: Thu Jan 27 13:21:57 2011 from 192.168.11.1 </syntaxhighlight> The same connection at the first level of verbosity gives lots of debugging information, 90 lines in all. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v -l fred server.example.org debug1: OpenSSH_10.6, LibreSSL 4.4.0 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Connecting to server.example.org [198.51.100.20] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: compat_banner: match: OpenSSH_10.6 pat OpenSSH* compat 0x04000000 debug1: Authenticating to server.example.org:22 as 'fred' debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: mlkem768x25519-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ssh-ed25519 debug1: kex: server->client cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: kex: client->server cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY received debug1: Server host key: ssh-ed25519 SHA256:agRZDZn8awhQ+tc19Ip/whkHoV33Ln2REO7v1kcYbdU debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: Host 'server.example.org' is known and matches the ED25519 host key. debug1: Found key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_packet_send2_wrapped: resetting send seqnr 3 debug1: rekey out after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: Sending SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: ssh_packet_read_poll2: resetting read seqnr 3 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: rekey in after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: publickey-hostbound@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: ping@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: agent-forward=<0> debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: password Authenticated to server.example.org ([198.51.100.20]:22) using "password". debug1: channel 0: new session [client-session] (inactive timeout: 0.000000) debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: pledge: filesystem debug1: client_input_global_request: rtype hostkeys-00@openssh.com want_reply 0 debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: hostkeys file /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 does not exist debug1: client_input_hostkeys: no new or deprecated keys from server debug1: pledge: fork debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 Last login: Sat Mar 14 21:31:33 2015 from 192.0.2.111 ... </syntaxhighlight> The same login with the maximum of verbosity, '''-vvv''', gives around 239 lines of debugging information. The following will save the debugging information separately in a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -E ~/ssh-client.log -l fred somehost.example.org </syntaxhighlight> ===Capturing Client Debugging Information Together with the Session Contents=== Regular pipes and redirects work only with '''stdout''' so that if '''-E''' is not used to capture debugging output the output on '''stderr''' must instead be sent to '''stdout''' if one is going to capture it at the same time as the actual session. That is done with an extra redirect, '''2>&amp;1''' to capture '''stderr'''. Mind the spaces, or lack of them. The following will capture both the session text and the debugging information to a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -l fred somehost.example.org 2>&1 | tee ~/ssh-output.log </syntaxhighlight> The tool [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)] is like a T-pipe and sends output two directions, one to '''stdout''' and one to a file. ===Changing Client Debugging Levels At Runtime or On The Fly=== At run-time, when establishing a new connection, just use the '''-v''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -v -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The debugging verbosity on the client can be increased just like on the server. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -vvv -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The extra information can be useful to see exactly what is being sent to or requested of the server. After the fact, once a connection is established, the escape sequences '''~v''' and '''~V''' can be used to increase or decrease, respectively, the verbosity on the fly. Through them it is possible to change the verbosity of the client in an established connection. When increasing the log level with '''~v''', the client raises its log level to VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3, in that order, if starting from the default of INFO. Conversely, when lowering the log level with '''~V''', the client will descend through ERROR, FATAL, to QUIET if starting from the default of INFO. ==Debugging and Troubleshooting== The server logs are your best friend when troubleshooting. It may be necessary to turn up the log level there temporarily to get more information. It is then also necessary to turn them back to normal after things are fixed to avoid privacy problems or excessively use of disk space. For example, the SFTP-subsystem logging defaults to ERROR, reporting only errors. To track transactions made by the client, change the log level to INFO or VERBOSE: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> Caution. Again, operating with elevated logging levels would violate the privacy of users, in addition to filling a lot of disk space. Elevated logging levels should generally not be used in production once the changes are figured out. Even then, the elevated log messages should really be sent to a separate log file during the time they are being collected. By default, some systems send only the normal messages to the regular system log files and ignore the elevated messages. Some save all the messages by default. If the elevated system log messages are not showing up in any of the system logs, that may be the reason. Either way, check the system log configurations and make sure that the extra messages are only sent to a separate log file and not mixed in with the regular system logs. Change the configuration to do that, if necessary. Separating the extra messaging helps keep the logs tidy as well as protecting privacy. The system log settings are found in the system log daemon's configuration file, the exact name of which will vary depending on what is installed, but common ones are [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.conf.5 syslog.conf(5)] and rsyslog.conf(5). Notice that the configuration below has the all messages including the more detailed VERBOSE, and on up through DEBUG3, messages for the AUTH facility going to a separate log file from the regular AUTH messages: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ grep '^auth\.' /etc/syslog.conf auth.info /var/log/authlog auth.* /var/log/authdebug </syntaxhighlight> See [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] for the log facilities and log levels. It is best to limit the time the debugging information is collected to be as short as possible and to actively watch the logs while the extra information is being collected. However, if the more verbose logging is running for any length of time, and especially if it is left unattended even for a short while, be sure to remember to add the new log file to the log rotation schedule so that it cannot fill up the partition. Note, logs might be handled by other services on some systems. Check with the official documentation for your system to be sure. On the client side, '''Match''' blocks can help further by setting log levels for specific situations and avoid a situation where everything is logged intensely. The manual pages for OpenSSH are very well written and many times problems can be solved by finding the right section within the right manual page. At the very minimum, it is important to skim through the four main manual pages for both the programs and their configuration to become familiar with at least the section headings. * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.5 sshd(8)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] Once the right section is found in the manual page, read it in detail and become familiar with its contents. The same goes for the other OpenSSH manual pages, depending on the activity. Be sure to use the version(s) of OpenSSH actually in use on your system(s) with their corresponding manual pages. When possible, use those that are installed on your system so as to avoid a mismatch. In some cases, the client and the server will be of different versions, so the manual pages for each must be looked up separately. It is also a good idea to review OpenSSH's release notes when a new version is published. With a few exceptions below, specific examples of troubleshooting are usually given in the cookbook section relevant to a particular activity. So, for example, sorting problems with authentication keys is done in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Authentication_Keys|Public Key Authentication]] itself. ===Debugging a script, configuration or key that uses sudo(8)=== Usually log levels only need to be changed when writing and testing a script, a new configuration, some new keys, or all three at once. When working with '''sudo(8)''', it is especially important to see exactly what the client is sending so as to enter the right pattern into '''/etc/sudoers''' for safety. Using the lowest level of verbosity, the exact string being sent by the client to the remote server is shown in the debugging output: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ rsync -e "ssh -v -i /home/webmaint/.ssh/bkup_key -l webmaint" \ -a server.example.org:/var/www/ var/backup/www/ ... debug1: Sending command: rsync --server --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ ... </syntaxhighlight> What '''sudoers''' then needs is something like the following, assuming account 'webmaint' is in the group 'webmasters': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> %webmasters ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/rsync --server \ --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to debug new server configurations or key logins. Once things are set to run as needed, the log level settings can be lowered back to INFO for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and to ERROR for '''internal-sftp'''. Additionally, once the script is left to run in fully automated mode, the client logging information can be set use the [http://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] system module instead of '''stderr''' by using the '''-y''' option when [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] is launched. ===Debugging a server configuration=== Running the server in debug mode provides a lot of information about the connection and a smaller amount about the server configuration. The server's debugging level ('''-d''') can be raised once, twice ('''-dd''') or thrice ('''-ddd'''). <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -d </syntaxhighlight> Note that in this case the server does not detach and become a daemon, so it will terminate when the SSH connection terminates. The advantage is this collects the logs for one single session and only that session. The server must be started again in order to make a subsequent connection from the client. Though in some ways this is a hassle, it does make sure that session data is a unique set and not mixes of multiple sessions and thus possibly different configurations. Alternately, another option ('''-e''') when debugging sends the debugging data to '''stderr''' instead in order to keep the system logs clean. It is also possible to log the debugging data from the system logs directly to a separate file and keep noise out of the system logs. Since OpenSSH 6.3, the option '''-E''' will append the debug data to a particular log file instead of sending it to the system log. This facilitates debugging live systems without cluttering the system logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -E /home/fred/sshd.debug.log -d </syntaxhighlight> In really old versions of OpenSSH, which are hopefully no longer in production, if you need to save output to a file while still viewing it live on the screen, you can use '''tee(1)'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -ddd 2>&1 | tee /tmp/foo </syntaxhighlight> That will save output to the file ''foo'' by redirecting to '''stdout''' what [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sent to '''stderr''' and saving it to a file. This works with really old versions of OpenSSH, but the '''-E''' option above is preferable. If the server is remote and it is important to reduce the risk of getting locked out, the experiments on the configuration file can be done with a second instance of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] using a separate configuration file and listening to a high port until the settings have been tested. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -dd -p 22222 -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> If the OpenSSH server's configuration file is set to listen on odd ports or more than one port using the '''ListenAddress''' directive, then that can also be overriden so that the server listens on the extra port. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -o 'ListenAddress 0.0.0.0:22222' -dd \ -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> It is also possible to make an extended test ('''-T''') of the configuration file first. If there is a syntax error, it will be reported, but remember that even sound configurations can still lock you out. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> The extended test mode can be used by itself, but it is also possible to specify custom parameters to use with '''-C''' to see what happens with specific kinds of connections. [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will the connection. It will then process the configuration file in light of the parameters passed to it and return output with the modified results. This is good for showing the results of any '''Match''' directives which might apply to the session. The variables ''user'', ''host'', and ''addr'' are the minimum required when passing specific connection parameters to [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for evaluation with the '''-C''' option . The following options will print out the configurations that will be applied when the user ''fred'' tries to log in to the host ''server.example.org'' from the address ''192.0.2.15'': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15 </syntaxhighlight> Two more parameters, ''laddr'' and ''lport'', may also be passed. They refer to the server's IP number and port connected to. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15,laddr=192.0.2.2,lport=2222 </syntaxhighlight> And lastly, there is a parameter ''rdomain'' to specify the routing domain or routing table to try. Between those six variables it should be possible to describe any possible incoming connection. ====Adding Timestamps to Server Debugging Output==== The '''-d''' option increases the value for '''LogLevel''' but does not prepend any timestamps to the server's output. Timestamps can nevertheless be added on the fly by writing the debug logs to '''stderr''' using the '''-e''' option, redirecting '''stderr''' to '''stdout''', and then piping that into [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)], a timestamping utility. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 | ts "%.T" | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> That will show the time, including microseconds. Mind the dot there before the letter 'T'. The options '''-i''' and '''-s''' for [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] can be relevant, too. The '''-i''' option will measure the relative time between the timestamps themselves. The '''-s''' option will show the time elapsed since the start of the program. Other custom date and time formats can be specified as per [https://man.openbsd.org/strftime strftime(3)], if needed. When [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] is not already present it can usually be added via the moreutils package. Although some systems, such as OpenBSD, include it in the base system. If it is not already installed and not available for installation, then Perl can be used on POSIX systems to prepend a timestamp to '''stdin''': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | perl -p -e 'use POSIX strftime; print strftime("%F %T ", localtime)' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> However, that only provides an accuracy of whole seconds. If more precision is needed, then Python3 can provide timestamps with precision down to the microsecond. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | python -c 'import datetime; import sys; [print (datetime.datetime.now(), flush=True) for line in sys.stdin]' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> Note that the Python approach requires explicitly setting the buffer to flush automatically. Some non-POSIX shells can make use of [https://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessSubstitution process substitution] to pipe '''stderr''' output into another program. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2> >(ts) | tee /tmp/sshd.log | less -X </syntaxhighlight> There are even fancier approaches using IO redirection on extra file descriptors, but those are far outside the scope of this book. ===Debugging a client configuration=== Sometimes when debugging a server configuration it is necessary to track the client configurations settings, as well. Since OpenSSH 6.8, the '''-G''' option makes [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] print its configuration after evaluating any '''Host''' and '''Match''' blocks and then exit without connecting. That allows viewing of the exact configuration options which will actually be used by the client for a particular session. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -G -l fred server.example.org | sort </syntaxhighlight> Client configuration is determined in three ways. The first is by run-time options, then by the account's own configuration file, or lastly the system-wide client configuration file. The priority is in that order. Whichever value is found first gets used. With [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] the options are also passed to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)]. ====Invalid or Outdated Ciphers or MACs==== A proper client will show the details of the failure. For a bad Message Authentication Code (MAC), a proper client might show something like the following when trying to foist a bad MAC like hmac-md5-96 onto the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching mac found: client hmac-md5-96 server umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1 </syntaxhighlight> And for a bad cipher, a proper client might show something like this when trying to foist an arcfour cipher on the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching cipher found: client arcfour server chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com </syntaxhighlight> Sometimes when troubleshooting a problem with the client it is necessary to turn to the server logs. In [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-6.7 OpenSSH 6.7 unsafe MACs were removed] and in [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-7.2 OpenSSH 7.2 unsafe ciphers were removed], but some third-party clients may still try to use them to establish a connection. In that case, the client might not provide much information beyond a vague message that the server unexpectedly closed the network connection. The server logs will, however, show what happened: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: no matching mac found: client hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5 server hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-ripemd160 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> More recent versions would show a simpler error for a bad MAC. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55044: no matching MAC found. Their offer: hmac-md5-96 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> A bad cipher would be reported like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55046: no matching cipher found. Their offer: arcfour [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> The error message in the server log might not say which MACs or ciphers are actually available. For those, the extended test mode can be used to show the server settings and, in particular, the MACs or ciphers allowed. In its most basic usage the extended test mode would just be '''-T''', as in <code>/usr/sbin/sshd -T | grep -E 'cipher|macs'</code> with no other options. For more details and options, see the previous section on "Debugging a server configuration" above. One solution there is to upgrade the client to one that can handle the right ciphers and MACs. Another option is to switch to a different client, one that can handle the modern ciphers or MACs. See also the configuration directive '''WarnWeakCrypto''' in the manual page. It has been around since 10.1. The default for '''WarnWeakCrypto''' is 'yes'. ===Debugging Key-Based Authentication=== The most common causes of failure for public key authentication seem to be for either of two reasons: * Mangling the public key on the way to getting it into '''authorized_keys''' on the server * Incorrect permissions for the files and directories involved, ether on the client or the server. These are the directory for the keys, usually '''~/.ssh/''', or its parent directories, or the '''authorized_keys''' file, or the private key itself. As of the time of this writing, it looks like pretty much every failure of key-based authentication described on mailing lists and forums is solved by addressing either or both of those two situations. So, when encountering the error message ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'', or similar, see the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]]. Also be sure to read the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and its section on authorized keys. Usually, though not always, it will be obvious when the private key's permissions are incorrect: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519 fred@192.0.2.193 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Permissions 0664 for '/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519' are too open. It is required that your private key files are NOT accessible by others. This private key will be ignored. Load key "/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519": bad permissions </syntaxhighlight> In addition mangled public keys in the authorized keys file and to incorrect permissions, a very rare third case is if the public and private key files don't match and are not from the same key pair. As mentioned in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]], the public and private keys need to be parts of the same key pair so that they match. That is because even before the SSH client uses private key cryptographically, it looks at the file name of the proposed private key and then sends the public key matching that same name, if it exists, to the server. If that public key does not match the public key on the server in '''authorized_keys''' then the connection will be denied with the error ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'' or similar. That alone is a very good reason to give unique descriptive file names when creating keys. Note that as mentioned above there are usually other causes to that same error message besides having mismanaged the public key file on the client machine. The file names for both parts of each key pair have to be kept synchronized so that the names match. As for a solution, the way out in the long term is to stay organized and carefully manage the keys and their file names. It can be solved on the short term by deleting the offending ''public'' key file and then using the private key to regenerate a new one, replacing the incorrect public key under that name. Again, this is an unusual edge case and not a common cause of that error. ====SSH Too Many Authentication Failures==== When there are multiple keys in the authentication agent, the client will try them against the server in the same order in which they were added to the agent. However, on odd or older agents they are returned in an unpredictable order. Newer versions allow the client to query the server to see if a particular key is acceptable. This is set by the '''PubkeyAuthOptions''' and is counted separately from the '''MaxAuthTries''' directive. When the former are used up, then the additional tries count against the latter. Either way, if the client happens to cycle through enough of the wrong keys first and hits the server's '''MaxAuthTries''' limit before finding the right key, the server will naturally break off the connection with an error message on the server about too many authentication failures: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Disconnecting authenticating user fred 203.0.113.110 port 35893: Too many authentication failures [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Or in earlier versions: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> "Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed." </syntaxhighlight> When that happens, the client side will show this error: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Received disconnect from server.example.org port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from server.example.org port 22 </syntaxhighlight> With increased verbosity, the specific keys tested and rejected will also be shown by the client. Newer clients will include the key's comment, if available, and not just the fingerprint. The keys get tried first from the agent in the order in which they were loaded into the agent, then from : <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 . . . hdebug1: Offering public key: a key for fred ED25519 SHA256:7e5qkSHxSp8xitlM4JP4dOeCdnQn Vt9q6GPaB0+IrSM agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred's key ED25519 SHA256:8U7Fy6nJxbxfAu0K8WXZV0WN80t/ 4lb/f9bqObw0isE agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: one more comment ED25519 SHA256:F61Sx2t4BmoHASuMCVrBd8C30A7S QdGPwgfb7ZGWZf0 agent debug1: Authentications that a publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred@desk.example.org ED25519 SHA256:TMfO5S6oBQ0Cu273yPp9+7carGP926kRfg6iS435cmU agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: yet one more key ED25519 SHA256:36tMBWe4kX9hyVLZaxyjm2pp1TMFbRw0+O1xWOU5Fgk agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: the last straw ED25519 SHA256:gNZd1TF48UgEUgoYFNXop9tEhO53If1qiDqZyKbRT4U agent Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from 203.0.113.110 port 22 </syntaxhighlight> Each key in the agent also gets an annotation which says whether or not the key file was supplied by the user, either in the configuration file or as a run-time argument. For the former, it will marked with 'agent' and for the latter two as 'explicit'. The client prefers keys that are currently in the agent in the order in which they were added to the agent. Then it will try the one(s) added via run-time arguments, in the order in which they are supplied. Then, lastly, it will try the one(s) specified in the client configuration file. Or in earlier versions the file name used to load the key will be listed by the client in verbose mode, but the order will be less predictable: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.06.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.02.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.03.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.04.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.01.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.05.rsa Received disconnect from port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed. </syntaxhighlight> In the older clients, the client prefers keys that were specified in the configuration and are also currently in the agent. Then it will try try them in the order in which they were supplied. [3] <ref name="key_order">{{cite mailing list | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-April/037700.html | title=IdentityFile vs IdentitiesOnly | date=2019-04-01 | accessdate=2019-04-04 | mailinglist=openssh-unix-dev | last=Tucker |first=Darren }}</ref> There are two solutions if you see the ''Too many authentication failures'' error: One way around this error is to remove keys from the agent one at a time using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] with the '''-d''' option until there is just the right key left. Refer to each key by its file system path, for example: <code>ssh-add -d ~/.ssh/some.key.rsa</code> Because the private key to be removed is looked up in the agent based on the corresponding public key both files must exist. Without matching a public key file, the private key cannot be removed individually from the authentication agent. Instead the whole lot may be removed all at once using the '''-D''' option. However, is not always practical to do either when many remote systems are used frequently and the agent needs to be kept well-stocked. This is probably not the most practical way. Another way around this error, and probably the most practical method, is to limit the client to trying only a specific key using the '''IdentitiesOnly''' configuration directive in conjunction with the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. The latter points explicitly to the right key. Both can be added either as run-time options or in the client's configuration file. As a runtime option, they can be used like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa -l fred server14.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Those settings can be stored permanently by adding something like the following '''IdentitiesFile''' and '''IdentitiesOnly''' directives to the client configuration file instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host server14 server14.example.org HostName server14.example.org IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa User fred </syntaxhighlight> In that way, the server could be reached with either the short name or the fully qualified domain name, whatever names are listed under the '''Host''' stanza. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh server14 </syntaxhighlight> Remember that options are selected from the client configuration file on a first-match basis. Because the first-match wins, specific rules must come before more general rules in the client configuration file. ====Signing Failed for ... Agent Refused Operation==== As mentioned, incorrect permissions on client files or directories are a common cause of authentication failure when attempting key-based authentication. Not all the errors are clear about that, however. Here is an example of a misleading error message which is actually caused by incorrect permissions: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/key-ed25519 fred@server.example.org sign_and_send_pubkey: signing failed for ED25519 "/home/fred/.ssh/key-ed25519" from agent: agent refused operation fred@server.example.org: Permission denied (publickey). </syntaxhighlight> The solution for that is to ensure that no other accounts can read or write to the private key. No others should be able to write to the '''.ssh''' directory or its parent either. ===Debugging Chrooted SFTP Accounts=== With chrooted SFTP sessions, the most common problem seems to be bad directory permissions. The chroot directory, and all directories above it, must be owned by root and not writable by any other user or group. Even though these directories' group memberships do not have to be root, if any of them is not root then it must not be group writable either. Failure to use the correct ownership will result in not being able to log in with the affected accounts. The errors when login is attempted can look like this from the client side: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: Connection to 192.0.2.206 closed by remote host. Connection closed. </syntaxhighlight> Older clients will look like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: packet_write_wait: Connection to 192.0.2.206: Broken pipe Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer </syntaxhighlight> The error message is much clearer on the server side: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 4 23:52:38 server sshd[7075]: fatal: bad ownership or modes for chroot directory component "/home/fred/" </syntaxhighlight> Check the directory permissions for the chroot target and all directories above it. If even one is off it must be fixed so that it is owned by root and not writable by any others. There are many, many routes to get there. Here are two was to set up chroot permissions: * One quick way to fix the permissions is to change both ownership and group membership of the directory to root. Same for all directories above the chroot target. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> That will work with the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive set to '''%h''' but has some drawbacks that will quickly become obvious when adding files or directories. * Another easy way to fix the permissions is to change both the account's home directory and the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive. Arrange the account's home directory so that it is under a unique directory owned by root, such as the user name itself: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-x--- 3 root fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ drwxr-x--- 8 fred fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> Then chroot the account to the parent directory and combine that with an alternate starting directory working from the user name token with the '''-d''' option for the SFTP server. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> ChrootDirectory /home/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u </syntaxhighlight> That way, when the account connects it will see only its own directory and no other parts of the system. ===Debugging RC Scripts Interfering with SFTP Sessions=== Recent versions of the server do not launch either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' when initiating an SFTP session. However, on older versions, these scripts will get executed for both SFTP and SSH, if present and the server is configured to run them. Therefore, in older versions one common mistake is when either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' send anything at all to '''stdout''' instead of being quiet. The SFTP connection will drop when there are any extraneous data either direction on '''stdin''', whether from the client or the server. The reason is that the output to '''stdout''' on the server is received by the client on '''stdin''' but matches no correct protocol and thus causes the client to disconnect with an error. However, even in the case of using the RC scripts, the response from the server must remain 8-bit clean or an error will occur: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp server.example.org Received message too long 1400204832 </syntaxhighlight> That one message will be the main clue. Increasing the verbosity of the SFTP client with '''-v''' won't provide more relevant information. Upgrading [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] might be a more practical option, when possible. When the RC scripts cause the SFTP client to disconnect, the standard server logs will show only that the client disconnected and not provide any information about why. At higher levels of logging, some extraneous reads and corresponding discards might be noticed but that is all. Below is a log sample recorded at the verbosity DEBUG3 showing such an example. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... debug2: subsystem request for sftp by user fred debug1: subsystem: exec() /usr/libexec/sftp-server Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.38 port 37446 id 0 ... debug2: channel 0: read 13 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 12 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 15 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 18 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, new versions won't run the RC scripts when connecting for an SFTP session. On older versions, neither RC script may produce any output on '''stdout''' during use of SFTP or it will ruin the connection. If an RC script does produce output, it must be redirected to a system log, to a file, or sent to '''stderr''' instead of '''stdout'''. Regular interactive SSH connections are not disturbed by use of '''stdout''' and the client will just display whatever is sent. See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] in the section "SSHRC" for more. The same restriction goes for any other part of the SSH service which runs over '''stdin''' and '''stdout''', such as '''ProxyJump''' or some uses of '''ProxyCommand'''. So another example of potential interference would be when using '''LocalCommand''' with the client to specify a command to execute on the local machine after successfully connecting to the server. Any output from it also needs to be redirected to '''stderr'''. If '''LocalCommand''' ends up interfering with '''ProxyJump''' then the connection will appear to hang at the stage when '''stdout''' gets used. ===Debugging When An SSH Agent Has The Correct Private Key But Does Not Use It=== In older versions of OpenSSH, the public key must also be available on the client at the time the private key is loaded into the agent. If it is not then without the matching public key the agent will not be able to use that private key unless other arrangements are made. A symptom of this is although specifying the key via a run-time argument works, the same key does not work via the agent. Upgrading to a more recent version of OpenSSH is a better option. Otherwise a work-around is to specify the private key either as a run-time argument to the client or in the [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] file, from there the client will find the correspondingly named public key file. Importantly the client will still use the key in the agent yet use the designated matching public key file, so the private key file does not have to contain anything at all and could even be empty. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519 fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> However, if it is undesirable to have the private key accessible on the file system or if the private key is only in the agent and not itself available via the file system, then the public key can be specified explicitly instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519.pub fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Either way, another approach is to name the key in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] using the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. When a public key file is missing, it can easily be regenerated from the private key using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] with the '''-y''' option. ==SSH Client Error Messages And Common Causes== As rehash of the above, below are some client-side error messages with some of the more common reasons<ref name="troubleshooting">{{cite web | url=https://ittavern.com/ssh-troubleshooting-guide/ | title=SSH Troubleshooting Guide | date=2023-01-17 | publisher=IT Tavern | access-date=2023-01-26 }}</ref> for those messages. Neither list of errors nor the reasons for the errors are comprehensive. The suggestions for causes just touch on one or two of the commonly seen reasons. There is no substitute for checking the actual logs, especially on the server. The server log files are usually '''/var/log/auth.log''' on most system or a variant of that name. Occasionally you will find the information in the file '''/var/log/secure''' instead. '''No address associated with name:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh nonesuch.example.org ssh: Could not resolve hostname nonesuch.example.org: no address associated with name </syntaxhighlight> The destination's host name does not exist in DNS. Was it spelled correctly? '''Operation timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Operation timed out </syntaxhighlight> There's not a system associated with that IP address, or else a packet filter is causing trouble. '''Connection timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Connection timed out </syntaxhighlight> You can't get there from here. It is probable that the destination machine is disconnected from the network or that the network which it is on is not reachable. '''Connection refused:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org ssh: connect to host www.example.org port 22: Connection refused </syntaxhighlight> The destination system exists but there is no SSH service available at the port being tried. Is the destination right? It might be the wrong system, SSH might not be running at all, SSH might be listening on another port, or a packet filter might be blocking connections. '''Permission denied:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org fred@www.example.org: Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive). </syntaxhighlight> That is usually a sign of a problem caused by the wrong user name, wrong authentication method, wrong SSH key or SSH certificate, or wrong file permissions in the authorized keys file on the destination system. If it is a matter of SSH key-based authentication, see the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for more thorough coverage. If it is a question of SSH certificates, see the corresponding [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Certificate-based_Authentication‎ | Certificate-based Authentication]] chapter. It can also be a matter of server-side settings with '''AllowGroups''', '''DenyGroups''', or similar configuration directives at the destination. Any of those possibilities can really only be identified and solved by checking the log output from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)]. '''No matching host key type found:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> The SSH daemon on that server is really outdated. Contact the system administrator about an upgrade and get them moving. More details can be seen with the '''-v''' option on the client. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v fred@example.org ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: (no match) Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> In the above shell session, it is the server which is badly in need of an update as shown by the deprecated key exchange algorithms which it tries to use. Again, for emphasis, the solution is to update the outdated software. If a specific, old version of an particular operating system absolutely must be used for a while longer, see about getting a back port of the SSH daemon. Many GNU/Linux distros even have specific back port repositories. If you would like to see which key exchange algorithms the client supports try using the '''-Q''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -Q kex diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 diffie-hellman-group16-sha512 diffie-hellman-group18-sha512 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 ecdh-sha2-nistp256 ecdh-sha2-nistp384 ecdh-sha2-nistp521 mlkem768nistp256-sha256 curve25519-sha256 curve25519-sha256@libssh.org sntrup761x25519-sha512 sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com mlkem768x25519-sha256 </syntaxhighlight> <noinclude>{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}</noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} poc4thmo4jsbw2yfydqfnxizjccz63h 4678827 4678826 2026-10-29T11:31:49Z Larsnooden 430753 Update revoked key logging 4678827 wikitext text/x-wiki Both the OpenSSH client and server offer a lot of choice as to where the logs are written and how much information is collected. A prerequisite for logging is having an accurate system clock using the Network Time Protocol, NTP, or equivalent, service which provides ongoing time synchronization with rest of the world. The more accurate the time stamp in the log is, the faster it is to coordinate forensics between machines or sites or service providers. If you have to contact outside parties like a service provider, progress can usually only be made with very exact times. ==Server Logs== By default [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sends logging information to the system logs using the log level INFO and the system log facility AUTH. So the place to look for log data from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] is in '''/var/log/auth.log'''. These defaults can be overridden using the '''SyslogFacility''' and '''LogLevel''' directives. Below is a typical server startup entry in the authorization log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Mar 19 14:45:40 server sshd[21157]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> In most cases the default level of logging is sufficient, but during initial testing of new services or activities it is sometimes necessary to have more information. Debugging info usually goes to '''stderr'''. Starting with OpenSSH 7.6, '''Match''' blocks can set alternate log levels for specific conditions. The log excerpt below show the same basic server start up with increased detail. Contrast the log level DEBUG1 below with the default above: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:39:14 server sshd[85029]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> And here is the same startup using the most verbose level, DEBUG3: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 6 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on 0.0.0.0. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug2: fd 7 setting O_NONBLOCK Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: debug1: Bind to port 22 on ::. Apr 5 12:40:59 server sshd[49707]: Server listening on :: port 22. </syntaxhighlight> Every failed login attempt is recorded, once the value in directive '''MaxAuthTries''' is exceeded the connection is broken. Below is a log excerpt showing how the default log looks after some failed attempts: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 5 12:44:43 server sshd-session[80932]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 58164 ssh2 Apr 5 12:44:51 server last message repeated 2 times Apr 5 12:44:51 server sshd-session[80932]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 58164 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> It is not usually a good idea to allow root login, especially not root login with authentication via password. Blocking login for root simplifies the log analysis greatly, and in particular it eliminates the time consuming question of who is trying to get in and why. People that need full root level access can gain it through [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)] for general activities. Or for specific tasks which need root level access, those can be given those privileges through custom-made entries for '''sudo(8)''' or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)]. Note that in those cases, only specific services and programs should be allowed, not blanket access which is an all too common misconfiguration seen with '''sudo(8)'''. Alternatively, a single-purpose key made using '''forced-commands-only''' could be used since some argue that providing extra means of privilege escalation, such as [https://man.openbsd.org/su.1 su(1)], '''sudo(8)''', or [https://man.openbsd.org/doas.1 doas(1)], is more dangerous than carefully providing remote root access through a key or certificate tied to a specific function. ===Successful logins=== By default, the server does not store much information about user transactions. That is a good thing. It is also a good thing to recognize when the system is operating as it should. So here is an example of a successful SSH login using a password: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:23:59 server sshd-session[91524]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 16135 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example using a key for authentication. It shows the key fingerprint as a SHA256 hash in base64 and reports that the second line of the '''authorized_keys''' file has the matching key. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:28:19 server sshd-session[6878]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:2 </syntaxhighlight> And here is an example of successful authentication with a user certificate. The certificate's identification string is "edcba" and the serial number is "2". In this example the certificate is using ECDSA and the key itself is using Ed25519. The certificate, being a different key of its own, has a different SHA256 fingerprint from the authentication key it was made from. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:13 server sshd-session[41047]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted certificate ID "edcba" (serial 2) signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 via /etc/ssh/user_ca_key.pub Oct 23 00:50:18 server sshd-session[41047]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 29007 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID edcba (serial 2) CA ED25519 SHA256:gWVwY8yPO4sYuxDDIOxPi9uNAwGJO4K7+LFcR1PHzv4 </syntaxhighlight> In all three cases, older versions prior to 9.8 will use a process named '''sshd''' rather than one named '''sshd-session''' as is now a side effect of better privilege separation. Prior to 6.8, the key's fingerprint was a hexadecimal MD5 hash. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:51:43 server sshd[5104]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 60594 ssh2: RSA e8:31:68:c7:01:2d:25:20:36:8f:50:5d:f9:ee:70:4c </syntaxhighlight> In older versions of OpenSSH prior to 6.3 the key fingerprint is completely missing from authentication logging. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Jan 28 11:52:05 server sshd[1003]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 20042 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> Back to the recent versions, here is a longer example of password authentication for an SFTP session, using the server's internal-sftp subsystem. The acceptance of the password is on a separate line from trhe starting of the SFTP subsystem which is actually done in a new process. The logging for that subsystem set to the default of ERROR. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[81526]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 34249 ssh2 Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[81526]: User child is on pid 59428 Oct 23 01:20:08 server sshd-session[59428]: Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 34249 id 0 </syntaxhighlight> Here is an example of a successful SFTP login using an Ed25519 key for authentication, with the SFTP subsystem itself logging at ERROR, which is the default log level. The key used was on the third line of the '''authorized_keys''' file. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:3 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Postponed publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 ssh2 [preauth] Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted key ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec found at /home/fred/.ssh/authorized_keys:3 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: Accepted publickey for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 ssh2: ED25519 SHA256:BDNFKk4c/myMxiKOf7or6UW5tqG73m1wm+T5UUUjJec Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[49860]: User child is on pid 10321 Oct 23 01:22:39 server sshd-session[10321]: Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 23154 id 0 </syntaxhighlight> Additional data, such as connection duration, can be logged with the help of xinetd(8). ===Logging Problems from SSH Certificate Authentication=== When a certificate fails, there is generally no client side information disclosed and all investigation must occur server side. Finding the account or actual certificate in question can require some sleuthing in older versions of OpenSSH, but newer versions can identify the certificate and the certificate authority under certain circumstances. It is also important to be familiar with how log entries are supposed to look when things go correctly. Here is a successful login using certificate-based authentication: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 18:32:29 server sshd-session[49021]: Accepted publickey for fred from 192.0.2.60 port 10932 ssh2: ED25519-CERT SHA256:UP1+mGQ5tfT84YCRVgytAKtikn0ujmfhXKdoxRoWDtU ID fedcba (serial 11) CA ED25519 SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM </syntaxhighlight> When the connection is closed there will be a log entry noting which account was involved. Older versions of OpenSSH will have less information in the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Received disconnect from 192.0.2.60 port 12952:11: disconnected by user May 5 16:02:50 server sshd-session[32110]: Disconnected from user fred 192.0.2.60 port 12952 </syntaxhighlight> However, if the connection is allowed to timeout without first making any other authentication attempts by some other means, then there will be nothing to go on except maybe the time of day. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:03:12 server sshd[9205]: Timeout before authentication for connection from 192.0.2.60 to 203.0.113.120, pid = 57844 </syntaxhighlight> Below are some common examples of log entries for failed certificate-based login attempts. There can sometimes be more than one problem with a certificate but in such cases only one error will get logged at a time. ====Expired or Not-yet-valid Certificate==== Certificates which have not yet become valid or which have already expired get a log entry as to the reason and include the offending certificate's id string and serial number as well as the fingerprint of the signing certificate authority. Below is one which is not yet valid being rejected by the server, perhaps at a future date it will be valid but that information is in the certificate, not the log. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:52 server sshd-session[96551]: error: Refusing certificate ID "fedcb" serial=9 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> Next is an expired certificate which has been rejected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:53 server sshd-session[99417]: error: Refusing certificate ID "gfedc" serial=5 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Certificate invalid: expired </syntaxhighlight> If a certificate is not yet valid, then the log entry will say that explicitly and the trailing text on the line will be "Certificate invalid: not yet valid". The old style log entries for an expired certificate and for a certificate which has not yet become valid have much less information. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:33:31 server sshd-session[88953]: error: Certificate invalid: expired Apr 5 14:32:41 server sshd-session[51695]: error: Certificate invalid: not yet valid </syntaxhighlight> The improved logging arrived with OpenSSH 10.1 ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Principal==== Like with other reasons for rejecting certificates, when the account and allowed principals do not match the account logging in, information is logged about which certificate was tried and failed. Here is an entry showing an invalid principal: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:02:54 server sshd-session[12928]: error: Refusing certificate ID "edcba" serial=33 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4lngxTgobhprXfPY/p+2HNMBg6PxNDaOWrvei6kScrM: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> The old style log entry from OpenSSH 10.0 and earlier provides much less information about the certificate in question: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:34:56 server sshd-session[66692]: error: Certificate invalid: name is not a listed principal </syntaxhighlight> If the client closes the connection on purpose, there may be some information in the connection closed entry but that will be a different log entry. ====Valid Certificate but Invalid Source Address==== If the certificate is limited to connecting from specific addresses or host names, the log will complain if the connection comes from a different address or host and identify the incorrect source address. The information will be split across two log entries, which might or might not be adjacent depending on how busy the server is. Here is an entry showing an invalid source address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Aug 7 19:12:08 server sshd-session[29034]: error: Refusing certificate ID "ihgfe" serial=8 signed by ED25519 CA SHA256:4ZyxpgCaw3Y8wz91ajLWARibUGfwyuOrftt2wermMJE: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> Prior to OpenSSH 10.1, the second entry had much less information about the offending certificate. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: cert: Authentication tried for fred with valid certificate but not from a permitted source address (198.51.100.135). Apr 5 14:57:47 server sshd-session[78381]: error: Refused by certificate options </syntaxhighlight> However, it will not be possible to identify the specific certificate directly with that old style log entry. ===Logging SFTP File Transfers=== SFTP file transfers can be logged using '''LogLevel''' INFO or VERBOSE. The log level for the SFTP server can be set in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] separately from the general SSH server settings. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> By default the SFTP messages will also end up in ''auth.log'' but it is possible to filter these messages to their own file by reconfiguring the system logger, usually rsyslogd(8) or [https://man.openbsd.org/syslogd syslogd(8)]. Sometimes this is done by changing the log facility code from the default of AUTH. Available options are LOCAL0 through LOCAL7, plus, less usefully, DAEMON and USER. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO -f LOCAL6 </syntaxhighlight> If new system log files are assigned, it is important to remember them in the log rotation, too. Again, the '''Match''' directive can be use to change the log level just for certain connections. The following log excerpts are generated from using the log level INFO. A session starts with an open and end with a close. The number in the brackets is the process id for the SFTP session and is the only way to follow a session through the logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:45 server internal-sftp[4929]: session opened for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] ... Oct 22 12:09:10 server internal-sftp[4929]: session closed for local user fred from [192.0.2.33] </syntaxhighlight> Here is an SFTP upload of a small file of 928 bytes named '''foo''' to the home directory for user 'fred' when logging the SFTP at log level INFO. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Oct 22 11:59:50 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 928 </syntaxhighlight> And a directory listing in the same session in the directory '''/var/www'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:25 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/" Oct 8 07:28:26 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: opendir "/var/www/" Oct 8 07:28:27 server internal-sftp[34984]: closedir "/var/www/" </syntaxhighlight> And lastly here is a download of the same small 928-byte file called '''foo''' from the home directory for the user 'fred'. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags READ mode 0666 Oct 22 12:08:03 server internal-sftp[4929]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 928 written 0 </syntaxhighlight> Successful transfers will be noted by a ''close'' message. Attempts to download (open) files that do not exist will be followed by a ''sent status No such file'' message on a line of its own instead of a ''close''. Files that exist but that the user is not allowed to read will create a ''sent status Permission denied'' message. ===Logging Chrooted SFTP=== Logging with the built-in '''sftp-subsystem''' inside a chroot jail, defined by '''ChrootDirectory''', needs a '''./dev/log''' node to exist inside the jail. This can be done by having the system logger such as [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] add additional log sockets inside the chrooted directory when starting up. On some systems that is as simple as adding more flags, like "'''-u -a /chroot/dev/log'''", in '''/etc/rc.conf.local''' or whatever the equivalent startup script may be. Here is an example of an SFTP login with password to a chroot jail using log level DEBUG3 for the SFTP-subsystem. The log shows a file upload: <syntaxhighlight lang="text">Apr 5 15:08:41 server sshd-session[31716]: Accepted password for fred from 198.51.100.135 port 39238 ssh2 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: session opened for local user fred from [198.51.100.135] Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: received client version 3 Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 1: limits Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 2: realpath Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: realpath "." Apr 5 15:08:41 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 2: sent names count 1 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 3: open flags 26 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: open "/home/fred/foo" flags WRITE,CREATE,TRUNCATE mode 0664 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 3: sent handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug1: request 5: write "/home/fred/foo" (handle 0) off 0 len 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 5: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: close handle 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: close "/home/fred/foo" bytes read 0 written 33 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: debug3: request 4: sent status 0 Apr 5 15:08:52 server internal-sftp[55598]: sent status Success </syntaxhighlight> Remember that SFTP is a separate subsystem and that like the file creation mode, the log level and log facility are set separately from the SSH server in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)], for example: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l ERROR </syntaxhighlight> ===Logging Stability of Client Connectivity=== When '''ClientAliveInterval''' is set in the server's configuration, the server makes periodic probes of the clients which have established connections. At normal log levels, these are not noted in the log until something goes wrong. If the '''ClientAliveInterval''' is exceeded more times in a row than allowed by '''ClientAliveCountMax''' the client is officially declared disconnected and the connection dropped. At the default log level of INFO a brief message is logged, identifying the client which has been dropped. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:42:08 server sshd[83709]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57608: Host is down </syntaxhighlight> At log level DEBUG, the client's responses to the polls will be logged by the server showing that the session is still connected. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:27:52 server sshd[9075]: debug1: Got 100/147 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Log level DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 will give even more information about the connection. However, even at log level DEBUG3, the specific client being polled will not be identified directly in the log messages and will have to be inferred from the process id of the daemon if such information is needed. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: send packet: type 98 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug3: receive packet: type 100 Sep 6 14:30:59 server sshd[73960]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive </syntaxhighlight> Again, when the '''ClientAliveCountMax''' is exceeded, the connection is broken after the final failure of the client to respond. Here is how that looks with the log level set to DEBUG2. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:17:55 server sshd[15780]: debug1: Got 100/22 for keepalive Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug2: channel 0: request keepalive@openssh.com confirm 1 Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: packet_write_poll: Connection from 192.0.2.97 port 57552: Host is down Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[15780]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: do_cleanup Sep 6 14:18:37 server sshd[48675]: debug1: session_pty_cleanup: session 0 release /dev/ttyp0 </syntaxhighlight> The directives '''ClientAliveInterval''' and '''ClientAliveCountMax''' normally apply to all clients connecting to the server. However, they can be used inside a '''Match''' block and thus applied only to specific connections. ===Logging Revoked Keys=== If the '''RevokedKeys''' directive is used to point to a list of public keys that have been revoked, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will make a log entry when access is attempted using a revoked key. The entry will be the same whether a plaintext list of public keys is used or if a binary Key Revocation List (KRL) has been generated. If password authentication is allowed, and the user tries it, then after the key authentication fails there will be a record of password authentication. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:46:40 server sshd-session[99704]: error: Authentication key ED25519 SHA256:JHbRMl2bIS6+82M9NRhI9DfWm6go1OA2+Cght3stdiI revoked by file /etc/ssh/revoked_keys Oct 23 01:46:40 server sshd-session[99704]: Failed publickey for fred from 192.0.2.10 port 17478 ssh2: ED25519 SHA256:JHbRMl2bIS6+82M9NRhI9DfWm6go1OA2+Cght3stdiI ... Oct 23 01:46:43 server sshd-session[99704]: Accepted password for fred from 192.0.2.10 port 17478 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If password authentication is not allowed, [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will close the connection as soon as the key fails. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Oct 23 01:46:40 server sshd-session[99704]: error: Authentication key ED25519 SHA256:JHbRMl2bIS6+82M9NRhI9DfWm6go1OA2+Cght3stdiI revoked by file /etc/ssh/revoked_keys Oct 23 01:46:40 server sshd-session[99704]: Failed publickey for fred from 192.0.2.10 port 17478 ssh2: ED25519 SHA256:JHbRMl2bIS6+82M9NRhI9DfWm6go1OA2+Cght3stdiI ... </syntaxhighlight> The account trying the revoked key remains a mystery though. So it will be necessary to try to look up the key by its fingerprint from your archive of old keys using <code>ssh-keygen -lf</code> and read the key's comments. Although if a valid account cancels the connection without trying a password after the key attempt fails, the usual message will still be posted to the log and that will show the login name. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 14 20:44:04 server sshd-session[14352]: Connection closed by authenticating user fred 192.0.2.237 port 55051 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> That may be enough to provide some clue and allow a bit of log filtering with a short AWK script, if the messages are all in the same log file. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ awk '/revoked by file/ { pid[$5]++; key[$5]=$9; hash[$5]=$10; next; } pid[$5] && /closed by authenticating user/ { print key[$5], hash[$5], $10, $11; delete key[$5]; delete hash[$5]; delete pid[$5]; }' /var/log/authlog </syntaxhighlight> Similarly, if the client makes no attempt at logging in and just times out, the message will say just that. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 18 21:40:25 server sshd[9942]: fatal: Timeout before authentication for connection from 198.51.100.236 to 203.0.113.75, pid = 67611 ... </syntaxhighlight> On the client side, no warning or error will be given if a revoked key is tried. It will just fail and the next key or method will be tried. ===Brute force and Hail Mary attacks=== It’s fairly common to see failed login attempts almost as soon as the server is connected to the net. Brute force attacks, where one machine hammers on a few accounts trying to find a valid password, are becoming rare. In part this is because packet filters, like NFables for Linux and PF for the BSDs, can limit the number and rate of connection attempts from a single host. The server configuration directive '''MaxStartups''' can limit the number of simultaneous, unauthenticated connections. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 4 16:45:34 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:46:58 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 ... Apr 4 16:47:04 server sshd-session[96275]: Failed password for root from 103.42.56.121 port 48294 ssh2 Apr 4 16:47:05 server sshd-session[96275]: Connection closed by authenticating user root 103.42.56.121 port 48294 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Prior to 9.8, it was slightly different: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:54:44 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:48 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Failed password for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for root from 201.179.249.231 port 52404 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:54:49 server sshd[54939]: Disconnecting authenticating user root 201.179.249.231 port 52404: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Note the "authenticating user" is present in the logs from OpenSSH 7.5 and onward when a valid user name is attempted. When an invalid user name is attempted, that is written too. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Apr 3 10:25:59 server sshd-session[78513]: Invalid user ad1tz from 103.42.56.121 port 55778 Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Received disconnect from 103.42.56.121 port 55778:11: Bye Bye [preauth] Apr 3 10:26:00 server sshd-session[78513]: Disconnected from invalid user ad1tz 103.42.56.121 port 55778 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, in versions prior to 9.8, the process name is different as is the closing message. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 Mar 18 18:55:05 server sshd[38594]: Failed password for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: error: maximum authentication attempts exceeded for invalid user ubnt from 201.179.249.231 port 52471 ssh2 [preauth] Mar 18 18:55:09 server sshd[38594]: Disconnecting invalid user ubnt 201.179.249.231 port 52471: Too many authentication failures [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> The way to deal with brute force attacks coming from a single machine or network is to customize the server host’s packet filter to limit the attacks or even temporarily block machines that overload the maximum number or rate of connections. Optionally, one should also contact the attacker’s net block owner with the IP address and exact date and time of the attacks. A kind of attack common at the time of this writing is one which is distributed over a large number of compromised machines, each playing only a small role in attacking the server. To deal with Hail Mary attacks, contact the attacker’s net block owner. A form letter with a cut-and-paste excerpt from the log is enough if it gives the exact times and addresses. Alternately, teams of network or system administrators can work to pool data to identify and blacklist the compromised hosts participating in the attack. ====Failed None For Invalid User==== The SSH protocol specifies a number of possible authentication methods<ref name="rfc_4252">{{cite web | url =https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4252#section-5.2 | title=RFC 4252: The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol | date=2006 | publisher=IETF | access-date=2021-08-10 }}</ref>. The methods <code>password</code>, <code>keyboard-interactive</code>, and <code>publickey</code> are fairly common. A lesser known authentication method is <code>none</code>, which will only succeed if the server requires no further authentication such as if '''PermitEmptyPassword''' is set and the account does not actually have a password<ref name="failed_none">{{cite mailing list | url=https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=162858437916966&w=2 | last=Tucker | first=Darren | mailing-list=OpenBSD-Misc | date=2021-08-10 | accessdate=2021-08-10 | title=Re: ssh authlog: Failed none for invalid user | publisher=OpenBSD}}</ref>. Some SSH clients including OpenSSH's start by asking for <code>none</code> authentication and then use the list of remaining possible authentication methods to decide what to do next if that doesn't work. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Aug 10 19:09:05 server sshd[93126]: Failed none for invalid user admin from 125.64.94.136 port 27586 ssh2 ... </syntaxhighlight> So in other words, that is a brute force attack trying the <code>none</code> authentication method. It is an attack which will only get into accounts which have been explicitly set with an empty password and furthermore have also been set up specifically to allow access by having both the authentication method of <code>none</code> and the '''PermitEmptyPasswords''' configuration directive enabled on the server. Most brute force attacks try only <code>password</code> authentication, and some of those even check for the <code>password</code> method and then give up if it is not available. Other attackers may just hammer away pointlessly even if the method is not available. ===Connections Seemingly From 127.0.0.1, ::1, or Other localhost Addresses=== When the SSH server is accessed via a reverse tunnel to another machine, the incoming connections will appear to be from the ''localhost'' address, which is usually ''127.0.0.1'' or ''::1''. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:16:16 server sshd[9265]: Accepted password for fred from 127.0.0.1 port 40426 ssh2 </syntaxhighlight> If the port at the other end of the reverse tunnel is publicly accessible, it will be probed and possibly attacked. Because of the reverse tunnel, the attacks will then also appear to be coming from the server's own loopback address: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 14:20:17 server sshd-session[5613]: Invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 Mar 23 14:20:21 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:26 server sshd-session[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd-session[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Like in the other examples, the disconnection message was different prior to 9.8: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... Mar 23 14:20:32 server sshd[5613]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from ::1 port 57404 ssh2 Mar 23 14:20:35 server sshd[5613]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud ::1 port 57404 [preauth] ... </syntaxhighlight> Therefore the usual countermeasures like SSHGuard or Fail2Ban or other similar intrusion detection systems cannot be used because the ''localhost'' address is used by the tunnel for all login attempts, regardless of their real origins. A partial solution would be to bind the incoming connections to a different IP address. The loopback interface would need an additional permanent address, an alias, for that. That alias could then be assigned when establishing the reverse tunnel: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -R 2022:127.2.2.1:22 fred@vps.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Thus it would designate the source address for all logins coming in over that tunnel. So, in that way, the alias would then show up in the logs instead of the default loopback address when that reverse tunnel is used: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Mar 23 18:00:13 server sshd-session[8525]: Invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 Mar 23 18:00:15 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:00:19 server sshd-sesssion[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:23 server sshd-session[8525]: Failed password for invalid user cloud from 127.2.2.1 port 17271 ssh2 Mar 23 18:01:26 server sshd-session[8525]: Connection closed by invalid user cloud 127.2.2.1 port 17271 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> If the ports do not need to be available to the open Internet, a full solution would be just to ensure that they are not accessible from the outside. This would be done by not using the '''-g''' option on the client when making the reverse tunnel or else by setting the '''GatewayPorts''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] back to the default of '''no''', or both. The system's built-in packet filter can also be used. Then, even with the forwarded ports closed off from the outside, the '''ProxyJump''' option can still be used to skip through the jump host and use the setup for SSH access. However, since it is sometimes necessary that these ports be accessible to the outside world, this approach is not always an option. ==Client Logging== The OpenSSH client normally sends log information to '''stderr'''. The '''-y''' option can be used to send output to the system logs, managed by [http://man.openbsd.org/syslogd.8 syslogd(8)] or something similar. Client log verbosity can be increased or decreased by changing the '''LogLevel''' directive and the log facility changed with the '''SyslogFacility''' directive in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)]. Both require use of the '''-y''' run-time option and do nothing without it. Alternatively, instead of using the '''-y''' option, using the '''-E''' option sends log output to a designated file instead of '''stderr'''. Working with the system logs or separate log files are something which can be useful when running [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] in automated scripts. Below is an example of a connection to an interactive shell with the normal level of client logging: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -l fred server.example.org fred@server.example.org‘s password: Last login: Thu Jan 27 13:21:57 2011 from 192.168.11.1 </syntaxhighlight> The same connection at the first level of verbosity gives lots of debugging information, 90 lines in all. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v -l fred server.example.org debug1: OpenSSH_10.6, LibreSSL 4.4.0 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: no pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: identity file /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 type -1 debug1: no identity pubkey loaded from /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Connecting to server.example.org [198.51.100.20] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_10.6 debug1: compat_banner: match: OpenSSH_10.6 pat OpenSSH* compat 0x04000000 debug1: Authenticating to server.example.org:22 as 'fred' debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: mlkem768x25519-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: ssh-ed25519 debug1: kex: server->client cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: kex: client->server cipher: chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_ECDH_REPLY received debug1: Server host key: ssh-ed25519 SHA256:agRZDZn8awhQ+tc19Ip/whkHoV33Ln2REO7v1kcYbdU debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts: No such file or directory debug1: load_hostkeys: fopen /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts2: No such file or directory debug1: Host 'server.example.org' is known and matches the ED25519 host key. debug1: Found key in /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts:1 debug1: ssh_packet_send2_wrapped: resetting send seqnr 3 debug1: rekey out after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: Sending SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: ssh_packet_read_poll2: resetting read seqnr 3 debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: rekey in after 134217728 blocks debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: publickey-hostbound@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: ping@openssh.com=<0> debug1: kex_ext_info_check_ver: agent-forward=<0> debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: SSH2_MSG_EXT_INFO received debug1: kex_ext_info_client_parse: server-sig-algs=<ssh-ed25519,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com,sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com,rsa-sha2-512,rsa-sha2-256,ssh-mldsa44-ed25519,webauthn-sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com> debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Will attempt key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519 debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk debug1: Trying private key: /home/fred/.ssh/id_mldsa44_ed25519 debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,password,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: password Authenticated to server.example.org ([198.51.100.20]:22) using "password". debug1: channel 0: new session [client-session] (inactive timeout: 0.000000) debug1: Requesting no-more-sessions@openssh.com debug1: Entering interactive session. debug1: pledge: filesystem debug1: client_input_global_request: rtype hostkeys-00@openssh.com want_reply 0 debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: searching /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 for server.example.org / (none) debug1: client_input_hostkeys: hostkeys file /home/fred/.ssh/known_hosts2 does not exist debug1: client_input_hostkeys: no new or deprecated keys from server debug1: pledge: fork debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 debug1: client_input_channel_req: channel 0 rtype keepalive@openssh.com reply 1 Last login: Sat Mar 14 21:31:33 2015 from 192.0.2.111 ... </syntaxhighlight> The same login with the maximum of verbosity, '''-vvv''', gives around 239 lines of debugging information. The following will save the debugging information separately in a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -E ~/ssh-client.log -l fred somehost.example.org </syntaxhighlight> ===Capturing Client Debugging Information Together with the Session Contents=== Regular pipes and redirects work only with '''stdout''' so that if '''-E''' is not used to capture debugging output the output on '''stderr''' must instead be sent to '''stdout''' if one is going to capture it at the same time as the actual session. That is done with an extra redirect, '''2>&amp;1''' to capture '''stderr'''. Mind the spaces, or lack of them. The following will capture both the session text and the debugging information to a file, '''ssh-client.log''', in the home directory: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -vvv -l fred somehost.example.org 2>&1 | tee ~/ssh-output.log </syntaxhighlight> The tool [http://man.openbsd.org/tee.1 tee(1)] is like a T-pipe and sends output two directions, one to '''stdout''' and one to a file. ===Changing Client Debugging Levels At Runtime or On The Fly=== At run-time, when establishing a new connection, just use the '''-v''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -v -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The debugging verbosity on the client can be increased just like on the server. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp -vvv -o "IdentityFile=~/.ssh/weblog.key_ed25519" fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> The extra information can be useful to see exactly what is being sent to or requested of the server. After the fact, once a connection is established, the escape sequences '''~v''' and '''~V''' can be used to increase or decrease, respectively, the verbosity on the fly. Through them it is possible to change the verbosity of the client in an established connection. When increasing the log level with '''~v''', the client raises its log level to VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3, in that order, if starting from the default of INFO. Conversely, when lowering the log level with '''~V''', the client will descend through ERROR, FATAL, to QUIET if starting from the default of INFO. ==Debugging and Troubleshooting== The server logs are your best friend when troubleshooting. It may be necessary to turn up the log level there temporarily to get more information. It is then also necessary to turn them back to normal after things are fixed to avoid privacy problems or excessively use of disk space. For example, the SFTP-subsystem logging defaults to ERROR, reporting only errors. To track transactions made by the client, change the log level to INFO or VERBOSE: <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Subsystem internal-sftp -l INFO </syntaxhighlight> Caution. Again, operating with elevated logging levels would violate the privacy of users, in addition to filling a lot of disk space. Elevated logging levels should generally not be used in production once the changes are figured out. Even then, the elevated log messages should really be sent to a separate log file during the time they are being collected. By default, some systems send only the normal messages to the regular system log files and ignore the elevated messages. Some save all the messages by default. If the elevated system log messages are not showing up in any of the system logs, that may be the reason. Either way, check the system log configurations and make sure that the extra messages are only sent to a separate log file and not mixed in with the regular system logs. Change the configuration to do that, if necessary. Separating the extra messaging helps keep the logs tidy as well as protecting privacy. The system log settings are found in the system log daemon's configuration file, the exact name of which will vary depending on what is installed, but common ones are [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.conf.5 syslog.conf(5)] and rsyslog.conf(5). Notice that the configuration below has the all messages including the more detailed VERBOSE, and on up through DEBUG3, messages for the AUTH facility going to a separate log file from the regular AUTH messages: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ grep '^auth\.' /etc/syslog.conf auth.info /var/log/authlog auth.* /var/log/authdebug </syntaxhighlight> See [https://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] for the log facilities and log levels. It is best to limit the time the debugging information is collected to be as short as possible and to actively watch the logs while the extra information is being collected. However, if the more verbose logging is running for any length of time, and especially if it is left unattended even for a short while, be sure to remember to add the new log file to the log rotation schedule so that it cannot fill up the partition. Note, logs might be handled by other services on some systems. Check with the official documentation for your system to be sure. On the client side, '''Match''' blocks can help further by setting log levels for specific situations and avoid a situation where everything is logged intensely. The manual pages for OpenSSH are very well written and many times problems can be solved by finding the right section within the right manual page. At the very minimum, it is important to skim through the four main manual pages for both the programs and their configuration to become familiar with at least the section headings. * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.5 sshd(8)] * [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5 sshd_config(5)] Once the right section is found in the manual page, read it in detail and become familiar with its contents. The same goes for the other OpenSSH manual pages, depending on the activity. Be sure to use the version(s) of OpenSSH actually in use on your system(s) with their corresponding manual pages. When possible, use those that are installed on your system so as to avoid a mismatch. In some cases, the client and the server will be of different versions, so the manual pages for each must be looked up separately. It is also a good idea to review OpenSSH's release notes when a new version is published. With a few exceptions below, specific examples of troubleshooting are usually given in the cookbook section relevant to a particular activity. So, for example, sorting problems with authentication keys is done in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Authentication_Keys|Public Key Authentication]] itself. ===Debugging a script, configuration or key that uses sudo(8)=== Usually log levels only need to be changed when writing and testing a script, a new configuration, some new keys, or all three at once. When working with '''sudo(8)''', it is especially important to see exactly what the client is sending so as to enter the right pattern into '''/etc/sudoers''' for safety. Using the lowest level of verbosity, the exact string being sent by the client to the remote server is shown in the debugging output: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ rsync -e "ssh -v -i /home/webmaint/.ssh/bkup_key -l webmaint" \ -a server.example.org:/var/www/ var/backup/www/ ... debug1: Sending command: rsync --server --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ ... </syntaxhighlight> What '''sudoers''' then needs is something like the following, assuming account 'webmaint' is in the group 'webmasters': <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> %webmasters ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/rsync --server \ --sender -logDtpre.iLsfxCIvu . /var/www/ </syntaxhighlight> The same method can be used to debug new server configurations or key logins. Once things are set to run as needed, the log level settings can be lowered back to INFO for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and to ERROR for '''internal-sftp'''. Additionally, once the script is left to run in fully automated mode, the client logging information can be set use the [http://man.openbsd.org/syslog.3 syslog(3)] system module instead of '''stderr''' by using the '''-y''' option when [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh ssh(1)] is launched. ===Debugging a server configuration=== Running the server in debug mode provides a lot of information about the connection and a smaller amount about the server configuration. The server's debugging level ('''-d''') can be raised once, twice ('''-dd''') or thrice ('''-ddd'''). <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -d </syntaxhighlight> Note that in this case the server does not detach and become a daemon, so it will terminate when the SSH connection terminates. The advantage is this collects the logs for one single session and only that session. The server must be started again in order to make a subsequent connection from the client. Though in some ways this is a hassle, it does make sure that session data is a unique set and not mixes of multiple sessions and thus possibly different configurations. Alternately, another option ('''-e''') when debugging sends the debugging data to '''stderr''' instead in order to keep the system logs clean. It is also possible to log the debugging data from the system logs directly to a separate file and keep noise out of the system logs. Since OpenSSH 6.3, the option '''-E''' will append the debug data to a particular log file instead of sending it to the system log. This facilitates debugging live systems without cluttering the system logs. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -E /home/fred/sshd.debug.log -d </syntaxhighlight> In really old versions of OpenSSH, which are hopefully no longer in production, if you need to save output to a file while still viewing it live on the screen, you can use '''tee(1)'''. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -ddd 2>&1 | tee /tmp/foo </syntaxhighlight> That will save output to the file ''foo'' by redirecting to '''stdout''' what [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] sent to '''stderr''' and saving it to a file. This works with really old versions of OpenSSH, but the '''-E''' option above is preferable. If the server is remote and it is important to reduce the risk of getting locked out, the experiments on the configuration file can be done with a second instance of [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] using a separate configuration file and listening to a high port until the settings have been tested. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -dd -p 22222 -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> If the OpenSSH server's configuration file is set to listen on odd ports or more than one port using the '''ListenAddress''' directive, then that can also be overriden so that the server listens on the extra port. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -o 'ListenAddress 0.0.0.0:22222' -dd \ -f /home/fred/sshd_config.test </syntaxhighlight> It is also possible to make an extended test ('''-T''') of the configuration file first. If there is a syntax error, it will be reported, but remember that even sound configurations can still lock you out. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T | sort | less -X </syntaxhighlight> The extended test mode can be used by itself, but it is also possible to specify custom parameters to use with '''-C''' to see what happens with specific kinds of connections. [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] will the connection. It will then process the configuration file in light of the parameters passed to it and return output with the modified results. This is good for showing the results of any '''Match''' directives which might apply to the session. The variables ''user'', ''host'', and ''addr'' are the minimum required when passing specific connection parameters to [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] for evaluation with the '''-C''' option . The following options will print out the configurations that will be applied when the user ''fred'' tries to log in to the host ''server.example.org'' from the address ''192.0.2.15'': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15 </syntaxhighlight> Two more parameters, ''laddr'' and ''lport'', may also be passed. They refer to the server's IP number and port connected to. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -T -C user=fred,host=server.example.org,addr=192.0.2.15,laddr=192.0.2.2,lport=2222 </syntaxhighlight> And lastly, there is a parameter ''rdomain'' to specify the routing domain or routing table to try. Between those six variables it should be possible to describe any possible incoming connection. ====Adding Timestamps to Server Debugging Output==== The '''-d''' option increases the value for '''LogLevel''' but does not prepend any timestamps to the server's output. Timestamps can nevertheless be added on the fly by writing the debug logs to '''stderr''' using the '''-e''' option, redirecting '''stderr''' to '''stdout''', and then piping that into [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)], a timestamping utility. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 | ts "%.T" | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> That will show the time, including microseconds. Mind the dot there before the letter 'T'. The options '''-i''' and '''-s''' for [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] can be relevant, too. The '''-i''' option will measure the relative time between the timestamps themselves. The '''-s''' option will show the time elapsed since the start of the program. Other custom date and time formats can be specified as per [https://man.openbsd.org/strftime strftime(3)], if needed. When [https://man.openbsd.org/ts ts(1)] is not already present it can usually be added via the moreutils package. Although some systems, such as OpenBSD, include it in the base system. If it is not already installed and not available for installation, then Perl can be used on POSIX systems to prepend a timestamp to '''stdin''': <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | perl -p -e 'use POSIX strftime; print strftime("%F %T ", localtime)' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> However, that only provides an accuracy of whole seconds. If more precision is needed, then Python3 can provide timestamps with precision down to the microsecond. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2>&1 \ | python -c 'import datetime; import sys; [print (datetime.datetime.now(), flush=True) for line in sys.stdin]' \ | tee /tmp/sshd.log </syntaxhighlight> Note that the Python approach requires explicitly setting the buffer to flush automatically. Some non-POSIX shells can make use of [https://mywiki.wooledge.org/ProcessSubstitution process substitution] to pipe '''stderr''' output into another program. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell"> $ /usr/sbin/sshd -p 2222 -e -d 2> >(ts) | tee /tmp/sshd.log | less -X </syntaxhighlight> There are even fancier approaches using IO redirection on extra file descriptors, but those are far outside the scope of this book. ===Debugging a client configuration=== Sometimes when debugging a server configuration it is necessary to track the client configurations settings, as well. Since OpenSSH 6.8, the '''-G''' option makes [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)] print its configuration after evaluating any '''Host''' and '''Match''' blocks and then exit without connecting. That allows viewing of the exact configuration options which will actually be used by the client for a particular session. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -G -l fred server.example.org | sort </syntaxhighlight> Client configuration is determined in three ways. The first is by run-time options, then by the account's own configuration file, or lastly the system-wide client configuration file. The priority is in that order. Whichever value is found first gets used. With [http://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1 sftp(1)] the options are also passed to [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1 ssh(1)]. ====Invalid or Outdated Ciphers or MACs==== A proper client will show the details of the failure. For a bad Message Authentication Code (MAC), a proper client might show something like the following when trying to foist a bad MAC like hmac-md5-96 onto the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching mac found: client hmac-md5-96 server umac-64-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com,umac-64@openssh.com,umac-128@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha1 </syntaxhighlight> And for a bad cipher, a proper client might show something like this when trying to foist an arcfour cipher on the server: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> no matching cipher found: client arcfour server chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com </syntaxhighlight> Sometimes when troubleshooting a problem with the client it is necessary to turn to the server logs. In [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-6.7 OpenSSH 6.7 unsafe MACs were removed] and in [https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-7.2 OpenSSH 7.2 unsafe ciphers were removed], but some third-party clients may still try to use them to establish a connection. In that case, the client might not provide much information beyond a vague message that the server unexpectedly closed the network connection. The server logs will, however, show what happened: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: no matching mac found: client hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5 server hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com,umac-128-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-ripemd160 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> More recent versions would show a simpler error for a bad MAC. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55044: no matching MAC found. Their offer: hmac-md5-96 [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> A bad cipher would be reported like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> fatal: Unable to negotiate with 192.0.2.37 port 55046: no matching cipher found. Their offer: arcfour [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> The error message in the server log might not say which MACs or ciphers are actually available. For those, the extended test mode can be used to show the server settings and, in particular, the MACs or ciphers allowed. In its most basic usage the extended test mode would just be '''-T''', as in <code>/usr/sbin/sshd -T | grep -E 'cipher|macs'</code> with no other options. For more details and options, see the previous section on "Debugging a server configuration" above. One solution there is to upgrade the client to one that can handle the right ciphers and MACs. Another option is to switch to a different client, one that can handle the modern ciphers or MACs. See also the configuration directive '''WarnWeakCrypto''' in the manual page. It has been around since 10.1. The default for '''WarnWeakCrypto''' is 'yes'. ===Debugging Key-Based Authentication=== The most common causes of failure for public key authentication seem to be for either of two reasons: * Mangling the public key on the way to getting it into '''authorized_keys''' on the server * Incorrect permissions for the files and directories involved, ether on the client or the server. These are the directory for the keys, usually '''~/.ssh/''', or its parent directories, or the '''authorized_keys''' file, or the private key itself. As of the time of this writing, it looks like pretty much every failure of key-based authentication described on mailing lists and forums is solved by addressing either or both of those two situations. So, when encountering the error message ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'', or similar, see the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]]. Also be sure to read the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] and its section on authorized keys. Usually, though not always, it will be obvious when the private key's permissions are incorrect: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519 fred@192.0.2.193 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: UNPROTECTED PRIVATE KEY FILE! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Permissions 0664 for '/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519' are too open. It is required that your private key files are NOT accessible by others. This private key will be ignored. Load key "/home/fred/.ssh/fred-193.ed25519": bad permissions </syntaxhighlight> In addition mangled public keys in the authorized keys file and to incorrect permissions, a very rare third case is if the public and private key files don't match and are not from the same key pair. As mentioned in the section on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key Authentication]], the public and private keys need to be parts of the same key pair so that they match. That is because even before the SSH client uses private key cryptographically, it looks at the file name of the proposed private key and then sends the public key matching that same name, if it exists, to the server. If that public key does not match the public key on the server in '''authorized_keys''' then the connection will be denied with the error ''Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive)'' or similar. That alone is a very good reason to give unique descriptive file names when creating keys. Note that as mentioned above there are usually other causes to that same error message besides having mismanaged the public key file on the client machine. The file names for both parts of each key pair have to be kept synchronized so that the names match. As for a solution, the way out in the long term is to stay organized and carefully manage the keys and their file names. It can be solved on the short term by deleting the offending ''public'' key file and then using the private key to regenerate a new one, replacing the incorrect public key under that name. Again, this is an unusual edge case and not a common cause of that error. ====SSH Too Many Authentication Failures==== When there are multiple keys in the authentication agent, the client will try them against the server in the same order in which they were added to the agent. However, on odd or older agents they are returned in an unpredictable order. Newer versions allow the client to query the server to see if a particular key is acceptable. This is set by the '''PubkeyAuthOptions''' and is counted separately from the '''MaxAuthTries''' directive. When the former are used up, then the additional tries count against the latter. Either way, if the client happens to cycle through enough of the wrong keys first and hits the server's '''MaxAuthTries''' limit before finding the right key, the server will naturally break off the connection with an error message on the server about too many authentication failures: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Disconnecting authenticating user fred 203.0.113.110 port 35893: Too many authentication failures [preauth] </syntaxhighlight> Or in earlier versions: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> "Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed." </syntaxhighlight> When that happens, the client side will show this error: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Received disconnect from server.example.org port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from server.example.org port 22 </syntaxhighlight> With increased verbosity, the specific keys tested and rejected will also be shown by the client. Newer clients will include the key's comment, if available, and not just the fingerprint. The keys get tried first from the agent in the order in which they were loaded into the agent, then from : <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 . . . hdebug1: Offering public key: a key for fred ED25519 SHA256:7e5qkSHxSp8xitlM4JP4dOeCdnQn Vt9q6GPaB0+IrSM agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred's key ED25519 SHA256:8U7Fy6nJxbxfAu0K8WXZV0WN80t/ 4lb/f9bqObw0isE agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: one more comment ED25519 SHA256:F61Sx2t4BmoHASuMCVrBd8C30A7S QdGPwgfb7ZGWZf0 agent debug1: Authentications that a publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: fred@desk.example.org ED25519 SHA256:TMfO5S6oBQ0Cu273yPp9+7carGP926kRfg6iS435cmU agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: yet one more key ED25519 SHA256:36tMBWe4kX9hyVLZaxyjm2pp1TMFbRw0+O1xWOU5Fgk agent debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: the last straw ED25519 SHA256:gNZd1TF48UgEUgoYFNXop9tEhO53If1qiDqZyKbRT4U agent Received disconnect from 203.0.113.110 port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Disconnected from 203.0.113.110 port 22 </syntaxhighlight> Each key in the agent also gets an annotation which says whether or not the key file was supplied by the user, either in the configuration file or as a run-time argument. For the former, it will marked with 'agent' and for the latter two as 'explicit'. The client prefers keys that are currently in the agent in the order in which they were added to the agent. Then it will try the one(s) added via run-time arguments, in the order in which they are supplied. Then, lastly, it will try the one(s) specified in the client configuration file. Or in earlier versions the file name used to load the key will be listed by the client in verbose mode, but the order will be less predictable: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v 203.0.113.110 ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.06.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.02.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.03.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.04.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.01.rsa debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering RSA public key: /home/fred/.ssh/key.05.rsa Received disconnect from port 22:2: Too many authentication failures Authentication failed. </syntaxhighlight> In the older clients, the client prefers keys that were specified in the configuration and are also currently in the agent. Then it will try try them in the order in which they were supplied. [3] <ref name="key_order">{{cite mailing list | url=https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-April/037700.html | title=IdentityFile vs IdentitiesOnly | date=2019-04-01 | accessdate=2019-04-04 | mailinglist=openssh-unix-dev | last=Tucker |first=Darren }}</ref> There are two solutions if you see the ''Too many authentication failures'' error: One way around this error is to remove keys from the agent one at a time using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-add.1 ssh-add(1)] with the '''-d''' option until there is just the right key left. Refer to each key by its file system path, for example: <code>ssh-add -d ~/.ssh/some.key.rsa</code> Because the private key to be removed is looked up in the agent based on the corresponding public key both files must exist. Without matching a public key file, the private key cannot be removed individually from the authentication agent. Instead the whole lot may be removed all at once using the '''-D''' option. However, is not always practical to do either when many remote systems are used frequently and the agent needs to be kept well-stocked. This is probably not the most practical way. Another way around this error, and probably the most practical method, is to limit the client to trying only a specific key using the '''IdentitiesOnly''' configuration directive in conjunction with the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. The latter points explicitly to the right key. Both can be added either as run-time options or in the client's configuration file. As a runtime option, they can be used like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -o IdentitiesOnly=yes -i ~/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa -l fred server14.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Those settings can be stored permanently by adding something like the following '''IdentitiesFile''' and '''IdentitiesOnly''' directives to the client configuration file instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> Host server14 server14.example.org HostName server14.example.org IdentitiesOnly yes IdentityFile /home/fred/.ssh/server14.example.org.rsa User fred </syntaxhighlight> In that way, the server could be reached with either the short name or the fully qualified domain name, whatever names are listed under the '''Host''' stanza. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh server14 </syntaxhighlight> Remember that options are selected from the client configuration file on a first-match basis. Because the first-match wins, specific rules must come before more general rules in the client configuration file. ====Signing Failed for ... Agent Refused Operation==== As mentioned, incorrect permissions on client files or directories are a common cause of authentication failure when attempting key-based authentication. Not all the errors are clear about that, however. Here is an example of a misleading error message which is actually caused by incorrect permissions: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i ~/.ssh/key-ed25519 fred@server.example.org sign_and_send_pubkey: signing failed for ED25519 "/home/fred/.ssh/key-ed25519" from agent: agent refused operation fred@server.example.org: Permission denied (publickey). </syntaxhighlight> The solution for that is to ensure that no other accounts can read or write to the private key. No others should be able to write to the '''.ssh''' directory or its parent either. ===Debugging Chrooted SFTP Accounts=== With chrooted SFTP sessions, the most common problem seems to be bad directory permissions. The chroot directory, and all directories above it, must be owned by root and not writable by any other user or group. Even though these directories' group memberships do not have to be root, if any of them is not root then it must not be group writable either. Failure to use the correct ownership will result in not being able to log in with the affected accounts. The errors when login is attempted can look like this from the client side: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: Connection to 192.0.2.206 closed by remote host. Connection closed. </syntaxhighlight> Older clients will look like this: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp fred@192.0.2.206 fred@192.0.2.206's password: packet_write_wait: Connection to 192.0.2.206: Broken pipe Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer </syntaxhighlight> The error message is much clearer on the server side: <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> Aug 4 23:52:38 server sshd[7075]: fatal: bad ownership or modes for chroot directory component "/home/fred/" </syntaxhighlight> Check the directory permissions for the chroot target and all directories above it. If even one is off it must be fixed so that it is owned by root and not writable by any others. There are many, many routes to get there. Here are two was to set up chroot permissions: * One quick way to fix the permissions is to change both ownership and group membership of the directory to root. Same for all directories above the chroot target. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> That will work with the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive set to '''%h''' but has some drawbacks that will quickly become obvious when adding files or directories. * Another easy way to fix the permissions is to change both the account's home directory and the '''ChrootDirectory''' directive. Arrange the account's home directory so that it is under a unique directory owned by root, such as the user name itself: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ls -lhd /home/ /home/fred/ /home/fred/fred/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/ drwxr-x--- 3 root fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/ drwxr-x--- 8 fred fred 4.0K Aug 4 20:47 /home/fred/fred/ </syntaxhighlight> Then chroot the account to the parent directory and combine that with an alternate starting directory working from the user name token with the '''-d''' option for the SFTP server. <syntaxhighlight lang="apache" line="1"> ChrootDirectory /home/%u ForceCommand internal-sftp -d %u </syntaxhighlight> That way, when the account connects it will see only its own directory and no other parts of the system. ===Debugging RC Scripts Interfering with SFTP Sessions=== Recent versions of the server do not launch either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' when initiating an SFTP session. However, on older versions, these scripts will get executed for both SFTP and SSH, if present and the server is configured to run them. Therefore, in older versions one common mistake is when either '''/etc/ssh/sshrc''' or '''~/.ssh/rc''' send anything at all to '''stdout''' instead of being quiet. The SFTP connection will drop when there are any extraneous data either direction on '''stdin''', whether from the client or the server. The reason is that the output to '''stdout''' on the server is received by the client on '''stdin''' but matches no correct protocol and thus causes the client to disconnect with an error. However, even in the case of using the RC scripts, the response from the server must remain 8-bit clean or an error will occur: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ sftp server.example.org Received message too long 1400204832 </syntaxhighlight> That one message will be the main clue. Increasing the verbosity of the SFTP client with '''-v''' won't provide more relevant information. Upgrading [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] might be a more practical option, when possible. When the RC scripts cause the SFTP client to disconnect, the standard server logs will show only that the client disconnected and not provide any information about why. At higher levels of logging, some extraneous reads and corresponding discards might be noticed but that is all. Below is a log sample recorded at the verbosity DEBUG3 showing such an example. <syntaxhighlight lang="text"> ... debug2: subsystem request for sftp by user fred debug1: subsystem: exec() /usr/libexec/sftp-server Starting session: subsystem 'sftp' for fred from 198.51.100.38 port 37446 id 0 ... debug2: channel 0: read 13 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 12 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 15 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd debug2: channel 0: read 18 from efd 12 debug3: channel 0: discard efd ... </syntaxhighlight> Again, new versions won't run the RC scripts when connecting for an SFTP session. On older versions, neither RC script may produce any output on '''stdout''' during use of SFTP or it will ruin the connection. If an RC script does produce output, it must be redirected to a system log, to a file, or sent to '''stderr''' instead of '''stdout'''. Regular interactive SSH connections are not disturbed by use of '''stdout''' and the client will just display whatever is sent. See the manual page for [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)] in the section "SSHRC" for more. The same restriction goes for any other part of the SSH service which runs over '''stdin''' and '''stdout''', such as '''ProxyJump''' or some uses of '''ProxyCommand'''. So another example of potential interference would be when using '''LocalCommand''' with the client to specify a command to execute on the local machine after successfully connecting to the server. Any output from it also needs to be redirected to '''stderr'''. If '''LocalCommand''' ends up interfering with '''ProxyJump''' then the connection will appear to hang at the stage when '''stdout''' gets used. ===Debugging When An SSH Agent Has The Correct Private Key But Does Not Use It=== In older versions of OpenSSH, the public key must also be available on the client at the time the private key is loaded into the agent. If it is not then without the matching public key the agent will not be able to use that private key unless other arrangements are made. A symptom of this is although specifying the key via a run-time argument works, the same key does not work via the agent. Upgrading to a more recent version of OpenSSH is a better option. Otherwise a work-around is to specify the private key either as a run-time argument to the client or in the [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] file, from there the client will find the correspondingly named public key file. Importantly the client will still use the key in the agent yet use the designated matching public key file, so the private key file does not have to contain anything at all and could even be empty. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519 fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> However, if it is undesirable to have the private key accessible on the file system or if the private key is only in the agent and not itself available via the file system, then the public key can be specified explicitly instead. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -i some_key_ed25519.pub fred@server.example.org </syntaxhighlight> Either way, another approach is to name the key in [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config.5 ssh_config(5)] using the '''IdentityFile''' configuration directive. When a public key file is missing, it can easily be regenerated from the private key using [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen.1 ssh-keygen(1)] with the '''-y''' option. ==SSH Client Error Messages And Common Causes== As rehash of the above, below are some client-side error messages with some of the more common reasons<ref name="troubleshooting">{{cite web | url=https://ittavern.com/ssh-troubleshooting-guide/ | title=SSH Troubleshooting Guide | date=2023-01-17 | publisher=IT Tavern | access-date=2023-01-26 }}</ref> for those messages. Neither list of errors nor the reasons for the errors are comprehensive. The suggestions for causes just touch on one or two of the commonly seen reasons. There is no substitute for checking the actual logs, especially on the server. The server log files are usually '''/var/log/auth.log''' on most system or a variant of that name. Occasionally you will find the information in the file '''/var/log/secure''' instead. '''No address associated with name:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh nonesuch.example.org ssh: Could not resolve hostname nonesuch.example.org: no address associated with name </syntaxhighlight> The destination's host name does not exist in DNS. Was it spelled correctly? '''Operation timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Operation timed out </syntaxhighlight> There's not a system associated with that IP address, or else a packet filter is causing trouble. '''Connection timed out:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh 198.51.100.89 ssh: connect to host 198.51.100.89 port 22: Connection timed out </syntaxhighlight> You can't get there from here. It is probable that the destination machine is disconnected from the network or that the network which it is on is not reachable. '''Connection refused:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org ssh: connect to host www.example.org port 22: Connection refused </syntaxhighlight> The destination system exists but there is no SSH service available at the port being tried. Is the destination right? It might be the wrong system, SSH might not be running at all, SSH might be listening on another port, or a packet filter might be blocking connections. '''Permission denied:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org fred@www.example.org: Permission denied (publickey,keyboard-interactive). </syntaxhighlight> That is usually a sign of a problem caused by the wrong user name, wrong authentication method, wrong SSH key or SSH certificate, or wrong file permissions in the authorized keys file on the destination system. If it is a matter of SSH key-based authentication, see the chapter on [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public_Key_Authentication | Public Key Authentication]] for more thorough coverage. If it is a question of SSH certificates, see the corresponding [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Certificate-based_Authentication‎ | Certificate-based Authentication]] chapter. It can also be a matter of server-side settings with '''AllowGroups''', '''DenyGroups''', or similar configuration directives at the destination. Any of those possibilities can really only be identified and solved by checking the log output from [http://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8 sshd(8)]. '''No matching host key type found:''' <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh www.example.org Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> The SSH daemon on that server is really outdated. Contact the system administrator about an upgrade and get them moving. More details can be seen with the '''-v''' option on the client. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -v fred@example.org ... debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: algorithm: diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 debug1: kex: host key algorithm: (no match) Unable to negotiate with 198.51.100.89 port 22: no matching host key type found. Their offer: ssh-rsa,ssh-dss </syntaxhighlight> In the above shell session, it is the server which is badly in need of an update as shown by the deprecated key exchange algorithms which it tries to use. Again, for emphasis, the solution is to update the outdated software. If a specific, old version of an particular operating system absolutely must be used for a while longer, see about getting a back port of the SSH daemon. Many GNU/Linux distros even have specific back port repositories. If you would like to see which key exchange algorithms the client supports try using the '''-Q''' option. <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> $ ssh -Q kex diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha1 diffie-hellman-group14-sha256 diffie-hellman-group16-sha512 diffie-hellman-group18-sha512 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1 diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 ecdh-sha2-nistp256 ecdh-sha2-nistp384 ecdh-sha2-nistp521 mlkem768nistp256-sha256 curve25519-sha256 curve25519-sha256@libssh.org sntrup761x25519-sha512 sntrup761x25519-sha512@openssh.com mlkem768x25519-sha256 </syntaxhighlight> <noinclude>{{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}}</noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{status|100%}} tb6ynujerlbk2n1aliyka21lxx5snjz 0 248414 4678817 4677318 2026-10-29T09:01:21Z Larsnooden 430753 Post-quantum ssh-mldsa44-ed25519 signature algorithm 4678817 wikitext text/x-wiki The [http://www.openssh.org/ OpenSSH] suite provides secure remote access and file transfer. Since its initial release, it has grown to become the most widely used implementation of the SSH protocol. During the first ten years of its existence, ssh has largely replaced older corresponding unencrypted tools and protocols. The OpenSSH client is included by default in most operating system distributions, including MacOS, Linux, BSD, AIX and Solaris. Any day you use the Internet, you are using and relying on dozens if not hundreds of machines operated and maintained using OpenSSH. A survey in 2008 showed that of the SSH servers found running, just over 80% were OpenSSH. <ref name="OpenSSH_marketshare_2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.openssh.com/usage/ssh-stats.html |title=Statistics from the current scan results |publisher=OpenSSH.com |year=2008}}</ref> OpenSSH was first released towards the end of 1999. It is the latest step in a very long and useful history of networked commuting, remote access and telecommuting. ==History of OpenSSH== The first release of OpenSSH was in December 1999 as part of OpenBSD 2.6. The source code was originally derived from a re-write of the last available open version of Tatu Ylönen's SSH<ref name="OpenSSH_History">{{cite web |url=http://openssh.org/history.html |title=OpenSSH History |publisher=OpenSSH|accessdate=2012-11-17}}</ref>, ssh 1.2.12 specifically. SSH went on to become Tectia SSH. Ongoing development of OpenSSH is done by the OpenBSD group. Core development occurs first on OpenBSD, then portability teams bring the changes to other platforms. OpenSSH is an integral part of as good as all server systems today and a good many network appliances such as routers, switches and networked storage. The first steps were in many ways the biggest. ===The Early Days of Remote Access=== Some of the tools that inspired the need for SSH have been around since the beginning, too, or very near the beginning of the Internet. Remote access has been a fundamental part of the concept since the idea stage and the nature and capabilities of this access has evolved as the network has evolved in scale, scope and usage. See the web version of the ''Lévénez Unix Timeline''<ref name="Unix-Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.levenez.com/unix/ |title=UNIX History Timeline |publisher=Éric Lévénez|accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> by Éric Lévénez for an overview of systems development and the web version of ''Hobbes' Internet Timeline''<ref name="Hobbes-Internet-Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ |title=Hobbes' Internet Timeline |publisher=Robert H'obbes' Zakon|accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> by Robert H Zakon for an overview of the development of the Internet. '''1969''' * Telnet was one of the original ARPAnet application protocols, named in {{RFC|15}} from September 1969. It was used to access a host at a remote site locally. Telnet was described starting two years later in {{RFC|137}}, {{RFC|139}}, {{RFC|318}} and others, including {{RFC|97}}. That is as good a turning point as any to delineate Telnet. '''1971''' * Thompson Shell, by Ken Thompson, was an improvement on the old text-based user interface, the shell. This new one allowed redirects but was only a user interface and not for scripting. * In the same year FTP, the file transfer protocol, was described in {{RFC|114}}. A key goal was to promote use of computers over the net by allowing users at any host on the network to use the file system of any cooperating host. '''1978''' * Bill Joy created BSD's C shell which is named for the C-like syntax it uses. It allows job control, history substitution, and aliases, which features we find in today's interfaces. * In the same year, the Bourne Shell by Steve Bourne at Bell Labs <ref name="CW-Bourne-Shell">{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331030455/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/279011/a-z_programming_languages_bourne_shell_sh/ |archive-date=2011-03-31 |title=The A-Z of Programming Languages: Bourne shell, or sh | author=Howard Dahdah| publisher=Computerworld |year=2009|accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref> was created. It is the progenitor to the default shells used in most distros today: [https://man.openbsd.org/ksh ksh(1)] and [https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash bash(1)]. '''1983''' * The remote file copy utility, [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rcp rcp(1)], appeared in 4.2 BSD. [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rcp rcp(1)] copied files across the net to other hosts using [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rsh rsh(1)], which also appeared staring 4.2 BSD, to perform its operations. Like [https://man.openbsd.org/telnet telnet(1)] and [https://man.openbsd.org/ftp ftp(1)], all passwords, user names, and data are transmitted unencrypted in clear text. Both [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rsh rsh(1)] and [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rcp rcp(1)] were part of the [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rlogin rlogin(1)] suite. '''1991''' * PGP, written at MIT by Philip Zimmermann<ref name="WhyIWrotePGP">{{cite web |url=http://www.mit.edu/~prz/EN/essays/WhyIWrotePGP.html |title=Why I Wrote PGP| author=Phil Zimmermann| publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |year=1991|accessdate=2011-02-18}}</ref>, charted new waters for encrypted electronic communications with the goals of preserving civil liberties online, ensuring individual privacy, keeping encryption legal in the USA, and protecting business communications. Like SSH it uses asymmetric encryption with public / private key pairs. '''1993''' * Kerberos V ({{RFC|1510}}) authentication service from MIT's project Athena <ref name="WikiMarkup">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/Kerberos/dialogue.html |title=Designing an Authentication System: a Dialogue in Four Scenes. | author=Bill Bryant|author2=Theodor Ts'o|accessdate=2011-02-17|year=1988}}</ref> provides a means for authentication over an open, unsecure network. Kerberos got its original start in 1988. ===SSH - open then closed=== '''1995''' * Tatu Ylönen at the then Helsinki University of Technology developed the first SSH protocol and programs, releasing them under an open license<ref name="SSH-1.0.0-license">{{cite web |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/mirrors/ftp.cs.hut.fi/pub/ssh/old/ssh-1.0.0.tar.gz |title=Help:SSH 1.0.0 license |publisher=FUNET | accessdate=2013-04-13}}</ref> as per the norm in computer science, software engineering, and advanced development. <ref name="SSH-Announce">{{cite web |url=https://groups.google.com/group/comp.security.unix/msg/67079d812a19f499?dmode=source&hl=en&pli=1 |title=ANNOUNCEMENT: Ssh (Secure Shell) Remote Login Program |author=Tatu Ylönen|publisher=Usenet: comp.security.unix|date=1995-07-12|accessdate=2011-11-26}}</ref> '''1996''' * The SSH2 protocol is defined '''1999''' * Björn Grönvall dug out the most recent open version of SSH, version 1.2.12<ref name="SSH-1.2.12-license">{{cite web |url=http://wwwcip.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/~msfriedl/LIC/ssh-1.2.12/COPYING |title=Help:SSH 1.2.12 license |publisher=friedl | accessdate=2011-02-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010421221950/http://wwwcip.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/~msfriedl/LIC/ssh-1.2.12/COPYING | archive-date=2001-04-21 }}</ref> <ref name="SSH-1.2.12.92-license">{{cite web |url=http://wwwcip.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/~msfriedl/LIC/ssh-1.2.12.92/COPYING |title=Help:SSH 1.2.12.92 license |publisher=friedl | accessdate=2011-02-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010421225423/http://wwwcip.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/~msfriedl/LIC/ssh-1.2.12.92/COPYING | archive-date=2001-04-21 }}</ref>. He and Holger Trapp did the initial work to free the distribution, resulting in OSSH<ref name="OSSH">{{cite web |url=http://pkgserver.pdc.kth.se/pub/krypto/ossh/ |title=OSSH source archive |author=Björn Grönvall|publisher=KTH | accessdate=2025-06-22}}</ref>. ===OpenSSH=== '''1999''' * OpenSSH begins based on OSSH. Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt, Markus Friedl developed the cryptographic components during the port to OpenBSD which became the OpenSSH we know today. Dug Song, Aaron Campbell and many others provided various non-crypto contributions. openssl library issues were sorted by Bob Beck. Damien Miller, Philip Hands, and others started porting OpenSSH to Linux. Finally OpenSSH 1.2.2 was release shipped with OpenBSD 2.6 in December 1, 1999.<ref>https://www.openssh.org/history.html</ref> '''2000''' * Markus Friedl added SSH 2 protocol support to OpenSSH version 2.0, which was released in June.<ref name="SSH-History">{{cite web |url=http://www.openssh.org/history.html |title=OpenSSH Project History and Credits |publisher=OpenSSH | accessdate=2011-03-10}}</ref> OpenSSH 2.0 shipped with OpenBSD 2.7. Niels Provos and Theo de Raadt did most of the checking. Bob Beck updated OpenSSL. Markus also added support for the SFTP protocol later that same year. * In September of 2000, the long wait in the USA for the patents on the RSA algorithms to expire was over. In the European Union the European Patent Convention of 1973 frees software, algorithms, business methods, and literature from patent monopolies. That is unlike the unfortunate, anti-business situation in the USA. This freedom in Europe hangs by a thread at the moment. * Tectia SSH changes licenses again. '''2001''' * Damien Miller completed the SFTP client which was released in February. * SSH2 became the default protocol '''2008''' * Built-in chroot support for [https://man.openbsd.org/sshd sshd(8)]. '''2010''' * As of OpenSSH 5.4, the legacy protocol SSH1 is finally disabled by default. '''2014''' * As of OpenSSH 6.7, both the base and the portable versions of OpenSSH can build against LibreSSL instead of OpenSSL for certain cryptographic functions. '''2016''' * OpenSSH 7.4 removes server support for the SSH1 legacy protocol. '''2019''' * Via OpenSSH 8.0<ref name="OpenSSH-8.0">{{cite web |url=https://www.openssh.org/txt/release-8.0 |title=OpenSSH 8.0 Release Notes |publisher=OpenSSH | date=2019-04-17 | accessdate=2025-01-07}}</ref>, the SSH protocol becomes one of the first to ship with a post-quantum algorithm<ref name="post-quantum"> {{cite mailing list |last=de Raadt |first=Theo |date=2025-01-07 |title=[Ssh] Re: I-D Action: draft-ietf-sshm-ntruprime-ssh-01.txt |url=https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/ssh/HtfcNvzFPmrgHPGZhsMDUEMB8LI/ |mailing-list=ssh ietf.org |archive-url=https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/ssh/ |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>. '''2023''' * OpenSSH 9.5 [http://man.openbsd.org/ssh-keygen ssh-keygen(1)] generates Ed25519 keys by default instead of old RSA keys. '''2025''' * As of OpenSSH 10.0<ref name="DSA-deprecation">{{cite web |url=https://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article;sid=20250507010932 |title=DSA signature support removed from OpenSSH |publisher=Undeadly | accessdate=2025-05-07}}</ref> the DSA algorithms have been removed. '''2026''' * The post-quantum ssh-mldsa44-ed25519 signature algorithm is enabled. Note: OpenSSH can be used anywhere in the whole world because it uses only algorithms unencumbered by software patents, business method patents, algorithm patents, and so on. These types of patents do not apply in Europe, only physical inventions can be patented in Europe, but there are regions of the world where these problems do occur. Small and medium businesses in Europe have been active in politics to keep the advantage. ==Why Use OpenSSH?== A lot has changed since the commercialization of the Internet began in 1996. It was once a University and Government research network and if you were on the net back then, odds were you were supposed to be there. Though it was far from being utopia, any misbehavior could usually be quickly narrowed down to the individuals involved and dealt with easily, usually with no more than a phone call or a few e-mails. Few, if any, sessions back then were encrypted and both passwords and user names were passed in clear text. By then, the WWW was more than a few years under way and undergoing explosive growth. The estimated number of web servers online in 1996 grew from 100,000 at the beginning of the year to close to 650,000 by the end of the same year<ref name="Hobbes' Internet Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ |title=Hobbes' Internet Timeline | author=Robert H'obbes' Zakon| publisher=Zakon Group LLC|accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref>. When other types of servers are included in those figures, the estimated year-end number was over 16,000,000 hosts, representing approximately 828,000 domains.<ref name="Hobbes' Internet Timeline"></ref> Nowadays, hosts are subject to hostile scans from the moment they are connected to the network. Any and all unencrypted traffic is scanned and parsed for user names, passwords, and other sensitive information. Currently, the biggest espionage threats come from private companies, but governments, individuals, and organized crime are not without a presence. Each connection from one host to another goes through many networks and each packet may take the same or a different route there and back again. This example shows thirteen hops among three organizations from a student computer to a search engine: <syntaxhighlight lang="shell-session"> % /usr/sbin/traceroute -n www.google.com traceroute: Warning: www.google.com has multiple addresses; using 74.125.95.106 traceroute to www.l.google.com (74.125.95.106), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 xx.xx.xx.xx 0.419 ms 0.220 ms 0.213 ms University of Michigan 2 xx.xx.xx.xx 0.446 ms 0.349 ms 0.315 ms Merit Network, Inc. 3 xx.xx.xx.xx 0.572 ms 0.513 ms 0.525 ms University of Michigan 4 xx.xx.xx.xx 0.472 ms 0.425 ms 0.402 ms University of Michigan 5 xx.xx.xx.xx 0.647 ms 0.551 ms 0.561 ms University of Michigan 6 xx.xx.xx.xx 0.945 ms 0.912 ms 0.865 ms University of Michigan 7 xx.xx.xx.xx 6.478 ms 6.503 ms 6.489 ms Merit Network, Inc. 8 xx.xx.xx.xx 6.597 ms 6.590 ms 6.604 ms Merit Network, Inc. 9 216.239.48.154 64.935 ms 6.848 ms 6.793 ms Google, Inc. 10 72.14.232.141 17.606 ms 17.581 ms 17.680 ms Google, Inc. 11 209.85.241.27 17.736 ms 17.592 ms 17.519 ms Google, Inc. 12 72.14.239.193 17.767 ms 17.778 ms 17.930 ms Google, Inc. 13 74.125.95.106 17.903 ms 17.835 ms 17.867 ms Google, Inc.: </syntaxhighlight> The net is big. It is not uncommon to find a trail of 15 to 20 hops between client and server nowadays. Any machine on any of the subnets the packets travel over can eavesdrop with little difficulty if the packets are not well encrypted. ===What OpenSSH Does=== The OpenSSH suite gives the following: * Encrypted remote access, including tunneling insecure protocols. * Encrypted file transfer * Run remote commands, programs or scripts and, as mentioned, * Replacement for [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rsh rsh(1)], [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rcp rcp(1)], [https://linux.die.net/man/1/rlogin rlogin(1)], [https://man.openbsd.org/telnet telnet(1)], and [https://man.openbsd.org/ftp ftp(1)] More concretely, that means that the following undesirable activities are prevented: * Eavesdropping of data transmitted over the network. * Manipulation of data at intermediate elements in the network (e.g. routers). * Address spoofing where an attack hosts pretends to be a trusted host by sending packets with the source address of the trusted host. * IP source routing As a free software project, OpenSSH provides: * Open Standards * Flexible License - freedom emphasized for developers * Strong Encryption using these ciphers: ** AES ** ChaCha20<ref name="ChaCha20">{{cite web |url=http://blog.djm.net.au/2013/11/chacha20-and-poly1305-in-openssh.html |title= ChaCha20 and Poly1305 in OpenSSH |author=Damien Miller|date=2013-11-29 |accessdate=2014-04-26}}</ref> ** RSA ** ECDSA ** Ed25519 * Strong Authentication, supported methods: <code>gssapi-with-mic, hostbased, keyboard-interactive, none , password</code> and <code>publickey</code><ref>https://linux.die.net/man/5/sshd_config</ref> ** [[OpenSSH/Cookbook/Public Key Authentication|Public Key]]: can authenticate using multiple keys since March 2015 (OpenSSH 6.8)<ref>https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-announce/2015-March/000120.html</ref> ** Single Use Passwords ** Kerberos ** Dongles * Built-in SFTP * Data Compression * Port Forwarding ** Encrypt legacy protocols ** Encrypted X11 forwarding for X Window System * Key Agents * Single Sign-on using ** Authentication Keys ** Agent Forwarding ** Ticket Passing ** Kerberos ** AFS ===What OpenSSH Doesn't Do=== OpenSSH is a very useful tool, but much of its effectiveness depends on correct use. It cannot protect from any of the following situations. * Misconfiguration, misuse, or abuse. * Compromised systems, particularly where the root account is compromised. * Insecure or inappropriate directory settings, particularly home directory settings. OpenSSH must be properly configured and on a properly configured system in order to be of benefit. Arranging both is not difficult, but since each system is unique, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. The right configuration is dependent on the uses the system and OpenSSH are put to. If you login from a host to a server and an attacker has control of root on either side, he can listen to your session by reading from the pseudo-terminal device because even though SSH is encrypted on the network it must communicate in clear text with the terminal device. If an attacker can change files in your home directory, for example via a networked file system, he may be able to fool SSH. Last but not least, if OpenSSH is set to allow everyone in, whether on purpose or by accident, it will. <noinclude> == References == {{reflist}} {{OpenSSH/TOC|mini}} </noinclude> {{BookCat}} {{subjects|Internet}} {{status|100%}} 652822f7hp6jdb03hrb85c2l7wlpbiz 0 249704 4678774 4215841 2026-10-28T23:49:06Z ~2026-57634-93 3629658 /* Converting Fractions to Decimal Numbers */ 4678774 wikitext text/x-wiki =Decimals= '''Decimals''' are basically fractions expressed without a denominator, rather replaced by a ''power of ten'', and then the decimal point is inserted into the numerator at a position corresponding to the power of ten of the denominator. It is usual to add a leading zero to the left of the decimal point when the number is less than one. :<math>\frac{2}{5} = \frac{2 \times 2}{5 \times 2} = \frac{4}{10^1} = 0.4</math> ==Adding Decimal Numbers== Add decimal numbers much the same way you would add integers. Line up decimal points, and then proceed to add each column and carry at the top. The decimal point in the answer should line up with all of the others. Here is an example: <math>12.3+24.2=36.5</math> <math>\begin{align} {12.3}\\ +\underline{24.2}\\ {36.5} \end{align} </math> ==Subtracting Decimal Numbers== Subtract as you would do with whole numbers, but remember to follow all the rules from addition of decimals. <math>36.36-11.11=25.25</math> :<math>\begin{align} {36.36}\\ -\underline{ 11.11}\\ {25.25} \end{align}</math> ==Converting Fractions to Decimal Numbers== To convert a fraction to a decimal number, divide the numerator by the denominator. *<math>\frac{3}{4} = 0.75</math>(-2 1/2 *<math>\frac{10}{3} = 3.333333333333333...</math>(-3/4) ==Repeating and Terminating Decimals== A repeating decimal is a decimal that is infinite. For instance, the 3.33... in the second example above. The threes just keep repeating. Instead of writing many 3's, you can draw a line above the number that is repeating. :<math>\frac{10}{3} = {3.}\overline{3}</math> When there are two numbers repeating, such as .232323, you have to draw a line above the 2 and the 3. :<math>{0.}\overline{23}</math> A terminating decimal is a decimal that ends at one point and does not go on forever. ex. 1.25 ==Multiplying Decimal Numbers== '''Multiplying''' decimal numbers can be tricky at times, but most of the time, it is similar to multiplying any integers. Although there are easier methods of multiplying, this is one of the methods. :You can make both decimal numbers have same multiple of a power of ten. ::<math>0.6 \times 0.75 = (60 \times 10^{-2}) \times (75 \times 10^{-2})</math> :Then multiply the first terms together, and the second terms. ::<math>(60 \times 75) \times (10^{-2} \times 10^{-2}) = 4500 \times (10^{-4})</math> :Then insert the decimal point into a corresponding power of ten. ::<math>4500 \times (10^{-4}) = 450 \times (10^{-3}) = 45 \times (10^{-2}) = 4.5 \times (10^{-1}) = .45 \times (10^{0}) = .45 \times (1) = .45 </math> ==Dividing Decimal Numbers== '''Dividing''' decimal numbers is similar to multiplying them. :Make both decimal numbers have same multiple of a power of ten. ::<math>0.3 / 0.4 = (3 \times 10^{-1}) / (4 \times 10^{-1})</math> :Then divide the first terms together, and the second terms. ::<math>(3 \times 10^{-1}) / (4 \times 10^{-1}) = (3/4) / 10^{0}</math> :Then insert the decimal point into a corresponding power of ten. ::<math>(3/4) / 10^{0} = 0.75 / 1 = 0.75\,\!</math> Alternatively, you can make the numbers integers (if the decimal is finite) and perform a simple division. ::<math>0.3 / 0.4 = (0.3 \times 10) / (0.4 \times 10) = 3/4 = 0.75</math> {{BookCat}} 68lq6cqexodtgaap0a5w3os3nkwt7yp 0 265490 4678690 4672754 2026-10-28T12:03:16Z Thomas.haslwanter 89715 Added new developments to the section on Cochlear Implants 4678690 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Cochlear Implants== [[Image:Cochlear implant.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Cochlear implant]] A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that replaces the mechanical parts of the auditory system by directly stimulating the auditory nerve fibers through electrodes inside the cochlea. Candidates for cochlear implants are people with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss in both ears and a functioning auditory nervous system. They are used by post-lingually deaf people to regain some comprehension of speech and other sounds as well as by pre-lingually deaf children to enable them to gain spoken language skills. (Diagnosis of hearing loss in newborns and infants is done using otoacoustic emissions, and/or the recording of auditory evoked potentials.) A quite recent evolution is the use of bilateral implants allowing recipients basic sound localization. ===Parts of the cochlear implant=== The implant is surgically placed under the skin behind the ear. The basic parts of the device include: ''External:'' * a microphone which picks up sound from the environment * a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech and sends the electrical sound signals through a thin cable to the transmitter, * a transmitter, which is a coil held in position by a magnet placed behind the external ear, and transmits the processed sound signals to the internal device by electromagnetic induction, ''Internal:'' [[Image:Cochlear Implant, by MedEl.jpg|thumb|RIGHT|The cochlear implant (left), microphone & signal processor (middle), and the remote control accessory (right)]] * a receiver and stimulator secured in bone beneath the skin, which converts the signals into electric impulses and sends them through an internal cable to electrodes, * an array of up to 24 electrodes wound through the cochlea, which send the impulses to the nerves in the scala tympani and then directly to the brain through the auditory nerve system === Signal processing for cochlear implants === In normal hearing subjects, the primary information carrier for speech signals is the envelope, whereas for music, it is the fine structure. This is also relevant for tonal languages, like Mandarin, where the meaning of words depends on their intonation. It was also found that interaural time delays coded in the fine structure determine where a sound is heard from rather than interaural time delays coded in the envelope, although it is still the speech signal coded in the envelope that is perceived. The speech processor in a cochlear implant transforms the microphone input signal into a parallel array of electrode signals destined for the cochlea. Algorithms for the optimal transfer function between these signals are still an active area of research. The first cochlear implants were single-channel devices. The raw sound was band-passed filtered to include only the frequency range of speech, then modulated onto a 16&nbsp;kHz wave to allow the electrical signal to electrically couple to the nerves. This approach was able to provide very basic hearing, but was extremely limited in that it was completely unable to take advantage of the frequency-location map of the cochlea. The advent of multi-channel implants opened the door to try a number of different speech-processing strategies to facilitate hearing. These can be roughly divided into Waveform and Feature-Extraction strategies. ==== Waveform Strategies ==== These generally involve applying a non-linear gain on the sound (as an input audio signal with a ~30dB dynamic range must be compressed into an electrical signal with just a ~5dB dynamic range), and passing it through parallel filter banks. The first waveform strategy to be tried was Compressed Analog approach. In this system, the raw audio is initially filtered with a gain-controlled amplifier (the gain-control reduces the dynamic range of the signal). The signal is then passed through parallel band-pass filters, and the output of these filters goes on to stimulate electrodes at their appropriate locations. A problem with the Compressed Analog approach was that the there was a strong interaction-effect between adjacent electrodes. If electrodes driven by two filters happened to be stimulating at the same time, the superimposed stimulation could cause unwanted distortion in the signals coming from hair cells that were within range of both of these electrodes. The solution to this was the Continuous Interleaved Sampling Approach - in which the electrodes driven by adjacent filters stimulate at slightly different times. This eliminates the interference effect between nearby electrodes, but introduces the problem that, due to the interleaving, temporal resolution suffers. [[File:Continuous Interleaved Sampling.jpg|thumb|400px|Schematic representation of Continuous Interleaved Sampling (CIS). The processing ("Proc") comprises the envelope detection, amplitude compression, digitization, and pulse modulation.]] ==== Feature-Extraction Strategies ==== These strategies focus less on transmitting filtered versions of the audio signal and more on extracting more abstract features of the signal and transmitting them to the electrodes. The first feature-extraction strategies looked for the formants (frequencies with maximum energy) in speech. In order to do this, they would apply wide band filters (e.g. 270&nbsp;Hz low-pass for F0 - the base formant, 300&nbsp;Hz-1&nbsp;kHz for F1, and 1&nbsp;kHz-4&nbsp;kHz for F2), then calculate the formant frequency, using the zero-crossings of each of these filter outputs, and formant-amplitude by looking at the envelope of the signals from each filter. Only electrodes corresponding to these formant frequencies would be activated. The main limitation of this approach was that formants primarily identify vowels, and consonant information, which primarily resides in higher frequencies, was poorly transmitted. The MPEAK system later improved on this design my incorporating high-frequency filters which could better simulate unvoiced sounds (consonants) by stimulating high-frequency electrodes, and formant frequency electrodes at random intervals.<ref>http://www.utdallas.edu/~loizou/cimplants/tutorial/tutorial.htm</ref><ref>www.ohsu.edu/nod/documents/week3/Rubenstein.pdf</ref><ref>www.acoustics.bseeber.de/implant/ieee_talk.pdf</ref> === Current Developments === [[File:SPEAK.PNG|thumb | 500 px |Block diagram of the SPEAK processing scheme]] Currently, the leading strategy is the SPEAK system, which combines characteristics of Waveform and Feature-Detection strategies. In this system, the signal passes through a parallel array of 20 band-pass filters. The envelope is extracted from each of these and several of the most powerful frequencies are selected (how many depends on the shape of the spectrum), and the rest are discarded. This is known as a 'n-of-m" strategy. The amplitudes of these are then logarithmically compressed to adapt the mechanical signal range of sound to the much narrower electrical signal range of hair cells. ====Multiple microphones==== On its newest implants, the company Cochlear uses 3 microphones instead of one. The additional information is used for beam-forming, i.e. extracting more information from sound coming from straight ahead. This can improve the signal-to-noise ratio when talking to other people by up to 15dB, thereby significantly enhancing speech perception in noisy environments. ====Integration CI – Hearing Aid==== Preservation of low-frequency hearing after cochlear implantation is possible with careful surgical technique and with careful attention to electrode design. For patients with remaining low-frequency hearing, the company MedEl offers a combination of a cochlea implant for the higher frequencies, and classical hearing aid for the lower frequencies. This system, called EAS for electric-acoustic stimulation, uses with a lead of 18mm, compared to 31.5&nbsp;mm for the full CI. (The length of the cochlea is about 36&nbsp;mm.) This results in a significant improvement of music perception, and improved speech recognition for tonal languages. ====Fine Structure==== [[File:HilbertTransform EnvelopePhase.png|thumb|Graph showing how envelope (in red) and phase (black dots, for zero crossings) of a signal can be simply derived with the Hilbert Transform.]] For high frequencies, the human auditory system uses only tonotopic coding for information. For low frequencies, however, also temporal information is used: the auditory nerve fires synchronously with the phase of the signal. In contrast, the original CIs only used the power spectrum of the incoming signal. In its new models, MedEl incorporates the timing information for low frequencies, which it calls fine structure, in determining the timing of the stimulation pulses. This improves music perception, and speech perception for tonal languages like Mandarin. Mathematically, envelope and fine-structure of a signal can be elegantly obtained with the ''Hilbert Transform'' (see Figure). The corresponding Python code is available under.<ref> {{cite web | title = Hilbert Transformation [Python] | url = http://work.thaslwanter.at/CSS/Code/CI_hilbert.py | work = private communications | author = T. Haslwanter | publisher = | year = 2012 }}</ref> ====Virtual Electrodes==== The numbers of electrodes available is limited by the size of the electrode (and the resulting charge and current densities), and by the current spread along the endolymph. To increase the frequency specificity, one can stimulate two adjacent electrodes. Subjects report to perceive this as a single tone at a frequency intermediate to the two electrodes. ==== Robot-assisted surgery ==== A new approach under development for CI implantation is to include image guided, robot assisted surgery. The goal is to make the implantation less invasive and more precise. Adoption of surgical robotics in cochlear implantation remains slow, with less than 1% of surgeries performed robotically. Barriers such as cost, surgical duration, and the need for clinical evidence persist. ==== Bluetooth Connectivity ==== Since nowadays an increasing number of audio devices connect with Bluetooth to the sound-source, it is not surprising that Bluetooth connectivity with consumer electronics has also become available for CIs. This aims to ensure a natural hearing experience and cohesive digital integration. For people with bilateral CIs, there are efforts to improve sound localization by integrating the bilateral stimulation through Bluetooth connections. The results in this area indicate some improvements, but are still mixed. ==== Under development ... ==== While traditionally the adjustment of the parameters that control the nerve stimulation have been adjusted on-site, hearing aid companies are working on remote fitting procedures that will make patients more independent, and give them greater control over their implant. [[File:Simulation_CI.jpg|500 px|thumbnail|Simulation of the stimulation strength of a cochlear implant]] === Simulation of a cochlear implant === Sound processing in cochlear implant is still subject to a lot of research and one of the major product differentiations between the manufacturers. However, the basic sound processing is rather simple and can be implemented to gain an impression of the quality of sound perceived by patients using a cochlear implant. The first step in the process is to sample some sound and analyze its frequency. Then a time-window is selected, during which we want to find the stimulation strengths of the CI electrodes. There are two ways to achieve that: i) through the use of linear filters ( [[Sensory Systems/Auditory_System#Gammatone_Filters|see ''Gammatone filters'']]); or ii) through the calculation of the powerspectrum (see [[Sensory_Systems/Auditory_System#Spectral_Analysis_of_Biological_Signals|''Spectral Analysis'']]). ===Cochlear implants and Magnetic Resonance Imaging=== With more than 150 000 implantations worldwide, Cochlear Implants (CIs) have now become a standard method for treating severe to profound hearing loss. Since the benefits of CIs become more evident, payers become more willing to support CIs and due to the screening programs of newborns in most industrialized nations, many patients get CIs in infancy and will likely continue to have them throughout their lives. Some of them may require diagnostic scanning during their lives which may be assisted by imaging studies with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For large segments of the population, including patients suffering from stroke, back pain or headache, MRI has become a standard method for diagnosis. MRI uses pulses of magnetic fields to generate images and current MRI machines are working with 1.5 Tesla magnet fields. 0.2 to 4.0 Tesla devices are common and the radiofrequency power can peak as high as 6&nbsp;kW in a 1.5 Tesla machine. Cochlear implants have been historically thought to incompatible with MRI with magnetic fields higher than 0.2 T. The external parts of the device always have to be removed. There are different regulations for the internal parts of the device. Current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines allow limited use of MRI after CI implantation. The pulsar and Sonata (MED-EL Corp, Innsbruck, Austria) devices are approved for 0.2 T MRI with the magnet in place. The Hi-res 90K (Advanced Bionics Corp, Sylmar, CA, USA) and the Nucleus Freedom (Cochlear Americas, Englewood, CO, USA) are approved for up to 1.5 T MRI after surgical removal of the internal magnet. Each removal and replacement of the magnet can be done using a small incision under local anesthesia, but the procedure is likely to weaken the pocket of the magnet and to risk infection of the patient. Cadaver studies have shown that there is a risk that the implant may be displaced from the internal device in a 1.5 T MRI scanner. However, the risk could be eliminated when a compression dressing was applied. Nevertheless, the CI produces an artifact that could potentially reduce the diagnostic value of the scan. The size of the artifact will be larger relative to the size of the patient’s head and this might be particularly challenging for MRI scans with children. A recent study by Crane et al., 2010 found out that the artifact around the area of the CI had a mean anterior-posterior dimension of 6.6 +/- 1.5&nbsp;cm (mean +/- standard deviation) and a left-right dimension averaging 4.8 +/- 1.0&nbsp;cm (mean +/- standard deviation) (Crane et al., 2010). (<ref>Crane BT, Gottschalk B, Kraut M, Aygun N, Niparko JK (2010) Magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T after cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol 31:1215-1220</ref>) [[File:Vibrant Soundbridge (by MedEl).jpg|alt=Vibrant Soundbridge|thumb|The "Vibrant SoundBridge" implant (left) uses a tiny vibrator (shown at the end of the implant) to oscillate the middle ear ossicles. The external part (right) receives the sound through a microphone, and passes it via induction to the implant.]] === Middle Ear Implants === Not all hearing deficits require cochlea implants. The first choice for treating patients with hearing loss are always hearing aids (HAs). Patients with mild-to-severe conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss who cannot wear HAs or who are unsatisfied with conventional HAs can receive ''bone conduction devices'' (see below) or ''middle ear implants (MEIs)''. MEI are no ''neurosensory implants'', since they do not directly stimulate the hair cells or the auditory nerve. However, their working is remarkably similar to cochlea implants (CIs). Like CIs, they have an external auditory processor that receives and analyzes auditory signals. And also like CIs those signals are transmitted via induction to a receiver/decoder that is implanted under the skin. But in contrast to CIs, MEIs do not rely on electrical stimulation, but instead use microvibrations. The most commonly used device is the ''Vibrant Soundbridge (VBI)'' (MedEl, Innsbruck, Austria). The VBI uses a ''floating mass transducer'' to generate extremely small vibrations, around 0.1-0.001 μm. (Labassi et al., 2017). <ref>Labassi S, Beliaeff M, Pean V, Van de Heyning P (2017) The Vibrant Soundbridge middle ear implant: A historical overview. Cochlear Implants International, Vol. 18 No. 6:314-323</ref> Depending on the anatomical situation and the hearing deficits, these vibrations can be coupled to the incus, the stapes, or the round window of the inner ear. The VSB has been available to patients since 1996 in Europe; FDA approval was received in 2000. Approximately three out of four patients are satisfied or very satisfied with the results, and the hearing quality is typically better than the one achieved with classical HAs. And since 2014, the latest version of the VSB is also MRI compatible up to 1.5 T. (Labassi et al., 2017) === Bone Vibration === As mentioned above, conventional HAs are the first choice for most forms of hearing loss. And reconstructive otosurgery is the first choice if the possibility of hearing aid independence exists. For patients who have an inadequate effect from conventional HAs or are unable to use them, ''bone conduction'' can be sufficient to improve the hearing. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_conduction) Bone conduction devices (BCDs) can be transcutaneous (i.e. from outside the skin) or percutaneous (implanted under the skin). Devices are available from a number of well established companies. (Koro et al, 2025)<ref>Koro E, Wales J, Werner M (2025) Bone conduction implants and active middle ear implants for adults. Science Progress Vol 108(1) 1-14</ref> Bone conduction hearing occurs when vibrations applied to the skull are propagated to the innner ear, eliciting waves on the basilar membrane that lead to stimulation of the auditory nerve. The concept of bone conduction has been known since the sixteenth century. And the first medical BCD-implants in humans were performed in 1977. (Koro et al, 2025) === Fully Implanted CI === In 2026, MedEl has presented ''[https://www.medel.pro/hearing-solutions/tici TICI UNICO]'', the world's first totally implantable cochlear implant. The company claims that the speech perception matches that of classic CI systems.{{BookCat}} tcl3oqqxsnzayhusf8d6pdxzhxa3two 0 295936 4678830 4522633 2026-10-29T11:49:38Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678830 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?search=Pinyin+news&title=Special:Search&go=Go&searchToken=2tnf5gu43w8ao6c85ynnxx4vj ''See also''] {{NOTE|[[Pinyin#Pinyin tone marking|Pinyin tone marking]]}} ==2013-12-31== ===Yemen bomb kills 4 soldiers=== <pre> Yemen bomb kills 4 soldiers Yemen zhahdahn shasii 4'ge shihbing </pre> Yemen zhahdahn shasii 4'ge shihbing <pre> Yemen zhahdahn shasii 4'ge shihbing Yemen bomb kills 4 soldiers </pre> A suicide car bomb has attacked a military headquarters in the capital of Yemen, Aden, killing at least 4 soldiers. <pre> A suicide car bomb has attacked a military headquarters in the capital of Yemen, Aden, killing at least 4 soldiers. yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji'le yi'ge junshi zoongbuh zaih zheh shooudu shuuyur Yemen, Aden, shasii zhihshaao 4'ge shihbing. </pre> yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji Yemen shooudu Aden yi'ge junshi zoongbuh, shasii zhihshaao 4'ge shihbing. <pre> yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji Yemen shooudu Aden yi'ge junshi zoongbuh, shasii zhihshaao 4'ge shihbing. a suicide car bomb attacks Yemen capital Aden a military headquarters, killing at least 4 soldiers. </pre> ===Yemen attack kills 5 soldiers=== <pre> Yemen attack kills 5 soldiers Yemen xirji shasii 5'ge shihbing </pre> Yemen xirji shasii 5'ge shihbing <pre> Yemen xirji shasii 5'ge shihbing Yemen attack kills 5 soldiers </pre> Militants armed with automatic rifles and anti-tank weapons have attacked a military base in southern Yemen, killing 5 soldiers and 4 soldiers are missing. <pre> Militants armed with automatic rifles and anti-tank weapons have attacked a military base in southern Yemen, killing 5 soldiers and 4 soldiers are missing. wuuzhuang fehnzii zhuangbeih'le zihdohng shoouqiang her faan-taankeh wuuqih xirji'le yi'ge junshih jidih zaih narnbuh'd Yemen, shasii 5'ge shihbing her 4'ge shihbing shizong. </pre> zhuangbeih zihdohng buhqiang her faan-taankeh wuuqih'd wuuzhuang fehnzii xirji Yemen narnbuh yi'ge junshih jidih, 5'ge shihbing siiwarng, 4'ge shizong. <pre> zhuangbeih zihdohng buhqiang her faan-taankeh wuuqih'd wuuzhuang fehnzii xirji Yemen narnbuh yi'ge junshih jidih, 5'ge shihbing siiwarng, 4'ge shizong. equipped with automatic rifles and anti-tank weapons' militants attack Yemen south a military base, 5 soldiers die, four are missing. </pre> ==2013-12-30== ===Russia bomb hits tram killing 14=== <pre> Russia bomb hits tram killing 14 Russia zhahdahn xirji diahnche shasii 14 </pre> Russia zhahdahn xirji diahnche, 14 sii <pre> Russia zhahdahn xirji diahnche, 14 sii Russia bomb attacks tram, 14 die </pre> At least 14 people are killed, as a suicide bomb hits a trackless tram in the southern city of Volgograd in Russia. <pre> At least 14 people are killed, as a suicide bomb hits a trackless tram in the southern city of Volgograd in Russia. zhihshaao 14 rern beihsha, dang yi'ge zihsha zhahdahn daaji yi-jiah wurguii diahnche zaih zheh narnbuh'd cherngshih Volgograd zaih Russia. </pre> Russia narnbuh cherngshih Volgograd yi'ge zihsha zhahdahn xirji yi-jiah wurguii diahnche, zhihshaao 14 rern beihsha. <pre> Russia narnbuh cherngshih Volgograd yi'ge zihsha zhahdahn xirji yi-jiah wurguii diahnche, zhihshaao 14 rern beihsha. Russia south city Volgograd a suicide bomb attacks a trackless tram, at least 14 people be killed. </pre> ===Russia railway station bomb kills 16=== <pre> Russia railway station bomb kills 16 Russia huoochezhahn zhahdahn shasii 16 </pre> Russia huoochezhahn zhahdahn shasii 16 rern <pre> Russia huoochezhahn zhahdahn shasii 16 rern Russia railway station bomb kills 16 people </pre> A female suicide bomber has attacked a train station in the city of Volgograd in the south of Russia, killing at least 16 people. <pre> A female suicide bomber has attacked a train station in the city of Volgograd in the south of Russia, killing at least 16 people. yi'ge lvvxihng zihsha zhahdahn xirji'le yi'ge huoochezhahn zaih zheh cherngshih Volgograd zaih zheh narnbuh Russia, shasii zhihshaao 16 rern. </pre> yi'ge zihsha zhahdahn lvvrern xirji Russia narnbuh cherngshih Volgograd yi'ge huoochezhahn, shasii zhihshaao 16 rern. <pre> yi'ge zihsha zhahdahn lvvrern xirji Russia narnbuh cherngshih Volgograd yi'ge huoochezhahn, shasii zhihshaao 16 rern. a suicide bomb woman attacks Russia south city Volgograd a railway station, killing at least 16 people. </pre> ==2013-12-29== ===Toxins in cigarettes damage brain=== <pre> Toxins in cigarettes damage brain dursuh zaih xiangyan suunhaih naaobuh </pre> xiangyan dursuh suunhaih naaobuh <pre> xiangyan dursuh suunhaih naaobuh cigarette toxins damage brain </pre> A new public health campaign in England highlights the damage of toxins in cigarettes to brain as well as lung. Toxins in cigarettes make blood dirty and thick, increasing the risk of stroke. Smokers are twice as likely to die from stroke, compared to non-smokers. They are also at a greater risk of developing memory problems and dementia. <pre> A new public health campaign in England highlights the damage of toxins in cigarettes to brain as well as lung. yi'ge xin'd gonggohng'd jiahnkang yuhndohng zaih England qiarngdiaoh zheh suunhaih shuuyur dursuh zaih xiangyan duih naaobuh yee feihbuh. Toxins in cigarettes make blood dirty and thick, increasing the risk of stroke. dursuh zaih xiangyan zaohcherng xuehyeh angzang her norng, zengjia zheh fengxiaan zhohngfeng. Smokers are twice as likely to die from stroke, compared to non-smokers. xiyanzhee shih liaang-beih keenerng sii yur zhohngfeng, xiangbii yur fei-xiyanzhee. They are also at a greater risk of developing memory problems and dementia. ta'men yeeshih zaih yi'ge gehng dah'd fengxiaan fazhaan jihyih wehntir her chidai. </pre> England xin'd gonggohng jiahnkang yuhndohng qiarngdiaoh xiangyan'd dursuh suunhaih naaobuh her feihbuh. xiangyan'd dursuh shii xuehyeh angzang her norng, zengjia zhohngfeng'd fengxiaan. xiyanzhee sii yur zhohngfeng'd jihuih shih fei-xiyanzhee'd liaang beih, huahn jiahnwarng her chidai'd fengxiaan yee gehng dah. <pre> England xin'd gonggohng jiahnkang yuhndohng qiarngdiaoh xiangyan'd dursuh suunhaih naaobuh her feihbuh. England new public health campaign highlights cigarettes' toxins damage brain and lung. xiangyan'd dursuh shii xuehyeh angzang her norng, zengjia zhohngfeng'd fengxiaan. cigarettes' toxins cause blood dirty and thick, increasing stroke's risk. xiyanzhee sii yur zhohngfeng'd jihuih shih fei-xiyanzhee'd liaang beih, huahn jiahnwarng her chidai'd fengxiaan yee gehng dah. smokers die from stroke's chance is non-smokers' two times, to contract forgetfulness and dementia's risk also more big. </pre> ==2013-12-28== ===China relaxes one-child policy=== <pre> China relaxes one-child policy Zhongguor fahngsong yi-hair zhehngceh </pre> Zhongguor fahngkuan yi-hair zhehngceh <pre> Zhongguor fahngkuan yi-hair zhehngceh China relaxes one-child policy </pre> China has formally announced to ease its one-child policy, allowing a married couple to have two children if any one of the couple is an only child. <pre> China has formally announced to ease its one-child policy, allowing a married couple to have two children if any one of the couple is an only child. Zhongguor zhehngshih'dy xuanbuh'le fahngkuan ta'd yi-hair zhehngceh, yuunxuu yi-duih fufuh yoou 2'ge hair'zi rurguoo rehnher yi'ge shuuyur zheh-duih fufuh shih yi'ge dursheng ziinvv. </pre> Zhongguor zhehngshih xuanbuh fahngsong yi-hair zhehngceh, yi-duih fufuh'd rehnher yifang rurguoo shih dursheng ziinvv, yuunxuu sheng 2'ge. <pre> Zhongguor zhehngshih xuanbuh fahngsong yi-hair zhehngceh, yi-duih fufuh'd rehnher yifang rurguoo shih dursheng ziinvv, yuunxuu sheng 2'ge. China formally announces to ease one-child policy, a pair of husband and wife's any one side if is only children, allowing to give birth two. </pre> ==2013-12-27== ===CAR unrest kills 6 UN soldiers=== <pre> CAR unrest kills 6 UN soldiers CAR dohngluahn shasii 6'ge UN shihbing </pre> CAR dohngluahn shasii 6'ge UN shihbing <pre> CAR dohngluahn shasii 6'ge UN shihbing CAR unrest kills 6 UN soldiers </pre> The latest conflict in the Central African Republic has killed at least 40 people including 6 United Nations soldiers from Chad. Violence incidents earlier this month have killed about 1,000 people according to reports. <pre> The latest conflict in the Central African Republic has killed at least 40 people including 6 United Nations soldiers from Chad. zuihxin'd chongtu zaih zheh Zhongbuh'd Feizhou'd Ghohngherguor shasii'le zhihshaao 40'ge rern baokuoh 6'ge Liarnherguor shihbing lairzih Chad. Violence incidents earlier this month have killed about 1,000 people according to reports. baohlih shihjiahn zaaoqi'dy beenyueh shasii'le dahyue 1,000 rern genjuh baohdaao. </pre> Zhongfei Gohngherguor zuihxin'd chongtu shasii zhihshaao 40 rern baokuoh 6'ge Chad'd Liarnherguor shihbing. beenyueh zaaoqi'd baohlih shihjiahn juhbaoh yiijing shasii yue 1,000 rern. <pre> Zhongfei Gohngherguor zuihxin'd chongtu shasii zhihshaao 40 rern baokuoh 6'ge Chad'd Liarnherguor shihbing. Central Africa Republic latest conflict kills at least 40 rern including 6 Chad's United States soldiers. beenyueh zaaoqi'd baohlih shihjiahn juhbaoh yiijing shasii yue 1,000 rern. this month earlier violence incidents reportedly already kill about 1,000 people. </pre> ==2013-12-26== ===Bombs kill dozens of people in Baghdad=== <pre> Bombs kill dozens of people in Baghdad zhahdahn shasii jiishir rern zaih Baghdad </pre> Baghdad zhahdahn shasii jiishir rern <pre> Baghdad zhahdahn shasii jiishir rern Baghdad bombs kill dozens people </pre> Two bombs have attacked Christian areas in Iraq's capital Baghdad, killing at least 35 people. Violence incidents have increased sharply this year causing more than 7,000 people died, the highest annual number of people died in violence since 2008. <pre> Two bombs have attacked Christian areas in Iraq's capital Baghdad, killing at least 35 people. 2'ge zhahdahn xirji'le Jidutur dihqu zaih Iraq'd shooudu Baghdad, shasii zhihshaao 35 rern. Violence incidents have increased sharply this year causing more than 7,000 people died, the highest annual number of people died in violence since 2008. baohlih shihjiahn zengjia'le dahfurduh'dy jinniarn daaozhih chaoguoh 7,000 rern siiwarng'le, zuihgao'd meeiniarn'd shuhzih shuuyur rern sii'le zaih baohlih zihcorng 2008. </pre> 2'ge zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad'd Jidutur dihqu, shasii zhihshaao 35 rern. jinniarn baohlih shihjiahn xuhnsuh zengjia daaozhih chaoguoh 7,000 rern siiwarng, shih 2008 niarn yiilair zuihgao'd meeiniarn baohlih siiwarng rernshuh. <pre> 2'ge zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad'd Jidutur dihqu, shasii zhihshaao 35 rern. two bombs attack Iraq capital Baghdad's Chiristian areas, killing at least 35 people. jinniarn baohlih shihjiahn xuhnsuh zengjia daaozhih chaoguoh 7,000 rern siiwarng, shih 2008 niarn yiilair zuihgao'd meeiniarn baohlih siiwarng rernshuh. this year violence incidents quickly increase causing more than 7,000 people die, is 2008 year -since the highest annual violence death number of people. </pre> ==2013-12-25== ===Deadly bomb attacks security headquarters in Egypt=== <pre> Deadly bomb attacks security headquarters in Egypt zhihmihng'd zhahdahn xirji baao`an zoongbuh zaih Egypt </pre> Egypt zhihmihng zhahdahn xirji baao`an zoongbuh <pre> Egypt zhihmihng zhahdahn xirji baao`an zoongbuh Egypt deadly bomb attacks security headquarters </pre> A car bomb has attacked a security headquarters in northern Egypt, killing at least 15 people and injuring more than 100. Rebels have carried out a series of attacks on the military since the military overthrew the first people-elected Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi in a military coup. <pre> A car bomb has attacked a security headquarters in northern Egypt, killing at least 15 people and injuring more than 100. yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji'le yi'ge baao`an zoongbuh zaih beeibuh Egypt, shasii zhihshaao 15 rern her shanghaih chaoguoh 100. Rebels have carried out a series of attacks on the military since the military overthrew the first people-elected Egyptian president Mohammed Morsi in a military coup. qiiyihzhee jihnxirng'le yixihlieh xirji duih junfang zihcorng junfang tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan Egypt zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi zaih yi-cih junshih'd zhehngbiahn. </pre> Egypt beeibuh yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji yi'ge baao`an zoongbuh, shasii zhihshaao 15 rern, chaoguoh 100 shouhshang. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan Egypt zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi yiilair, qiiyihzhee duih junfang jihnxirng'le yixihlieh xirji. <pre> Egypt beeibuh yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji yi'ge baao`an zoongbuh, shasii zhihshaao 15 rern, chaoguoh 100 shouhshang. Egypt north a car bomb attacks a security headquarters, killing at least 15 people, more than 100 be injured. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan Egypt zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi yiilair, qiiyihzhee duih junfang jihnxirng'le yixihlieh xirji. military coup overthrows the first people-elected Egypt president Mohammed Morsi -since, rebels towards the military carried out a series of attacks. </pre> ==2013-12-23== ===Pesticides harm human brain=== <pre> Pesticides harm human brain shachorngjih suunhaih rern naao </pre> shachorngjih suunhaih rern naao <pre> shachorngjih suunhaih rern naao pesticides harm human brain </pre> The two neonicotinoid pesticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid may affect the developing nervous system in humans, according to the EU. The conclusion is based on studies that showed the chemicals had an impact on the brains of newborn rats. In one study, young rodents exposed to imidacloprid suffered brain shrinkage, weight loss and reduced movement. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed that safe levels for exposure be lowered while further research is carried out. <pre> The two neonicotinoid pesticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid may affect the developing nervous system in humans, according to the EU. zheh 2-zhoong neonicotinoid shachorngjih imidacloprid her acetamiprid keenerng yiingxiaang zheh fayuh'd shernjing xihtoong zaih rernleih, genjuh zheh EU. The conclusion is based on studies that showed the chemicals had an impact on the brains of newborn rats. zheh jierluhn shih jiyur yarnjiu nah xiaanshih zheh huahxuerpiin yoou'le yi'ge yiingxiiang zaih zheh naaobuh shuuyur chusheng'd laaoshuu. In one study, young rodents exposed to imidacloprid suffered brain shrinkage, weight loss and reduced movement. zaih yi'ge yarnjiu, xiaao laaoshuu baohluh yur imidacloprid huahnshahng naaobuh shousuo, zhohngliahng jiaanqing her jiaanshaao huordohng. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposed that safe levels for exposure be lowered while further research is carried out. zheh Ouzhou Shirpiin Anquarn Jigouh (EFSA) jiahnyih nah anquarn shuiipirng duih baohluh beih jiangdih dang jihnyirbuh'd yarnjiu warncherng'le. </pre> juh EU baohdaao, 2-zhoong neonicotinoid shachorngjih imidacloprid her acetamiprid keenerng yiingxiaang rernleih shernjing xihtoong'd fayuh. jierluhn shih jiyur huahxuerpiin duih chusheng laaoshuu naaobuh yiinxiaang'd yarnjiu. yarnjiu xiaanshih xiaao laaoshuu jiechuh imidacloprid huahnshahng naaobuh shousuo, zhohngliahng jiaanqing her jiaanshaao huordohng. Ouzhou Shirpiin Anquarnjur (EFSA) jiahnyih zaih jihnyirbuh yarnjiu warncherng houh, jiahngdi shachorngjih'd anquarn shuiipirng. <pre> juh EU baohdaao, 2-zhoong neonicotinoid shachorngjih imidacloprid her acetamiprid keenerng yiingxiaang rernleih shernjing xihtoong'd fayuh. according to EU reports, 2 kinds of neonicotinoid pesticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid may affect humans nervous system's development. jierluhn shih jiyur huahxuerpiin duih chusheng laaoshuu naaobuh yiinxiaang'd yarnjiu. conclusion is based on chemicals towards newborn rats brain affected study. yarnjiu xiaanshih xiaao laaoshuu jiechuh imidacloprid huahnshahng naaobuh shousuo, zhohngliahng jiaanqing her jiaanshaao huordohng. study shows little rats touch imidacloprid suffer from brain shrinkage, weight loss and reduce movement. Ouzhou Shirpiin Anquarnjur (EFSA) jiahnyih zaih jihnyirbuh yarnjiu warncherng houh, jiahngdi shachorngjih'd anquarn shuiipirng. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) proposes at further study accomplish -after, to reduce pesticides' safety level. </pre> ==2013-12-21== ===Bomb explosions kill commander and senior officers in Iraq=== <pre> bomb explosions kill commander and senior officers in Iraq zhahdahn baohzhah shasii zhiihuiguan her gaojir junguan zaih Iraq </pre> Iraq zhahdahn zhahsii zhiihuiguan her gaojir junguan <pre> Iraq zhahdahn zhahsii zhiihuiguan her gaojir junguan Iraq bombs kill (by explosion) commander and senior officers </pre> al-Qaeda suicide bombs have attacked a house in Iraq's Anbar province, killing 15 government army officers and soldiers when they were performing an military operation. <pre> al-Qaeda suicide bombs have attacked a house in Iraq's Anbar province, killing 15 government army officers and soldiers when they were performing an military operation. al-Qaeda zihsha zhahdahn xirji'le yi-jian farngwu zaih Iraq'd Anbar-sheeng, shasii 15'ge zhehngfuujun junguan her shihbing dang ta'men zhirxirng'zhe yi'ge junshih xirngdohng. </pre> al-Qaeda zihsha zhahdahn xirji Iraq Anbar-sheeng yi-jian farngwu, shasii 15'ge zaih zhirxirng junshih xirngdohng'd zhehngfuujun junguan her shihbing. <pre> al-Qaeda zihsha zhahdahn xirji Iraq Anbar-sheeng yi-jian farngwu, shasii 15'ge zaih zhirxirng junshih xirngdohng'd zhehngfuujun junguan her shihbing. al-Qaeda suicide bombs attack Iraq Anbar province a house, killing 15 at performing military operation's government army officers and soldiers. </pre> ===Uganda's parliament passes life-imprisonment anti-homosexual law=== <pre> Uganda's parliament passes life-imprisonment anti-homosexual law Uganda'd yihhuih tongguoh zhongshen jianjihn'd faan-torngxihngliahn faalv </pre> Uganda yihhuih tongguoh zhongshen jianjihn'd faan-tongxihngliahn faalvh <pre> Uganda yihhuih tongguoh zhongshen jianjihn'd faan-tongxihngliahn faalvh Uganda parliament passes lifelong-imprisonment anti-homosexual law </pre> The members of Uganda parliament have passed a bill to toughen the punishment for homosexual acts to include lifelong imprisonment. <pre> The members of Uganda parliament have passed a bill to toughen the punishment for homosexual acts to include lifelong imprisonment. zheh cherngyuarn'men shuuyur Uganda yihhuih tongguoh'le yi'ge yih'ahn jiaqiarng zhe cherngfar duih torngxihngliahn xirngweir yii baokuoh zhongshen jianjihn. </pre> Uganda yihhuih yihyuarn'men tongguoh'le baokuoh zhongshen jianjihn'd yih`ahn jiaqiarng cherngfar torngxihngliahn xirngweir. <pre> Uganda yihhuih yihyuarn'men tongguoh'le baokuoh zhongshen jianjihn'd yih`ahn jiaqiarng cherngfar torngxihngliahn xirngweir. Uganda parliament members of a legislative body have passed including lifelong imprisonment's bill strengthen to punish homosexual acts. </pre> ==2013-12-20== ===Stress gene is related to heart attacks=== <pre> Stress gene is related to heart attacks jiinzhang jiyin yoouguan xinzahngbihngfa </pre> jiinzhang jiyin yuu xinzahngbihngfa yoouguan <pre> jiinzhang jiyin yuu xinzahngbihngfa yoouguan stress gene with heart attacks is related </pre> People with stress gene have higher risk in heart attacks or heart diseases, study shows. A positive lifestyle with balanced diet and regular physical activity can help to relieve stress. <pre> People with stress gene have higher risk in heart attacks or heart diseases, study shows. rern'men yoou jiinzhang jiyin yoou gehnggao fengxiaan zaih xinzahngbihngfa huoh xinzahngbihng, yarnjiu xiaanshih. A positive lifestyle with balanced diet and regular physical activity can help to relieve stress. yi-zhoong jijir'd shenghuor fangshih yuu junherng'd yiinshir her dihngqi'd shentir'd huordohng nerng bangzhuh shuhuaan jiinzhang. </pre> yoou jiinzhang jiyin'd rern gehng rorngyih xinzahnngbihngfa huoh huahn xinzahngbihng. junherng yiinshir her jingcharng yuhndohng'd jijir shenghuor fangshih bangzhuh shuhuaan jiinzhang. <pre> yoou jiinzhang jiyin'd rern gehng rorngyih xinzahnngbihngfa huoh huahn xinzahngbihng. have stress gene's people more easily have heart attacks or suffer from heart diseases. junherng yiinshir her jingcharng yuhndohng'd jijir shenghuor fangshih bangzhuh shuhuaan jiinzhang. balanced diet and regular exercise's positive life style help with relieving stress. </pre> ==2013-12-19== ===People over the age of 50 should eat an apple daily=== <pre> People over the age of 50 should eat an apple daily rern'men chaoguoh 50 suih yinggai chi yi'ge pirngguoo meeitian </pre> chaoguoh 50 suih'd rern yaoh meeirih chi yi'ge pirngguoo <pre> chaoguoh 50 suih'd rern yaoh meeirih chi yi'ge pirngguoo more than 50 year of age's people should per day eat an apple </pre> People over the age of 50 eating an apple daily can avoid cardiovascular diseases such as heart diseases and strokes, researchers say. Apple is a great source of antioxidants and is rich in a chemical compound called flavonoid, which can prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancers. <pre> People over the age of 50 eating an apple daily can avoid cardiovascular diseases such as heart diseases and strokes, researchers say. rern'men chaoguoh 50 suih chi yi'ge pirngguoo meeirih nerng farngzhii xinxuehguaanbihng rur xinzahngbihng her zhohngfeng, yarnjiuzhee shuo. Apple is a great source of antioxidants and is rich in a chemical compound called flavonoid, which can prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancers. pirngguoo shih yi'ge dah'd quarnyuarn shuuyur kahngyaanghuahjih her fuhyur yi'zhoong huahherwuh jiaohzuoh flavonoid, ta nerng yuhfarng xinxuehguaanbihng her airzhehng. </pre> yarnjiuzhee shuo, chaoguoh 50 suih'd rern meeirih chi yi'ge pirngguoo nerng yuhfarng xinxuehguaanbihng rur xinzahngbihng her zhohngfeng. pirngguoo yoou hen duo kahngyaanghuahjih her fengfuh'd huahherwuh jiaohzuoh flavonoid, nerng yuhfarng xinxuehguaanbihng her airzhehng. <pre> yarnjiuzhee shuo, chaoguoh 50 suih'd rern meeirih chi yi'ge pirngguoo nerng yuhfarng xinxuehguaanbihng rur xinzahngbihng her zhohngfeng. researchers say, more than 50 years of age's people per day eat an apple can prevent cardiovascular diseases such as heart diseases and strokes. pirngguoo yoou hen duo kahngyaanghuahjih her fengfuh'd huahherwuh jiaohzuoh flavonoid, nerng yuhfarng xinxuehguaanbihng her airzhehng. apple has a lot of antioxidants and rich chemical compound is called flavonoid, can prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancers. </pre> ==2013-12-18== ===6 US soldiers killed in airplane crash in Afghanistan=== <pre> 6 US soldiers killed in airplane crash in Afghanistan 6'ge Meeijun beihsha zaih feiji zhuihhuii zaih Afghanistan </pre> Afghanistan feiji zhuihhuii, 6'ge Meeijun siiwarng <pre> Afghanistan feiji zhuihhuii, 6'ge Meeijun siiwarng Afghanistan airplane falls and crashes, 6 US soldiers die </pre> A Nato helicopter has crashed in southern Afghanistan, killing 6 American soldiers. There were many Nato airplane crashes in Afghanistan in the last decade. In 2011, the Taliban said that it had shot down a US military transportation helicopter, killing 38 people, most of them are US soldiers. <pre> A Nato helicopter has crashed in southern Afghanistan, killing 6 American soldiers. yi-jiah Nato zhirshengji zhuihhuii'le zaih narnbuh'd Afghanistan, shasii 6'ge Meeijun. There were many Nato airplane crashes in Afghanistan in the last decade. yoou xuuduo Nato feeiji zhuihhuii zaih Afghanistan zaih guohquh 10 niarn. In 2011, the Taliban said that it had shot down a US military transportation helicopter, killing 38 people, most of them are US soldiers. zaih 2011, Taliban shuo ta jiluoh'le yi-jiah Meeijun'd yuhnshu zhirshengji, shasii 38 rern, dahbuhfehn shih Meeijun. </pre> Afghanistan narnbuh yi-jiah Nato zhirshengji zhuihhuii, 6'ge Meeijun siiwarng. Afghanistan guohquh 10 niarn yoou xuuduo Nato feiji zhuihhuii. 2011 niarn Taliban shengcheng jiluoh yi-jiah Meeijun yuhnshuji, shasii 38 rern, dahbuh'fen shih Meeijun. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh yi-jiah Nato zhirshengji zhuihhuii, 6'ge Meeijun siiwarng. Afghanistan south a Nato helicopter falls and crashes, 6 US soldiers die. Afghanistan guohquh 10 niarn yoou xuuduo Nato feiji zhuihhuii. Afghanistan the past 10 years has many Nato airplane crashes. 2011 niarn Taliban shengcheng jiluoh yi-jiah Meeijun yuhnshuji, shasii 38 rern, dahbuh'fen shih Meeijun. 2011 year Taliban claims shoot down a US army transport airplane, killing 38 people, most are US soldiers. </pre> ==2013-12-16== ===Clash in Xinjiang China causes 16 dead=== <pre> Clash in Xinjiang China causes 16 dead chongtu zaih Xinjiang Zhongguor daaozhih 16 sii </pre> Zhongguor Xinjiang chongtu daaozhih 16 sii <pre> Zhongguor Xinjiang chongtu daaozhih 16 sii China Xinjiang clash causes 16 dead </pre> 16 people are killed in clash in the western Xinjiang province of China. The incident has happened on Sunday in a village near Kashgar. Police have shot dead 14 people armed with explosive devices and knives, two policemen also have been killed. Clashes happen occasionally in Xinjiang where mainly Muslim Uyghur minority lives. Beijing called the incident a terrorist attack incited by Xinjiang-linked extremists. <pre> 16 people are killed in clash in the western Xinjiang province of China. 16 rern beihsha zaih chongtu zaih zheh xibuh'd Xinjiang-sheeng shuuyur Zhongguor. The incident has happened on Sunday in a village near Kashgar. zheh shihjiahn fasheng'le zaih Xingqirih zaih yi'ge xiangcun kaohjihn Kashgar. Police have shot dead 14 people armed with explosive devices and knives, two policemen also have been killed. jiingchar qiangsha'le 14 rern zhuangbeih'le baohzhah zhuangzhih her dao'zi, 2'ge jiingchar yee beihsha'le. Clashes happen occasionally in Xinjiang where mainly Muslim Uyghur minority lives. chongtu fasheng oourarn'dy zaih Xinjiang nah'li zhuuyaoh'dy Muslim Uyghur shaaoshuh mirnzuh juzhuh. Beijing called the incident a terrorist attack incited by Xinjiang-linked extremists. Beeijing shengcheng zheh shihjiahn yi-cih koongbuh xirji shandohng beih Xinjiang yoouguan'd jiduanfehnzii. </pre> Zhongguor xibuh Xinjiang-sheeng chongtu, 16 rern beihsha. shihjiahn fashang zaih Xingqirih Kashgar fuhjihn yi'ge xiangcun. jiingchar qiangsha 14'ge chiryoou zhahdahn her dao'd rern, 2'ge jiingchar yee beihsha. Xinjiang zhuuyaoh juzhuh Muslim Uyghur shaaoshuh mirnzur, oourarn fasheng chongtu. Beeijing shengcheng zheh-cih shihjiahn shih your Xinjiang-yoouguan'd jirduanfehnzii shandohng'd koongbuh xirji. <pre> Zhongguor xibuh Xinjiang-sheeng chongtu, 16 rern beihsha. China west Xinjing province clashes, 16 people be killed. shihjiahn fashang zaih Xingqirih Kashgar fuhjihn yi'ge xiangcun. incident haapens at Sunday Kashgar vicinity a village. jiingchar qiangsha 14'ge chiryoou zhahdahn her dao'd rern, 2'ge jiingchar yee beihsha. police shoot dead 14 holding bombs and knives' people, 2 police also be killed. Xinjiang zhuuyaoh juzhuh Muslim Uyghur shaaoshuh mirnzur, oourarn fasheng chongtu. Xinjiang mainly be inhabited by Muslim Uyghur minority, occasionally happens clashes. Beeijing shengcheng zheh-cih shihjiahn shih your Xinjiang-yoouguan'd jirduanfehnzii shandohng'd koongbuh xirji. Beijing claims this-time incident is by Xinjiang-related extremists incited terrorist attack. </pre> ===Car bomb kills 2 UN soldiers in Mali=== <pre> Car bomb kills 2 UN soldiers in Mali qihche zhahdahn shasii 2'ge UN shihbing zaih Mali </pre> Mali qihche zhahdahn shasii 2'ge UN shihbing <pre> Mali qihche zhahdahn shasii 2'ge UN shihbing Mali car bomb kills 2 UN soldiers </pre> A car bomb has attacked a bank guarded by United Nations' soldiers in the town of Kidal in northeast Mali, killing 2 soldiers, injuring 3 people, and causing a armored car on fire. More casualties are believed as the building of the bank collapsed. Although French invasion had defeated Islamic rebel army in northern Mali nearly a year, resistance are still continuing. <pre> A car bomb has attacked a bank guarded by United Nations' soldiers in the town of Kidal in northeast Mali, killing 2 soldiers, injuring 3 people, and causing a armored car on fire. yi'ge qihche zhahdahn gongji'le yi-jian yirnharng baaoweih beih Liarnherguor'd shihbing zaih Kidal-zhehn zaih dongbeei'd Mali, shasii 2'ge shihbing, shanghaih 3 rern, her daaozhih yi-jiah zhuangjiaache zhaorhuoo. More casualties are believed as the building of the bank collapsed. gehngduo shahngwarng beih xiangxihn youryur yirnharng jiahnzhuhwuh daaotah'le. Although French invasion had defeated Islamic rebel army in northern Mali nearly a year, resistance are still continuing. suirarn Faaguor'd ruhqin yiijing daabaih'le Islam'd pahnjun zaih beeibuh'd Mali jiejihn yi niarn, faankahng shih rerngrarn chirxuh'zhe. </pre> yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji Mali beeibuh Kidal-zhehn yi-jian Liarnherguor shihbing baaohuh'd yinharng, shasii 2'ge shihbing, 3 rern shouhshang, yi-jiah zhuangjiaache zhaorhuoo. youryur yirnharng jiahnzhuhwuh daaotah, xiangxihn yoou gehngduo shangwarng. suirarn Faaguor ruhqin daabaih Mali beeibuh'd Islam pahnjun jiejihn yi niarn, dahnshih faankahng rerngrarn chirxuh. <pre> yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji Mali beeibuh Kidal-zhehn yi-jian Liarnherguor shihbing baaohuh'd yinharng, shasii 2'ge shihbing, 3 rern shouhshang, yi-jiah zhuangjiaache zhaorhuoo. a car bomb attacks surprisingly Mali north Kidal town a United Nations soldiers guarded bank, killing 2 soldiers, 3 people be injured, a armored car be on fire. youryur yirnharng jiahnzhuhwuh daaotah, xiangxihn yoou gehngduo shangwarng. because bank building collapses, be believed has more casualties. suirarn Faaguor ruhqin daabaih Mali beeibuh'd Islam pahnjun jiejihn yi niarn, dahnshih faankahng rerngrarn chirxuh. although France invasion defeats Mali north Islam rebel army nearly a year, but resistance still continues. </pre> ==2013-12-15== ===China's Yutu lunar car rolls on the Moon=== <pre> China's Yutu lunar car rolls on the Moon Zhongguor'd Yutu Yuehqiurche xirngshii zaih Yuehqiur'shang </pre> Zhongguor'd Yutu Yuehqiurche zaih Yuehqiur xirngshii <pre> Zhongguor'd Yutu Yuehqiurche zaih Yuehqiur xirngshii China's Yutu lunar car at the Moon runs </pre> China's lunar car Yutu has driven off its landing module and runs on the Moon's surface slowly. Yutu weights 120kg, reportedly can climb slopes of up to 30 degrees and can travel up to 200m per hour. The name Yutu, literally means "Jade Rabbit", derives from an ancient Chinese myth about the pet rabbit of the lunar goddess Chang'e. <pre> China's lunar car Yutu has driven off its landing module and runs on the Moon's surface slowly. Zhongguor'd Yuehqiurche Yutu jiahshii lirkai'le ta'd dengluhcang her xirngshii zaih Yuerqiur'd biaaomiahn mahnmahn'dy. Yutu weights 120kg, reportedly can climb slopes of up to 30 degrees and can travel up to 200m per hour. Yutu zhohng 120kg, juhbaoh nerng par xierpo dardaoh 30 duh her nerng xirngshii dardaoh 200m meei xiaaoshir. The name Yutu, literally means "Jade Rabbit", derives from an ancient Chinese myth about the pet rabbit of the lunar goddess Chang'e. zheh mirngzih Yutu, zihmiahn'dy yihsi shih "Jade Rabbit", quuzih yi'ge guudaih Zhongguor'd shernhuah guanyur zheh choongwuh tuh'zih shuuyur zheh yeuhliahng nvvshern Chang`e. </pre> Zhongguor'd Yuerqiurche Yutu liikaih dengluhcang, zaih Yuerqiur biaaomiahn huaanmahn'dy xirngshii. Yutu zhohng 120kg, juhbaoh nerng par 30 duh xierpo, zuihgao suhduh 200m meei xiaaoshir. Yutu'd mirngzih lairzih Zhongguor guudaih shernhuah guanyur yueh'liang nvvshern Chang`e'd choongwuh tuh'zi. <pre> Zhongguor'd Yuerqiurche Yutu liikaih dengluhcang, zaih Yuerqiur biaaomiahn huaanmahn'dy xirngshii. China's lunar car Yutu leaves landing module, at the Moon surface slowly runs. Yutu zhohng 120kg, juhbaoh nerng par 30 duh xierpo, zuihgao suhduh 200m meei xiaaoshir. Yutu weighs 120kg, reportedly can climb 30 degrees slopes, maximum speed 200m per hour. Yutu'd mirngzih lairzih Zhongguor guudaih shernhuah guanyur yueh'liang nvvshern Chang`e'd choongwuh tuh'zi. Yutu's name comes from China ancient myth about lunar goddess Chang'e's pet rabbit. </pre> ==2013-12-14== ===China ready to land robot on Moon=== <pre> China ready to land robot on Moon Zhongguor zhuunbeih dengluh jiqihrern zaih Yuehqiur </pre> Zhongguor jixiehrern zhuunbeih dengluh Yuehqiur <pre> Zhongguor jixiehrern zhuunbeih dengluh Yuehqiur China robot prepares to land Moon </pre> China has prepared to land a robot on the Moon, an ambitious plan in China's space exploration. The landing module will descent using thrusters to execute the first soft landing on the Moon in 37 years. Several hours later, the lander will deploy a robotic rover called Yutu literally means "Jade Rabbit". The landing will take place on a flat plain called Sinus Iridum (the Bay of Rainbows). <pre> China has prepared to land a robot on the Moon, an ambitious plan in China's space exploration. Zhongguor zhuunbeih'le dengluh yi'ge jixiehrern zaih Yuehqiur, yi'ge yoou xiorngxin'd jihhuah zaih Zhongguor'd taihkong tahnsuoo. The landing module will descent using thrusters to execute the first soft landing on the Moon in 37 years. zheh dengluhcang huih jiahngluoh shiiyohng tuijihnqih zhirxirng zheh shoou'ge ruaanzhuorluh zaih Yuehqiur zaih...'li 37 niarn. Several hours later, the lander will deploy a robotic rover called Yutu literally means "Jade Rabbit". jii'ge zhongtour zhihhouh, zheh dengluhqih huih buhshuu yi'ge jixiehrern mahnyoouzhee jiaohzuoh Yuhtuh zihmiahn'dy yihsi shih "Jade Rabbit". The landing will take place on a flat plain called Sinus (the Bay of Rainbows). zheh dengluh huih fasheng zaih yi'ge pirng'd pirngyuarn jiaohzuoh Sinus Iridum (the Bay of Rainbows). </pre> Zhongguor zhuunbeih zaih Yuerqiur dengluh yi'ge jixiehrern, Zhongguor taihkong tahnsuoo'd yi'ge xiorngxin'd jihhuah. dengluhcang huih yohng tuijihnqi 37 niarn yiilair shooucih ruaanzhuorluh Yuehqiur. ji'ge xiaaoshir zhihhouh, dengluhqih huih zaih yi'ge jiaohzuoh Sinus Iridum'd pirngyuarn dengluh bihngqiee buhshuu yi'ge mirngweir Yuhtuh'd jixiehrern che. <pre> Zhongguor zhuunbeih zaih Yuerqiur dengluh yi'ge jixiehrern, Zhongguor taihkong tahnsuoo'd yi'ge xiorngxin'd jihhuah. China prepares to at Moon to land a robot, China space exploration's an ambitious plan. dengluhcang huih yohng tuijihnqi 37 niarn yiilair shooucih ruaanzhuorluh Yuehqiur. landing module will use thrusters 37 years -since first time soft landing Moon. ji'ge xiaaoshir zhihhouh, dengluhqih huih zaih yi'ge jiaohzuoh "the Bay of Rainbows" 'd pirngyuarn dengluh bihngqiee buhshuu yi'ge mirngweir Yuhtuh'd jixiehrern che. several hours later, lander will at a be called "the Bay of Rainbows" 's flat plain to land and to deploy a be called Yutu's robotic car. </pre> ==2013-12-11== ===Artificial sweetener aspartame is safe=== <pre> Artificial sweetener aspartame is safe rerngong tiarnweihjih aspartame shih anquarn'd </pre> rernzaohtarng aspartame shih anquarn'd <pre> rernzaohtarng aspartame shih anquarn'd artificial sweetener aspartame is safe </pre> The artificial sweetener aspartame is safe and is no threat to health, European food regulators conclude. Aspartame appears in food label as E951, its breakdown products are safe for human consumption at current levels, says the European Food Safety Authority. Approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar, the low-calorie sweetener is used in many foods and soft drinks. An Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is set at 40mg per kg of body weight per day. This is equivalent to 2,800mg for an average British adult. The only exception is for people suffering from a rare genetic disease phenylketonuria who cannot safely consume aspartame. For most products containing aspartame, consumption would need to be exceptionally high and regular over a person's lifetime, in order to exceed the ADI. <pre> The artificial sweetener aspartame is safe and is no threat to health, European food regulators conclude. zheh rerngong tiarnweihjih aspartame shih anquarn'd her meeiyoou weixier duih jiahnkang, Ouzhou'd shirwuh jianguarnzhee jierluhn. Aspartame appears in food label as E951, its breakdown products are safe for human consumption at current levels, says the European Food Safety Authority. Aspartame xiaanshih zaih shirwuh biaoqian weir E951, ta'd jieehuah chaanpiin shih anquarn'd duih rernleih'd shehquuliahng zaih dangqiarn'd shuiipirng, shuo zheh Ouzhou'd Shirwuh Anquarn Jigouh. Approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar, the low-calorie sweetener is used in many foods and soft drinks. dahyue 200 beih gehng tiarn bii tarng, zheh di-calorie tiarnweihjih beih yohngyur xuuduoh shirwuh her ruaanyiinliaoh. An Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is set at 40mg per kg of body weight per day. yi'ge Keejieshouh'd Meeirih Shehquuliahng (ADI) beih dihngweir zaih 40mg meei kg tiizhohng meei rih. This is equivalent to 2,800mg for an average British adult. zheh xiangdangyur 2,800mg duih yi'ge pirngjun'd Yingguor'd cherngrern. The only exception is for people suffering from a rare genetic disease phenylketonuria who cannot safely consume aspartame. zheh weiryi'd lihwaih shih duih rern'men huahn yi-zhoong haanyoou'd yirchuarn'd jirbihng phenylketonuria ta'men bunerng ahnquarn'dy chi aspartame. For most products containing aspartame, consumption would need to be exceptionally high and regular over a person's lifetime, in order to exceed the ADI. duih dabuhfehn charnpirn baoharn aspartame, shehquuliahng huih xuyaoh shih yihcharng'dy gao her jingcharng'dy zaih yi'ge rern'd yibeih'zi, shii chaoguoh zheh ADI. </pre> Ouzhou shirwuh jianguarnzhee jierluhn, rernzaohtarng aspartame shih anquarn'd, duih jiahnkang meiryoou weixier. Ouzhou Shirwuh Anquarn Jigouh shuo, aspartame'd shirwuh biaoqian shih E951, ta'd jieehuah chaanpiin duih rernleih dangqiarn'd shehquuliahng shuiipirng shih anquarn'd. zheh-zhoong di-calorie'd tiarnweihjih bii tarng yue tiarn 200 beih, yohngyur xuuduoh shirwuh her ruaanyiinliaoh. Keejieshouh Meeirih Shehquuliahng (ADI) dihngweir meei kg tiizhohng meei rih 40mg, duih yiban'd Yingguor cherngrern xiangdangyur 2,800mg. weiryi lihwaih shih huahn haanyoou yirchuarnbihng phenylketonuria'd rern bunerng ahnquarn'dy chi aspartame. duih dabuh'fen yoou aspartame'd charnpirn, yibeih'zi jingcharng chi feicharng gao'd fehn'liang cair huih chaoguoh ADI. <pre> Ouzhou shirwuh jianguarnzhee jierluhn, rernzaohtarng aspartame shih anquarn'd, duih jiahnkang meiryoou weixier. Europe food regulators conclude, sweeteners aspartame is safe, for health not have threat. Ouzhou Shirwuh Anquarn Jigouh shuo, aspartame'd shirwuh biaoqian shih E951, ta'd jieehuah chaanpiin duih rernleih dangqiarn'd shehquuliahng shuiipirng shih anquarn'd. Europe Food Safety Organization says, aspartame's food label is E951, its breakdown products for humans current intake levels are safe. zheh-zhoong di-calorie'd tiarnweihjih bii tarng yue tiarn 200 beih, yohngyur xuuduoh shirwuh her ruaanyiinliaoh. this kind of low-calorie sweeteners compare to sugar approximately be sweet 200 times, used in many foods and soft drinks. Keejieshouh Meeirih Shehquuliahng (ADI) dihngweir meei kg tiizhohng meei rih 40mg, duih yiban'd Yingguor cherngrern xiangdangyur 2,800mg. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) stipulate at every kg body weight per day 40mg, for average British adults be equivalent to 2,800mg. weiryi lihwaih shih huahn haanyoou yirchuarnbihng phenylketonuria'd rern bunerng ahnquarn'dy chi aspartame. only exception is suffering from rare genetic disease phenylketonuria's people cannot safely eat aspartame. duih dabuh'fen yoou aspartame'd charnpirn, yibeih'zi jingcharng chi feicharng gao'd fehn'liang cair huih chaoguoh ADI. for most have aspartame's products, whole life always eat very high amounts then will exceeds ADI. </pre> ==2013-12-10== ===Cafe car bomb kills 11 in central Iraq=== <pre> Cafe car bomb kills 11 in central Iraq kafeidiahn qihche zhahdahn shasii 11 zaih zhongbuh'd Iraq </pre> Iraq zhongbuh kafeidiahn zhahdahn shasii 11 rern <pre> Iraq zhongbuh kafeidiahn zhahdahn shasii 11 rern Iraq central cafe bomb kills 11 people </pre> A car bomb in a cafe in central Iraq has killed at least 11 people and injuring more than 20 people. Militants often target cafes, public spaces or crowded areas such as mosques and markets. More than 7,150 civilians and 950 security forces personnel have been killed this year, the highest annual death toll since 2008. <pre> A car bomb in a cafe in central Iraq has killed at least 11 people and injuring more than 20 people. yi'ge qihche zhahdahn zaih yi-jian kafeidiahn zaih zhongbuh'd Iraq shasii'le zhihshaao 11 rern her shanghaih chaoguoh 20 rern. Militants often target cafes, public spaces or crowded areas such as mosques and markets. wuuzhuangfehnzii jingcharng gongji kafeidiahn, gongzhohng kongjian huoh yongjii'd dihqu lihrur qingzhensih her shihchaang. More than 7,150 civilians and 950 security forces personnel have been killed this year, the highest annual death toll since 2008. chaoguoh 7,150'ge pirngmirn her 950'ge baao`an buhduih rernyuan beihsha'le jinniarn, zheh zuih gao meeiniarn'd siiwarng rernsuh zihcorng 2008. </pre> Iraq zhongbuh yi-jian kafeidiahn'li yi'ge qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 11 rern, chaoguoh 20 rern shouhshang. wuuzhuangfehnzii jingcharng gongji kafeidiahn, gongzhohng dihfang huoh yongjii'd dihqu rur qingzhensih her shihchaang. jinniarn chaoguoh 7,150'ge pirngmirn her 950'ge baao`an buhduih rernyuan beihsha, shih 2008 niarn yiilair zuih gao'd siiwarng rernsuh. <pre> Iraq zhongbuh yi-jian kafeidiahn'li yi'ge qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 11 rern, chaoguoh 20 rern shouhshang. Iraq central a cafe inside a car bomb kills at least 11 people, more than 20 people be injured. wuuzhuangfehnzii jingcharng gongji kafeidiahn, gongzhohng dihfang huoh yongjii'd dihqu rur qingzhensih her shihchaang. militants often attack cafes, public places or crowded areas such as mosques and markets. jinniarn chaoguoh 7,150'ge pirngmirn her 950'ge baao`an buhduih rernyuan beihsha, shih 2008 niarn yiilair zuih gao'd siiwarng rernsuh. this year more than 7,150 civilians and 950 security forces personnel are killed, is 2008 year -since most high death number of people. </pre> ==2013-12-06== ===Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg at the age of 95=== <pre> Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg at the age of 95 Nelson Mandela siiwarng zaih Johnanesburg zaih zheh niarnlirng 95 </pre> Nelson Mandela zaih Johannesburg shihshih, xiaangniarn 95 suih <pre> Nelson Mandela zaih Johannesburg shihshih, xiaangniarn 95 suih Nelson Mandela at Johannesburg dies, at the age of 95 years of age </pre> South Africa's first black president Nelson Mandela has died at the age of 95 in Johannesburg. Mandela had become the president of South Africa in the 1990's, after fighting against white-minority rule and was imprisoned for 27 years. Mandela had been receiving intensive care at home for a lung infection after spending three months at hospital. Mandela will receive a full state funeral. <pre> South Africa's first black president Nelson Mandela has died at the age of 95 in Johannesburg. Narnfei'd shoou'ge Heirern zoongtoong Nelson Mandela sii'le zaih zheh niarnlirng 95 zaih Johannesburg. Mandela had become the president of South Africa in the 1990's, after fighting against white-minority rule and was imprisoned for 27 years. Mandela cherngweir'le zheh zoongtoong Narnfei zaih zheh 90 niarndaih, zaih...zhihouh douhzheng faanduih bairrern-shaaoshuh toongzhih her beih jianjihn'le 27 niarn. Mandela had been receiving intensive care at home for a lung infection after spending three months at hospital. Mandela beih jieshouh'le jiaqiarng huihlii zaih jia'li wei'le yi feih gaanraan zaih...zhihouh duhguoh san'ge yueh zaih yiyuahn. Mandela will receive a full state funeral. Mandela huih derdaoh yi warnzheeng'd guorjia zahnglii. </pre> Narnfei shoou'ge Heirern zoongtoong Nelson Mandela zaih Johannesburg shihshih, xiaangniarn 95 suih. Mandela faanduih bairrern shaaoshuh toongzhih her beih jianjihn 27 niarn houh, zaih 90 niarndaih cherngweir Narnfei zoongtoong. Mandela feih gaanraan zhuhyuahn 3'ge yueh houh zaihjia jieshouh jiaqiarng huhlii. Mandela huih derdaoh warnzheeng'd guorzahng. <pre> Narnfei shoou'ge Heirern zoongtoong Nelson Mandela zaih Johannesburg shihshih, xiaangniarn 95 suih. South Africa first Black president Nelson Mandela at Johannesburg pass away, dies at the age of 95 years of age. Mandela faanduih bairrern shaaoshuh toongzhih her beih jianjihn 27 niarn houh, zaih 90 niarndaih cherngweir Narnfei zoongtoong. Mandela opposes White minority rule and be imprisoned 27 years -after, at 90's decade becomes South Africa president. Mandela feih gaanraan zhuhyuahn 3'ge yueh houh zaihjia jieshouh jiaqiarng huhlii. Mandela lung infection hospitalized 3 months -after at home receives intensive care. Mandela huih derdaoh warnzheeng'd guorzahng. Mandela will receive full state funeral. </pre> ==2013-11-28== ===Salt in medicine is a health risk=== <pre> Salt in medicine is a health risk yarn zaih yaohwuh shih yi'ge jiahnkang fengxiaan </pre> yaohwuh'd yarn yoouhaih jiahnkang <pre> yaohwuh'd yarn yoouhaih jiahnkang medicine's salt be harmful to health </pre> Soluble painkillers used by millions of people in the UK poses a health risk, because they are high in sodium. If taken the maximum dose, can exceed the daily amount of sodium. High sodium content of effervescent soluble painkiller lead to heart disease, hypertension and stroke. <pre> Soluble painkillers used by millions of people in the UK poses a health risk, because they are high in sodium. keerorng'd zhiitohngyaoh shiiyohng beih shuh-baaiwahn rern zaih Yingguor zaohcherng yi'ge jiahnkang fengxiaan, yinweih ta'men shih gao'd zaih sodium. If taken the maximum dose, can exceed the daily amount of sodium. rurguor furyohng zheh zuihdah'd jihliahng, nerng chaoguoh zheh meeirih fehn'liang sodium. High sodium content of effervescent soluble painkiller lead to heart disease, hypertension and stroke. gao'd sodium harnliahng maohpaoh'd keerorng'd zhiitohngyaoh daaozhih xinzahngbihng, gaoxuehya her zhohngfeng. </pre> Yingguor jii-baaiwahn rern yohng'd keerorng zhiitohngyaoh'd sodium gao, yiinqii jiahnkang fengxiaan. rur furyohng zuihdah jihliahng, huih chaoguoh meeirih suooxu'd sodium. gao sodium'd maohpaoh keerorng zhiitohngyaoh daaozhih xinzahngbihng, gaoxuehya her zhohngfeng. <pre> Yingguor jii-baaiwahn rern yohng'd keerorng zhiitohngyaoh'd sodium gao, yiinqii jiahnkang fengxiaan. UK several millions people used soluble painkillers' sodium is high, causing health risk. rur furyohng zuihdah jihliahng, huih chaoguoh meeirih suooxu'd sodium. if taken maximum dose, can exceed daily needed sodium. gao sodium'd maohpaoh keerorng zhiitohngyaoh daaozhih xinzahngbihng, gaoxuehya her zhohngfeng. high sodium's effervescent soluble painkillers cause heart disease, hypertension and stroke. </pre> ==2013-11-24== ===China declares its air-defense zone=== <pre> China declares its air-defense zone Zhongguor xuanbuh ta'd farngkongqu </pre> Zhongguor xuanbuh ta'd farngkongqu <pre> Zhongguor xuanbuh ta'd farngkongqu China declares its air-defense zone </pre> China has established its air-defense zone on the East China Sea including Diaoyu islands. Diaoyu islands also are called as Senkaku islands in Japan. China's defense ministry has said that airplane entering the zone must obeys its rules. <pre> China has established its air-defense zone on the East China Sea including Diaoyu islands. Zhongguor jiahnlih'le ta'd farngkongqu zaih zheh Dong Zhongguor Haai baokuoh Diaoyu qurndaao. Diaoyu islands also are called as Senkaku islands in Japan. Diaohyur qurndaao yee beih jiaohzuoh Senkaku qurndaao zaih Rihbeen. China's defense ministry has said that airplane entering the zone must obeys its rules. Zhongguor guorfarngbuh shuo'le feijichaang jihnruh zheh dihqu bihxu zunshoou ta'de guizer. </pre> Zhongguor zaih Dong Haai baokuoh Diaohyur qurndaao jiahnlih farngkongqu. Diaohyur qurndaao zaih Rihbeen yee jiaohzuoh Senkaku qurndaao. Zhongguor guorfarngbuh shuo feiji jihnruh gai dihqu bihxu zunshoou ta'd guize. <pre> Zhongguor zaih Dong Haai baokuoh Diaohyur qurndaao jiahnlih farngkongqu. China at East Sea including Diaoyu islands establishes air-defense zone. Diaohyur qurndaao zaih Rihbeen yee jiaohzuoh Senkaku qurndaao. Diaoyu islands at Japan also be called as Senkaku islands. Zhongguor guorfarngbuh shuo feiji jihnruh gai dihqu bihxu zunshoou ta'd guize. China defense ministry says airplane entering the zone must obeys its rules. </pre> ==2013-11-20== ===Bomb kills 11 soldiers in Egypt=== <pre> Bomb kills 11 soldiers in Egypt zhahdahn shasii 11'ge junrern zaih Egypt </pre> Egypt zhahdahn shasii 11'ge junrern <pre> Egypt zhahdahn shasii 11'ge junrern Egypt bomb kills 11 soldiers </pre> Rebel army using a roadside bomb has attacked a convoy of buses carrying soldiers of the military government near the north Sinai city of el-Arish in Egypt, killing 11 soldiers and injuring dozens. Attacks on the military increase continuously since the first people-elected Egypt president Mohammed Morsi was overthrown in a military coup. <pre> Rebel army using a roadside bomb has attacked a convoy of buses carrying soldiers of the military government near the north Sinai city of el-Arish in Egypt, killing 11 soldiers and injuring dozens. pahnjun yohng yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn gongji'le yi'ge huhharngduih of bus zaih'zhe shihbing of gai junzhehngfuu kaohjihn gai beeibuh Sinai cherngshih el-Arish zaih Egypt, shasii 11'ge shihbing her shanghaih jiishir'ge. Attacks on the military increase continuously since the first people-elected Egypt president Mohammed Morsi was overthrown in a military coup. gongji zaih gai junzhehngfuu zengjia chirxuh'dy -zihcorng gai shoou'ge rernmirn-xuaanchu'd Egypt zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi beih tuifan zaih yi-cih junshih zhehngbiahn. </pre> pahnjun yohng yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn xirji Egypt Sinai beeibuh cherngshih el-Arish fuhjihn zai'zhe junzhehngfuu shihbing'd bus huhharngduih, shasii 11'ge shihbing, jiishir'ge shouhshang. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan Egypt zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi yiilair, xirji junfang buduahn zengjia. <pre> pahnjun yohng yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn xirji Egypt Sinai beeibuh cherngshih el-Arish fuhjihn zai'zhe junzhehngfuu shihbing'd bus huhharngduih, shasii 11'ge shihbing, jiishir'ge shouhshang. rebel army using a roadside bomb attacks Egypt Sinai north city el-Arish vicinity carrying military government soldiers's bus convoy, killing 11 soldiers, several tens be injured. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan Egypt zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi yiilair, xirji junfang buduahn zengjia. military coup overthrows the first people-elected Egypt president Mohammed Morsi -since, attacking the military continuously increase. </pre> ==2013-11-18== ===Storms and flash floods in Sardinia kill at least 9 people=== Sardinia baohfengyuu her shanhorngbaohfa shasii zhihshaao 9 rern <pre> Sardinia baohfengyuu her shanhorngbaohfa shasii zhihshaao 9 rern Sardinia storms and flash floods kill at least 9 people </pre> At least 9 people are killed as heavy storms and floods hit the Italian island of Sardinia. A number of people are missing after rivers burst their banks, sweeping cars away and causing a bridge to collapse. The worst hit area appears to be in and around the northeastern city of Olbia. Hundreds of people in the island were evacuated from their home. zaih Italy'd Sardinia daao, juhlieh baohfengyuu her horngshuii shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. herdi baohlieh, yixie rern shizong, chongzoou qihche her daaozhih yi-tiaor qiaor daaota. daaji zuih yarnzhohng'd dihqu shih dongbeeibuh'd cherngshih Olbia jir fuhjihn. daao'shang jiibaai rern beih shusahn. <pre> zaih Italy'd Sardinia daao, juhlieh baohfengyuu her horngshuii shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. at Italy's Sardinia island, strong storms and floods kill at least 9 people. herdi baohlieh, yixie rern shizong, chongzoou qihche her daaozhih yi-tiaor qiaor daaota. riverbank burst, some people are missing, washing away cars and causing a bridge to collapse. daaji zuih yarnzhohng'd dihqu shih dongbeeibuh'd cherngshih Olbia jir fuhjihn. hitting most severe area is northeastern city Olbia and vicinity. daao'shang jiibaai rern beih shusahn. on the island hundreds people be evacuated. </pre> ==2013-11-17== ===Dozens killed in Russian plane crash=== Russia feiji zhuahnghuii shasii jiishir rern <pre> Russia feiji zhuahnghuii shasii jiishir rern Russia plane crash kills dozens people </pre> A passenger plane has crashed at an airport in the Russian city of Kazan, killing all 50 people on board. There were no immediate indications of what might have caused the crash, but reports have said that the pilot have attempted to land twice and failed and crashed in the third attempt. yi-jiah kehji zaih Russia cherngshih Kazan yi'ge jichaang zhuahnghuii, shasii feiji'shang quarnbuh 50 rern. xiahnzaih hair meiryoou zhuahnghuii'd yuarnyin, juhbaoh jishi charngshih jiahngluoh 2 cih, dih-3 cih shibaih zhuahnghuii. <pre> yi-jiah kehji zaih Russia cherngshih Kazan yi'ge jichaang zhuahnghuii, shasii feiji'shang quarnbuh 50 rern. a passenger airplane at Russia city Kazan an airport crashes, killing onboard all 50 people. xiahnzaih hair meiryoou zhuahnghuii'd yuarnyin, juhbaoh jishi charngshih jiahngluoh 2 cih, dih-3 cih shibaih zhuahnghuii. now still not have crashed reasons, reportedly pilot attempts to land 2 times, third time fails crashes. </pre> ==2013-11-15== ===Bleach can cure inflammatory skin disease=== piaaobairjih nerng zhihyuh yarnxihng pirfubihng <pre> piaaobairjih nerng zhihyuh yarnxihng pirfubihng bleach can cure inflammatory skin disease </pre> Diluted bleach can cure some skin diseases and even slows down aging, by calming inflammation and interfering with the immune system. Bleach has potential in treating dermatitis caused by radiotherapy, bed sores and diabetic ulcers. chongdahn'd piaaobairjih jiaanqing fayarn her ganyuh miaanyih xihtoong, nerng zhihyuh yixie pirfubihng shehnzhih jiaanmahn laaohuah. piaaobairjih nerng zhihliaor fahngliaor daaozhih'd piryarn, ruhchuang her tarngniaohbihng kuihyarng. <pre> chongdahn'd piaaobairjih jiaanqing fayarn her ganyuh miaanyih xihtoong, nerng zhihyuh yixie pirfubihng shehnzhih jiaanmahn laaohuah. diluted bleach reduces inflammation and interferes with immune system, can cure some skin diseases even slows down aging. piaaobairjih nerng zhihliaor fahngliaor daaozhih'd piryarn, ruhchuang her tarngniaohbihng kuihyarng. bleach can treat radiotherapy caused dermatitis, bedsores and diabetic ulcers. </pre> ==2013-11-14== ===Economic growth slows down in Eurozone=== Euro-qu jingjih zengzhaang fahnghuaan <pre> Euro-qu jingjih zengzhaang fahnghuaan Eurozone economic growth slows down </pre> The economic growth of the Eurozone has slows down to 0.1% in the period of July to September, down from 0.3% growth of the previous quarter. The figure shows the Eurozone economy is continuing to improve but steps are unstable in the last 2 quarters after an 18-month recession, indicating that the recovery is uncertain. Euro-qu Qiyueh zhih Jiuuyuehfehn jingjih zengzhaang corng xianqiarn jihduh'd 0.3% fahnghuaan daoh 0.1%. shuhzih xiaanshih zaih Euro-qu jingjih shuaituih 18'ge yueh zhihouh, shahng 2'ge jihduh liarnxuh'dy haaozhuaan dahshih buhfar buween, shuomirng fuhsu bu quehdihng. <pre> Euro-qu Qiyueh zhih Jiuuyuehfehn jingjih zengzhaang corng xianqiarn jihduh'd 0.3% fahnghuaan daoh 0.1%. Eurozone July to September period economic growth from previous quarter (of a year)'s 0.3% slows down to 0.1%. shuhzih xiaanshih zaih Euro-qu jingjih shuaituih 18'ge yueh zhihouh, shahng 2'ge jihduh liarnxuh'dy haaozhuaan dahshih buhfar buween, shuomirng fuhsu bu quehdihng. figure shows at Eurozone economy declines 18 months -after, last 2 quarters continuously to improve but steps unstable, illustrating recovery not certain. </pre> ==2013-11-13== ===Lung cancer increases sharply in Beijing=== Beeijing feir`air dahfurduh zengjia <pre> Beeijing feir`air dahfurduh zengjia Beijing lung cancer substantially increases </pre> The number of cancer cases has increased rapidly by more than 50% in China's capital Beijing in the last decade. Smoking and air pollution are the main causes of lung cancer. Zhongguor shooudu Beeijing guohquh 10 niarn feih`air shuhzih xuhnsuh'dy zengjia'le chaoguoh 50%. xiyan her kongqih wuraan shih feih`air'd zhuuyaoh yuarnyin. <pre> Zhongguor shooudu Beeijing guohquh 10 niarn feih`air shuhzih xuhnsuh'dy zengjia'le chaoguoh 50%. China capital Beijing past 10 years lung cancer figure rapidly increased more than 50%. xiyan her kongqih wuraan shih feih`air'd zhuuyaoh yuarnyin. smoking and air pollution is lung cancer's main reasons. </pre> ==2013-11-10== ===Typhoon Haiyan kills ten thousand people in Philippines=== tairfeng Haaiyahn zaih Philippines shasii wahn rern <pre> tairfeng Haaiyahn zaih Philippines shasii wahn rern typhoon Haiyan at Philippines kills ten thousand people </pre> Typhoon Haiyan has attacked the eastern island of Leyte in the Philippines, killing about ten thousand people. Haiyan is one of the most powerful typhoon on record, is now blowing toward Viet Nam. tairfeng Haaiyahn xirji Philippines dongbuh daaoyuu Leyte, yue wahn rern siiwarng. Haaiyahn shih jihluh'shang zuih qiarng'd tairfeng zhiyi, zhehngzaih chuixiahng Yuehnarn. <pre> tairfeng Haaiyahn xirji Philippines dongbuh daaoyuu Leyte, yue wahn rern siiwarng. typhoon Haiyan attacks Philippines east island Leyte, about ten thousand people die. Haaiyahn shih jihluh'shang zuih qiarng'd tairfeng zhiyi, zhehngzaih chuixiahng Yuehnarn. Haiyan is on record most strong typhoon one of, is in the process of blowing toward Yuehnarn. </pre> ==2013-10-27== ===US spied Merkel's mobile phone from 2002=== US corng 2002 zhenchar Merkel'd shoouji <pre> US corng 2002 zhenchar Merkel'd shoouji US from 2002 spys Merkel's mobile phone </pre> The US has been spying on German Chancellor Angela Merkel's mobile phone since 2002. Several thousands of people have marched to the US Capitol to protest the spying activities. Some of the protesters have held banners in support of the former US spy Edward Snowden who exposed the US's spying activities. US corng 2002 niarn zhenchar Derguor Zoonglii Angela Merkel'd shoouji. jiiqian rern yourxirng daoh US Capitol kahngyih gai jiahndier huordohng. yixie kahngyihzhee nar'zhe tiaorfur zhichir qiarn US tehgong Edward Snowden jieluh US'd jiahndier huordohng. <pre> US corng 2002 niarn zhenchar Derguor Zoonglii Angela Merkel'd shoouji. US from 2002 year spies on Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel's mobile phone. jiiqian rern yourxirng daoh US Capitol kahngyih gai jiahndier huordohng. thousands of people march to US Capitol to protest the spying activities. yixie kahngyihzhee nar'zhe tiaorfur zhichir qiarn US tehgong Edward Snowden jieluh US'd jiahndier huordohng. some protesters hold banners in support of former US spy Edward Snowden expose US's spying activities. </pre> ==2013-10-23== ===Obese children should keep food and activity diary=== chifeir errtorng yaoh xiee yiinshir her huordohng rihjih <pre> chifeir errtorng yaoh xiee yiinshir her huordohng rihjih obese children need to write diet and activity diary </pre> Children who are overweight or obese should be encouraged to keep a food and activity diary. A diary is helpful in monitoring the amount of food eaten, the amount of physical activity taken and the amount of time spent on sedentary lifestyle such as watching TV and playing computer games. Three in ten 2 to 15-year-old children are overweight or obese. By taking steps such as healthy eating and doing more physical activity can help tackle childhood obesity. Obesity has significant effect on a child self esteem, increasing the chances of a child being bullied and stigmatized. guohzhohng her chifeir errtorng yaoh xiee yiinshir her huordohng rihjih. rihjih bangzhuh jiandu shirliahng, yuhndohngliahng her zuoh'zhe'd shirjian rur kahn diahnshih her warn'r diahnnaao yourxih. 3/10 2-15 suih'd errtorng guohzhohng huoh chifeir. jiahnkang yiinshir her duo zuoh yuhndohng nerng jieejuer torngniarn chifeir. chifeir yarnzhohng yiingxiaang errtorng'd zihzun, zengjia errtorng beih qi'fu her wuuruu'd jihuih. <pre> guohzhohng her chifeir errtorng yaoh xiee yiinshir her huordohng rihjih. overweight and obese children need to write diet and activity diary. rihjih bangzhuh jiandu shirliahng, yuhndohngliahng her zuoh'zhe'd shirjian rur kahn diahnshih her warn'r diahnnaao yourxih. diary helps to monitor amount eaten, exercise amount and sitting time such as watching TV and playing computer games. 3/10 2-15 suih'd errtorng guohzhohng huoh chifeir. 3/10 2-15 year of age children overweight or obese. jiahnkang yiinshir her duo zuoh yuhndohng nerng jieejuer torngniarn chifeir. healthy eating and more do exercise can solve childhood obesity. chifeir yarnzhohng yiingxiaang errtorng'd zihzun, zengjia errtorng beih qi'fu her wuuruu'd jihuih. obesity seriously affects children's self esteem, increasing children being bullied and stigmatized chances. </pre> ==2013-10-22== ===Smog in northern China causes schools and highways to close=== Zhongguor beeibuh yanwuh shii xuerxiaoh her gongluh guanbih <pre> Zhongguor beeibuh yanwuh shii xuerxiaoh her gongluh guanbih China north smog causes schools and highways to close </pre> Harbin city in Heilongjiang province in the Northeast of China is full of smog, causing schools and roads to close and disrupting flights. Local media reported that the problem was caused by the city switching on its heating system. Similar to Harbin, the Chinese capital of Beijing has also saw pollution soar past hazardous levels. Zhongguor Dongbeei Heilongjiang Sheeng Harbin Shih yanwuhmirmahn, daaozhih xuerxiaoh her daohluh guanbih her herngban zhongduahn. dangdih meirtii baohdaao wehntir shih cherngshih'd nuaanqih xitorng daaozhih. her Harbin yiyahng, Zhongguor shooudu Beeijing'd kongqi wuraan juhzeng chaoguoh weixiaan shuiipirng. <pre> Zhongguor Dongbeei Heilongjiang Sheeng Harbin Shih yanwuhmirmahn, daaozhih xuerxiaoh her daohluh guanbih her herngban zhongduahn. China Northeast Heilongjiang province Harbin city be full of smog, causing schools and roads to close and flights disrupt. dangdih meirtii baohdaao wehntir shih cherngshih'd nuaanqih xitorng daaozhih. local media report problem is city's heating system causes. her Harbin yiyahng, Zhongguor shooudu Beeijing'd kongqi wuraan juhzeng chaoguoh weixiaan shuiipirng. and Harbin the same, China capital Beijing'd air pollution soar past hazardous levels. </pre> ==2013-10-21== ===Housework is not strenuous enough to count as exercise=== Housework and DIY are not strenuous enough to meet exercise target of 150 minutes of moderately intense exercise per week. Exercise should make people breathe harder, feel warmer, and make the heart beat faster than usual. '''jiawuh bugouh jilieh busuahn yuhndohng''' jiawuh her DIY bugouh jilieh bunerng dardaoh meei xingqi 150 fenzhong zhongdeeng qiarngduh yuhndohng'd muhbiao. yuhndohng yinggai shii rern chuaanqih, fareh her shii xintiaoh bii pirngcharng kuaih. ==2013-10-19== ===Sleep cleans the brain of toxins=== shuihmiarn qingjier naaobuh dursuh <pre> shuihmiarn qingjier naaobuh dursuh sleep cleans brain toxins </pre> During sleep the brain washes away toxins accumulated during daytime of thinking. Brain cells shrink during sleep to open up gaps to allow fluid to wash away toxins. Failing to wash away toxins such as toxic proteins result in brain disorders. shuihmiarn qijian naaobuh qingxii rihjian sikaao jileei'd dursuh. shuihmiarn shir naao xihbao shousuo daakai quekoou rahng yehtii qingxii dursuh. weihnerng qingxii dursuh rur yooudur dahnbairzhih daaozhih naaobuh jirbihng. <pre> shuihmiarn qijian naaobuh qingxii rihjian sikaao jileei'd dursuh. sleep period brain washes daytime thinking accumulated toxins. shuihmiarn shir naao xihbao shousuo daakai quekoou rahng yehtii qingxii dursuh. sleep time brain cells shrink to open up gaps let fluid to wash toxins. weihnerng qingxii dursuh rur yooudur dahnbairzhih daaozhih naaobuh jirbihng. fail to wash toxins such as toxic proteins cause brain diseases. </pre> ==2013-10-18== ===China's economic growth speeds up in the third quater=== Zhongguor dih-3 jihduh jingjih zengzhaang jiasuh <pre> Zhongguor dih-3 jihduh jingjih zengzhaang jiasuh China the third quarter of a year economic growth speeds up </pre> China's economic growth has speeded up its pace in the July-to-September period, its growth rate has risen to 7.8% from 7.5% in the third quarter of a year earlier. Zhongguor Qiyueh zhih Jiuuyuehfehn jingjih zengzhaang buhfar jiakuaih, zengzhaanglüh corng yi niarn qiarn dih-3 jihduh'd 7.5% shahngsheng daoh 7.8%. <pre> Zhongguor Qiyueh zhih Jiuuyuehfehn jingjih zengzhaang buhfar jiakuaih, zengzhaanglüh corng yi niarn qiarn dih-3 jihduh'd 7.5% shahngsheng daoh 7.8%. China July to August period economic growth pace speeds up, growth rate from one year -before the third quarter of a year's 7.5% rises to 7.8%. </pre> ===Air pollution causes cancer=== kongqih wuraan zhih`air <pre> kongqih wuraan zhih`air air pollution causes cancer </pre> Pollutants in air have been classified as leading cause of cancer. Sources of pollutants include car exhausts, power stations, emissions from agriculture and industry and heating from people's homes. 223,000 deaths from lung cancer were caused by air pollution, more than half of the deaths were from China and other East Asian countries. Rapid industrialization has led to smoggy skies in cities such as Beijing. kongqih wuraanwuh shih zhuuyaoh'd zhih`air yuarnyin. wuraanwuh'd lairyuarn baokuoh qihche feihqih, fadiahnzhahn, norngyeh her gongyeh'd pairfahngwuh her jiatirng nuaanqih shehbeih. kongqi wuraan daaozhih 223,000'ge rern sii yur feih`air, guohbahn siiwarng geh`ahn lairzih Zhongguor her qirta Dongyah guorjia. xuhnsuh gongyehhuah daaozhih yanwuhmirmahn'd cherngshih rur Beeijing. <pre> kongqih wuraanwuh shih zhuuyaoh'd zhih`air yuarnyin. air pollution is major cancer causing factor. wuraanwuh'd lairyuarn baokuoh qihche feihqih, fadiahnzhahn, norngyeh her gongyeh'd pairfahngwuh her jiatirng nuaanqih shehbeih. pollutants' sources include car exhausts, power stations, agriculture and industry's emissions and home heating facilities. kongqi wuraan daaozhih 223,000'ge rern sii yur feih`air, guohbahn siiwarng geh`ahn lairzih Zhongguor her qirta Dongyah guorjia. air pollution causes 223,000 people die from lung cancer, more than a half death cases come from China and other East Asian countries. xuhnsuh gongyehhuah daaozhih yanwuhmirmahn'd cherngshih rur Beeijing. rapid industrialization causes smoggy cities such as Beijing. </pre> ==2013-10-17== ===Osteoporosis in the over-50s causes fracture every two minutes=== 50 duo suih guushusong meei 2 fenzhong daaozhih guuzher <pre> 50 duo suih guushusong meei 2 fenzhong daaozhih guuzher 50 more years of age osteoporosis every 2 minutes causes bone fracture </pre> Bone fractures cause by osteoporosis occur every 2 minutes among the over-50s. One in two women and one in five men over the age of 50 have such a fracture. To keep bone healthy, one must stop smoking, cut down on alcohol, exercise more and eat more calcium rich foods such as leafy green vegetables and dairy products. Women are more at risk from osteoporosis than men due to change in hormone levels during menopause that can affect bone density. 50 duo suih guushusong meei 2 fenzhong daaozhih guuzher. 50 duo suih'd rern, 1/2 nüürern her 1/5 narnrern yoou guuzher. baaochir guu'tou jiahnkang, bihxu jiehyan, shaao hejiuu, duo yuhndohng her duo chi gao gaihzhih shirwuh rur lühyeh caih her ruuzhihpiin. youryur gengniarnqi hormone shuiipirng gaaibiahn yiingxiaang guu-mihduh, nüürern yoou guushusong'd fengxiaan bii narnrern gao. <pre> 50 duo suih guushusong meei 2 fenzhong daaozhih guuzher. 50 more years of age osteoporosis every 2 minutes causes bone fracture. 50 duo suih'd rern, 1/2 nüürern her 1/5 narnrern yoou guuzher. 50 more years of age people, 1/2 women her 1/5 men have bone fracture. baaochir guu'tou jiahnkang, bihxu jiehyan, shaao hejiuu, duo yuhndohng her duo chi gao gaihzhih shirwuh rur lühyeh caih her ruuzhihpiin. to maintain bone health, must stop smoking, less drink alcohol, more exercise and more eat high calcium foods such as green leaf vegetables and dairy products. youryur gengniarnqi hormone shuiipirng gaaibiahn yiingxiaang guu-mihduh, nüürern yoou guushusong'd fengxiaan bii narnrern gao. because menopause hormone levels change affect bone density, women have osteoporosis's risk compared to men high. </pre> ==2013-10-16== ===Blood in urine could be sign of cancer=== xuehniaoh shih air`zhehng'd zhengxiahng <pre> xuehniaoh shih air`zhehng'd zhengxiahng hematuria is cancer's sign </pre> Blood in urine could be a sign of bladder and kidney cancer. Kidney cancer diagnoses have risen by a third in the last 10 years in England. And the death toll has increased by 7%, with about 3,500 people dying from kidney cancer in 2011 in England. Unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking and obesity raises risk of kidney cancer. Early diagnosis of kidney cancer could reduce death rates. It is important that as soon as blood is spotted in urine, to visit the GP. niaohxueh huih shih parngguang`air her shehn`air'd zhengxiahng. England guohquh 10 niarn shehn`air zheenduahn shahngsheng 1/3. England 2011 niarn yue 3,500 rern sii yur shehn`air, siiwarng rernshuh zengjia 7%. bu jiahnkang'd shenghuor fangshih rur chouyan her chifeir zengjia shehn`air'd fengxiaan. jirzaao zheenduahn shehn`air huih jiaanshaao siiwarnglüh. niaohxueh jiuh yinggai jirzaao kahn yisheng. <pre> niaohxueh huih shih parngguang`air her shehn`air'd zhengxiahng. blood in urine could be bladder cancer and kidney cancer's sign. England guohquh 10 niarn shehn`air zheenduahn shahngsheng 1/3. England past 10 years kidney cancer diagnoses increase 1/3. England 2011 niarn yue 3,500 rern sii yur shehn`air, siiwarng rernshuh zengjia 7%. England 2011 year about 3,500 people die from kidney cancer, death number of people increase 7%. bu jiahnkang'd shenghuor fangshih rur chouyan her chifeir zengjia shehn`air'd fengxiaan. not healthy life styles such as smoking and obesity increase kidney cancer's risk. jirzaao zheenduahn shehn`air huih jiaanshaao siiwarnglüh. as soon as possible to diagnose kidney cancer could reduce death rates. niaohxueh jiuh yinggai jirzaao kahn yisheng. urine has blood then should as soon as possible see doctors. </pre> ==2013-10-15== ===Bomb kills provincial governor in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan zhahdahn shasii sheengzhaang <pre> Afghanistan zhahdahn shasii sheengzhaang Afghanistan bomb kills provincial governor </pre> The Taliban has attacked a mosque using a bomb hidden in a microphone in the provincial capital of Logar in Afghanistan, killing the provincial governor, and injuring at least 18 people, in which several are seriously injured, including civilian and government employees. Logar is the province at the south of Afghanistan's capital Kabul and the Taliban controls most of the countryside of the province. zaih Afghanistan Logar sheenghuih, Taliban yohng yi'ge maircarng yur microphone'd zhahdahn xirji yi-jian qingzhensih, shasii sheengzhaang, zhihshaao 18 rern shouhshang, qizhong yoou zhohngshang, baokuoh pirngmirn her zhehngfuu guhyuarn. Logar shih Afghanistan shooudu narnmiahn'd sheengfehn, Taliban kohngzhih gai sheeng dahbufehn norngcun. <pre> zaih Afghanistan Logar sheenghuih, Taliban yohng yi'ge maircarng yur microphone'd zhahdahn xirji yi-jian qingzhensih, shasii sheengzhaang, zhihshaao 18 rern shouhshang, qizhong yoou zhohngshang, baokuoh pirngmirn her zhehngfuu guhyuarn. at Afghanistan Logar provincial capital, Taliban using a hiding at microphone's bomb attacks a mosque, killing provincial governor, at least 18 people be injured, in which have serious injury, including civilians and government employees. Logar shih Afghanistan shooudu narnmiahn'd sheengfehn, Taliban kohngzhih gai sheeng dahbufehn norngcun. Logar is Afghanistan capital south's province, Taliban controls the province most countryside. </pre> ==2013-10-14== ===Visas for Chinese entering the UK will be relaxed=== Zhongguorrern jihnruh UK qianzhehng fahngkuan <pre> Zhongguorrern jihnruh UK qianzhehng fahngkuan Chinese entering UK visas relax </pre> Visas for Chinese nationals entering the UK will be simplified. Instead of applying for separate visas when entering the UK, Chinese nationals can use a single visa when visiting EU countries and the UK. The move came after the UK Chancellor George Osborne visit to China, to persuade more Chinese companies to invest in the UK. Last year 210,000 UK visas were issued to Chinese nationals and they contributed around £300m to the British economy. Zhongguorrern jihnruh UK qianzhehng huih jiaanhuah. Zhongguor guormirn quh EU guorjia her UK kee yohng danyi qianzhehng, wurxu shenqirng fenkai'd qianzhehng jihnruh UK. UK Cairzhehng Dahchern George Osborne faangwehn Zhongguor quahnshuo gehngduo Zhongguor gongsi tourzi UK houh jiuh tuichu zheh'ge cuohshi. quhniarn 210,000'ge qianzhehng fageei Zhongguor guormirn, duih UK jingjih gohngxiahn yue £300m. <pre> Zhongguorrern jihnruh UK qianzhehng huih jiaanhuah. Chinese entering UK visas will simplify. Zhongguor guormirn quh EU guorjia her UK kee yohng danyi qianzhehng, wurxu shenqirng fenkai'd qianzhehng jihnruh UK. China nationals go to EU countries and UK can use single visa, no need apply separate visas entering UK. UK Cairzhehng Dahchern George Osborne faangwehn Zhongguor quahnshuo gehngduo Zhongguor gongsi tourzi UK houh jiuh tuichu zheh'ge cuohshi. UK Finance Minister George Osborne visits China to persuade more Chinese companies to invest UK -after then introduces this measure. quhniarn 210,000'ge qianzhehng fageei Zhongguor guormirn, duih UK jingjih gohngxiahn yue £300m. last year 210,000 visas issue to Chinese nationals, towards UK economy contributes about £300m. </pre> ==2013-10-13== ==="89 dead" in India stampede=== India rerntahrern "89 sii" <pre> India rerntahrern "89 sii" India stampede "89 die" </pre> Pilgrims stampede on a bridge near a temple in the province of Madhya Pradesh in central India, killing about 89 people, most of them are women and children, local officials have said. xiangkeh zaih India zhongbuh Madhya Pradesh-sheeng yi-jian miaohyuu fuhjihn yi-tiaor qiaor'shang rerntahrern, shasii yue 89 rern, dahbuhfehn shih fuhrur, dangdih guanfang shuo. <pre> xiangkeh zaih India zhongbuh Madhya Pradesh-sheeng yi-jian miaohyuu fuhjihn yi-tiaor qiaor'shang rerntahrern, shasii yue 89 rern, dahbuhfehn shih fuhrur, dangdih guanfang shuo. pilgrims at India central Madhya Pradesh province a temple vicinity a bridge -on stampede, killing about 89 people, most are women and children, local officials say. </pre> ===Lorry crash in Peru kills dozens=== Peru huohche zhuahnghuii shasii jiishir rern <pre> Peru huohche zhuahnghuii shasii jiishir rern Peru lorry crash kills dozens people </pre> At least 52 people have been killed, as a lorry plunge into a gorge in the Cusco region of southeastern Peru. People on board the lorry were on the way home from a religious festival in the district of Santa Teresa. Children are among the victims and there are no survivors. Peru dongnarn Cusco dihqu yi-jiah huohche dieluoh shanxiar, zhihshaao 52 rern siiwarng. huohche'shang'd rern shih corng Santa Teresa dihqu'd zongjiaoh jierrih huirjia. yuhnahnzhee baohkuoh errtorng, meiryoou shenghuarnzhee. <pre> Peru dongnarn Cusco dihqu yi-jiah huohche dieluoh shanxiar, zhihshaao 52 rern siiwarng. Peru southeast Cusco region a lorry falls into gorge, at least 52 people die. huohche'shang'd rern shih corng Santa Teresa dihqu'd zongjiaoh jierrih huirjia. lorry -on's people are from Santa Teresa region's religious festival return home. yuhnahnzhee baohkuoh errtorng, meiryoou shenghuarnzhee. victims include children, no survivors. </pre> ==2013-10-12== ===Babies' risk of depression starts in womb=== yihyuh fengxiaan corng tai`err kaishii <pre> yihyuh fengxiaan corng tai`err kaishii depression risk from fetus starts </pre> The risk of a baby developing depression starts not at birth, but in the uterus. People with mother who are depressed during pregnancy are at 1.3 times greater risk of developing depression at the age of 18. Stress hormone produced by mother during pregnancy may affect baby's development in womb, causing risk of depression later in life. Women with depression should be treated ideally before pregnancy, to avoid causing problems for the baby. corng tai`err kaishii jiuh yoou huahn yihyuh'd fengxiaan. yoou yihyuh'd yuhnfuh'd ziinüü 18 suih huahn yihyuh'd fengxiaan shih 1.3 beih. yuhnfuh'd yihngji-jisuh huih yiingxiaang tai`err'd fayuh, daaozhih rihouh huahn yihyuh'd fengxiaan. huairyuhn qiarn yinggai zhihhaao yihyuh yiimiaan yiingxiaang ziinüü. <pre> corng tai`err kaishii jiuh yoou huahn yihyuh'd fengxiaan. from fetus begins then to have contracting depression's risk. yoou yihyuh'd yuhnfuh'd ziinüü 18 suih huahn yihyuh'd fengxiaan shih 1.3 beih. having depression's pregnant women's sons and daughters, 18 year of age to contract depression's risk are 1.3 times. yuhnfuh'd yihngji-jisuh huih yiingxiaang tai`err'd fayuh, daaozhih rihouh huahn yihyuh'd fengxiaan. pregnant women's stress hormone can affect fetus's development, causing future to contract depression's risk. huairyuhn qiarn yinggai zhihhaao yihyuh yiimiaan yiingxiaang ziinüü. pregnant -before should cure depression in order to avoid affecting sons and daughters. </pre> ==2013-10-11== ===Bomb kills at least 4 soldiers in Egypt=== Egypt zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 4'ge shihbing <pre> Egypt zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 4'ge shihbing Egypt bomb kills at least 4 soldiers </pre> A suicide car bomb has attacked a checkpoint near the south of the town of el-Arish in the region of Sinai in Egypt, killing at least 4 soldiers and injuring 5. Guerrillas kill security forces often after the military coup which overthrew the first people-elected president Mohammed Morsi. yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahndahn xirji Egypt Sinai dihqu el-Arish shihzhehn narnbuh fuhjihn yi'ge guanqiaa, shasii zhihshaao 4'ge junrern, 5'ge shouhshang. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi houh, yourjiduih jingcharng shasii baao`an buhduih. <pre> yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahndahn xirji Egypt Sinai dihqu el-Arish shihzhehn narnbuh fuhjihn yi'ge guanqiaa, shasii zhihshaao 4'ge junrern, 5'ge shouhshang. a suicide car bomb attacks Egypt Sinai region el-Arish shihzhehn south vicinity a checkpoint, killing at least 4 solidrs, 5 be injured. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi houh, yourjiduih jingcharng shasii baao`an buhduih. military coup overthrows the first people-elected president Mohammed Morsi -after, guerrillas often kill security forces. </pre> ===Vitamin D pills' effect on healthy bones questioned=== vitamin D yaohwarn duih jiahnkang guu'tou xiaohguoo cherngyir <pre> vitamin D yaohwarn duih jiahnkang guu'tou xiaohguoo cherngyir Vitamin D pills for healthy bones effect be queried </pre> Taking vitamin D has no effect on healthy bones. But babies, children, pregnant and breast feeding women and those over 65's are advised to take a daily supplement. Moreover, bone health is not just determined by vitamin D alone, calcium intake, exercise, diet and genes all play a part. Healthy people are able to get enough vitamin D through sunshine and diet. Vitamin D can be obtained via sunshine by skin absorption, but vitamin D can also be found in foods such as oily fish, eggs and breakfast cereals. Taking too much vitamin D supplements is harmful, because it causes calcium to build up and damages the kidney. furyohng vitamin D duih jiahnkang guu'tou wurxiaoh. dahnshih jiahnyih ying`err, errtorng, huairyuhn her muuruu weihyaang'd fuhnüü her 65 suih yiishahng'd rern meeitian furyohng vitamin D. ciiwaih, guuger jiahnkang buzhii your vitamin D juerdihng, shehquu gaihzhih, yuhndohng, yiinshir her jiyin dou qii zuohyohng. jiahnkang'd rern nerng tongguoh yarngguang her yiinshir derdaoh zurgouh'd vitamin D. pirfu nerng tongguoh yarngguang quuder vitamin D, shirwuh yee yoou vitamin D, rur yourxihngyur, jidahn her guuleih. youryur vitamin D daaozhih gaihzhih leeiji her suunhaih shehnzahng, furyohng guohduo yoouhaih. <pre> furyohng vitamin D duih jiahnkang guu'tou wurxiaoh. taking vitamin D for healthy bones no use. dahnshih jiahnyih ying`err, errtorng, huairyuhn her muuruu weihyaang'd fuhnüü her 65 suih yiishahng'd rern meeitian furyohng vitamin D. but suggest babies, children, pregnant and mother milk feeding's women and 65 years of age -over's people daily taking vitamin D. ciiwaih, guuger jiahnkang buzhii your vitamin D juerdihng, shehquu gaihzhih, yuhndohng, yiinshir her jiyin dou qii zuohyohng. moreover, bone structure health not only by vitamin D determines, intake calcium, exercise, diet and gene all make effect. jiahnkang'd rern nerng tongguoh yarngguang her yiinshir derdaoh zurgouh'd vitamin D. healthy people can through sunshine and diet obtain enough vitamin D. pirfu nerng tongguoh yarngguang quuder vitamin D, shirwuh yee yoou vitamin D, rur yourxihngyur, jidahn her guuleih. skin can through sunshine obtains vitamin D, foods also have vitamin D, such as oily fish, eggs and cereals. youryur vitamin D daaozhih gaihzhih leeiji her suunhaih shehnzahng, furyohng guohduo yoouhaih. because vitamin D causes calcium accumulation and damages kidney, taking too much be harmful. </pre> ==2013-10-09== ===Exercises are beneficial for osteoporosis sufferers=== yuhndohng lihyur guu-shusong huahnzhee <pre> yuhndohng lihyur guu-shusong huahnzhee exercises be good for osteoporosis sufferers </pre> Lack of exercise causes weak muscles, poor posture and poor balance, resulting in fractures. Exercises can reduce bone loss, strengthen muscles and ease pain, which help prevent osteoporosis. Proper exercises such as aerobic exercise, strength training and balance improving exercises, are good for osteoporosis sufferers. yuhndohng buzur shii jirouh ruoh, zhishih her pirngherng chah, daaozhih guuzher. yuhndohng huih jiaanshaao guu-suunshi, zengqiarng jirouh, jiaanqing terngtohng, bangzhuh farngzhii guu-shusong. shihdahng yuhndohng rur yoouyaang yuhndohng, lihliahng xuhnliahn, pirngherng gaaishahn yuhndohng, lihyur guu-shusong huahnzhee. <pre> yuhndohng buzur shii jirouh ruoh, zhishih her pirngherng chah, daaozhih guuzher. exercise not enough makes muscles weak, posture and balance poor, causing fractures. yuhndohng huih jiaanshaao guu-suunshi, zengqiarng jirouh, jiaanqing terngtohng, bangzhuh farngzhii guu-shusong. exercises can reduce bone loss, strengthen muscles, ease pain, help prevent osteoporosis. shihdahng yuhndohng rur yoouyaang yuhndohng, lihliahng xuhnliahn, pirngherng gaaishahn yuhndohng, lihyur guu-shusong huahnzhee. proper exercises such as aerobic exercise, strength training, balance improving exercises, be good for osteoporosis sufferers. </pre> ==2013-10-08== ===Guerrilla blows up bridge in Mali=== Mali yourjiduih zhahhuii qiaorliarng <pre> Mali yourjiduih zhahhuii qiaorliarng Mali guerrilla blows up bridge </pre> Suspected Islamic rebel army has blown up a bridge near the city of Gao in northern Mali. The bridge over the River Niger is on the only route between Gao and neighboring Niger. Guerrillas have attacked the bridge just shortly after shelling Gao on Monday. Islamic rebel army had controlled the whole of northern Mali before France's invasion earlier this year. huaiyir'd Islam pahnjun zhahhuii Mali beeibuh Gao cherngshih fuhjihn yi-tiaor qiaor. gai qiaor zaih Gao yuu lirnguor Niger zhijian'd weiryi luhxiahn Niger He'shang. Xingqiyi yourjiduih paohhong Gao houh jie'zhe xirji gai qiaor. Islam pahnjun zaih Faaguor jinniarn ruhqin Mali qiarn cengjing kohngzhih zhehng'ge Mali beeibuh. <pre> huaiyir'd Islam pahnjun zhahhuii Mali beeibuh Gao cherngshih fuhjihn yi-tiaor qiaor. suspected Islam rebel army blows up Mali north Gao city vicinity a bridge. gai qiaor zaih Gao yuu lirnguor Niger zhijian'd weiryi luhxiahn Niger He'shang. the bridge at Gao with neighboring country Niger -between's only route Niger River-above. Xingqiyi yourjiduih paohhong Gao houh jie'zhe xirji gai qiaor. Monday guerrillas shelling Gao -after immediately after attacks the bridge. Islam pahnjun zaih Faaguor jinniarn ruhqin Mali qiarn cengjing kohngzhih zhehng'ge Mali beeibuh. Islam rebel army at France this year invades Mali -before once control whole Mali north. </pre> ===Walking more could save lives=== duo zoouluh kee jiuhmihng <pre> duo zoouluh kee jiuhmihng more walking could save lives </pre> Tens of thousands of lives could be saved if people start walking. Walking is an accessible and affordable form of moderate exercise. Doing 150 minutes of walking each week helps prevent stroke, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, overweight and obesity. zoouluh kee waanjiuh jii-wahn rern'd shengmihng, shih yi-zhoong rorngyi her sheengqiarn'd wenher yuhndohng. meei xingqi zoouluh 150 fenzhong bangzhuh yuhfarng zhohngfehng, xinzahngbihng, tarngniaohbihng, Alzheimer-bihng, airzhehng, chaozhohng her chifeir. <pre> zoouluh kee waanjiuh jii- wahn rern'd shengmihng, shih yi-zhoong rorngyi her sheengqiarn'd wenher yuhndohng. walking could save several ten thousand people's lives, is a kind of simple and money saving moderate exercise. meei xingqi zoouluh 150 fenzhong bangzhuh yuhfarng zhohngfehng, xinzahngbihng, tarngniaohbihng, Alzheimer-bihng, airzhehng, chaozhohng her chifeir. every week walking 150 minutes helps to prevent stroke, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, overweight and obesity. </pre> ==2013-10-07== ===Rebel army kills government soldiers in Egypt=== Egypt pahnjun shasii zhehngfuujun <pre> Egypt pahnjun shasii zhehngfuujun Egypt rebel army kills government soldiers </pre> Rebel army has attacked government army in 2 different regions in Egypt, killing at least 9 government soldiers and police officers. Gunmen has shot dead at least 6 soldiers including an officer in a patrol car near the Suez Canal city of Ismailiya. Several hours later, a car bomb has attacked a 4-story security forces building in the city of al-Tour in southern Sinai, killing 3 police officers and injuring 40 people. Besides, many rockets have attacked a government-run satellite station in Cairo, a satellite disc has been destroyed. Analysts think that guerrillas have killed security forces often in Sinai, showing that a fully fledged insurgency is beginning to form. pahnjun zaih Egypt 2'ge butorng dihqu xirji zhehngfuujun, shasii zhihshaao 9'ge zhehngfuujun her jiingguan. zaih Sinai narnbuh'd Suez Yuhnher cherngshih Ismailiya fuhjihn, qiangshoou qiangsha zhihshaao 6'ge zaih xurnluor che'li'd shihbing baokuoh yi'ge junguan. jii xiaaoshir houh, Sinai narnbuh cherngshih al-Tour yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji yi-jian 4-cerng baao`an buhduih jiahnzhuhwuh, shasii 3'ge jiingguan, 40 rern shouhshang. lihngwaih, duo'ge huoojiahn xirji Cairo yi-jian guoryirng weihxing-zhahn, cuihuii'le yi'ge weihxing tianxiahn. fenxijia rehnweir yourjiduih zaih Sinai jingcharng shasii baao`an buhduih, xiaanshih warnquarn cherngshur'd qiiyih kaishii xirngcherng. <pre> pahnjun zaih Egypt 2'ge butorng dihqu xirji zhehngfuujun, shasii zhihshaao 9'ge zhehngfuujun her jiingguan. rebel army at Egypt 2 different regions attacks government army, killing at least 9 government soldiers and police officers. zaih Sinai narnbuh'd Suez Yuhnher cherngshih Ismailiya fuhjihn, qiangshoou qiangsha zhihshaao 6'ge zaih xurnluor che'li'd shihbing baokuoh yi'ge junguan. at Sinai south's Suez Canal city Ismailiya vicinity, gunmen shoot dead at least 6 at patrol car inside's soldiers including a officer. jii xiaaoshir houh, Sinai narnbuh cherngshih al-Tour yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji yi-jian 4-cerng baao`an buhduih jiahnzhuhwuh, shasii 3'ge jiingguan, 40 rern shouhshang. several hours -after, Sinai south city al-Tour a car bomb attacks a 4-story security forces building, killing 3 police officers, 40 people be injured. lihngwaih, duo'ge huoojiahn xirji Cairo yi-jian guoryirng weihxing-zhahn, cuihuii'le yi'ge weihxing tianxiahn. besides, many rockets attack Cairo a state-run satellite station, destroyed a satellite antenna. fenxijia rehnweir yourjiduih zaih Sinai jingcharng shasii baao`an buhduih, xiaanshih warnquarn cherngshur'd qiiyih kaishii xirngcherng.. analysts thin that guerrillas at Sinai often kill security forces, showing fully matured insurgency begins to form. </pre> ===Taliban kills 4 American soldiers in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan Taliban shasii 4'ge Meeijun <pre> Afghanistan Taliban shasii 4'ge Meeijun Afghanistan Taliban kills 4 American soldiers </pre> The Taliban using a roadside bomb has attacked the Nato-led army in the south of Afghanistan, killing 4 American soldiers. The Taliban has become more active in the south of Afghanistan as US forces are preparing for withdrawal by the end of 2014. Afghanistan narnbuh Taliban yohng yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn xirji Nato liingdaao'd junduih, shasii 4'ge Meeijun. Meeijun zhuunbeih 2014 niarndii chehtuih zhijih, Taliban zaih Afghanistan narnbuh biahn'de gehng huoryueh. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh Taliban yohng yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn xirji Nato liingdaao'd junduih, shasii 4'ge Meeijun. Afghanistan south Taliban using a roadside bomb attacks Nato-led army, killing 4 US soldiers. Meeijun zhuunbeih 2014 niarndii chehtuih zhijih, Taliban zaih Afghanistan narnbuh biahn'de gehng huoryueh. US army preparing 2014 year end to withdraws -when, Taliban at Afghanistan south becomes more active. </pre> ==2013-10-06== ===Scientists have discovered reset button of body clock in brain=== kexuerjia faxiahn naaobuh shenglii shirzhong fuhyuarn ahnniuu <pre> kexuerjia faxiahn naaobuh shenglii shirzhong fuhyuarn ahnniuu scientists discover brain physiological clock reset button </pre> Scientists have discovered reset button of body clock in brain. Body clock is important for adjusting the body sleep and hunger pattern in response to light. People who take long haul flight or those who have shifted work will have their body clock disrupted resulting in disturbed sleep. This lead to greater risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. kexuerjia faxiahn naaobuh shenglii shirzhong fuhyuarn ahnniuu. shenglii shirzhong duih guang yoou faanyihng, tiaorjier shuihmiarn her ji`eh morshih. zuoh charngtur feiji huoh lurnban'd rern'd shenglii shirzhong beih raaoluahn err yiingxiaang shuihmiarn. zheh huih yiinqii airzhehng, xinxuehguaanbihng, daihxieh zongherzheng her tarngniaohbihng'd gehngdah fengxian. <pre> kexuerjia faxiahn naaobuh shenglii shirzhong fuhyuarn ahnniuu. scientists discover brain physiological clock reset button. shenglii shirzhong duih guang yoou faanyihng, tiaorjier shuihmiarn her ji`eh morshih. physiological clock towards light has response, adjusting sleep and hunger pattern. zuoh charngtur feiji huoh lurnban'd rern'd shenglii shirzhong beih raaoluahn err yiingxiaang shuihmiarn. sittig long distance airplane or shifted people's physiological clock be disrupted and disturbs sleep. zheh huih yiinqii airzhehng, xinxuehguaanbihng, daihxieh zongherzheng her tarngniaohbihng'd gehngdah fengxian. this could lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes's greater risk. </pre> ===Gunmen kill 15 soldiers in Libya=== Libya qiangshoou shasii 15'ge shihbing <pre> Libya qiangshoou shasii 15'ge shihbing Libya gunmen kill 15 soldiers </pre> Gunmen have attacked a military checkpoint in the southeast of the capital of Libya, killing 15 soldiers and injuring several more. The attack was near the city of Bani Walid, a stronghold of the supporters of the former Libyan leader Gaddafi during the invasion of the West in 2011. The Libyan government has lack of control over large area of Libya, so has left rooms for Islamic militants to grow in strength. qiangshoou xirji Libya shooudu dongnarn yi'ge junshih jiaancharzhahn, shasii 15'ge junrern, jii'ge shouhshang. xirji kaohjihn 2011 niarn Xifang ruhqin Libya shir'd qiarn Libya liingxiuh Gaddafi zhichirzhee'd genjuhdih Bani Walid cherngshih. Libya zhehngfuu bunerng yoouxiaoh kohngzhih dahbuhfehn dihqu, corng`err rahng Islam wuuzhuang-fehnzii zhuahngdah. <pre> qiangshoou xirji Libya shooudu dongnarn yi'ge junshih jiaancharzhahn, shasii 15'ge junrern, jii'ge shouhshang. genmen attacks Libya capital southeast a military checkpoint, killing 15 soldiers, several be injured. xirji kaohjihn 2011 niarn Xifang ruhqin Libya shir'd qiarn Libya liingxiuh Gaddafi zhichirzhee'd genjuhdih Bani Walid cherngshih. attack near 2011 year the West invests Libya time (when)'s former Libya leader Gaddafi supporters' stronghold Bani Walid city. Libya zhehngfuu bunerng yoouxiaoh kohngzhih dahbuhfehn dihqu, corng`err rahng Islam wuuzhuang-fehnzii zhuahngdah. Libya government cannot effectively controls major part area, consequently lets Islam militants grow in strength. </pre> ==2013-10-05== ===Early diagnosis of bone cancer needed=== jirzaao zheenduahn guu`air <pre> jirzaao zheenduahn guu`air as soon as possible to diagnose bone cancer </pre> The charity Bone Cancer Research Trust says that survival rate for bone cancer of 54% had barely changed over the last 25 years. Bone cancer mainly affects young people need early diagnosis for better survival rates. Symptoms of bone cancer include painful bones or swollen joints, which can be misdiagnosed as sporting injuries or growing pains. Bone cancer is rare with only 531 new cases in the UK in 2010. Bone cancer is an aggressive condition and those who survived are often left with significant disabilities. cirshahn zuuzhi Bone Cancer Research Trust shuo guu`air 54%'d curnhuorlüh zaih guohquh 25 niarn jihu meiryoou gaaibiahn. guu`air zhuuyaoh yiingxiaang niarnqingrern, jirzaao zheenduahn shii chernghuorlüh gehng gao. guu`air'd zhehngzhuahng baokuoh guu tohng huoh guanjier zhoongzhahng, kee wuhzheen weir tiiyuh shouhshang huoh fayuhqi tohng. Yingguor guu`air haanyoou, 2010 niarn zhiiyoou 531'ge xin geh`ahn. guu`air shih yi-zhoong gongjixihng jirbihng, curnhuorzhee jingcharng yoou yarnzhohng'd shangcarn. <pre> cirshahn zuuzhi Bone Cancer Research Trust shuo guu`air 54%'d curnhuorlüh zaih guohquh 25 niarn jihu meiryoou gaaibiahn. charity organization Bone Cancer Research Trust says bone cancer 54%'s survival rates at last 25 year nearly not have change. guu`air zhuuyaoh yiingxiaang niarnqingrern, jirzaao zheenduahn shii chernghuorlüh gehng gao. bone cancer mainly affects young people, as soon as possible diagnoses makes survival rates higher. guu`air'd zhehngzhuahng baokuoh guu tohng huoh guanjier zhoongzhahng, kee wuhzheen weir tiiyuh shouhshang huoh fayuhqi tohng. bone cancer's symptoms include bones pain or joints swollen, can misdiagnose as sports injuries or puberty pains. Yingguor guu`air haanyoou, 2010 niarn zhiiyoou 531'ge xin geh`ahn. UK bone cancer rare, 2010 year only 531 new cases. guu`air shih yi-zhoong gongjixihng jirbihng, curnhuorzhee jingcharng yoou yarnzhohng'd shangcarn. bone cancer is a kind of aggressive illness, survivors often have serious disabilities. </pre> ==2013-10-04== ===Walking reduces breast cancer risk=== zoouluh jiaanshaao ruu`air fengxiaan <pre> zoouluh jiaanshaao ruu`air fengxiaan walking reduces breast cancer risk </pre> Post-menopausal women taking an hour of walk a day reduces risk of breast cancer significantly. More strenuous and longer activities reduce the risk even more. The best way to combat breast cancer is to prevent it in the first place. juerjing houh'd nüürern meeitian zoouluh yi xiaaoshir xiaanzhuh'dy jiaanshaao ruu`air'd fengxiaan. jilieh her charngjiuu'd yuhndohng jiaanshaao fengxiaan gehngduo. daaji ruu`air'd zuihjia fangfaa shoouyaoh yuhfarng. <pre> juerjing houh'd nüürern meeitian zoouluh yi xiaaoshir xiaanzhuh'dy jiaanshaao ruu`air'd fengxiaan. menopause -after's women every day walking one hour significantly reduces breast cancer's risk. jilieh her charngjiuu'd yuhndohng jiaanshaao fengxiaan gehngduo. strenuous and long activities reduce risk more. daaji ruu`air'd zuihjia fangfaa shoouyaoh yuhfarng. combat breast cancer's best method in the first place to prevent. </pre> ==2013-10-03== ===India truck crashes into vans killing 30=== India huohche zhuahng miahnbaoche 30 sii <pre> India huohche zhuahng miahnbaoche 30 sii India truck hits vans 30 die </pre> At least 30 people, 12 of which children were killed when a truck crashes into two vans in the northeastern state of Assam in India. Nearly a dozen were injured. Road accidents are common in India due to poor driving or badly maintained roads and vehicles. In 2011, more than 130,000 were killed in India's roads. India dongbeei Assam-sheeng yi-jiah huohche zhuahngxiahng 2-jiah miahnbaoche, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng baokuoh 12'ge errtorng, shirjii'ge shouhshang. youryur jiahshii huoh daohluh her cheliahng weirxiu bushahn yin`err India chehuoh puubiahn. 2011 niarn India chehuoh chaoguoh 130,000 rern siiwarng. <pre> India dongbeei Assam-sheeng yi-jiah huohche zhuahngxiahng 2-jiah miahnbaoche, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng baokuoh 12'ge errtorng, shirjii'ge shouhshang. India northeast Assam province a cargo truck hits 2 vans, at least 30 people die including 12 children, more than ten be injured. youryur jiahshii huoh daohluh her cheliahng weirxiu bushahn yin`err India chehuoh puubiahn. because driving or roads and vehicles maintenance bad consequently India car accidents common. 2011 niarn India chehuoh chaoguoh 130,000 rern siiwarng. 2011 year India car accidents more than 130,000 people die. </pre> ===Italy boat sinking kills at least 130=== Italy chernchuarn zhihshaao 130 sii <pre> Italy chernchuarn zhihshaao 130 sii Italy boat sinking at least 130 die </pre> A boat carrying about 500 migrants from Africa has sunk near the southern Italian island of Lampedusa, killing at least 130 migrants and many are missing. There was a fire on the boat and then the migrants moved to another side of the boat so that caused the boat capsized. Most of the drowned migrants are women or those unable to swim. yi-sou zaih'zhe yue 500 yirmirn lairzih Africa'd chuarn zaih Italy narnbuh Lampedusa daao fuhjihn chernmoh, zhihshaao 130'ge yirmirn siiwarng, xuuduo shizong. chuarn'shang zhaorhuoo shii yirmirn yirxiahng chuarn'd lihngyi bian yin`err daaozhih chernchuarn. dahbuhfehn nihsii'd yirmirn shih fuhnüü huoh budoong youryoong'd. <pre> yi-sou zaih'zhe yue 500 yirmirn lairzih Africa'd chuarn zaih Italy narnbuh Lampedusa daao fuhjihn chernmoh, zhihshaao 130'ge yirmirn siiwarng, xuuduo shizong. a carrying about 500 migrants come from Africa's boat at Italy south Lampedusa island vicinity sinks, at least 130 migrants die, many be missing. chuarn'shang zhaorhuoo shii yirmirn yirxiahng chuarn'd lihngyi bian yin`err daaozhih chernchuarn. on board catch fire makes migrants move to boat's another side consequently causes boat sinks. dahbuhfehn nihsii'd yirmirn shih fuhnüü huoh budoong youryoong'd. most of drowned migrants are women or unable swim's. </pre> ==2013-10-02== ===Exercise is good for heart=== yuhndohng duih xinzahng haao <pre> yuhndohng duih xinzahng haao exercise for heart good </pre> Exercise is as good as medicines in treating heart disease and stroke, because exercise and medicines are equally as good at reducing death rates. Exercise should play an equal role as medicines in the treatment of heart disease and stroke. By taking regular moderate exercise, eating a balanced diet and stopping smoking could significantly reduce the risk of stroke. yuhndohng her yaohwuh torngyahng'dy jiaanshaao siiwarnglüh, duih zhihliaor xinzahngbihng her zhohngfehng yiyahng haao. yuhndohng her yaohwuh duih zhihliaor xinzahng her zhohngfehng yinggai bahnyaan xiangtorng'd juerseh. dihngqi'd wenher yuhndohng, junherng yiinshir her jiehyan nerng xiaanzhuh'dy jiaanshaao zhohngfehng'd fengxiaan. <pre> yuhndohng her yaohwuh torngyahng'dy jiaanshaao siiwarnglüh, duih zhihliaor xinzahngbihng her zhohngfehng yiyahng haao. exercise and medicines equally reduce death rates, for treatment heart disease and stroke equally good. yuhndohng her yaohwuh duih zhihliaor xinzahng her zhohngfehng yinggai bahnyaan xiangtorng'd juerseh. exercise and medicines for treating heart and stroke should play the same role. dihngqi'd wenher yuhndohng, junherng yiinshir her jiehyan nerng xiaanzhuh'dy jiaanshaao zhohngfehng'd fengxiaan. regular moderate exercise, balanced diet and quit smoking can significantly reduce stroke's risk. </pre> ==2013-10-01== ===Shanghai free-trade zone launched=== Shahnghaai kaibahn zihyour maohyihqu <pre> Shahnghaai kaibahn zihyour maohyihqu Shanghai starts free trade zone </pre> China, the world's second largest economy, has launched an experimental free-trade zone in Shanghai, preparing for testing the country's further economic reforms. Further economic reforms include to loosen foreign investment restrictions inside the free-trade zone and interest rates will be set by markets, and allows Chinese currency Renminbi to be exchanged freely with other currencies. Shanghai free-trade zone will compete with Hong Kong, as Shanghai is one of the largest economic centers in China. shihjieh dih`erh dah jingjihtii'd Zhongguor zaih Shahnghaai kaibahn zihyour maohyih shihyahnqu, zhuunbeih shihyahn jihnyibuh'd jingjih gaaiger. jihnyibuh'd jingjih gaaiger baokuoh zaih zihyour maohyihqu'li fahngkuan waihshang tourzi'd xiahnzhih, lihlüh your shihchaang juerdihng, bihnqiee yuunxuu Zhongguor huohbih Rernmirnbih yuu qirta huohbih zihyour duihhuahn. youryur Shahnghaii shih Zhongguor zuihdah'd jingjih zhongxin zhiyi, Shahnghaai zihyour maohyihqu huih yuu Xianggaang jihngzheng. <pre> shihjieh dih`erh dah jingjihtii'd Zhongguor zaih Shahnghaai kaibahn zihyour maohyih shihyahnqu, zhuunbeih shihyahn jihnyibuh'd jingjih gaaiger. world second big economy's China at Shanghai opens free trade experimental zone, preparing to experiment further economic reforms. jihnyibuh'd jingjih gaaiger baokuoh zaih zihyour maohyihqu'li fahngkuan waihshang tourzi'd xiahnzhih, lihlüh your shihchaang juerdihng, bihnqiee yuunxuu Zhongguor huohbih Rernmirnbih yuu qirta huohbih zihyour duihhuahn. further economic reforms include at free trade zone inside to loosen foreign merchant investment's restrictions, interest rates by market decide, and allows China currency Renminbi with other currencies freely exchange. youryur Shahnghaii shih Zhongguor zuihdah'd jingjih zhongxin zhiyi, Shahnghaai zihyour maohyihqu huih yuu Xianggaang jihngzheng. because Shanghai is China largest economic centers one of, Shanghai free trade zone will with Hong Kong competes. </pre> ==2013-09-30== ===Deadly car bombs hit Baghdad Iraq=== Iraq Baghdad zhihmihng qihche zhahdahn xirji <pre> Iraq Baghdad zhihmihng qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq Baghdad deadly car bomb attacks </pre> A series of car bomb attacks has hit the capital of Iraq Baghdad, killing at least 47 people and injuring many. The blasts target markets and car parks in mainly Shia districts of Baghdad. There has been a recent upsurge in sectarian violence in Iraq, sparking fears of a return to the bloodletting of 2008. More than 5,000 people have been killed in Iraq so far this year, according to the United Nations. yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad, shasii zhihshaao 47 rern, duo rern shouhshang. baohzhah zhenduih Baghdad zhuuyaoh Shia dihqu'd shihchaang her tirngchechaang. jihnlair Iraq zongpaih baohlih juhzeng, youlüh huirdaoh 2008 niarn'd dahtursha. genjuh Liarnherguor, jinniarn yirlair Iraq yiijing chaoguoh 5,000 rern beihsha. <pre> yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad, shasii zhihshaao 47 rern, duo rern shouhshang. a series of car bombs attack Iraq capital Baghdad, killing at least 47 people, many people be injured. baohzhah zhenduih Baghdad zhuuyaoh Shia dihqu'd shihchaang her tirngchechaang. blasts target Baghdad mainly Shia districts' markets and car parks. jihnlair Iraq zongpaih baohlih juhzeng, youlüh huirdaoh 2008 niarn'd dahtursha. recently Iraq sectarian violence increases rapidly, worrying returns to 2008 year's bloodbath. genjuh Liarnherguor, jinniarn yirlair Iraq yiijing chaoguoh 5,000 rern beihsha. according to United Nations, this year -since Iraq already exceeds 5,000 people be killed. </pre> ===74 people missing as Typhoon Wutip attacks Xisha Islands=== Tairfeng Wutip xirji Xisha Qurndaao 74 rern shizong <pre> Tairfeng Wutip xirji Xisha Qurndaao 74 rern shizong Typhoon Wutip attacks Xisha Islands 74 people be missing </pre> Typhoon Wutip has attacked Xisha Islands of China, causing 74 people missing after 3 fishing boats sank. On Sunday, 5 boats from Guangdong and Hong Kong carrying 171 people has encountered Typhoon Wutip, causing 3 of the boats sank in the South China Sea near Xisha Islands. At least 10 ships and 6 airplanes are involved in rescue operations and 14 people have been rescued. Tairfeng Wutip xirji Zhongguor Xisha Qurndaao zaohcherng 3-sou yurchuarn chernmoh, 74 rern shizong. Xingqirih 5-sou lairzih Guaangdong her Xianggaang'd chuarn zaih'zhe 171 rern yuhshahng Tairfeng Wutip, daaozhih qirzhong 3-sou chernmoh yur Narn Haai Xisha Qurndaao fuhjihn. zhihshaao 10-sou chuarn her 6-jiah feiji jiuhyuarn, 14 rern huohjiuh. <pre> Tairfeng Wutip xirji Zhongguor Xisha Qurndaao zaohcherng 3-sou yurchuarn chernmoh, 74 rern shizong. Typhoon Wutip attacks China Xisha Islands causing 3 fishing boats sink, 74 people be missing. Xingqirih 5-sou lairzih Guaangdong her Xianggaang'd chuarn zaih'zhe 171 rern yuhshahng Tairfeng Wutip, daaozhih qirzhong 3-sou chernmoh yur Narn Haai Xisha Qurndaao fuhjihn. Sunday 5 come from Guangdong and Hong Kong's boats carrying 171 people encounter Typhoon Wutip, causing among them 3 sink at South Sea Xisha Islands vicinity. zhihshaao 10-sou chuarn her 6-jiah feiji jiuhyuarn, 14 rern huohjiuh. at least 10 ships and 6 airplanes rescue, 14 people be rescued. </pre> ==2013-09-29== ===Dozens killed in bomb explosion in Pakistan=== Pakistan zhahdahn baohzhah jiishir beihsha <pre> Pakistan zhahdahn baohzhah jiishir beihsha Pakistan bomb explosion dozens be killed </pre> Bomb explosion in a market in the city of Peshawar in northwestern Pakistan, 33 dead and dozens wounded. Pakistan xibeeibuh Peshawar-cherng yi'ge shihchaang zhahdahn baohzhah, 33 sii, jiishir shouhshang. <pre> Pakistan xibeeibuh Peshawar-cherng yi'ge shihchaang zhahdahn baohzhah, 33 sii, jiishir shouhshang. Pakistan northwestern Peshawar city a market bomb explosion, 33 dead, dozens be injured. </pre> ===At least 50 students shot dead in Nigeria=== Nigeria zhihshaao 50 xuersheng beih qiangsha <pre> Nigeria zhihshaao 50 xuersheng beih qiangsha Nigeria at least 50 students be shot dead </pre> Suspected Boko Haram gunmen have attacked a college in northeast Nigeria, killing at least 50 students. Huairyir'd Boko Haram qiangshoou xirji Nigeria dongbeei yi-jian xueryuahn, shasii zhihshaao 50'ge xuersheng. <pre> Huairyir'd Boko Haram qiangshoou xirji Nigeria dongbeei yi-jian xueryuahn, shasii zhihshaao 50'ge xuersheng. suspected Boko Haram gunmen attack Nigeria northeast a college, killing at least 50 students. </pre> The students have been shot dead when they were sleeping in the accommodation at the College of Agriculture in the province of Yobe. xuersheng'men shih zaih Yobe sheengfehn'd Norngyeh Xueryuahn'd suhsheh shuihjiaoh shir beih qiangsha. <pre> xuersheng'men shih zaih Yobe sheengfehn'd Norngyeh Xueryuahn'd suhsheh shuihjiaoh shir beih qiangsha. students are at Yobe province's Agriculture College's accommodation sleep time (when) be shot dead. </pre> Boko Haram is a rebel army fighting to overthrow the Nigeria government for creating an Islamic country. Boko Haram shih weih'le tuifan Nigeria zhehngfuu, jiahnlih Islam guorjia err zhahndouh'd pahnjun. <pre> Boko Haram shih weih'le tuifan Nigeria zhehngfuu, jiahnlih Islam guorjia err zhahndouh'd pahnjun. Boko Haram is for overthrowing Nigeria government, to establish Islam country then fighting's rebel army. </pre> ==2013-09-28== ===Boat sinks in Nigeria killed dozens=== Nigeria chernchuarn jiishir rern sii <pre> Nigeria chernchuarn jiishir rern sii Nigeria boat sinks dozens people die </pre> A boat has sunk on the River Niger in central Nigeria, 42 dead, 100 people missing. The reason the boat capsized is because the boat is overloaded, carrying twice the amount of passengers allowed. High waters on the river is another reason why the boat sunk. Nigeria zhongbuh Niger Her yi-sou chuarn chernmoh, 42 sii, 100 rern shizong. chernchuarn'd yuanyin shih yinweih chaozaih 2 beih. her'd zhahngchaor shih chernchuarn'd lihngyi yuanyin. <pre> Nigeria zhongbuh Niger Her yi-sou chuarn chernmoh, 42 sii, 100 rern shizong. Nigeria central Niger river a boat sinks, 42 die, 100 people be missing. chernchuarn'd yuanyin shih yinweih chaozaih 2 beih. sink boat reason is because overloads 2 times. her'd zhahngchaor shih chernchuarn'd lihngyi yuanyin. river's high waters is sink boat another reason. </pre> ==2013-09-27== ===Many Indonesian refugees drowned in Cianjur of Indonesia=== Indonesia Cianjur xuuduo nahnmirn nihbih <pre> Indonesia Cianjur xuuduo nahnmirn nihbih Indonesia Cianjur many refugees drown </pre> At least 21 refugees have drowned in Cianjur in a boat en route to Australia. Hundreds of people have drowned in recent years trying to reach Australian shores, many of which heading for Christmas Island, a remote Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. zhihshaao 21'ge nahnmirn zuohchuarn quh Australia turzhong zaih Cianjur nihbih. jihnniarn shuh-baai rern shihtur quh Australia haai`ahn turzhong nihbih, qirzhong xuuduo quh Australia zaih India Yarng pianyuaan'd liingtuu Christmas Island. <pre> zhihshaao 21'ge nahnmirn zuohchuarn quh Australia turzhong zaih Cianjur nihbih. at least 21 refugees take a ship to Australia en route at Cianjur drown. jihnniarn shuh-baai rern shihtur quh Australia haai`ahn turzhong nihbih, qirzhong xuuduo quh Australia zaih India Yarng pianyuaan'd liingtuu Christmas Island. recent years several hundreds people trying go to Australia shores en route drown, in which many go to Australia at Indian Ocean remote territory Christmas Island. </pre> ===Building collapse kills at least 6 people in Mumbai=== Mumbai talour zhihshaao 6 rern siiwarng <pre> Mumbai talour zhihshaao 6 rern siiwarng Mumbai building collapse at least 6 people die </pre> A four-story building has collapsed in the city of Mumbai in western India, killing at least 6 people and dozens are missing. India xibuh cherngshih Mumbai yi-jian 4-cerng jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 6 rern siiwarng, jii-shir rern shizong. <pre> India xibuh cherngshih Mumbai yi-jian 4-cerng jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 6 rern siiwarng, jii-shir rern shizong. India west city Mumbai a 4-storey building collapses, at least 6 people die, several tens people be missing. </pre> ===Bus bomb kills at least 17 people in Pakistan=== Pakistan bus zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 17 rern <pre> Pakistan bus zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 17 rern Pakistan bus bomb kills at least 17 people </pre> A bomb has attacked a bus carrying government employees near the city of Peshawar in northwestern Pakistan, killing at least 17 people and injuring more than 34 others. Pakistan xibeeibuh cherngshih Peshawar fuhjihn yi'ge zhahdahn xirji yi-jiah zaih'zhe gongwuhyuarn'd bus, shasii zhihshaao 17 rern, chaoguoh 34 rern shouhshang. <pre> Pakistan xibeeibuh cherngshih Peshawar fuhjihn yi'ge zhahdahn xirji yi-jiah zaih'zhe gongwuhyuarn'd bus, shasii zhihshaao 17 rern, chaoguoh 34 rern shouhshang. Pakistan northwest city Peshawar vicinity a bomb attacks a carrying government employees' bus killing at least 17 people, more than 34 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-09-26== ===Deadly explosion at Syria capital Damascus=== Syria shooudu Damascus zhihmihng baohzhah <pre> Syria shooudu Damascus zhihmihng baohzhah Syria capital Damascus deadly explosion </pre> Bomb explosion in Tadamon district, south of the Syria capital Damascus, several people are killed and injured. Syria shooudu Damascus narnbuh Tadamon dihqu zhahdahn baohzhah, shuh-rern siiwarng her shouhshang. <pre> Syria shooudu Damascus narnbuh Tadamon dihqu zhahdahn baohzhah, shuh-rern siiwarng her shouhshang. Syria capital Damascus southern Tadamon district bomb explosion, several people die and be injured. </pre> ===Bombs kill at least 23 people in Baghdad=== Baghdad zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 23 rern <pre> Baghdad zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 23 rern Baghdad bombs kill at least 23 people </pre> Bombs attack markets in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, killing at least 23 people. More than 5,000 people have been killed so far this year in Iraq. Iraq shooudu Baghdad zhahdahn xirji shihchaang, shasii zhihshaao 23 rern. jinniarn yiilair, Iraq yiijing chaoguoh 5,000 rern beihsha. <pre> Iraq shooudu Baghdad zhahdahn xirji shihchaang, shasii zhihshaao 23 rern. Iraq capital Baghdad bombs attack markets, killing at least 23 people. jinniarn yiilair, Iraq yiijing chaoguoh 5,000 rern beihsha. this year -since, Iraq already more than 5,000 people be killed. </pre> ===Indian troops killed in Kashmir=== India junrern zaih Kashmir beihsha <pre> India junrern zaih Kashmir beihsha India soldiers at Kashmir be killed </pre> Guerrillas have attacked a police post and an army camp in India-controlled Kashmir, killing at least 9 people, including 4 policemen and 3 soldiers. yourjiduih xirji India kohngzhih'd Kashmir yi'ge jiinggang her yi'ge junyirng, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern, baokuoh 4'ge jiingchar her 3'ge shihbing. <pre> yourjiduih xirji India kohngzhih'd Kashmir yi'ge jiinggang her yi'ge junyirng, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern, baokuoh 4'ge jiingchar her 3'ge shihbing. guerrillas attack India-controlled Kashmir a police post and an army camp, killing at east 9 people, including 4 policemen and 3 soldiers. </pre> ==2013-09-25== ===Anti-depressants cause type 2 diabetes=== kahng-yihyuh-yaoh daaozhih 2 xirng tarngniaohbihng <pre> kahng-yihyuh-yaoh daaozhih 2 xirng tarngniaohbihng anti depress medicines cause 2 type diabetes </pre> People taking anti-depressants are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Experts thought that anti-depressants cause people to put on weight, which in turn cause diabetes or that anti-depressants directly interfere with blood sugar control that cause diabetes. furyohng kahng-yihyuh-yaoh'd rern yoou zengjia 2 xirng tarngniaohbihng'd fengxiaan. zhuanjia rehnweir kahng-yihyuh-yaoh shii rern zengjia tiizhohng yiinqii tarngniaohbihng huoh zhirjie farng`aih xuehtarng'd kohngzhih daaozhih tarngniaohbihng. <pre> furyohng kahng-yihyuh-yaoh'd rern yoou zengjia 2 xirng tarngniaohbihng'd fengxiaan. taking anti depress medicines' people have increase 2 type diabetes risk. zhuanjia rehnweir kahng-yihyuh-yaoh shii rern zengjia tiizhohng yiinqii tarngniaohbihng huoh zhirjie farng`aih xuehtarng'd kohngzhih daaozhih tarngniaohbihng. experts thought that anti depress medicines cause people to increase weight cause diabetes or directly interfere with blood sugar's control cause diabetes. </pre> ==2013-09-24== ===China stops exporting weapons to North Korea=== Zhongguor tirngzhii chukoou wuuqih daoh Chaorxian <pre> Zhongguor tirngzhii chukoou wuuqih daoh Chaorxian China stops exporting weapons to North Korea </pre> China has stopped exporting technology which could be used in missiles and nuclear explosive devices to North Korea. The move is China's attempt to implement UN resolutions on North Korea. The action shows China taking a firmer stance against North Korea. China is North Korea's only ally and trading partner. Recently, relationship between China and North Korea has been strained, as China impose UN resolutions on North Korea. Zhongguor tirngzhii chukoou kee yohngyur daaodahn her her-yiinbaoh zhuangzhih jihshuh daoh Chaorxian. zheh shih Zhongguor shihtur zhirxirng UN duih Chaorxian'd jueryih, xiaanshih Zhongguor duih Chaorxian lihchaang gehng qiarngyihng. Zhongguor shih Chaorxian weiryi'd torngmerng her maohyih huoobahn. zuihjihn youryur Zhongguor duih Chaorxian shirxirng UN jueryih, Zhongguor yuu Chaorxian'd guan'xi biahn'de jiinzhang. <pre> Zhongguor tirngzhii chukoou kee yohngyur daaodahn her her-yiinbaoh zhuangzhih jihshuh daoh Chaorxian. China stopped exporting can used for missiles and nuclear explosive devices technology to North Korea. zheh shih Zhongguor shihtur zhirxirng UN duih Chaorxian'd jueryih, xiaanshih Zhongguor duih Chaorxian lihchaang gehng qiarngyihng. This is China attempts to implement UN towards North Korea's resolutions, showing China towards North Korea stance more firm. Zhongguor shih Chaorxian weiryi'd torngmerng her maohyih huoobahn. China is North Korea only ally and trading partner. zuihjihn youryur Zhongguor duih Chaorxian shirxirng UN jueryih, Zhongguor yuu Chaorxian'd guan'xi biahn'de jiinzhang. recently because China towards North Korea imposes UN resolutions, China with North Korea's relationship becomes strained. </pre> ===Pakistan earthquake kills at least 328=== Pakistan dihzhehn, zhihshaao 328 sii <pre> Pakistan dihzhehn, zhihshaao 328 sii Pakistan earthquake, at least 328 die </pre> A 7.7 magnitude strong earthquake has attacked the south of the province of Balochistan in southwest Pakistan, killing at least 328 people. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan but the least in population. 7.7-jir qiarnglieh dihzhehn xirji Pakistan xinarnbuh Balochistan-sheeng narnbuh, shasii zhihshaao 328 rern. Balochistan shih Pakistan zuih dah err rernkoou zuih shaao'd sheengfehn. <pre> 7.7-jir qiarnglieh dihzhehn xirji Pakistan xinarnbuh Balochistan-sheeng narnbuh, shasii zhihshaao 328 rern. 7.7 magnitude strong earthquake attacks Pakistan southwest Balochistan province south, killing at least 328 people. Balochistan shih Pakistan zuih dah err rernkoou zuih shaao'd sheengfehn. Balochistan is Pakistan most large but population most few province. </pre> ==2013-09-23== ===Typhoon Usagi kills at least 25 people in China=== Zhongguor tairfeng Usagi shasii zhihshaao 25 rern <pre> Zhongguor tairfeng Usagi shasii zhihshaao 25 rern China typhoon Usagi kills at least 25 people </pre> Typhoon Usagi has killed at least 25 people in the Guangdong province of China. The victims are killed by drowning or are hit by debris. Zhongguor Guaangdong-sheeng tairfeng Usagi shasii zhihshaao 25 rern. yuhnahnzhee shih beih nihsii huoh beih zarwuh zarsii. <pre> Zhongguor Guaangdong-sheeng tairfeng Usagi shasii zhihshaao 25 rern. China Guangdong province typhoon Usagi kills at least 25 people. yuhnahnzhee shih beih nihsii huoh beih zarwuh zarsii. victims are be drowned or by debris killed by foreign objects. </pre> ===Mexico storms kill at least 110 people=== Mexico fengbaoh shasii zhihshaao 110 rern <pre> Mexico fengbaoh shasii zhihshaao 110 rern Mexico storms kill at least 110 people </pre> Two tropical storms has attacked Mexico, killing at least 110 people. Another 68 people are still missing after a huge landslide. 2'ge rehdaih fengbaoh xirji Mexico, shasii zhihshaao 110 rern. lihngwaih 68 rern zaih yi-cih juhdah shanbeng zhihouh rerngrarn shizong. <pre> 2'ge rehdaih fengbaoh xirji Mexico, shasii zhihshaao 110 rern. 2 tropical storms attack Mexico, killing at least 110 rern. lihngwaih 68 rern zaih yi-cih juhdah shanbeng zhihouh rerngrarn shizong. in addition 68 people at a huge landslide -after still be missing. </pre> ===The Taliban kills at least 11 police in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan Taliban shasii zhihshaao 11'ge jiingchar <pre> Afghanistan Taliban shasii zhihshaao 11'ge jiingchar Afghanistan Taliban kills at least 11 police </pre> The Taliban has attacked a border checkpoint in the district of Shorabak in the southern province of Kandahar in Afghanistan, killing at least 11 policemen. Only in the year of 2012, more than 2,000 Afghanistan policemen had been killed by the Taliban. Taliban xirji Afghanistan narnbuh Kandahar-sheeng Shorabak dihqu yi'ge bianjieh jiaancharzhahn, shasii zhihshaao 11'ge jiingchar. guangshih 2012 niarn, yiijing chaoguoh 2,000'ge Afghanistan jiingchar beih Taliban shasii. <pre> Taliban xirji Afghanistan narnbuh Kandahar-sheeng Shorabak dihqu yi'ge bianjieh jiaancharzhahn, shasii zhihshaao 11'ge jiingchar. Taliban attacks Afghanistan south Kandahar province Shorabak district a border checkpoint, killing at least 11 policemen. guangshih 2012 niarn, yiijing chaoguoh 2,000'ge Afghanistan jiingchar beih Taliban shasii. only 2012 year, already more than 2,000 Afghanistan policemen by Taliban killed. </pre> ===China's industrial production rises=== Zhongguor'd gongyeh shengchaan shahngsheng <pre> Zhongguor'd gongyeh shengchaan shahngsheng china's industrial production rises </pre> China's manufacturing activity speeds up in September, showing that its economy rebounds. Zhongguor Jiuuyuehfehn zhihzaohyeh huordohng jiasuh, xiaanshih jingjih huirsheng. <pre> Zhongguor Jiuuyuehfehn zhihzaohyeh huordohng jiasuh, xiaanshih jingjih huirsheng. China September period manufacturing activity speeds up, showing economy rebounds. </pre> ===Many Yemen soldiers killed=== duo'ge Yemen shihbing beihsha <pre> duo'ge Yemen shihbing beihsha many Yemen soldiers be killed </pre> Suspected al-Qaeda has attacked the army in southern Yemen, killing at least 40 soldiers and injuring many others. huairyir'd al-Qaeda xirji Yemen narnbuh'd junduih, shasii zhihshaao 40'ge shihbing, duo'ge shouhshang. <pre> huairyir'd al-Qaeda xirji Yemen narnbuh'd junduih, shasii zhihshaao 40'ge shihbing, duo'ge shouhshang. suspected al-Qaeda attacks Yemen south army, killing at least 40 soldiers, many be injured. </pre> ==2013-09-22== ===A quarter of 5-year-old UK children have tooth decay=== sih-fenzhi-yi 5 suih Yinggour errtorng yoou zhuhyar <pre> sih-fenzhi-yi 5 suih Yinggour errtorng yoou zhuhyar a quarter of 5 year old UK children have tooth decay </pre> 27% of UK 5-year-old children have tooth decay. The data shows regional variation with 21% of children in the south east have tooth decay, compared to 35% of children in the north west. Tooth decay is caused by a build-up of plaque. Bacteria in plaque feeding on sugar in food and drink, producing acid, which erodes teeth. Tooth decay is bring about by poor diet, but also by poor dental hygiene and not visiting dentist often enough. 27% Yingguor 5 suih errtorng yoou zhuhyar. ziliaoh xiaanshih dihqu chabier, dongnarnbuh 21% errtorng yoou zhuhyar xiangbii xibeeibuh'd 35%. zhuhyar your yarban'd leeiji daaozhih. yarban'd xihjun jihnshir shirwuh her yiinliaoh'd tarng chaansheng suan fuushir yarchii. zhuhyar your chah'd yiinshir daaozhih, chah'd koouqiang weihsheng her buh shircharng kahn yaryi yee daaozhih zhuhyar. <pre> 27% Yingguor 5 suih errtorng yoou zhuhyar. 27% UK 5-year-old children have tooth decay. </pre> <pre> ziliaoh xiaanshih dihqu chabier, dongnarnbuh 21% errtorng yoou zhuhyar xiangbii xibeeibuh'd 35%. data shows regional variation, southeast 21% children have tooth decay compared to northwest's 35%. </pre> <pre> zhuhyar your yarban'd leeiji daaozhih. tooth decay from plaque's accumulation caused. </pre> <pre> yarban'd xihjun jihnshir shirwuh her yiinliaoh'd tarng chaansheng suan fuushir yarchii. plaque's bacteria feed on food and drink's sugar producing acid to erode teeth. </pre> <pre> zhuhyar your chah'd yiinshir daaozhih, chah'd koouqiang weihsheng her buh shircharng kahn yaryi yee daaozhih zhuhyar. tooth decay from bad diet caused, bad dental hygiene and not often visits dentist also causes tooth decay. </pre> ===Taliban kills 18 police in northeastern Afghanistan=== Afghanistan dongbeeibuh Taliban shasii 18'ge jiingchar <pre> Afghanistan dongbeeibuh Taliban shasii 18'ge jiingchar Afghanistan northeast Taliban kills 18 police </pre> Taliban has ambushes police in the northeastern province of Badakhshan in Afghanistan, killing at least 18 police officers and injuring 13. Taliban zaih Afghanistan dongbeeibuh Badakhshan-sheeng furji jiingchar, zhihshaao shasii 18'ge jiingchar, 13'ge shouhshang. <pre> Taliban zaih Afghanistan dongbeeibuh Badakhshan-sheeng furji jiingchar, zhihshaao shasii 18'ge jiingchar, 13'ge shouhshang. Taliban at Afghanistan northeast Badakhshan province ambushes police, at least killing 18 police officers, 13 be injured. </pre> ===Gunmen kill at least 59 people in Kenya=== Kenya qiangshoou shasii zhihshaao 59 rern <pre> Kenya qiangshoou shasii zhihshaao 59 rern Kenya gunmen kill at least 59 people </pre> Gunmen have attacked a shopping center in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, killing at least 59 people and injuring more than 175 others. Foreigners confirmed killed included Chinese, British, French, Canadian, Australian and Ghanaian citizens. qiangshoou xirji Kenya shooudu Nairobi yi-jian gouhwuh zhongxin, shasii zhihshaao 59 rern, chaoguoh 175'ge shouhshang. zhehngshir beihsha'd waihguorrern yoou Zhongguor, UK, Faaguor, Canada, Australia her Ghana gongmirn. <pre> qiangshoou xirji Kenya shooudu Nairobi yi-jian gouhwuh zhongxin, shasii zhihshaao 59 rern, chaoguoh 175'ge shouhshang. gunmen attack Kenya capital Nairobi a shopping center, killing at least 59 people, more than 175 be injured. </pre> <pre> zhehngshir beihsha'd waihguorrern yoou Zhongguor, UK, Faaguor, Canada, Australia her Ghana gongmirn. confirm be killed foreigners have China, UK, Frence, Canada, Australia and Ghana citizens. </pre> ===Pakistan church explosion kills at least 60 people=== Pakistan jiaohtarng baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 60 rern <pre> Pakistan jiaohtarng baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 60 rern Pakistan church explosion kills at least 60 people </pre> 2 suicide bombs have attacked a church in the city of Peshawar in northern Pakistan, killing at least 60 people and injuring more than 100 others. 2'ge zihsha zhahdahn xirji Pakistan beeibuh cherngshi Peshawar yi-jian jiaohtarng, shasii zhihshaao 60 rern, chaoguoh 100 rern shouhshanbg. <pre> 2'ge zihsha zhahdahn xirji Pakistan beeibuh cherngshi Peshawar yi-jian jiaohtarng, shasii zhihshaao 60 rern, chaoguoh 100 rern shouhshanbg. 2 suicide bombs attack Pakistan north city Peshawar a church, killing at least 60 people, more than 100 people be injured. </pre> ===Nato soldiers killed in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan Nato shihbing beihsha Afghanistan Nato士兵被杀 <pre> Afghanistan Nato shihbing beihsha Afghanistan Nato soldiers be killed </pre> 3 Nato soldiers have been killed by a man wearing army uniform in eastern Afghanistan. More than 100 Nato soldiers have been killed in similar attacks since 2007. Afghanistan dongbuh yi'ge chuan junfur'd narnrern shasii 3'ge Nato shihbing. 2007 niarn yiilair torngleih xirji yiijing shasii chaoguoh 100'ge Nato shihbing. Afghanistan东部一个穿军服的男人杀死3个Nato士兵。2007年以来同类袭击已经杀死超过100个Nato士兵。 <pre> Afghanistan dongbuh yi'ge chuan junfur'd narnrern shasii 3'ge Nato shihbing. Afghanistan east a wearing army uniform's man kills 3 Nato soldiers. </pre> <pre> 2007 niarn yiilair torngleih xirji yiijing shasii chaoguoh 100'ge Nato shihbing. 2007 year -since similar attacks already kill more than 100 Nato soldiers. </pre> ==2013-09-21== ===More than 50 people killed at a Iraqi funeral=== Iraq zahnglii chaoguoh 50 rern beihsha Iraq葬礼超过50人被杀 <pre> Iraq zahnglii chaoguoh 50 rern beihsha Iraq funeral more than 50 people die </pre> In the Sadr City district of Baghdad in Iraq, a mainly Shia Muslim area, more than 50 people have been killed in a funeral targeted by two explosions, at least 70 people have been injured. Iraq Baghdad yi'ge zhuuyaoh Shia Muslim dihqu Sadr City, zhenduih yi'ge zahnglii'd 2-cih baohzhah, shasii chaoguoh 50 rern, zhihshaao 70 rern shouhshang. Iraq Baghdad一个主要Shia Muslim地区Sadr City，针对一个葬礼的2次爆炸，杀死超过50人，至少70人受伤。 <pre> Iraq Baghdad yi'ge zhuuyaoh Shia Muslim dihqu Sadr City, zhenduih yi'ge zahnglii'd 2-cih baohzhah, shasii chaoguoh 50 rern, zhihshaao 70 rern shouhshang. Iraq Baghdad a mainly Shia Muslim district Sadr City, targeting a funeral's 2 times explosions, kill more than 50 people, at least 70 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-09-19== ===Humans can smell 10 types of smell=== rern werndaoh'd 10 zhoong qihweih 人闻到的10种气味 <pre> rern werndaoh'd 10 zhoong qihweih humans can smell's 10 types of smell </pre> Among the thousands of smells humans can smell, it can be grouped into 10 basic categories, including fragrant, woody/resinous, fruity (non-citrus), chemical, minty/peppermint, sweet, popcorn, lemon, pungent and decayed, knowing the basic categories of smells allows scientists to make more complex smells. rern werndaoh'd jii-qian-zhoong qihweih kee fenweir xiangweih, muh'tou/shuhzhi, shuiiguoo (fei-ganjurleih), huahxuer, boh'he, tiarnweih, baohguu, nirngmerng, xinlah her fuulahn 10-zhoong jibeen leihbier, liaaojiee qihweih'd jibeen leihbier rahng kexuerjia zhihzaoh gehng fuhzar'd qihweih. 人闻到的几千种气味可分为香味、木头/树脂、水果（非柑橘类）、化学、薄荷、甜味、爆谷、柠檬、辛辣和腐烂10种基本类别，了解气味的基本类别让科学家制造更复杂的气味。 <pre> rern werndaoh'd jii-qian-zhoong qihweih kee fenweir xiangweih, muh'tou/shuhzhi, shuiiguoo (fei-ganjurleih), huahxuer, boh'he, tiarnweih, baohguu, nirngmerng, xinlah her fuulahn 10-zhoong jibeen leihbier, liaaojiee qihweih'd jibeen leihbier rahng kexuerjia zhihzaoh gehng fuhzar'd qihweih. humans can smell's several thousands of smells can divide into fragrant, woody/resinous, fruity (non-citrus), chemical, minty, sweet, popcorn, lemon, pungent and decayed 10 basic categories, knowing smells' basic categories lets scientists to make more complex smells. </pre> ===Egypt general killed near Cairo=== Cairo fuhjihn Egypt jiangjun beihsha Cairo附近Egypt将军被杀 <pre> Cairo fuhjihn Egypt jiangjun beihsha Cairo vicinity Egypt general be killed </pre> An Egyptian general of the security forces has been killed by gunman during an attack on pro-Morsi supporters near the capital Cairo. More than 1,000 people including 100 members of the security forces have been killed since the military coup which overthrew the first people-elected president Morsi. Egypt baao`an buhduih jiangjun zaih xirji shooudu Cairo fuhjihn'd qin-Morsi zhichirzhee shir beih qiangshoou shasii. junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan zoongtoong Morsi yiilair, yiijing chaoguoh 1,000 rern baokuoh 100'ge baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn beihsha. Egypt保安部队将军在袭击首都Cairo附近的亲Morsi支持者时被枪手杀死。军事政变推翻首个民选总统Morsi以来，已经超过1,000人包括100个保安部队成员被杀。 <pre> Egypt baao`an buhduih jiangjun zaih xirji shooudu Cairo fuhjihn'd qin-Morsi zhichirzhee shir beih qiangshoou shasii. Egypt security forces general at attacks capital (of a country) Cairo vicinity's pro-Morsi supporters time (when) by gunmen kill. </pre> <pre> junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan shoou'ge mirnxuaan zoongtoong Morsi yiilair, yiijing chaoguoh 1,000 rern baokuoh 100'ge baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn beihsha. military coup overthrows first people-elected president Morsi -since, already more than 1,000 people including 100 security forces members be killed. </pre> ==2013-09-18== ===Indonesian female servant tortured by Hong Kong couple=== Xianggaang fufuh nuehdaih Indonesia nüüyong 香港夫妇虐待Indonesia女佣 <pre> Xianggaang fufuh nuehdaih Indonesia nüüyong Hong Kong couple tortures Indonesia female servant </pre> An Indonesian female servant get beaten repeatedly and burnt with iron by a Hong Kong couple, she escapes and seeks refuge in the Indonesian consulate. 300,000 workers protest outside courtroom for the lack of protection, which would damage Hong Kong reputation as a safe place for workers. yi'ge Indonesia nüüyong beih Xianggaang fufuh faanfuh'dy oudaa her yohng tahngdoou zhuorshang, ta taorjihn Indonesia liingshihguaan bihnahn. 300,000 gongrern zaih faatirng waih kahngyih quefar baaohuh, zheh huih suunhaih Xianggaang zuohweir anquarn gongzuoh dihfang'd shengyuh. 一个Indonesia女佣被香港夫妇反复地殴打和用烫斗灼伤，她逃进Indonesia领事馆避难。300,000工人在法庭外抗议缺乏保障，这会损害香港作为安全工作地方的声誉。 <pre> yi'ge Indonesia nüüyong beih Xianggaang fufuh faanfuh'dy oudaa her yohng tahngdoou zhuorshang, ta taorjihn Indonesia liingshihguaan bihnahn. an Indonesia female servant by Hong Kong couple repeatedly beats up and using iron burns, she escapes in Indonesia consulate to take refuge. </pre> <pre> 300,000 gongrern zaih faatirng waih kahngyih quefar baaohuh, zheh huih suunhaih Xianggaang zuohweir anquarn gongzuoh dihfang'd shengyuh. 300,000 workers at courtroom outside protest lack of protection, this would damages Hong Kong as safety work place's reputation. </pre> ==2013-09-17== ===Healthy living makes cells younger=== jiahnkang shenghuor shii xihbao gehng niarnqing <pre> jiahnkang shenghuor shii xihbao gehng niarnqing healthy living makes cells more young </pre> A combination of healthy eating, exercise and meditation could make cells younger. It is thought that healthy living prevents the shortening and maintains the structural integrity of telomeres. Telomeres are essential to ensure genetic information is not lost and is passed on correctly. This is important for cell health, to make sure cells keep dividing and not die. jierher jiahnkang yiinshir, yuhndohng her mirngxiaang huih shii xihbao gehng niarnqing. jiahnkang shenghuor huih yuhfarng telomere'd suoduaan her baaochir jiergouh warnzheeng. telomere quehbaao yirchuarn xihnxi buhuih shiquh her zhehngqueh'dy chuarndih shih bihyaoh'd. zheh duih xihbao jiahnkang zhohngyaoh, quehbaao xihbao jihxuh fenlieh her buhuih siiwarng. <pre> jierher jiahnkang yiinshir, yuhndohng her mirngxiaang huih shii xihbao gehng niarnqing. combining healthy eating, exercise and meditation could make cells more young. </pre> <pre> jiahnkang shenghuor huih yuhfarng telomere'd suoduaan her baaochir jiergouh warnzheeng. healthy living could prevent telomere's shortening and maintain structural integrity. </pre> <pre> telomere quehbaao yirchuarn xihnxi buhuih shiquh her zhehngqueh'dy chuarndih shih bihyaoh'd. telomere ensures genetic information won't lost and correctly transmits is essential. </pre> <pre> zheh duih xihbao jiahnkang zhohngyaoh, quehbaao xihbao jihxuh fenlieh her buhuih siiwarng. this for cells health important, ensuring cells continue to divide and not die. </pre> ===Senior Afghanistan policewoman dies=== gaojir Afghanistan nüüjiing siiwarng <pre> gaojir Afghanistan nüüjiing siiwarng senior Afghanistn policewoman dies </pre> The most senior female police officer in Afghanistan's Helmand province has died in hospital, one day after being shot by gunman. Afghanistan Helmand Sheeng zuih gaojir nüü-jiingguan, beih qiangji zhihouh yi tian, zaih yiyuahn siiwarng. <pre> Afghanistan Helmand Sheeng zuih gaojir nüü- jiingguan, beih-qiangji zhihouh yi tian, zaih yiyuahn siiwarng. Afghanistan Helmand province most senior female police officer, be shot -after one day, at hospital dies. </pre> ==2013-09-16== ===New blood test helps with the diagnosis and treatment of cataract=== xin'd yahnxueh fangfaa bangzhuh bairneihzhahng'd zheenduahn her zhihliaor <pre> xin'd yahnxueh fangfaa bangzhuh bairneihzhahng'd zheenduahn her zhihliaor new blood test method helps cataract's diagnosis and treatment </pre> Blood test has been developed by scientists that diagnoses the causes of cataract faster, to look at several mutations at the same time, enabling the patients to receive the treatment, clinical management and genetic counseling that they needed. kexuerjia fazhaan'le yi-zhoong yahnxueh fangfaa gehngkuaih'dy zheenduahn bairneihzhahng'd yuarnyin, torngshir'dy jianchar jii-zhoong gene'd biahnhuah, shiidaoh bihngrern derdaoh suooxu'd zhihliaor, lirnchuarng guanlii her yirchuarn zixurn. <pre> kexuerjia fazhaan'le yi-zhoong yahnxueh fangfaa gehngkuaih'dy zheenduahn bairneihzhahng'd yuarnyin, torngshir'dy jianchar jii-zhoong gene'd biahnhuah, shiidaoh bihngrern derdaoh suooxu'd zhihliaor, lirnchuarng guanlii her yirchuarn zixurn. scientists developed a kind of blood test method more quickly diagnoses cataract's causes, at the same time checks several kinds of gene's mutations, causing patients to get needed treatment, clinical management and genetic counseling. </pre> ===A series of bomb hits Iraq=== yixihlieh zhahdahn xirji Iraq <pre> yixihlieh zhahdahn xirji Iraq a series of bomb attacks Iraq </pre> A series of bomb attack in cities in Shiah areas across Iraq has killed more than 40 people. Recently, violence rises rapidly in Iraq , more than 5,000 people have been killed so far this year, 800 of them alone in August. yixihlieh zhahdahn xirji biahnbuh Iraq Shiah dihqu cherngshih, shasii chaoguoh 40 rern. jihnlair Iraq baohlih xuhnsuh shahngsheng, jinniarn yiilair yiijing chaoguoh 5,000 rern beihsha, guangshih Bayuehfehn yiijing 800. <pre> yixihlieh zhahdahn xirji biahnbuh Iraq Shiah dihqu cherngshih, shasii chaoguoh 40 rern. a series of bomb attack across Iraq Shiah areas cities, killing more than 40 people. </pre> <pre> jihnlair Iraq baohlih xuhnsuh shahngsheng, jinniarn yiilair yiijing chaoguoh 5,000 rern beihsha, guangshih Bayuehfehn yiijing 800. recently Iraq violence rapidly rises, this year since already more than 5,000 people be killed, only August period already 800. </pre> ==2013-09-15== ===Afghanistan coal mine collapse kills at least 27 miners=== Afghanistan meirkuahng daaota shasii zhihshaao 27 kuahnggong <pre> Afghanistan meirkuahng daaota shasii zhihshaao 27 kuahnggong Afghanistan coal mine collapse kills at least 27 miners </pre> A coal mine has collapsed in the northern province of Samangan in Afghanistan, killing at least 27 miners. 4 rescuers were seriously injured and 14 were overcome by smoke. Afghanistan beeibuh sheengfehn Samangan meirkuahng daaota, shasii zhihshaao 27'ge kuahnggong. 4'ge jiuhyuarnzhee yarnzhohng shouhshang, 14'ge xundaao. <pre> Afghanistan beeibuh sheengfehn Samangan meirkuahng daaota, shasii zhihshaao 27'ge kuahnggong. Afghanistan north province Samangan coal mine collapses, killing at least 27 miners. </pre> <pre> 4'ge jiuhyuarnzhee yarnzhohng shouhshang, 14'ge xundaao. 4 rescuers seriously be injured, 14 be overcome (by smoke). </pre> ===Binge drinking linked to small babies=== xuhjiuu yuu xiaao ying`err yoouguan <pre> xuhjiuu yuu xiaao ying`err yoouguan binge drinking with small babies related </pre> Pregnant women who binge drink are more likely to have a small baby. Small babies are at greater risk of breathing problems, respiratory infections, hypothermia and neurodevelopment impairment. xuhjiuu'd yuhnfuh gehng rorngyih yoou xiaao ying`err. xiaao ying`err yoou gehngdah fengxiaan zaohcherng huxi wehntir, huxidaoh gaanraan, ditiiwen her shernjing fayuh zhahng`aih. <pre> xuhjiuu'd yuhnfuh gehng rorngyih yoou xiaao ying`err. binge drinking pregnant women more easy have small baby. </pre> <pre> xiaao ying`err yoou gehngdah fengxiaan zaohcherng huxi wehntir, huxidaoh gaanraan, ditiiwen her shernjing fayuh zhahng`aih. small babies have greater risk causing breathing problems, respiratory infections, hypothermia and nerve development impairment. </pre> ==2013-09-14== ===Bomb kills 9 people in India=== India zhahdahn shasii 9 rern <pre> India zhahdahn shasii 9 rern India bomb kills 9 people </pre> A bomb targeting migrant laborers from another province has exploded in the capital of Imphal in India's northeastern province of Manipur, killing at least 9 people and injuring more than 20. India dongbeei sheengfehn Manipur'd shooufuu Imphal, yi'ge zhenduih lairzih lihngyi sheengfehn mirngong'd zhahdahn baohzhah, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern, chaoguoh 20 rern shouhshang. <pre> India dongbeei sheengfehn Manipur'd shooufuu Imphal, yi'ge zhenduih lairzih lihngyi sheengfehn mirngong'd zhahdahn baohzhah, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern, chaoguoh 20 rern shouhshang. India northeast province Manipur's capital (of a region) Imphal, a targeting come form another province migrant's bomb explodes, killing at least 9 people, more than 20 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-09-13== ===Russian psychiatric hospital blaze kills 37 people=== Russia jingshernbihngyuahn dahhuoo shasii 37 rern <pre> Russia jingshernbihngyuahn dahhuoo shasii 37 rern Russia psychiatric hospital big fire kills 37 people </pre> In the village of Luka in the northwestern region of Novgorod in Russia, a psychiatric hospital is on fire, killing 37 people. Russia xibeei Novgorod dihqu Luka cun, yi-jian jingshernbihngyuahn zhaorhuoo, shasii 37 rern. <pre> Russia xibeei Novgorod dihqu Luka cun, yi-jian jingshernbihngyuahn zhaorhuoo, shasii 37 rern. Russia northwest Novgorod region Luka village, a psychiatric hospital catches fire, killing 37 people. </pre> ==2013-09-12== ===China is to control pollution caused by coal power plants=== Zhongguor kohngzhih meirtahn fadiahnchaang daaozhih'd wuraan <pre> Zhongguor kohngzhih meirtahn fadiahnchaang daaozhih'd wuraan China controls coal power plants caused pollution </pre> China is to ban the construction of new coal power plants around major cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou in an attempt to curb pollution. Coal power plants will be replaced by power plants using natural gas or nuclear power. Zhongguor jihnzhii dah cherngshih rur Beeijing, Shahnghaai, Guaangzhou fuhjihn jiahnzaoh xin'd meirtahn fadiahnchaang yii xiahnzhih wuraan. meirtahn fadiahnchaang huih beih tianrarnqih huoh hernerng'd fadiahnchaang daihtih. <pre> Zhongguor jihnzhii dah cherngshih rur Beeijing, Shahnghaai, Guaangzhou fuhjihn jiahnzaoh xin'd meirtahn fadiahnchaang yii xiahnzhih wuraan. China bans big cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou vicinity to build new coal power plants in order to limt pollution. </pre> <pre> meirtahn fadiahnchaang huih beih tianrarnqih huoh hernerng'd fadiahnchaang daihtih. coal power plants will by natural gas or nuclear energy's power plants replace. </pre> ==2013-09-11== ===Buses collision in Iran killed 44=== Iran bus xiangzhuahng shasii 44 rern <pre> Iran bus xiangzhuahng shasii 44 rern Iran buses collision kills 44 people </pre> In the city of Qom, Iran, the tyre of a bus bursted causing it to swerve and hit another bus, killing 44 people and injuring dozens. Iran cherngshih Qom yi-jiah bus baohtai daaozhih zhuaanxiahng zhuahng lihngyi bus, shasii 44 rern, jiishir rern shouhshang. <pre> Iran cherngshih Qom yi-jiah bus baohtai daaozhih zhuaanxiahng zhuahng lihngyi bus, shasii 44 rern, jiishir rern shouhshang. Iran city Qom a bus tyre bursts, causing changes direction hits another bus, killing 44 people, dozens people be injured. </pre> ===Suicide attacks kill 6 soldiers in Sinai=== Sinai zihsha xirji shasii 6'ge junrern <pre> Sinai zihsha xirji shasii 6'ge junrern Sinai suicide attacks kill 6 soldiers </pre> 2 suicide bombs have attacked 2 military targets in the region of Sinai in Egypt, killing 6 soldiers and injuring at least 17 other people. Egypt Sinai dihqu 2'ge zihsha zhahdahn xirji 2'ge junshih muhbiao, shasii 6'ge junrern, lihngwaih 17 rern shouhshang. <pre> Egypt Sinai dihqu 2'ge zihsha zhahdahn xirji 2'ge junshih muhbiao, shasii 6'ge junrern, lihngwaih 17 rern shouhshang. Egypt Sinai region 2 suicide bombs attack 2 military targets, killing 6 soldiers, other 17 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-09-10== ===Dozens dead and wounded as bus plunged into ravine in Guatemala=== Guatemala bus dieruh xiarguu jiishir rern siiwarng her shouhshang <pre> Guatemala bus dieruh xiarguu jiishir rern siiwarng her shouhshang Guatemala bus falls into ravine dozens people die and be injured </pre> In Guatemala, San Martin Jilotepeque, about 65km from the capital Guatemala City, a bus plunged into a ravine, killing 43 people and injuring 40. zaih Guatemala, juhlir shooudu Guatemala City yue 65km'd San Martin Jilotepeque, yi-jiah bus dieruh xiarguu, shasii 43 rern, 40 rern shouhshang. <pre> zaih Guatemala, juhlir shooudu Guatemala City yue 65km'd San Martin Jilotepeque, yi-jiah bus dieruh xiarguu, shasii 43 rern, 40 rern shouhshang. at Guatemala, distant capital Guatemala City about 65km's San Martin Jilotepeque, a bus falls into ravine, killing 43 people, 40 people be injured. </pre> ===China industrial output better than estimated=== Zhongguor gongyeh shuchu bii yuhceh haao <pre> Zhongguor gongyeh shuchu bii yuhceh haao China industrial output compared to estimated good </pre> China's manufacturing production has increased more than expected in August, showing that its economy is recovering. Zhongguor Bayuehfehn zhihzaohyeh shengchaan zengjia chaoguoh yuhqi, xiaanshih ta'd jingjih zaih fuhsu zhong. <pre> Zhongguor Bayuehfehn zhihzaohyeh shengchaan zengjia chaoguoh yuhqi, xiaanshih ta'd jingjih zaih fuhsu-zhong. China August period manufacturing production increases more than expected, showing its economy at recovering. </pre> ==2013-09-09== ===The health benefits of red wine=== horngjiuu'd jiahnkang haaochuu <pre> horngjiuu'd jiahnkang haaochuu red wine's health benefits </pre> A compound called procyanidin found in red wine help protects the heart, reduces bad cholesterol and prevents blood clotting. Also, tannin compound found in red wine help protects against cell aging. horngjiuu'd procyanidin fuhherwuh bangzhuh baaohuh xinzahng, jiaanshaao huaih daanguhchurn her farngzhii xueh nirngguh. ciiwaih, horngjiuu'd tannin fuhherwuh bangzhuh yuhfarng xihbao shuailaao. <pre> horngjiuu'd procyanidin fuhherwuh bangzhuh baaohuh xinzahng, jiaanshaao huaih daanguhchurn her farngzhii xueh nirngguh. red wine's procyanidin compound help protects heart, reduces bad cholesterol and prevents blood clotting. </pre> <pre> ciiwaih, horngjiuu'd tannin fuhherwuh bangzhuh yuhfarng xihbao shuailaao. moreover, red wine's tannin compound help prevents cell aging. </pre> ===China school explosion kills 2 people=== Zhongguor xuerxiaoh baohzhah shasii 2 rern <pre> Zhongguor xuerxiaoh baohzhah shasii 2 rern China school explosion kills 2 people </pre> A three-wheeled motorcycle has exploded outside a primary school in the city of Guilin, Guangxi province, China, killing at least 2 people and injuring several others. Zhongguor Guaangxi-sheeng Guihlirn-shih yi-jian xiaaoxuer waihmiahn yi-jiah 3-lurn mortuoche baohzhah, shasii zhihshaao 2 rern, jii'ge shouhshang. <pre> Zhongguor Guaangxi-sheeng Guihlirn-shih yi-jian xiaaoxuer waihmiahn yi-jiah 3-lurn mortuoche baohzhah, shasii zhihshaao 2 rern, jii'ge shouhshang. China Guangxi province Guizhou city a primary school outside a 3-wheel motorcycle explodes, killing at least 2 people, several be injured. </pre> ==2013-09-08== ===Lack of vitamin B12 causes psychosis=== quefar vitamin B12 daaozhih jingshernbihng <pre> quefar vitamin B12 daaozhih jingshernbihng lack of vitamin B12 causes psychosis </pre> Lack of vitamin B12 causes psychosis, irritability, depression, memory impairment, fatigue and personality changes. quefar vitamin B12 daaozhih jingshernbihng, yihnuh, yihyuh, jihyih zhahng`aih, pirlaor her rernger gaaibiahn. <pre> quefar vitamin B12 daaozhih jingshernbihng, yihnuh, yihyuh, jihyih zhahng`aih, pirlaor her rernger gaaibiahn. lack of vitamin B12 causes psychosis, irritability, depression, memory impairment, fatigue and personality changes. </pre> ==2013-09-07== ===China mother starves toddlers to death=== Zhongguor muuqin ehsii youh`err <pre> Zhongguor muuqin ehsii youh`err China mother starves to death toddlers </pre> In Nanjing, Jiangsu province, a 22-year-old mother had been arrested for starving her one-year-old and two-year-old toddlers to death. Jiangsu-sheeng Narnjing yi'ge 22 suih muuqin ehsii ta'd 1 suih her 2 suih'd youh`err beihbuu. <pre> Jiangsu-sheeng Narnjing yi'ge 22 suih muuqin ehsii ta'd 1 suih her 2 suih'd youh`err beihbuu. Jiangsu province Nanjing a 22 years of age mother starves to death her 1 year of age and 2 years of age's toddlers be arrested. </pre> ==2013-09-06== ===400 million Chinese don't know how to speak Putonghua=== 4 yih Zhongguorrern budoong shuo Puutonghuah <pre> 4 yih Zhongguorrern budoong shuo Puutonghuah 4 hundred million Chinese people don't know speak Putonghua </pre> 30% of China's population don't know how to speak Putonghua. Of the 70% who can speak Putonghua, many can't speak it well. The problem mostly affects countryside and ethnic minorities regions. The Chinese government are trying to unite the country by getting more people to speak Putonghua. 30% Zhongguor rernkoou budoong shuo Puutonghuah. 70% nerng shuo Puutonghuah'd rern, heen duo shuo'de bu haao. zheh'ge wentir zhuuyaoh yiingxiaang norngcun her shaaoshuh mirnzur dihqu. Zhongguor zhehngfuu shihtuu shii gehngduo rern shuo Puutonghuah yii toongyi guorjia. <pre> 30% Zhongguor rernkoou budoong shuo Puutonghuah. 30% Chinese population don't know speak Putonghua. </pre> <pre> 70% nerng shuo Puutonghuah'd rern, heen duo shuo'de bu haao. 70% can speak Putonghua's people, very many speak not well. </pre> <pre> zheh'ge wentir zhuuyaoh yiingxiaang norngcun her shaaoshuh mirnzur dihqu. This problem mainly affects countryside and minority nationalities regions. </pre> <pre> Zhongguor zhehngfuu shihtuu shii gehngduo rern shuo Puutonghuah yii toongyi guorjia. Chinese government attempts making more people to speak Putonghua to unite nation. </pre> ===One in ten deaths in Europe caused by lung diseases=== Ouzhou 1/10 siiwarng geh`ahn feihbihng daaozhih <pre> Ouzhou 1/10 siiwarng geh`ahn feihbihng daaozhih Europe 1/10 death cases lung diseases cause </pre> 1/10 deaths in Europe caused by lung diseases, the primary cause is smoking. The figure is higher in the UK, with 1/4 deaths caused by lung diseases. Funding the prevention, treatment and research of lung diseases are important for the longevity of life and the quality of life of individuals, and also important for reducing the economic burden on societies across Europe. feihbihng daaozhih 1/10 Ouzhou siiwarng geh`ahn, shoouyaoh yuarnyin shih chouyan. Yingguor feihbihng daaozhih 1/4 siiwarng geh`ahn, shuhzih geng gao. geei feihbihng'd yuhfarng, zhihliaor her yarnjiu tirgong zijin duih rern'd charngshouh her shenghuor zhihsuh zhohngyaoh, lihngwaih duih jiaanshaao Ouzhou'd jingjih fuhdan yee zhohngyaoh. <pre> feihbihng daaozhih 1/10 Ouzhou siiwarng geh`ahn, shoouyaoh yuarnyin shih chouyan. lung diseases causes 1/10 Europe death cases, primary reason is smoking. </pre> <pre> Yingguor feihbihng daaozhih 1/4 siiwarng geh`ahn, shuhzih geng gao. UK lung diseases causes 1/4 death cases, number higher. </pre> <pre> geei feihbihng'd yuhfarng, zhihliaor her yarnjiu tirgong zijin duih rern'd charngshouh her shenghuor zhihsuh zhohngyaoh, lihngwaih duih jiaanshaao Ouzhou'd jingjih fuhdan yee zhohngyaoh. give lung diseases' prevention, treatment and research provide fund towards individuals longevity and life quality important, in addition towards reduce Europe's economic burden also important. </pre> ==2013-09-04== ===Sleep important for the growth and repair of nerve cells=== shuihmiarn duih shernjing xihbao shengzhaang her xiulii zhohngyaoh <pre> shuihmiarn duih shernjing xihbao shengzhaang her xiulii zhohngyaoh sleep towards nerve cells grow and repair important </pre> Sleep important for the production of a type of brain cells called oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes are important for the shielding of nerve cells and aid signal transmission. shuihmiarn duih yizhoong naao xihbao oligodendrocyte'd shengchaan zhohngyaoh. oligodendrocyte duih shernjing xihbao'd baaohuh her xihnhaoh chuarnshu zhohngyaoh. <pre> shuihmiarn duih yizhoong naao xihbao oligodendrocyte'd shengchaan zhohngyaoh. sleeping towards a kind of brain cell oligodendrocyte's production important. </pre> <pre> oligodendrocyte duih shernjing xihbao'd baaohuh her xihnhaoh chuarnshu zhohngyaoh. oligodendrocytes towards nerve cells' protection and signal transmission important. </pre> ==2013-09-03== ===Microsoft to buy Nokia's mobile phone business=== Microsoft gouhmaai Nokia'd shoouji yehwuh <pre> Microsoft gouhmaai Nokia'd shoouji yehwuh Microsoft to buy Nokia's mobile phone business </pre> Microsoft has decided to purchase Nokia's mobile phone business for 5.4bn euros (USD7.2bn; GBP4.6bn) in order to develop mobile phone business. Microsoft weih'le fazhaan shoouji yehwuh, juerdihng yii 5.4bn euro (USD7.2bn; GBP4.6bn) gouhmaai Nokia'd shoouji yehwuh. <pre> Microsoft weih'le fazhaan shoouji yehwuh, juerdihng yii 5.4bn euro (USD7.2bn; GBP4.6bn) gouhmaai Nokia'd shoouji yehwuh. Mocrosoft for develops mobile phone business, decides using 5.4bn euros (USD7.2bn; GBP4.6bn) to purchase Nokia's mobile phone business. </pre> ==2013-09-02== ===Low level of RbAp48 protein linked to old-age memory loss=== laaoniarn jihyih sahngshi yuu queshaao RbAp48 dahnbairzhih yoouguan <pre> laaoniarn jihyih sahngshi yuu queshaao RbAp48 dahnbairzhih yoouguan old age memory loss with lack of RbAp48 protein related </pre> Decline in function of a gene that codes for RbAp48 protein leads to functional loss of neurons and contributed to old-age memory loss. RbAp48 dahnbairzhih'd gene bianmaa gongnerng shuaituih shii shernjing xihbao gongnerng sahngshi daaozhih laaoniarn jihyih sahngshi. <pre> RbAp48 dahnbairzhih'd gene bianmaa gongnerng shuaituih shii shernjing xihbao gongnerng sahngshi daaozhih laaoniarn jihyih sahngshi. RbAp48 protein's gene coding function decline causes nerve cells function loss causing old age memory loss. </pre> ==2013-09-01== ===White rice increases diabetes risk=== bairmii zengjia tarngniaohbihng fengxiaan <pre> bairmii zengjia tarngniaohbihng fengxiaan white rice increases diabetes risk </pre> Eating brown rice reduces risk of diabetes by a third. Brown rice reduces risk of diabetes by slowing down the absorption of sugar and making the surge of blood sugar less quick. chi caomii jiaanshaao tarngniaohbihng'd fengxiaan 1/3. caomii jiaanmahn tarngfehn xishou her fahngmahn xuehtarng shahngsheng, corng`err jiahngdi tarngniaohbihng fengxiaan. <pre> chi caomii jiaanshaao tarngniaohbihng'd fengxiaan 1/3. eat brown rice reduces diabetes risk 1/3. </pre> <pre> caomii jiaanmahn tarngfehn xishou her fahngmahn xuehtarng shahngsheng, corng`err jiahngdi tarngniaohbihng fengxiaan. brown rice slows down sugar absorption and slows blood sugar rise, thus reduces diabetes risk. </pre> ===Viet Nam restricts Internet discussions=== Yuehnarn xiahnzhih Internet taaoluhn <pre> Yuehnarn xiahnzhih Internet taaoluhn Viet Nam restricts Internet discussions </pre> A Viet Nam new law prohibits Internet users transmitting social news, but only personal information is allowed. Yuehnarn xin faalüh jihnzhii Internet yohnghuh chuarndih shehhuih xinwern, zhii yuunxuu gehrern xihnxi. <pre> Yuehnarn xin faalüh jihnzhii Internet yohnghuh chuarndih shehhuih xinwern, zhii yuunxuu gehrern xihnxi. Viet Nam new law prohibits Internet users transmitting social news, only allows personal information. </pre> ===Ammonia leaking kills 15 people in Shanghai=== Shahnghaai ammonia xiehlouh shasii 15 rern <pre> Shahnghaai ammonia xiehlouh shasii 15 rern Shanghai ammonia leaking kills 15 people </pre> A seafood company's refrigerating unit has leaked liquid ammonia in Shanghai's northern district of Baoshan in China, killing 15 people. Zhongguor Shahnghaai Baaoshan dihqu yi-jian haaixian gongsi'd zhihleeng zhuangzhih xiehlouh yehtaih ammonia, shasii 15 rern. <pre> Zhongguor Shahnghaai Baaoshan dihqu yi-jian haaixian gongsi'd zhihleeng zhuangzhih xiehlouh yehtaih ammonia, shasii 15 rern. China Shanghai Baoshan district a seafood company's refrigerating unit leaks liquid state ammonia, killing 15 people. </pre> ==2013-08-30== ===Broccoli helps alleviate arthritis=== xilarnhua jiaanqing guanjieryarn <pre> xilarnhua jiaanqing guanjieryarn broccoli alleviates arthritis </pre> Glucoraphanin compound found in broccoli is converted to sulforaphane compound in human body. Sulforaphane appears to prevent the destructive enzyme that damages cartilage which causes arthritis. Hence, eating broccoli on a daily basis can alleviate arthritis. xilarnhua'd glucoraphanin fuhherwuh zaih rerntii zhuaanbiahn weir sulforaphane fuhherwuh. Sulforaphane keeyii yuhfarng suunhaih ruaanguu daaozhih guanjieryarn'd yoouhaih meirsuh. yincii meeirih chi xilarnhua nernggouh jiaanqing guanjieryarn. <pre> xilarnhua'd glucoraphanin fuhherwuh zaih rerntii zhuaanbiahn weir sulforaphane fuhherwuh. broccoli's glucoraphanin compound at human body changes into sulforaphane compound. </pre> <pre> Sulforaphane keeyii yuhfarng suunhaih ruaanguu daaozhih guanjieryarn'd yoouhaih meirsuh. Sulforaphane may prevent destruct cartilage causing arthritis harmful enzyme. </pre> <pre> yincii meeirih chi xilarnhua nernggouh jiaanqing guanjieryarn. hence every day eat broccoli can alleviate arthritis. </pre> ===Taliban kills 15 policemen in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan Taliban shasii 15'ge jiingchar <pre> Afghanistan Taliban shasii 15'ge jiingchar Afghanistan Taliban kills 15 policemen </pre> 15 policemen have been ambushed and killed and 10 others injured by the Taliban when they were patrolling in the western province of Farah in Afghanistan. Taliban zaih Afghanistan xibuh Farah-sheeng furji jiingchar xurnluorduih, 15'ge jiingchar beihsha, 10'ge shouhshang. <pre> Taliban zaih Afghanistan xibuh Farah-sheeng furji jiingchar xurnluorduih, 15'ge jiingchar beihsha, 10'ge shouhshang. Taliban at Afghanistan west Farah province ambushes police patrol, 15 policemen be killed, 10 be injured. </pre> ==2013-08-29== ===Migraine sufferers have differences in brain structure=== piantourtohng huahnzhee naaobuh jiergouh butorng <pre> piantourtohng huahnzhee naaobuh jiergouh butorng migraine sufferers brain sturcuture different </pre> Migraine sufferers have differences in brain structure. The brain of migraine sufferers has white matter abnormalities and tiny lesions, compared to normal brain. piantourtohng huahnzhee'd naaobuh jiergouh butorng, huahnzhee'd naao yuu zhehngcharng'd xiangbii yoou yihcharng bairzhih her weixih'd suunshang. <pre> piantourtohng huahnzhee'd naaobuh jiergouh butorng, huahnzhee'd naao yuu zhehngcharng'd xiangbii yoou yihcharng bairzhih her weixih'd suunshang. migraine sufferers' brain structure different, sufferers' brain with normal to compare has abnormal white matter and tiny lesions. </pre> ==2013-08-28== ===Miniature human brain grown in lab=== shiryahnshih peirzhir xiaaoxirng rernnaao <pre> shiryahnshih-peirzhir xiaaoxirng rernnaao laboratory-cultivated small-sized human brain </pre> Scientists have successfully grown a miniature human brain in laboratory using embryonic stem cells or skin cells. The miniature human brain size is like those found in a nine week old fetus. kexuerjia chernggong'dy zaih shiryahnshih lihyohng peitai gahnxihbao huoh pirfu xihbao peirzhir xiaaoxirng rernnaao. xiaaoxirng rernnaao'd dahxiaao xiahng yi'ge 9 xingqi tai`err'd naao. <pre> kexuerjia chernggong'dy zaih shiryahnshih lihyohng peitai gahnxihbao huoh pirfu xihbao peirzhir xiaaoxirng rernnaao. scientists successfully at laboratory using embryonic stem cells or skin cells cultivate miniature human brain. </pre> <pre> xiaaoxirng rernnaao'd dahxiaao xiahng yi'ge 9 xingqi tai`err'd naao. miniature human brain's size be like a 9 weeks fetus' brain. </pre> ==2013-08-27== ===Half of UK teenagers don't get enough sleep=== bahnshuh UK qingshaohniarn shuihmiarn buzur <pre> bahnshuh UK qingshaohniarn shuihmiarn buzur half UK teenagers sleep not enough </pre> According to experts, more than half of UK's teenagers don't get enough sleep. This is because of hormonal changes and the excessive uses of computer games. genjuh zhuanjia, chaoguoh bahnshuh Yingguor qingshaohniarn shuihmiarn buzur. zheh shih yinweih hormone'd gaaibiahn her guohduh shiiyohng diahnnaao yourxih. <pre> genjuh zhuanjia, chaoguoh bahnshuh Yingguor qingshaohniarn shuihmiarn buzur. according to experts, over a half UK teenagers sleep not enough. </pre> <pre> zheh shih yinweih hormone'd gaaibiahn her guohduh shiiyohng diahnnaao yourxih. this is because hormone's changes and excessively use computer games. </pre> ===Mudslides and floodwaters kill 14 people in Mexico=== Mexico nirshirliur her horngshuii shasii 14 rern <pre> Mexico nirshirliur her horngshuii shasii 14 rern Mexico mudslides and floodwaters kill 14 people </pre> A tropical depression has attacked the eastern area in Mexico with torrential rain, causing mudslides and floodwaters, killing at least 14 people. rehdaih diqihya daih'zhe baohyuu xirji Mexico dongbuh dihqu, daaozhih nirshirliur her horngshuii, shasii zhihshaao 14 rern. <pre> rehdaih diqihya daih'zhe baohyuu xirji Mexico dongbuh dihqu, daaozhih nirshirliur her horngshuii, shasii zhihshaao 14 rern. tropical depression bringing torrential rain attacks Mexico east area, causing mudslides and floodwaters, killing at least 14 people. </pre> ===Taliban kills 12 people work for the government of Afghanistan=== Taliban shasii 12'ge weih Afghanistan zhehngfuu gongzuoh'd rern <pre> Taliban shasii 12'ge weih Afghanistan zhehngfuu gongzuoh'd rern Taliban kills 12 for Afghanistan government work's people </pre> 12 people have been killed by Taliban rebel army because they were working for the government of Afghanistan, including 4 engineers, 2 workers and 6 drivers. 12 rern youryur weih Afghanistan zhehngfuu gongzuoh beih Taliban pahnjun shasii, baokuoh 4'ge gongcherngshi, 2'ge gongrern her 6'ge siji. <pre> 12 rern youryur weih Afghanistan zhehngfuu gongzuoh beih Taliban pahnjun shasii, baokuoh 4'ge gongcherngshi, 2'ge gongrern her 6'ge siji. 12 people because for Afghanistan government work be- Taliban rebel army -killed, including 4 engineers, 2 workers and 6 drivers. </pre> ==2013-08-26== ===Cocaine makes the brain prone to addiction=== cocaine shii naaobuh yihyur shahngyiin <pre> cocaine shii naaobuh yihyur shahngyiin cocaine causes brain be easy to be addicted </pre> Cocaine makes changes in brain structure and causes growth of neurons linked to learning and memory, so the brain is conditioned to addiction towards cocaine rapidly. cocaine shii naaobuh jiergouh gaaibiahn, daaozhih xuerxir her jihyih'd shernjing xihbao zengzhaang, yin`err shii naaobuh xuhnsuh'dy duih cocaine shahngyiin. <pre> cocaine shii naaobuh jiergouh gaaibiahn, daaozhih xuerxir her jihyih'd shernjing xihbao zengzhaang, yin`err shii naaobuh xuhnsuh'dy duih cocaine shahngyiin. cocaine makes brain structure changes, causing learning and memory's nerve cells grow, so makes brain rapidly towards cocaine be addicted. </pre> ==2013-08-25== ===Ducks are a source of bird flu=== ya'zi shih qirnliurgaan'd lairyuarn <pre> ya'zi shih qirnliurgaan'd lairyuarn ducks are bird flu's source </pre> Ducks are a source of the new H7N9 bird flu virus. Ducks pick up the virus from migrating birds and pass it onto chickens. Currently, there are 133 cases of H7N9 bird flu in human, of which there are 43 deaths. ya'zi shih xin H7N9 qirnliurgaan bihngdur'd lairyuarn. ya'zi corng houhniaao chuarnraan bihngdur geei ji. muhqiarn rernleih yoou 133'ge H7N9 qirnliurgaan bihnglih, qirzhong 43 rern siiwarng. <pre> ya'zi shih xin H7N9 qirnliurgaan bihngdur'd lairyuarn. ducks are new H7N9 bird flu virus's source. </pre> <pre> ya'zi corng houhniaao chuarnraan bihngdur geei ji. ducks from migrating birds infect virus to chickens. </pre> <pre> muhqiarn rernleih yoou 133'ge H7N9 qirnliurgaan bihnglih, qirzhong 43 rern siiwarng. currently human has 133 H7N9 bird flu cases, of which 43 people die. </pre> ===Yemen air force staff killed=== Yemen kongjun yuarngong beihsha <pre> Yemen kongjun yuarngong beihsha Yemen air force staff be killed </pre> A bomb explosion has attacked a bus carrying air force staff to their base in the capital of Yemen, Sana'a, killing at least 6 people. Yemen shooudu Sana'a yi'ge zhahdahn xirji yi-jiah zaih'zhe kongjun yuarngong wahng ta'men jidih'd bus, zhahsii zhihshaao 6 rern. <pre> Yemen shooudu Sana'a yi'ge zhahdahn xirji yi-jiah zaih'zhe kongjun yuarngong wahng ta'men jidih'd bus, zhahsii zhihshaao 6 rern. Yemen capital Sana'a a bomb attacks a carring air force staff towards their base's bus, killing by explosion at least 6 people. </pre> ===Colombia soldiers killed=== Colombia shihbing beihsha <pre> Colombia shihbing beihsha Colombia soldiers be killed </pre> Farc left-wing rebel army has ambushed the government army in the eastern province of Arauca in Colombia, killing at least 13 soldiers. Farc zuoopaih pahnjun zaih Colombia dongbuh sheengfehn Arauca furji zhehngfuujun, shasii zhihshaao 13'ge shihbing. <pre> Farc zuoopaih pahnjun zaih Colombia dongbuh sheengfehn Arauca furji zhehngfuujun, shasii zhihshaao 13'ge shihbing. Farc left-wing rebel army at Colombia east province Arauca ambushes government army, killing at least 13 soldiers. </pre> ==2013-08-24== ===Physiotherapists can prescribe drugs in the UK=== Yingguor liiliaorshi nernggouh kaiyaoh <pre> Yingguor liiliaorshi nernggouh kaiyaoh UK physiotherapists can prescribe medicines </pre> New legislation in the UK means physiotherapists and podiatrists are given power to prescribe drugs such as painkillers. This would improve efficiency in the NHS. Yingguor xin faalüh yuunxuu wuhlii zhihliaorshi her zurbuh yisheng kaiyaoh, lihrur zhiitohngyaoh. zheh huih gaaishahn NHS'd xiaohlüh. <pre> Yingguor xin faalüh yuunxuu wuhlii zhihliaorshi her zurbuh yisheng kaiyaoh, lihrur zhiitohngyaoh. UK new law allows physical therapists and foot doctors to prescribe medicines, such as painkillers. </pre> <pre> zheh huih gaaishahn NHS'd xiaohlüh. this would improve NHS's efficiency. </pre> ==2013-08-22== ===Children need to do more exercise=== errtorng xuyaoh duo zuoh yuhndohng <pre> errtorng xuyaoh duo zuoh yuhndohng children need more do exercise </pre> 51% of UK children do not do enough exercise. The figure is worse for girls than boys, with 38% of girls do enough exercise, compared to 63% for boys. Children are recommended to do one hour of moderate or intense exercise each day which include activities such as walking, cycling, playing football and running. Having enough exercise is important for children to ensure they do enough exercise when they reach adulthood. 51% Yingguor errtorng zuoh yuhndohng bugouh. shuhzih xiaanshih nüühair bii narnhair chah, 63% narnhair zuoh zurgouh yuhndohng err nüühair zhiiyoou 38%. jiahnyih errtorng meeitian zuoh yi xiaaoshir wenher huoh jilieh yuhndohng, lihrur buhxirng, qirche, tiqiur her paaobuh. weih quehhaao cherngniarn zuoh zurgouh yuhndohng, corngxiaao zuoh zurgouh yuhndohng shih zhohngyaoh'd. <pre> 51% Yingguor errtorng zuoh yuhndohng bugouh. 51% UK children do exercise not enough. </pre> <pre> shuhzih xiaanshih nüühair bii narnhair chah, 63% narnhair zuoh zurgouh yuhndohng err nüühair zhiiyoou 38%. figure shows girls compared to boys poor, 63% boys do enough exercise whereas girls only have 38%. </pre> <pre> jiahnyih errtorng meeitian zuoh yi xiaaoshir wenher huoh jilieh yuhndohng, lihrur buhxirng, qirche, tiqiur her paaobuh. recommend children every day do one hour moderate or intense exercise, such as walking, ride a bicycle, play football and running. </pre> <pre> weih quehhaao cherngniarn zuoh zurgouh yuhndohng, corngxiaao zuoh zurgouh yuhndohng shih zhohngyaoh'd. for ensure adulthood do enough exercise, from childhood do enough exercise is important. </pre> ==2013-08-21== ===Men are easier to get skin cancer compared to women=== narnrern bii nüürern gehng rorngyih huahn pirfu`air <pre> narnrern bii nüürern gehng rorngyih huahn pirfu`air men compared to women more easy to contract skin cancer </pre> More men than women get skin cancer. This is due to firstly men delay in seeking help, secondly men are genetically more susceptible compared to women and thirdly women have a stronger immune system compared to men. All these factors make men more vulnerable to skin cancer. gehngduo narnrern bii nüürern huahn pirfu`air. dih-1 yinweih narnrern yarnchir jiuhyi, dih-2 narnrern'd gene bii nüürern gehng rorngyih huahn pirfu`air, dih-3 nüürern'd miaanyih xihtoong bii narnrern gehng qiarng. zhehxie yinsuh daaozhih narnrern gehng rorngyih huahn pirfu`air. <pre> gehngduo narnrern bii nüürern huahn pirfu`air. more men compared to women contract skin cancer. </pre> <pre> dih-1 yinweih narnrern yarnchir jiuhyi, dih-2 narnrern'd gene bii nüürern gehng rorngyih huahn pirfu`air, dih-3 nüürern'd miaanyih xihtoong bii narnrern gehng qiarng. firstly because men delay seek medical advice, secondly men's genes compared to women more easy to contract skin cancer, thirdly women's immune system compared to men more strong. </pre> <pre> zhehxie yinsuh daaozhih narnrern gehng rorngyih huahn pirfu`air. these factors cause men more easy to contract skin cancer. </pre> ===Too much copper causes Alzheimer's disease=== guohduo torng daaozhih naaoniarn chidaizhehng <pre> guohduo torng daaozhih naaoniarn chidaizhehng too much copper causes old age dementia </pre> Too much copper over lifetime contributes to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is caused by a built-up of the protein beta-amyloid in brain. Copper impedes the removal of beta-amyloid protein from brain, also increases production of beta-amyloid protein in brain. The increase in production and impeded removal of beta-amyloid protein in brain caused by copper that contributed to Alzheimer's disease. rernsheng guohduo torng daaozhih naaoniarn chidaizhehng. naaobuh leeiji beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih daaozhih naaoniarn chidaizhehng. torng zuu`ai qingchur naaobuh'd beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih, yee shii naaobuh zengjia shengchaan beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih. youryur torng daaozhih zengjia shengchaan her zuu`ai qingchur naaobuh'd beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih zaohcherng naaoniarn chidaizhehng. <pre> rernsheng guohduo torng daaozhih naaoniarn chidaizhehng. lifetime too much copper causes old age dementia. </pre> <pre> naaobuh leeiji beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih daaozhih naaoniarn chidaizhehng. brain accumulates beta-amyloid protein causes old age dementia. </pre> <pre> torng zuu`ai qingchur naaobuh'd beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih, yee shii naaobuh zengjia shengchaan beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih. copper impedes to remove brain's beta-amyloid protein, also causes brain increases to produce beta-amyloid protein. </pre> <pre> youryur torng daaozhih zengjia shengchaan her zuu`ai qingchur naaobuh'd beta-amyloid dahnbairzhih zaohcherng naaoniarn chidaizhehng. because of copper causes to increase to produces and impedes to remove brain's beta-amyloid protein causing old age dementia. </pre> ==2013-08-19== ===Many die in floods in China=== Zhongguo horngshuii duo rern sii <pre> Zhongguo horngshuii duo rern sii China floods many people die </pre> In several regions of China floods and rainfall cause many people to die. Regions affected included the northeastern regions of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and the southern regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan. In total at least 105 people have died, whilst 115 people are missing. Zhongguor jii'ge dihqu horngshuii her dahyuu daaozhih duo rern siiwarng. shouh yiingxiaang dihquh baohkuoh dongbeei dihqu'd Liaornirng, Jirlirn her Heilorngjiang, her narnbuh dihqu'd Guaangxi, Guaangdong her Hurnarn. zoonggohng zhihshaao 105 rern siiwarng, 115 rern shizong. <pre> Zhongguor jii'ge dihqu horngshuii her dahyuu daaozhih duo rern siiwarng. China several regions floods and heavy rain cause many people die. </pre> <pre> shouh yiingxiaang dihquh baohkuoh dongbeei dihqu'd Liaornirng, Jirlirn her Heilorngjiang, her narnbuh dihqu'd Guaangxi, Guaangdong her Hurnarn. be affected regions include northeast regions of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and south regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan. </pre> <pre> zoonggohng zhihshaao 105 rern siiwarng, 115 rern shizong. in total at least 105 people die, 115 people be missing. </pre> ==2013-08-18== ===Near-death brain has a lot of electrical activity=== lirnsii'd naaobuh yoou dahliahng diahnbo <pre> lirnsii'd naaobuh yoou dahliahng diahnbo near-death brain has a lot of electrical wave </pre> People who have near-death experiences reported seeing bright white lights, having out-of-body sensations and seeing life passing by. This is explained by a surge of brain activity during death. youryur lirnsii'd naaobuh yoou dahliahng diahnbo, yincii yoou lirnsii jingyahn'd rern shuo kahndaoh qiarng bair guang, yoou lirkai shentii'd gaanjuer her kahndaoh guohquh'd rernsheng. <pre> youryur lirnsii'd naaobuh yoou dahliahng diahnbo, yincii yoou lirnsii jingyahn'd rern shuo kahndaoh qiarng bair guang, yoou lirkai shentii'd gaanjuer her kahndaoh guohquh'd rernsheng. because of near-death brain has large quantity of electrical wave, therefore have near-death experiences' people say seeing strong white lights, have out-of-body feelings and seeing previous life. </pre> ===Syria refugees crowd into Iraq=== Syria nahnmirn yoongruh Iraq <pre> Syria nahnmirn yoongruh Iraq Syria refugees crowd into Iraq </pre> Up to 10,000 refugees are flooding through the border from Syria into Iraq's Kurdistan region. duodar 10,000 nahnmirn corng Syria tongguoh bianjieh yoongjihn Iraq'd Kurdistan dihqu. <pre> duodar 10,000 nahnmirn corng Syria tongguoh bianjieh yoongjihn Iraq'd Kurdistan dihqu. up to 10,000 refugees from Syria through border flood in Iraq's Kurdistan region. </pre> ==2013-08-17== ===Philippines ferry sinks, killing at least 31 people=== Philippines duhlurn chernmoh, zhihshaao 31 rern siiwarng <pre> Philippines duhlurn chernmoh, zhihshaao 31 rern siiwarng Philippines ferry sinks, at least 31 people die </pre> A ferry has sunk after a collision with a cargo ship in Philippines, killing at least 31 people and about 170 people are missing. Philippines yi-zhi duhlurn yuu huohlurn xiangzhuahng houh chernmoh, zhihshaao 31 rern siiwarng, yue 170 rern shizong. <pre> Philippines yi-zhi duhlurn yuu huohlurn xiangzhuahng houh chernmoh, zhihshaao 31 rern siiwarng, yue 170 rern shizong. Philippines a ferry with cargo ship collides -after sinks, at least 31 people die, about 170 people be missing. </pre> ==2013-08-15== ===Poor mouth hygiene links to bowel cancer=== angzang koouqiang daaozhih charng`air <pre> angzang koouqiang daaozhih charng`air dirty mouth causes bowel cancer </pre> Dirty mouth leads to the growth of fusobacteria, which recruits immune cells that lead to inflammation, causing colorectal cancer. angzang koouqiang daaozhih fusobacteria zengjia, muhjir miaanyih xihbao daaozhih fayarn, yiinqii dahcharng`air. <pre> angzang koouqiang daaozhih fusobacteria zengjia, muhjir miaanyih xihbao daaozhih fayarn, yiinqii dahcharng`air. dirty mouth causes fusobacteria increase, recruits immune cells lead to inflammation, causing colorectal cancer. </pre> ==2013-08-14== ===Eating oily fish reduces rheumatoid arthritis risk=== chi yourxihngyur jiaanshaao leihfengshi guanjieryarn fengxiaan <pre> chi yourxihngyur jiaanshaao leihfengshi guanjieryarn fengxiaan eating oily fish reduces rheumatoid arthritis risk </pre> Eating oily fish such as mackerel or salmon reduces rheumatoid arthritis risk. Health experts thought that omega-3 fish oil found in oily fish acts as anti-inflammatory agent, helping with the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. chi yourxihngyur lihrur maajiaoyur her sanwernyur jiaanshaao leihfengshi guanjieryarn'd fengxiaan. jiahngkang zhuanjia rehnweir yourxihngyur'd omega-3 yuryour yoou xiaoyarn zuohyohng, zhihliaor leihfengshi guanjieryarn. <pre> chi yourxihngyur lihrur maajiaoyur her sanwernyur jiaanshaao leihfengshi guanjieryarn'd fengxiaan. eating oily fish such as mackerel fish and salmon fish reduces rheumatoid arthritis risk. </pre> <pre> jiahngkang zhuanjia rehnweir yourxihngyur'd omega-3 yuryour yoou xiaoyarn zuohyohng, zhihliaor leihfengshi guanjieryarn. health experts think that oily fish's omega-3 fish oil have anti-inflammatory function, treating rheumatoid arthritis. </pre> ===Cairo suppression kills hundreds of people=== Cairo zhehnya shasii jii-baai rern <pre> Cairo zhehnya shasii jii-baai rern Cairo suppression kills several hundreds people </pre> The military of Egypt has suppressed anti-coup sit-ins in Cairo, killing hundreds of people and injuring many others. Egypt junfang zhehnya Cairo faan-zhehngbiahn jihngzuoh, jii-baai rern siiwarng, heen duo rern shouhshang. <pre> Egypt junfang zhehnya Cairo faan-zhehngbiahn jihngzuoh, jii-baai rern siiwarng, heen duo rern shouhshang. Egypt the military suppresses Cairo anti-coup sit-ins, several hundreds people die, very many people be injured. </pre> ==2013-08-13== ===Two sentenced to death over Xinjiang violence=== Xinjiang baohlih, 2 rern pahn sii <pre> Xinjiang baohlih, 2 rern pahn sii Xinjiang violence, 2 people sentence to death </pre> Two men have been sentenced to death and three more jailed over killing of 21 people in Xinjiang province, northwest China. youryur Zhongguor xibeeibuh Xinjiang-sheeng 21 rern beihsha, yincii liaang rern beih pahn sii, 3 rern ruhyuh. <pre> youryur Zhongguor xibeeibuh Xinjiang-sheeng 21 rern beihsha, yincii liaang rern beih pahn sii, 3 rern ruhyuh. because of China northwest Xinjiang province 21 people be killed, therefore two people be sentenced to death, 3 people go to prison. </pre> ===Beijing hill villa on high-rise roof may be demolished=== Beeijing dahshah diing'd xiaaoshan biershuh keenerng beih chaichur <pre> Beeijing dahshah diing'd xiaaoshan biershuh keenerng beih chaichur Beijing tall building top's small hill villa may be demolished </pre> A hill villa built on the roof of a residential multi-story building in Beijing may have to demolished, according to reports. juh baohdaoh, jiahnzhuh-yur Beeijing yi-jian zhuhzhair dahshah diing'd xiaaoshan biershuh keenerng xuyaoh chaichur. <pre> juh baohdaoh, jiahnzhuh-yur Beeijing yi-jian zhuhzhair dahshah diing'd xiaaoshan biershuh keenerng xuyaoh chaichur. according to reports, build at Beijing a residential high-rise top's small hill villa maybe need to demolish. </pre> ===Mosque shooting kills 44 people in Nigeria=== Nigeria qingzhensih qiangji shasii 44 rern <pre> Nigeria qingzhensih qiangji shasii 44 rern Nigeria mosque shooting kills 44 people </pre> Suspected Boko Haram rebel army has attacked a mosque in the province of Borno in northeast Nigeria, shooting dead at least 44 worshipers and injuring 26 others. huairyir'd Boko Haram pahnjun xirji Nigeria dongbeeibuh Borno-sheeng yi-jian qingzhensih, qiangsha zhihshaao 44'ge chorngbaihzhee, 26'ge shouhshang. <pre> huairyir'd Boko Haram pahnjun xirji Nigeria dongbeeibuh Borno-sheeng yi-jian qingzhensih, qiangsha zhihshaao 44'ge chorngbaihzhee, 26'ge shouhshang. suspected Boko Haram rebel army attacks Nigeria northeast Borno province a mosque, shoots dead at least 44 worshippers, 26 be injured. </pre> ==2013-08-12== ===Bomb attacks café in Iraq=== Iraq zhahdahn xirji café <pre> Iraq zhahdahn xirji café Iraq bomb attacks café </pre> Suicide bomb attacks a café in the central Iraq town of Balad, killing at least 16 people and injuring 35. zihsha zhahdahn xirji Iraq zhongbuh Balad-zhehn yi-jian café, shasii zhihshaao 16 rern, 35 rern shouhshang. <pre> zihsha zhahdahn xirji Iraq zhongbuh Balad-zhehn yi-jian café, shasii zhihshaao 16 rern, 35 rern shouhshang. suicide bomb attacks Iraq central Balad-town a café, killing at least 16 people, 35 people be injured. </pre> ===Gunmen kill 5 soldiers in Yemen=== Yemen qiangshoou shasii 5'ge shihbing <pre> Yemen qiangshoou shasii 5'ge shihbing Yemen gunmen kill 5 soldiers </pre> Suspected al-Qaeda guerrillas have attacked a gas plant in southern Yemen, killing 5 soldiers. huaiyir'd al-Qaeda yourjiduih xirji Yemen narnbuh yi'ge qihtii-chaang, shasii 5'ge shihbing. <pre> huaiyir'd al-Qaeda yourjiduih xirji Yemen narnbuh yi'ge qihtii-chaang, shasii 5'ge shihbing. suspected al-Qaeda guerrillas attack Yemen south a gas plant, killing 5 soldiers. </pre> ===Plea for healthier foods to be sold at hospitals vending machines in England=== qiingqiur England yiyuahn'd zihdohng fahnmaihji maih gehng jiahnkang shirwuh <pre> qiingqiur England yiyuahn'd zihdohng fahnmaihji maih gehng jiahnkang shirwuh Plea for England hospital's automatic vending machine sell more healthy foods </pre> Vending machines in hospitals in England sold too much unhealthy foods and guidelines should be introduced to make foods sold healthier, says a cancer prevention charity. yi'ge farng`air cirshahn zuuzhi shuo, England yiyuahn'd zihdohng fahnmaihji maih guohduo bu jiahnkang shirwuh, yincii xuyaoh zhuunzer shii chushouh'd shirwuh gehng jiahnkang. <pre> yi'ge farng`air cirshahn zuuzhi shuo, England yiyuahn'd zihdohng fahnmaihji maih guohduo bu jiahnkang shirwuh, yincii xuyaoh zhuunzer shii chushouh'd shirwuh gehng jiahnkang. a cancer prevention charity organization says, England hospitals' automatic vending machines sell too many unhealthy foods, therefore need guidelines to make selling foods more healthy. </pre> ==2013-08-10== ===World's first lab-grown burger=== shihjieh shooucih rernzaoh hahnbaao-rouh <pre> shihjieh shooucih rernzaoh hahnbaao-rouh world first time man-made burger meat </pre> Scientists has successfully created the world first lab-grown burger using cells from a cow. The cow's cells are turned into strips of muscle fibers, which then shape into patty. Tasting critics of the lab-grown burger commented that the burger are similar in texture to real burger, but lacks the juiciness of real meat. kexuerjia yohng niur'd xihbao chernggong'dy shihjieh shoouchuahng rerngong peirzhir hahnbaao-rouh. niur'd xihbao biahncherng jirouh tiaor houh zaohcherng biing. shirwuh pirngluhnjia juer'de rernzaoh hahnbaao-rouh'd zhihdih xiahng zhen hahnbaao-rouh, dahnshih meeiyoou zhen rouh nah'me duozhi. <pre> kexuerjia yohng niur'd xihbao chernggong'dy shihjieh shoouchuahng rerngong peirzhir hahnbaao-rouh. scientists use cow's cells successfully world initiate artificially cultivated burger meat. </pre> <pre> niur'd xihbao biahncherng jirouh tiaor houh zaohcherng biing. cow's cells turn into muscle strips -after made into patty. </pre> <pre> shirwuh pirngluhnjia juer'de rernzaoh hahnbaao-rouh'd zhihdih xiahng zhen hahnbaao-rouh, dahnshih meeiyoou zhen rouh nah'me duozhi. food critics feel man-made burger meat's texture be like real burger meat, but not have real meat so juicy. </pre> ==2013-08-09== ===Cocoa could prevent memory decline=== Cocoa huih yuhfarng jihyih shuaituih <pre> cocoa huih yuhfarng jihyih shuaituih cocoa could prevent memory decline </pre> According to study, cocoa improves blood flow to brain and improves memory in older people. It is thought that flavanol compounds found in cocoa contributed to the health effects. genjuh yarnjiu, cocoa gaaishahn naaobuh xuehliur her gaaishahn laaorern'd jihyih. kernerng cocoa'd flavanol fuhherwuh cuhjihn jiahnkeng. <pre> genjuh yarnjiu, cocoa gaaishahn naaobuh xuehliur her gaaishahn laaorern'd jihyih. according to study, cocoa improves brain's blood flow and improves old people memory. </pre> <pre> kernerng cocoa'd flavanol fuhherwuh cuhjihn jiahnkeng. probably cocoa's flavanol compound promotes health. </pre> ==2013-08-06== ===Dogs' owners could face life in prison if dogs kill=== goou yaaosii rern, zhuurern huih zhongshen jianjihn <pre> goou yaaosii rern, zhuurern huih zhongshen jianjihn dogs bite to death people, owners can lifelong jail </pre> New proposals in England and Wales suggest that owners could face life in prison, if their dogs kill someone. This would be an update on the current law which sentence dog owners to two years in jail, if their dogs kill someone. England her Wales'd xin tiryih, rurguoo goou yaaosii rern, zhuurern huih beih zhongshen jianjihn. zheh huih gengxin xiahnshir'd rurguoo goou yaaosii rern huih pahn zhuurern ruhyuh liaang niarn'd faalüh. <pre> England her Wales'd xin tiryih, rurguoo goou yaaosii rern, zhuurern huih beih zhongshen jianjihn. England and Wales' new proposals, if dogs bite to death people, owners would be lifelong imprisoned. </pre> <pre> zheh huih gengxin xiahnshir'd rurguoo goou yaaosii rern huih pahn zhuurern ruhyuh liaang niarn'd faalüh. This would update current if dogs bite to death people would sentence owners imprison two years of law. </pre> ==2013-08-04== ===Monsoon rain in Pakistan and Afghanistan kills dozens=== Pakistan her Afghanistan jihfengyuu shasii duorern <pre> Pakistan her Afghanistan jihfengyuu shasii duorern Pakistan and Afghanistan monsoon rain kills many people </pre> Torrential rain in Eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan causes flood, killing at least 80 people. Fatalities is caused by electrocution and collapsing houses. Afghanistan dongbuh her Pakistan baohyuu yiinqii shuiizai, daaozhih chuhdiahn her farngwu daaota, zaohcherng zhihshaao 80 rern siiwarng. <pre> Afghanistan dongbuh her Pakistan baohyuu yiinqii shuiizai, daaozhih chuhdiahn her farngwu daaota, zaohcherng zhihshaao 80 rern siiwarng. Afghanistan east and Pakistan torrential rain causes flood, leads to electrocution and houses collapsing, bring about at least 80 people die. </pre> ===China's tallest building lays down final beam=== Zhongguor zuihgao jiahnzhuhwuh fengdiing <pre> Zhongguor zuihgao jiahnzhuhwuh fengdiing China tallest building tops off </pre> The main structure of China's tallest building, the Shanghai Tower, has completed, as the final steel beam is lifted and installed at the top of the tower. Once completed the tower will be the second tallest building in the world, behind the Burj Khalifah in Dubai. Zhongguor zuihgao jiahnzhuhwuh Shahnghaai Zhongxin Dahshah diing'd zuihhouh gangliarng diaohzhuang, warncherng zhuu-jiergouh. dahshah warncherng houh, huih jih Dubai'd Burj Khalifah cherngweir shihjieh dih`erh gao jiahnzhuhwuh. <pre> Zhongguor zuihgao jiahnzhuhwuh Shahnghaai Zhongxin Dahshah diing'd zuihhouh gangliarng diaohzhuang, warncherng zhuu-jiergouh. China tallest building Shanghai Central Mansion top's final steel beam lifts and installs, completes main structure. </pre> <pre> dahshah warncherng houh, huih jih Dubai'd Burj Khalifah cherngweir shihjieh dih`erh gao jiahnzhuhwuh. mansion finishes -after, will afterward Dubai's Burj Khalifah becomes world second tall building. </pre> ==2013-08-03== ===An attack targeting the Indian consulate in Afghanistan kills at least 9 people=== zhenduih India zhuh Afghanistan liingshihguaan'd xirji shasii zhihshaao 9 rern <pre> zhenduih India zhuh Afghanistan liingshihguaan'd xirji shasii zhihshaao 9 rern targeting India be stationed at Afghanistan consulate's attack kills at least 9 people </pre> A suicide bomb attack targeting the Indian consulate in the city of Jalalabad in east Afghanistan has killed at least 9 people and injured more than 23 others. zaih Afghanistan dongbuh Jalalabad-shih, zhenduih India liingshihguaan'd zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 9 rern, chaoguoh 23 rern shouhshang. <pre> zaih Afghanistan dongbuh Jalalabad-shih, zhenduih India liingshihguaan'd zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 9 rern, chaoguoh 23 rern shouhshang. at Afghanistan east Jalalabad city, targeting India consulate's suicide bomb attack kills at least 9 people, over 23 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-08-02== ===Clean water and soap increases growth in children=== ganjihng shuii her feirzaoh zengjia errtorng shengzhaang <pre> ganjihng shuii her feirzaoh zengjia errtorng shengzhaang clean water and soap increases children growth </pre> Access to clean water and soap is not just important for hygiene, but can also stimulate growth in children under-fives by about 0.5cm. yohng ganjihng shuii her feirzaoh budahn duih weihsheng zhohngyaoh, errqiee nerng cihji 5 suih yiixiah errtorng zengzhang yue 0.5cm. <pre> yohng ganjihng shuii her feirzaoh budahn duih weihsheng zhohngyaoh, errqiee nerng cihji 5 suih yiixiah errtorng zengzhang yue 0.5cm. to use clean water and soap not only towards hygiene important, but also can stimulate 5 years of age -under children grow about 0.5cm. </pre> ==2013-08-01== ===Most adults don't take enough exercise=== dahduoshuh cherngrern yuhndohng bugouh <pre> dahduoshuh cherngrern yuhndohng bugouh most adults do exercise not enough </pre> A research found most adults in England don't do enough exercise, with 80% failing to meet the government's target of doing at least 12 times moderate exercise monthly. The research also found those more educated and wealthy are more likely to do more exercise compare to those who are less educated and less wealthy. yarnjiu faxiahn dahduoshuh England cherngrern yuhndohng bugouh, 80% weihnerng dardaoh zhehngfuu meei yueh zhihshaao 12 cih shihduh yuhndohng'd yaoqiur. yarnjiu yee faxiahn shouh gehngduo jiaohyuh her fuhyoou'd rern bii jiaohshaao jiaohyuh her bu fuhyuh'd rern gehng keenerng zuoh gehngduo yuhndohng. <pre> yarnjiu faxiahn dahduoshuh England cherngrern yuhndohng bugouh, 80% weihnerng dardaoh zhehngfuu meei yueh zhihshaao 12 cih shihduh yuhndohng'd yaoqiur. research found most England adults do exercise not enough, 80% can't meet government every month at least 12 times moderate exercise's requirement. </pre> <pre> yarnjiu yee faxiahn shouh gehngduo jiaohyuh her fuhyoou'd rern bii jiaohshaao jiaohyuh her bu fuhyuh'd rern gehng keenerng zuoh gehngduo yuhndohng. research also found given more education and rich people compare with less education and not rich people more possible do more exercise. </pre> ==2013-07-31== ===Hong Kong man knife attack injures 11 people=== Xianggaang rern chirdao xirji shang 11 rern <pre> Xianggaang rern chirdao xirji shang 11 rern Hong Kong person holds a knife to attack injuring 11 people </pre> A Hong Kong man has attacked his colleagues with a knife in a company bus on the way to his company, injuring 11 people. yi'ge Xianggaang narnrern cherngzuoh gongsi bus shahngban turzhong chirdao xirji torngshih, 11 rern shouhshang. <pre> yi'ge Xianggaang narnrern cherngzuoh gongsi bus shahngban turzhong chirdao xirji torngshih, 11 rern shouhshang. a Hong Kong man riding (as a passenger) company bus going to work on the way holding a knife attacks colleagues, 11 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-07-30== ===Pakistan Taliban attacks prison, freeing 248 prisoners=== Pakistan Taliban xirji jianyuh, fahngzoou 248'ge qiurfahn <pre> Pakistan Taliban xirji jianyuh, fahngzoou 248'ge qiurfahn Pakistan Taliban attacks prison, freeing 248 prisoners </pre> Taliban rebel army armed with automatic weapons, rockets, mortars and bombs blasted down the wall of the prison in the town of Dera Ismail Khan in northwest Pakistan, freeing 248 prisoners. A gun battle lasted for several hours until Tuesday early morning, killing at least 13 people, including 6 police. zhuangbeih'le zihdohng wuuqih, huoojiahn, paaijipaoh her zhahdahn'd Taliban pahnjun zhahhuii Pakistan xibeeibuh Dera Ismail Khan-zhehn'd jianyuh qiarngbih, fahngzoou 248'ge qiurfahn. qiangzhahn chirxuh jii'ge xiaaoshir zhirdaoh Xingqi`erh qingchern, shasii zhihshaao 13 rern, baokuoh 6'ge jiingchar. <pre> zhuangbeih'le zihdohng wuuqih, huoojiahn, paaijipaoh her zhahdahn'd Taliban pahnjun zhahhuii Pakistan xibeeibuh Dera Ismail Khan-zhehn'd jianyuh qiarngbih, fahngzoou 248'ge qiurfahn. armed with automatic weapons, rockets, mortars and bombs Taliban rebels blast down Pakistan northwest Dera Ismail Khan town's prison wall, freeing 248 prisoners. </pre> <pre> qiangzhahn chirxuh jii'ge xiaaoshir zhirdaoh Xingqi`erh qingchern, shasii zhihshaao 13 rern, baokuoh 6'ge jiingchar. gun battle lasts for several hours until Tuesday early morning, killing at least 13 people, including 6 police. </pre> ==2013-07-29== ===Many immigrants can't speak basic English=== xuuduo yirmirn bunerng shuo jibeen Yingyuu <pre> xuuduo yirmirn bunerng shuo jibeen Yingyuu many immigrants can't speak basic English </pre> There are many people in the UK who cannot speak basic English. The government demanded that for immigrants to grant citizenship, they must reach "ESOL Entry 3" or "B1 level" of English. Yingguor heen duo yirmirn bunerng shuo jibeen Yingyuu. zhehngfuu yaoqiur yirmirn'd Yingyuu bihxu dardaoh "ESOL Entry 3" huoh "B1 level" cairnerng geeiyuu gongmirn shenfehn. <pre> Yingguor heen duo yirmirn bunerng shuo jibeen Yingyuu. UK very many immigrants cannot speak basic English. </pre> <pre> zhehngfuu yaoqiur yirmirn'd Yingyuu bihxu dardaoh "ESOL Entry 3" huoh "B1 level" cairnerng geeiyuu gongmirn shenfehn. government requests immigrants' English must reaches "ESOL Entry 3" or "B1 level" can only given citizen identity. </pre> ===Italy coach crash kills at least 39 people=== Italy kehche zhuahnghuii shasii zhihshaao 39 rern <pre> Italy kehche zhuahnghuii shasii zhihshaao 39 rern Italy passenger car crash kills at least 39 people </pre> A passenger car carrying about 50 people, including children, going back to Naples after a pilgrimage, has fallen from a flyover near the town of Avellino in southern Italy, killing at least 39 people and injuring more than 10 people. This is the most serious road accident in decades in Italy. zaih'zhe yue 50 rern baokuoh errtorng chaorshehng houh faanhuir Naples tuzhong'd kehche, zaih Italy narnbuh Avellino-zhehn fuhjihn corng tianqiaor zhuihhuii, shasii zhihshaao 39 rern, chaoguoh 10 rern shouhshang. zheh shih Italy jii-shir niarn lair zuih yarnzhohng'd daohluh yihwaih. <pre> zaih'zhe yue 50 rern baokuoh errtorng chaorshehng houh faanhuir Naples tuzhong'd kehche, zaih Italy narnbuh Avellino-zhehn fuhjihn corng tianqiaor zhuihhuii, shasii zhihshaao 39 rern, chaoguoh 10 rern shouhshang. carrying about 50 people including children go on a pilgrimage -after go back Naples on the way's passenger car, at Italy south Avellino town vicinity from flyover falls and disintegrates, killing at least 39 people, over 10 people be injured. </pre> <pre> zheh shih Italy jii-shir niarn lair zuih yarnzhohng'd daohluh yihwaih. this is Italy several tens of year -since most serious road accident. </pre> ===A series of bombs kills at least 51 people in Iraq=== Iraq yixihlieh zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 51 rern <pre> Iraq yixihlieh zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 51 rern Iraq a series of bomds kill at least 51 people </pre> A series of car bombs targeting Shiahs has killed at least 51 people and injured more than 200 in the capital of Baghdad and other areas in Iraq. zaih Iraq shooudu Baghdad her qirta dihqu, zhenduih Shiah'd yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 51 rern, chaoguoh 200 rern shouhshang. <pre> zaih Iraq shooudu Baghdad her qirta dihqu, zhenduih Shiah'd yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 51 rern, chaoguoh 200 rern shouhshang. at Iraq capital Baghdad and other areas, targeting Shiah's a series of car bombs kills at least 51 people, over 200 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-07-28== ===Bomb explosions in Pakistan kill 57=== Pakistan zhahdahn zhahsii 57 rern <pre> Pakistan zhahdahn zhahsii 57 rern Pakistan bombs kill by explosion 57 people </pre> Two bomb explosions in a market in the town of Parachinar, northern Pakistan, killing at least 57 people and injuring more than 150 people. zaih Pakistan beeibuh Parachinar-zhehn yi'ge shihchaang, 2'ge zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 57 rern, chaoguoh 150 rern shouhshang. <pre> zaih Pakistan beeibuh Parachinar-zhehn yi'ge shihchaang, 2'ge zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 57 rern, chaoguoh 150 rern shouhshang. at Pakistan north Parachinar town a market, 2 bombs kill by explosion at least 57 people, over 150 people be injured. </pre> ===Poisonous wine kills 18 in Pakistan=== Pakistan durjiuu shasii 18 rern <pre> Pakistan durjiuu shasii 18 rern Pakistan poisonous wine kills 18 people </pre> At least 18 people have been killed and many hospitalized after drinking poisonous wine in the city of Faisalabad in Pakistan. zaih Pakistan cherngshih Faisalabad, durjiuu shasii zhihshaao 18 rern, duo rern liuryi. <pre> zaih Pakistan cherngshih Faisalabad, durjiuu shasii zhihshaao 18 rern, duo rern liuryi. at Pakistan city Faisalabad, poisonous wine kills at least 18 people, many people be hospitalized. </pre> ===Suicide bomb kills 8 policemen in Iraq=== Iraq zihsha zhahdahn shasii 8'ge jiingchar <pre> Iraq zihsha zhahdahn shasii 8'ge jiingchar Iraq suicide bomb kills 8 policemen </pre> A suicide car bomb has attacked a police convoy in northern Iraq, killing 8 police officers and injuring 9. Iraq beeibuh zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji jiingchar cheduih, shasii 8'ge jiingchar, 9'ge shouhshang. <pre> Iraq beeibuh zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji jiingchar cheduih, shasii 8'ge jiingchar, 9'ge shouhshang. Iraq north suicide car bomb attacks police convoy, killing 8 policemen, 9 be injured. </pre> ===The military suppresses protest killing more than 100 people in Egypt=== Egypt junfang zhehnya kahngyih shasii chaoguoh 100 rern <pre> Egypt junfang zhehnya kahngyih shasii chaoguoh 100 rern Egypt military suppresses protest killing more than 100 people </pre> On yesterday, the military has suppressed a protest for requesting to reinstate the people-elected president Mohammed Morsi, who has been overthrown in a military coup, in the capital of Cairo in Egypt, killing more than 100 people and injuring thousands. zuortian, zaih Egypt shooudu Cairo, junfang zhehnya yaoqiur huifuh junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyih, shasii chaoguoh 100 rern, jii-qian rern shouhshang. <pre> zuortian, zaih Egypt shooudu Cairo, junfang zhehnya yaoqiur huifuh junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyih, shasii chaoguoh 100 rern, jii-qian rern shouhshang. yesterday, at Egypt capital Cairo, the military suppresses requesting to reinstate military coup overthrown people-elected president Mohammed Morsi's protest, killing more than 100 people, several thousands people be injured. </pre> ==2013-07-27== ===China parking space argument causes baby to die=== Zhongguor tirngcheweih zhengchaao daaozhih ying`err siiwarng <pre> Zhongguor tirngcheweih zhengchaao daaozhih ying`err siiwarng China parking space argument causes baby to die </pre> In China, Beijing, a baby has died of critical injuries in hospital. The death came after an argument between a man and a mother over a parking space. The man beat up the mother, and pulled the baby out of her pram and threw her down the floor. Zhongguor Beeijing yi'ge muuqin yuu yi'ge narnrern zheng tirngcheweih. narnrern oudaa fuhrern bihngqiee corng ying`errche narqii nüüying reng zaih dih'shang. nüüying yarnzhohng shouhshang, sohng yiyuahn houh siiwarng. <pre> Zhongguor Beeijing yi'ge muuqin yuu yi'ge narnrern zheng tirngcheweih. China Beijing a mother with a man compete for parking space. </pre> <pre> narnrern oudaa fuhrern bihngqiee corng ying`errche narqii nüüying reng zaih dih'shang. man beats up woman in addition from baby car picks up female baby throws at on ground. </pre> <pre> nüüying yarnzhohng shouhshang, sohng yiyuahn houh siiwarng. female baby critically be injured, send to hospital -after dies. </pre> ==2013-07-26== ===Man stabs five people to death in China=== Zhongguor narnrern toongsii 5 rern <pre> Zhongguor narnrern toongsii 5 rern China man stabs to death 5 people </pre> In the province of Henan in China, a man stabbed 5 people to death and wounded 3. This incident is the latest in a series of violent attacks recently reported in China. Zhongguor Hernarn-sheeng yi'ge narnrern toongsii 5 rern, cihshang 3 rern. zheh shih Zhongguor zuihjihn baohdaoh'd yiliarnchuahn baohlih xirji'd zuihxin shihjiahn. <pre> Zhongguor Hernarn-sheeng yi'ge narnrern toongsii 5 rern, cihshang 3 rern. China Henan province a man stabs to death 5 people, stabs to injury 3 people. </pre> <pre> zheh shih Zhongguor zuihjihn baohdaoh'd yiliarnchuahn baohlih xirji'd zuihxin shihjiahn. This is China recently reported a series of violent attacks' latest incident. </pre> ==2013-07-25== ===Death rates rise in England and Wales=== England her Wales siiwarnglüh shahngsheng <pre> England her Wales siiwarnglüh shahngsheng England and Wales death rates rise </pre> Death rates 5% higher than average last year in England and Wales, particularly in those over 80 years old. The causes of the increase in death rates may be linked to influenza, leveling off of life expectancy and council cuts. England her Wales quhniarn'd siiwarnglüh bii pirngjun gao 5%, yourqirshih chaoguoh 80 suih'd. siiwarnglüh zenjia'd yuarnyin keenerng yuu liurgaan, pirngjun shouhmihng qupirng her quyihhuih'd xuejiaan yoouguan. <pre> England her Wales quhniarn'd siiwarnglüh bii pirngjun gao 5%, yourqirshih chaoguoh 80 suih'd. England and Wales last year death rates compare to average high 5%, especially over 80 year of age. </pre> <pre> siiwarnglüh zenjia'd yuarnyin keenerng yuu liurgaan, pirngjun shouhmihng qupirng her quyihhuih'd xuejiaan yoouguan. death rates increase reasons probably with influenza, average life leveling off and councils' cuts be relevant. </pre> ===Train derailment kills at least 80 people in Spain=== Spain huooche chuguii shasii zhihshaao 80 rern <pre> Spain huooche chuguii shasii zhihshaao 80 rern Spain train derailment kills at least 80 people </pre> A train has derailed in the region of Galicia in northwestern Spain, killing at least 80 people and injuring many. This is the most serious train accident in Spain in 7 decades. Spain xibeeibuh Galicia dihqu huooche chuguii, zhihshaao 80 rern siiwarng, duo rern shouhshang. zheh shih Spain 70 niarn lair zuih yarnzhohng'd huooche yihwaih. <pre> Spain xibeeibuh Galicia dihqu huooche chuguii, zhihshaao 80 rern siiwarng, duo rern shouhshang. Spain northwest Galicia region train derails, at least 80 people die, many people be injured. </pre> <pre> zheh shih Spain 70 niarn lair zuih yarnzhohng'd huooche yihwaih. this is Spain 70 years -since most serious train accident. </pre> ==2013-07-24== ===Gunmen kill 9 policemen in Iraq=== Iraq qiangshoou shasii 9'ge jiingchar <pre> Iraq qiangshoou shasii 9'ge jiingchar Iraq gunmen kill 9 policemen </pre> Gunmen have attacked a police station in the city of Mosui in northern Iraq, killing 9 police officers. Iraq beeibuh Mosui-shih qiangshoou xirji jiingjur, shasii 9'ge jiingchar. <pre> Iraq beeibuh Mosui-shih qiangshoou xirji jiingjur, shasii 9'ge jiingchar. Iraq north Mosui city gunmen attack police station, killing 9 policemen. </pre> ===Bomb attack kills 3 Nato soldiers in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan zhahdahn xirji shasii 3'ge Nato shihbing <pre> Afghanistan zhahdahn xirji shasii 3'ge Nato shihbing Afghanistan bomb attack kills 3 Nato soldiers </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked a convoy in the province of Wardak in eastern Afghanistan, killing 3 Nato soldiers. Afghanistan dongbuh Wardak-sheeng zihsha zhahdahn xirji huhharngduih, shasii 3'ge Nato shihbing. <pre> Afghanistan dongbuh Wardak-sheeng zihsha zhahdahn xirji huhharngduih, shasii 3'ge Nato shihbing. Afghanistan east Wardak province suicide bomb attacks convoy, killing 3 Nato soldiers. </pre> ===China's industrial activity falls to 11-month low=== Zhongguor gongyeh huordohng diezhih 11'ge yueh'd diweih <pre> Zhongguor gongyeh huordohng diezhih 11'ge yueh'd diweih China industry activity falls to 11 months' low position </pre> China's manufacturing activity falls to the lowest in 11 months in July as a decline in new orders, according to HSBC's survey. juh HSBC diaohchar, youryur xin dihngdan jiaanshaao, Qiyueh Zhongguor gongyeh huordohng diezhih 11'ge yueh'd zuihdi. <pre> juh HSBC diaohchar, youryur xin dihngdan jiaanshaao, Qiyueh Zhongguor gongyeh huordohng diezhih 11'ge yueh'd zuihdi. according to HSBC survey, because of new orders decreases, July China industry activity falls to 11 months' lowest. </pre> ==2013-07-23== ===Skipping breakfast harmful to heart=== bu chi zaaocan yoouhaih xinzahng <pre> bu chi zaaocan yoouhaih xinzahng not eat breakfast harms heart </pre> Avoiding breakfast is a strain on the heart. Those who don't have breakfast are 27% more likely to have heart problems, compare to those who have breakfast. It is thought that skipping breakfast increases the risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity, which in turn damages the heart. bu chi zaaocan daaozhih xinzahng cherngshouh yalih. bu chi zaaocan'd rern yoou xinzahng wehntir'd jihuihlüh biiqii chi zaaocan'd rern huih gao 27%. bu chi zaaocan beih rehnweir zengjia gaoxuehya, tarngniaohbihng her chifeir'd fengxiaan, daaozhih suunhaih xinzahng. <pre> bu chi zaaocan daaozhih xinzahng cherngshouh yalih. not eat breakfast causes heart to withstand pressure. </pre> <pre> bu chi zaaocan'd rern yoou xinzahng wehntir'd jihuihlüh biiqii chi zaaocan'd rern huih gao 27%. not eat breakfast's people have heart problems' probability compare to eat breakfast's people could high 27%. </pre> <pre> bu chi zaaocan beih rehnweir zengjia gaoxuehya, tarngniaohbihng her chifeir'd fengxiaan, daaozhih suunhaih xinzahng. not eat breakfast be thought that increases high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity's risk, causes to damage heart. </pre> ===Nine killed in protest in Egypt=== 9 rern zaih Egypt kahngyih beihsha <pre> 9 rern zaih Egypt kahngyih beihsha 9 people at Egypt protest be killed </pre> At least 9 people have been killed in protests in Cairo for requesting to reinstate the people-elected president Mohammed Morsi who had been overthrown in a military coup. More than 60 people had been killed since Morsi had been overthrown. zaih Cairo, zhihshaao 9 rern zaih yaoqiur huifuh junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyih beihsha. zihcorng Morsi beih tuifan, yiijing chaoguoh 60 rern beihsha. <pre> zaih Cairo, zhihshaao 9 rern zaih yaoqiur huifuh junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyih beihsha. at Cairo, at least 9 people at requesting to reinstate military coup overthrown people-elected president Mohammed Morsi's protest be killed. </pre> <pre> zihcorng Morsi beih tuifan, yiijing chaoguoh 60 rern beihsha. since Morsi be overthrown, already more than 60 people be killed. </pre> ==2013-07-22== ===Al-Qaeda kills at least 20 members of security forces in Iraq=== al-Qaeda zaih Iraq shasii zhihshaao 20'ge baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn <pre> al-Qaeda zaih Iraq shasii zhihshaao 20'ge baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn al-Qaeda at Iraq kills at least 20 security army members </pre> al-Qaeda has attacked 2 prisons in Iraq, killing at least 20 members of security forces and freeing about 500 prisoners, most of them are senior al-Qaeda members who are sentenced to death. al-Qaeda xirji 2'ge Iraq jianyuh, shasii zhihshaao 20'ge baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn, fahngzoou dahyue 500'ge fahnrern, dahbuh'fen shih pahn'le siixirng'd gaojir al-Qaeda cherngyuarn. <pre> al-Qaeda xirji 2'ge Iraq jianyuh, shasii zhihshaao 20'ge baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn, fahngzoou dahyue 500'ge fahnrern, dahbuh'fen shih pahn'le siixirng'd gaojir al-Qaeda cherngyuarn. al-Qaeda attacks 2 Iraq prisons, killing at least 20 security army members, freeing about 500 prisoners, most are sentenced death penalty senior al-Qaeda members. </pre> ==2013-07-21== ===Bus crash in Egypt kills 15 soldiers=== Egypt bus chehuoh shasii 15'ge shihbing <pre> Egypt bus chehuoh shasii 15'ge shihbing Egypt bus traffic accident kills 15 soldiers </pre> On the el-Alamein motorway linking Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, 15 soldiers die and 40 injured after their bus collided with a lorry. zaih Egypt liarnjie Alexandria her Cairo'd el-Alamein gaosuh-gongluh, zaih'zhe shihbing'd bus yuu huohche xiangzhuahng, 15'ge shihbing siiwarng, 40'ge shoushang. <pre> zaih Egypt liarnjie Alexandria her Cairo'd el-Alamein gaosuh-gongluh, zaih'zhe shihbing'd bus yuu huohche xiangzhuahng, 15'ge shihbing siiwarng, 40'ge shoushang. at Egypt linking Alexandria and Cairo el-Alamein high speed highway, carrying soldiers bus with lorry collides, 15 soldiers die, 40 be injured. </pre> ===Rebel army kills at least 17 government soldiers in Colombia=== Colombia pahnjun shasii zhihshaao 17'ge zhehngfuujun <pre> Colombia pahnjun shasii zhihshaao 17'ge zhehngfuujun Colombia rebel army kills at least 17 government soldiers </pre> Rebel army attacks Colombia's government troops in an ambush near Venezuela's border, killing at least 17 soldiers. pahnjun zaih Venezuela bianjieh fuhjihn furji Colombia zhehngfuujun, shasii zhihshaao 17'ge shihbing. <pre> pahnjun zaih Venezuela bianjieh fuhjihn furji Colombia zhehngfuujun, shasii zhihshaao 17'ge shihbing. rebel army at Venezuela border vicinity ambushes Colombia government troops, killing at east 17 soldiers. </pre> ===Car bombs kill at least 30 people in Baghdad=== Baghdad qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 30 rern <pre> Baghdad qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 30 rern Baghdad car bombs kill at least 30 people </pre> A series of car bomb attacks in mainly Shiah areas of the Iraqi capital Baghdad, kills at least 30 people and injuring many others. yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad'd zhuuyaoh Shiah dihqu, shasii zhihshaao 30 rern, duo rern shouhshang. <pre> yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad'd zhuuyaoh Shiah dihqu, shasii zhihshaao 30 rern, duo rern shouhshang. a series of car bombs attacks Iraq capital Baghdad's mainly Shiah areas, killing at least 30 people, many people be injured. </pre> ==2013-07-20== ===Boat people not allow to enter Australia=== chuarnmirn bu zhuun jihnruh Australia <pre> chuarnmirn bu zhuun jihnruh Australia boat people not allow to enter Australia </pre> Refugees arriving by boat will not be allowed to settle in Australia but will be sent to Papua New Guinea. cherngchuarn daohdar'd nahnmirn bu huih yuunxuu dihngju Australia, err huih sohngquh Papua New Guinea. <pre> cherngchuarn daohdar'd nahnmirn bu huih yuunxuu dihngju Australia, err huih sohngquh Papua New Guinea. by ship arriving refugees not will allow settle down Australia, but will send to Papua Nes Guinea. </pre> ==2013-07-19== ===Bomb attack in Iraq mosque kills 24=== Iraq qingzhensih zhahdahn xirji shasii 24 rern <pre> Iraq qingzhensih zhahdahn xirji shasii 24 rern Iraq mosque bomb attack kills 24 people </pre> At the town of Wajihiya in the Iraqi province of Diyala, a suicide bomb has exploded in a Sunni mosque, killing 24 people and injuring 77. zaih Iraq Diyala-sheeng Wajihiya-zhehn, Sunni qingzhensih zihsha zhahdahn baohzhah, shasii 24 rern, 77 rern shouhshang. <pre> zaih Iraq Diyala-sheeng Wajihiya-zhehn, Sunni qingzhensih zihsha zhahdahn baohzhah, shasii 24 rern, 77 rern shouhshang. at Iraq Diyala province Wajihiya town, Sunni mosque suicide bomb explodes, killing 24 people, 77 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-07-18== ===India's Maoist rebel army kills 5 policemen=== India Maor-zhuuyih pahnjun shasii 5'ge jiingchar <pre> India Maor-zhuuyih pahnjun shasii 5'ge jiingchar India Maoism rebel army kills 5 policemen </pre> 5 policemen including 3 state policemen have been killed by Maoist rebel army in the northern state of Bihar in India. zaih India beeibuh Bihar-zhou, Maor-zhuuyih pahnjun shasii 5'ge jiingchar, baokuoh 3'ge zhou-jiingchar. <pre> zaih India beeibuh Bihar-zhou, Maor-zhuuyih pahnjun shasii 5'ge jiingchar, baokuoh 3'ge zhou-jiingchar. at India north Bihar state, Maoism rebel army kills 5 policemen, including 3 state policemen. </pre> ===Kashmir protesters are shot dead=== Kashmir kahnyihzhee beih qiangsha <pre> Kashmir kahnyihzhee beih qiangsha Kashmir protesters be shot dead </pre> India's troops have open fire to protesters in India-controlled Kashmir, killing at least 6 people. zaih India kohngzhih'd Kashmir, junduih xiahng kahngyihzhee kaihuoo, shasii zhihshaao 6 rern. <pre> zaih India kohngzhih'd Kashmir, junduih xiahng kahngyihzhee kaihuoo, shasii zhihshaao 6 rern. at India controlled Kashmir, troops towards protesters open fire, killing at least 6 people. </pre> ===8 Afghanistan workers are shot dead=== 8'ge Afghanistan gongrern beih qiangsha <pre> 8'ge Afghanistan gongrern beih qiangsha 8 Afghanistan workers be shot dead </pre> Suspected Taliban rebel army has shot dead 8 workers working for a US military base in the province of Logar in Afghanistan. Afghanistan Logar-sheeng 8'ge weih Meeiguor junshih jidih gongzuoh'd gongrern beih huairyir'd Taliban pahnjun qiangsha. <pre> Afghanistan Logar-sheeng 8'ge weih Meeiguor junshih jidih gongzuoh'd gongrern beih huairyir'd Taliban pahnjun qiangsha. Afghanistan Logar province 8 for US military base working workers by suspected Taliban rebel army shoot dead. </pre> ===Protests over children deaths by poisoned meal in India=== India rern'men kahngyih errtorng shirwuh zhohngdur siiwarng <pre> India rern'men kahngyih errtorng shirwuh zhohngdur siiwarng India people protest children food be poisoned die </pre> Protests erupt in the Indian village of Dharmasati Gandaman in Bihar state, following the deaths of 22 children and dozens hospitalized after eating poisoned free school meal as part of India's government midday meal scheme. The origin of the poison is thought to be oil contaminated with pesticide. zaih India Bihar-sheeng Dharmasati Gandaman-cun, youryur chi'le India zhehngfuu'd miaanfeih xuerxiaoh wuucan daaozhih 22'ge errtorng zhohngdur siiwarng her jii-shir'ge liuryi zhihouh, yiinfa rern'men kahngyih. shirwuh'd your xiangxihn shih beih shachorngjih wuraan'le. <pre> zaih India Bihar-sheeng Dharmasati Gandaman-cun, youryur chi'le India zhehngfuu'd miaanfeih xuerxiaoh wuucan daaozhih 22'ge errtorng zhohngdur siiwarng her jii-shir'ge liuryi zhihouh, yiinfa rern'men kahngyih. at India Bihar province Dharmasati Gandaman village, because of eaten India government's free school lunch causing 22 children be poisoned die and several tens hospitalized after, triggers people protest. </pre> <pre> shirwuh'd your xiangxihn shih beih shachorngjih wuraan'le. food's oil believed is by pesticide contaminated. </pre> ==2013-07-17== ===Obesity increases risk of osteoporosis=== chifeir zengjia guuzhih-shusong'd fengxiaan <pre> chifeir zengjia guuzhih-shusong'd fengxiaan obesity increases osteoporosis risk </pre> Obese people have more fat deposited in their bone marrow, resulting in more fragile bone and a greater risk of osteoporosis. chifeir'd rern guusuii yoou jiaohduo zhifarng, daaozhih guu'tou gehng cuihruoh her guuzhih-shusong'd fengxiaan gehng dah. <pre> chifeir'd rern guusuii yoou jiaohduo zhifarng, daaozhih guu'tou gehng cuihruoh her guuzhih-shusong'd fengxiaan gehng dah. obese people bone marrow have more fat, causing bone more fragile and bone-texture loose risk more big. </pre> ==2013-07-16== ===Cairo police put down protest, killing 7=== Cairo jiingchar zhehnya kahngyih, 7 sii <pre> Cairo jiingchar zhehnya kahngyih, 7 sii Cairo police suppress protest, 7 die </pre> A protest requesting to reinstate the people-elected president Mohammed Morsi who has been overthrown in a military coup, has been suppressed by police in the capital of Egypt, Cairo, killing at least 7 people and injuring hundreds. zaih Egypt shooudu Cairo, jiingchar zhehnya yaoqiur huifuh junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyih, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern, jii-baai rern shouhshang. <pre> zaih Egypt shooudu Cairo, jiingchar zhehnya yaoqiur huifuh junshih zhehngbiahn tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyih, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern, jii-baai rern shouhshang. at Egypt capital Cairo, police suppress requesting to reinstate military coup overthrown people-elected president Mohammed Morsi protest, killing at least 7 people, several hundreds people be injured. </pre> ==2013-07-15== ===Car bomb hits north of Damascus=== qihche zhahdahn xirji Damascus beeibuh <pre> qihche zhahdahn xirji Damascus beeibuh car bomb attacks Damascus north </pre> Car bomb explosion near north of Damascus in the town of Deir Atiyeh in Syria, kills 13 including 10 policemen. Syria Damascus beeibuh fuhjihn shihzhehn Deir Atiyeh'd qihche zhahdahn zhahsii 13 rern, baokuoh 10'ge jiingchar. <pre> Syria Damascus beeibuh fuhjihn shihzhehn Deir Atiyeh'd qihche zhahdahn zhahsii 13 rern, baokuoh 10'ge jiingchar. Syria Damascus north vicinity town Deir Atiyeh car bomb kills by explosion 13 people, including 10 policemen. </pre> ===China's economic growth slows down continuously=== Zhongguor jingjih zengzhaang jihxuh fahnghuaan <pre> Zhongguor jingjih zengzhaang jihxuh fahnghuaan China economic growth continuously slows down </pre> China's economic growth slows again, its growth rate from 7.7% in the January to March period decreases to 7.5% in the April to June period, the second continuous quarter of weaker expansion. Zhongguor jingjih zengzhaang zaihcih fahngmahn, zengzhaanglüh corng Yiyueh zhih Sanyueh'd 7.7% jiaanshaao daoh Sihyueh zhih Liuhyueh'd 7.5%, liarnxuh 2'ge jihduh zengzhaang fahnghuaan. <pre> Zhongguor jingjih zengzhaang zaihcih fahngmahn, zengzhaanglüh corng Yiyueh zhih Sanyueh'd 7.7% jiaanshaao daoh Sihyueh zhih Liuhyueh'd 7.5%, liarnxuh 2'ge jihduh zengzhaang fahnghuaan. China economic growth again slows, growth rate from January to March's 7.7% decreases to April to June's 7.5%, continuously 2 quarter (of a year) growth slows down. </pre> ==2013-07-14== ===Shortage of tomatoes in Argentina=== Argentina fanqier duaanque <pre> Argentina fanqier duaanque Argentina tomatoes shortage </pre> There has been a seasonal shortage of tomatoes in Argentina, as Argentines are told to eat less tomatoes and adapt their recipes or use alternative ingredients where possible. Argentina jihjierxihng fanqier duaanque, yincii Argentina rern beih quahngaoh shaao chi fanqier, keenerng'dhuah gaaibian shirpuu huoh yohng bier'd cairliaoh. <pre> Argentina jihjierxihng fanqier duaanque, yincii Argentina rern beih quahngaoh shaao chi fanqier, keenerng'dhuah gaaibian shirpuu huoh yohng bier'd cairliaoh. Argentina seasonal tomatoes shortage, so Argentina people be advised less eat tomatoes, if possible change recipes or use other materials. </pre> ==2013-07-13== ===Crash between bus and lorry in Russia kills 18=== Russia bus yuu huohche xiangzhuahng shasii 18 rern <pre> Russia bus yuu huohche xiangzhuahng shasii 18 rern Russia bus with lorry crashes killing 18 people </pre> In a south Moscow suburb, a truck carrying gravel has smashed into a bus and torn it in half, the gravel fall onto the bus and piles onto passengers, killing 18 and injuring 25. Moscow narnbuh jiaoqu, yi-jiah yuhnzaih suihshir'd huohche zhuahng-duahn bus, suihshir diaohjihn bus, ya'zhe cherngkeh, 18 rern siiwarng, 25 rern shouhshang. <pre> Moscow narnbuh jiaoqu, yi-jiah yuhnzaih suihshir'd huohche zhuahng-duahn bus, suihshir diaohjihn bus, ya'zhe cherngkeh, 18 rern siiwarng, 25 rern shouhshang. Moscow southern suburb, a carrying gravel truck runs into and slices through bus, gravel falls into bus, presses on passengers, 18 people die, 25 people be injured. </pre> ===China cancels uranium factory plan=== Zhongguor quuxiao uranium gongchaang jihhuah <pre> Zhongguor quuxiao uranium gongchaang jihhuah China cancels uranium factory plan </pre> China government quickly gives up plans to build a uranium processing factory, the day after thousand of people go into the street of Jiangmen city in southern China to oppose the 37-billion yuan project. Zhongguor narnbuh Jiangmern-shih qian rern shahngjie kahngyih zhihouh yi tian, zhehngfuu xuhnsuh fahngqih xingjiahn 370 yih Rernmirnbih'd uranium jiagongchaang jihhua. <pre> Zhongguor narnbuh Jiangmern-shih qian rern shahngjie kahngyih zhihouh yi tian, zhehngfuu xuhnsuh fahngqih xingjiahn 370 yih Rernmirnbih'd uranium jiagongchaang jihhua. China south Jiangmen city thousand people go into the street protest after one day, government quickly give up to build 370 hundred million Renminbi's uranium processing factory plan. </pre> ==2013-07-11== ===Landslide in Sichuan kills 12=== Sihchuan shanbeng shasii 12 rern <pre> Sihchuan shanbeng shasii 12 rern Sichuan landslide kills 12 people </pre> Days of heavy rain has led to landslide in Wednesday in Dujiangyan city in the southwestern province of Sichuan, China, causing 12 death and 11 people missing, according to reports. juh baohdaoh, duorih dahyuu daaozhih Xingqisan Zhongguor xinarnbuh Sihchuan-sheeng Dujiangyahn-shih shanbeng, zaohcherng 12 rern siiwarng, 11 rern shizong. <pre> juh baohdaoh, duorih dahyuu daaozhih Xingqisan Zhongguor xinarnbuh Sihchuan-sheeng Dujiangyahn-shih shanbeng, zaohcherng 12 rern siiwarng, 11 rern shizong. according to reports, many days heavy rain leads to Wednesday China southwest Sichuan province Dujiangyan city landslide, causing 12 people die, 11 people missing. </pre> ==2013-07-10== ===Air pollution harmful to heart=== kongqih wuraan suunhaih xinzahng <pre> kongqih wuraan suunhaih xinzahng air pollution harms heart </pre> Air pollution affects those with weak heart, linking to heart failure, causing nearly 30,000 premature death in the UK yearly. kongqih wuraan huih shii xuruoh'd xinzahng shuaijier, daaozhih Yingguor meei niarn chaoguoh 30,000 rern guohzaao siiwarng. <pre> kongqih wuraan huih shii xuruoh'd xinzahng shuaijier, daaozhih Yingguor meei niarn chaoguoh 30,000 rern guohzaao siiwarng. air pollution could make weak heart failure, causing UK every year exceeds 30,000 people prematurely die. </pre> ==2013-07-08== ===5 killed and 40 missing after train explosion in Canada=== Canada huooche baohzhah, 5 rern siiwarng, 40 rern shizong <pre> Canada huooche baohzhah, 5 rern siiwarng, 40 rern shizong Canada train explodes, 5 people die, 40 people be missing </pre> In the Quebec town of Lac-Megantic in Canada, a train carrying crude oil exploded, causing fire and oil spills into surrounding area. 5 people are killed and 40 people missing. zaih Canada Quebec-sheeng Lac-Magantic-shih, yuhnzaih yuarnyour'd huooche baohzhah, daaozhih dahhuoo her shiryour liurruh zhouweir dihqu, zaohcherng 5 rern siiwarng, 40 rern shizong. <pre> zaih Canada Quebec-sheeng Lac-Magantic-shih, yuhnzaih yuarnyour'd huooche baohzhah, daaozhih dahhuoo her shiryour liurruh zhouweir dihqu, zaohcherng 5 rern siiwarng, 40 rern shizong. at Canada Quebec province Lac-Magnatic town, carrying crude oil's train explodes, causing big fire and petroleum flows into surrounding area, brings about 5 people die, 40 people be missing. </pre> ===Egypt army shoots dead more than 50 people=== Egypt junduih qiangsha chaoguoh 50 rern <pre> Egypt junduih qiangsha chaoguoh 50 rern Egypt army shoots dead more than 50 people </pre> In the capital of Egypt, Cairo, troops open fire on protesters as they request to reinstate the people-elected president Mohammed Morsi who has been overthrown in a military coup, killing more than 50 people and injuring hundreds, including children. Egypt shooudu Cairo junduih xiahng yaoqiur huifuh zaih junshih zhehngbiahn beih tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyihzhee kaihuoo, shasii chaoguoh 50 rern, jii-baai rern shouhshang, baokuoh errtorng. <pre> Egypt shooudu Cairo junduih xiahng yaoqiur huifuh zaih junshih zhehngbiahn beih tuifan'd mirnxuaan zoongtoong Mohammed Morsi'd kahngyihzhee kaihuoo, shasii chaoguoh 50 rern, jii-baai rern shouhshang, baokuoh errtorng. Egypt capital Cairo troops towards request to reinstate at military coup be overthrown people-elected president Mohammed Morsi's protesters open fire, killing more than 50 people, several hundreds people be injured, including children. </pre> ==2013-07-07== ===Bomb attack in Lahore, Pakistan, kills four=== Pakistan Lahore zhahdahn xirji shasii 4 rern <pre> Pakistan Lahore zhahdahn xirji shasii 4 rern Pakistan Lahore bomb attack kills 4 people </pre> At the Pakistan city of Lahore in Punjab province, a bomb exploded in a restaurant area, killing 4 people and injuring dozens, including children. Pakistan Punjab-sheeng Lahore-shih yi'ge fahndian dihqu fasheng zhahdahn baohzhah, 4 rern siiwarng, duo rern shoushang, baokuoh errtorng. <pre> Pakistan Punjab-sheeng Lahore-shih yi'ge fahndian dihqu fasheng zhahdahn baohzhah, 4 rern siiwarng, duo rern shoushang, baokuoh errtorng. Pakistan Punjab province Lahore city a restaurant area happens bomb explosion, 4 people die, many people be injured, including children. </pre> ==2012-07-06== ===Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela give Snowden asylum=== Bolivia, Nicaragua her Venezuela xiahng Snowden tirgong bihhuh <pre> Bolivia, Nicaragua her Venezuela xiahng Snowden tirgong bihhuh Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela towards Snowden provide asylum </pre> Edward Snowden gets political asylum from Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela. This comes after Snowden have apply for political asylum from 21 countries, most of which turn him down. Edward Snowden xiahng 21'ge guorjia shenqiing zhehngzhih bihhuh, suirarn dahbuh'fen juhjuer'le, dahnshih Bolivia, Nicaragua her Venezuela jieshouh ta'd shenqiing. <pre> Edward Snowden xiahng 21'ge guorjia shenqiing zhehngzhih bihhuh, suirarn dahbuh'fen juhjuer'le, dahnshih Bolivia, Nicaragua her Venezuela jieshouh ta'd shenqiing. Edward Snowden towards 21 countries apply political asylum, although most refused, but Bolivia, Nicaragua and Venezuela accept his application. </pre> ===More than 40 people killed in school attack in Nigeria=== Nigeria xuerxiaoh beih xirji, chaoguoh 40 rern beihsha <pre> Nigeria xuerxiaoh beih xirji, chaoguoh 40 rern beihsha Nigeria school be attacked, more than 40 people be killed </pre> Suspected Islamic militants have attacked a boarding school before dawn in the province of Yobe in northeastern Nigeria, killing more than 40 people, most of them are pupils. huairyir'd Islam wuuzhuang-fehnzii lirmirng qiarn xirji Nigeria dongbeeibuh sheengfehn Yobe yi-jian jihsuh xuerxiaoh, shasii chaoguoh 40 rern, dahbuh'fen shih xuer'sheng. <pre> huairyir'd Islam wuuzhuang-fehnzii lirmirng qiarn xirji Nigeria dongbeeibuh sheengfehn Yobe yi-jian jihsuh xuerxiaoh, shasii chaoguoh 40 rern, dahbuh'fen shih xuer'sheng. suspected Islam militants dawn -before attack Nigeria northeast province Yobe a boarding school, killing more than 40 people, most are pupils. </pre> ===Many people killed in clashes after Egypt coup=== duo rern zaih Egypt zhehngbiahn zhihouh'd chongtu beihsha <pre> duo rern zaih Egypt zhehngbiahn zhihouh'd chongtu beihsha many people at Egypt coup -after clashes be killed </pre> More than 30 people have been killed in clashes after Egypt coup overthrew President Mohammed Morsi. Egypt zhehngbiahn tuifan Mohammed Morsi zoongtoong zhihouh'd chongtu shasii chaoguoh 30 rern. <pre> Egypt zhehngbiahn tuifan Mohammed Morsi zoongtoong zhihouh'd chongtu shasii chaoguoh 30 rern. Egypt coup overthrows Mohammed Morsi president -after clashes kill more than 30 people. </pre> ===Suicide bomb kills many policemen in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn shasii duo'ge jiingchar <pre> Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn shasii duo'ge jiingchar Afghanistan suicide bomb kills many policemen </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked a canteen in a police station in the province of Uruzgan in southern Afghanistan, killing at least 12 people, most of them are police. zihsha zhahdahn xirji Afghanistan narnbuh sheengfehn Uruzgan yi-jian jiingcharjur'd fahntarng, shasii zhihshaao 12 rern, dahbuh'fen shih jiingchar. <pre> zihsha zhahdahn xirji Afghanistan narnbuh sheengfehn Uruzgan yi-jian jiingcharjur'd fahntarng, shasii zhihshaao 12 rern, dahbuh'fen shih jiingchar. suicide bomb attacks Afghanistan south province Uruzgan a police station canteen, killing at least 12 people, major part are police. </pre> ==2013-07-04== ===Indian government provides cheap food to the poor people of 2/3 of its population=== India zhehngfuu xiahng quarnguor-rernkoou-2/3'd qiorngrern tirgong liarnjiah shirwuh <pre> India zhehngfuu xiahng quarnguor- rernkoou- 2/3'd qiorngrern tirgong liarnjiah shirwuh India government towards whole country population 2/3 poor people provides low-priced food </pre> Despite India economic growth, hunger is still a problem. So, in an attempt to win votes ahead of election and combat poverty, ministers have passed the National Food Security Bill. suirarn India jingjih zengzhaang, dahnshih rerngrarn yoou ji`eh wehntir. weih'le yirngder xuaanjuu her daaji pirnqiorng, dahchern'men tongguoh Guorjia Shirwuh Baaozhahng Yih`ahn. <pre> suirarn India jingjih zengzhaang, dahnshih rerngrarn yoou ji`eh wehntir. although India economy grows, but still has hunger problem. </pre> <pre> weih'le yirngder xuaanjuu her daaji pirnqiorng, dahchern'men tongguoh Guorjia Shirwuh Baaozhahng Yih`ahn. in order to win election and combat poverty, ministers pass National Food Security Bill. </pre> ==2013-07-02== ===Constant cough is lung cancer warning=== chirxuh'd ker'sou shih feih`air'd jiinggaoh <pre> chirxuh'd ker'sou shih feih`air'd jiinggaoh constant cough is lung cancer warning </pre> Anyone with cough symptoms that last for more than three weeks should seek doctor advice as soon as possible, as it could be the sign of lung cancer. Lung cancer is the primary cancer killer in England and claims 28,000 lives a year. The earlier lung cancer is diagnosed, the more likely it is treated. chirxuh ker'sou chaoguoh 3'ge xingqi keenerng shih feih`air'd zhehngzhuahng, yinggai jihnkuaih xurnqiur yisheng'd yih'jian. feih`air shih England-siiwarng-rernshuh-zuihgao'd airzhehng, meei niarn duorquh 28,000-rern'd shengmihng. jirzaao zheenduahn feih`air, zhihhaao'd jihuih huih biijiaoh gao. <pre> chirxuh ker'sou chaoguoh 3'ge xingqi keenerng shih feih`air'd zhehngzhuahng, yinggai jihnkuaih xurnqiur yisheng'd yih'jian. continuously cough more than 3 weeks probably is lung cancer's symptom, should as soon as possible seek doctor's advice. </pre> <pre> feih`air shih England-siiwarng-rernshuh- zuihgao'd airzhehng, meei niarn duorquh 28,000-rern'd shengmihng. lung cancer is England death number of people highest cancer, every year claims 28,000-people's lives. </pre> <pre> jirzaao zheenduahn feih`air, zhihhaao'd jihuih huih biijiaoh gao. as soon as possible diagnose lung cancer, cured chance could relatively high. </pre> ==2013-07-01== ===China's new law stipulates that children must visit parents=== Zhongguor xin faalüh guidihng ziinüü bihxu tahnwahng fuhmuu <pre> Zhongguor xin faalüh guidihng ziinüü bihxu tahnwahng fuhmuu China new law stipulates sons & daughters must visit father & mother </pre> Under China's "Elderly Rights Law", adult children must visit their parents or face fines or jail. This is an attempt by the Chinese government to tackle loneliness in China's growing elderly population. genjuh Zhongguor'd "Laaorern Quarnyih-faa", cherngniarn ziinüü bihxu tahnwahng fuhmuu, foouzer yaoh miahnduih farkuaan huoh jianjihn, yii jieejuer zengzhaang-zhong'd gudur laaorern wehntir. <pre> genjuh Zhongguor'd "Laaorern Quarnyih-faa", cherngniarn ziinüü bihxu tahnwahng fuhmuu, foouzer yaoh miahnduih farkuaan huoh jianjihn, yii jieejuer zengzhaang-zhong'd gudur laaorern wehntir. according to China's "Elderly Rights Law", adult children must visit parents, otherwise will face fines or jail, in order to solve growing lonely old people problem. </pre> ==2013-06-30== ===Croatia to become EU member=== Croatia cherngweir EU cherngyuarn <pre> Croatia cherngweir EU cherngyuarn Croatia becomes EU member </pre> Croatia will become the 28th EU member at midnight. Croatia zaih wuuyeh huih cherngweir dih-28'ge EU cherngyuarn. <pre> Croatia zaih wuuyeh huih cherngweir dih-28'ge EU cherngyuarn. Croatia at midnight will become the 28th EU member. </pre> ===Pakistan bomb kills 17=== Pakistan zhahdahn shasii 17 rern <pre> Pakistan zhahdahn shasii 17 rern Pakistan bomb kills 17 rern </pre> A strong bomb explosion has killed at least 17 people in the city of Pashawar in northwestern Pakistan, according to reports. juhbaoh Pakistan xibeeibuh cherngshih Pashawar qiarnglieh zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 17 rern. <pre> juhbaoh Pakistan xibeeibuh cherngshih Pashawar qiarnglieh zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 17 rern. reportedly Pakistan northwest city Pashawar strong bomb explosion kills at least 17 people. </pre> ==2013-06-29== ===Thailand bomb kills 8 soldiers=== Taihguor zhahdahn shasii 8'ge shihbing <pre> Taihguor zhahdahn shasii 8'ge shihbing Thailand bomb kills 8 soldiers </pre> A roadside bomb has attacked a military car in southern Thailand, killing 8 soldiers, injuring 2 soldiers and 2 villagers. Taihguor narnbuh luhbian zhahdahn xirji junche, 8'ge shihbing siiwarng, 2'ge shihbing her 2'ge cunmirn shouhshang. <pre> Taihguor narnbuh luhbian zhahdahn xirji junche, 8'ge shihbing siiwarng, 2'ge shihbing her 2'ge cunmirn shouhshang. Thailand south roadside bomb attacks military car, 8 soldiers die, 2 soldiers and 2 villagers be injured. </pre> ==2013-06-28== ===New rules to end social care inequality=== xin faalih tirngzhii shehhuih-zhaohguh bu pirngdeeng <pre> xin faalih tirngzhii shehhuih-zhaohguh bu pirngdeeng new rules stop social care inequality </pre> New social care rules meant all councils in England have to fund those with substantial needs, in an attempt to end inequality over care of elderly and disabled people. xin shehhuih-zhaohguh faalih yaoqiur suooyoou England'd shihzhehngjur bihxu duih yoou-shirzhih-xuyaoh'd rern tirgong zijin, shihtur tirngzhii laaorern her shangcarn-rernshih'd bu pirngdeeng zhaohguh. <pre> xin shehhuih-zhaohguh faalih yaoqiur suooyoou England'd shihzhehngjur bihxu duih yoou-shirzhih-xuyaoh'd rern tirgong zijin, shihtur tirngzhii laaorern her shangcarn-rernshih'd bu pirngdeeng zhaohguh. new social care rules request all England's councils must toward have-substantial-needs people provide fund, attempt to stop elderly and disabled-people's unequal care. </pre> ==2013-06-27== ===Japan's NHK sued over excessive use of English=== NHK用太多英文被控告 NHK yohng taihduo Yingwern beih kohnggaoh <pre> NHK yohng taihduo Yingwern beih-kohnggaoh NHK uses too many English be sued </pre> 71-year-old Hoji Takahashi seeks 1.4 million yen (USD14,300; GBP9,300) of compensation money from NHK for excessive use of words borrowed from English. 由于NHK用太多英语借词，71岁的Hoji Takahashi要求1.4 million日元（USD14,300; GBP9,300）的赔偿金。 youryur NHK yohng taihduo Yingyuu jiehcir, 71 suih'd Hoji Takahashi yaoqiur 1.4 million Rihyuarn (USD14,300; GBP9,300)'d peircharngjin. <pre> youryur NHK yohng taihduo Yingyuu jiehcir, 71 suih'd Hoji Takahashi yaoqiur 1.4 million Rihyuarn (USD14,300; GBP9,300)'d peircharngjin. Because NHK uses too many English loanwords, 71 years of age Hoji Takahashi requests 1.4 million yen (USD13,300; GBP9,300) compensation money. </pre> ==2013-06-26== ===Xinjiang unrest kills 35=== 新疆骚乱杀死35人 Xinjiang saoluahn shasii 35 rern <pre> Xinjiang saoluahn shasii 35 rern Xinjiang unrest kills 35 people </pre> In the Xinjiang town of Turpan, rioters stab people and set fire to buildings, killing 35 people. 在新疆市镇Turpan，暴徒砍人和烧建筑物，35人被杀。 zaih Xinjiang shihzhehn Turpan, baohtur kaanrern her shao jiahnzhuhwuh, 35 rern beihsha. <pre> zaih Xinjiang shihzhehn Turpan, baohtur kaanrern her shao jiahnzhuhwuh, 35 rern beihsha. at Xinjiang town Turpan, rioters cut people by knife and burn buildings, 35 people are killed. </pre> ===China astronauts return to Earth=== 中国太空人回到地球 Zhongguor taihkongrern huirdaoh Dihqiur <pre> Zhongguor taihkongrern huirdaoh Dihqiur China astronauts return to Earth </pre> 3 China's Shenzhou-10 astronauts have returned to Earth successfully after working 15 days in their Tiangong-1 space laboratory. 3个中国的Shenzhou-10太空人在他们的Tiangong-1太空实验室工作15天之后成功地回到地球。 3'ge Zhongguor'd Shenzhou-10 taihkongrern zaih ta'men'd Tiangong-1 taihkong shiryahnshih gongzuoh 15 tian zhihouh chernggong'dy huirdaoh Dihqiur. <pre> 3'ge Zhongguor'd Shenzhou-10 taihkongrern zaih ta'men'd Tiangong-1 taihkong shiryahnshih gongzuoh 15 tian zhihouh chernggong'dy huirdaoh Dihqiur. 3 China's Shenzhou-10 astronauts at their Tiangong-1 space laboratory working 15 days -after successfully return to Earth. </pre> ==2013-06-25== ===NHS offers drug to prevent breast cancer in women=== NHS提供药物预防女人乳癌 NHS tirgong yaohwuh yuhfarng nüürern ruu`air <pre> NHS tirgong yaohwuh yuhfarng nüürern ruu`air NHS offers medicine to prevent women breast cancer </pre> Women with family history of breast cancer, are given tamoxifen and raloxifene daily for five years, which could cut risk of developing breast cancer by 40%. 有乳癌家庭历史的女人，维持5年每日服用tamoxifen和raloxifene，会减少乳癌风险40%。 yoou ruu`air jiatirng lihshii'd nüürern, weirchir 5 niarn meeirih furyohng tamoxifen her raloxifene, huih jiaanshaao ruu`air fengxiaan 40%. <pre> yoou ruu`air jiatirng lihshii'd nüürern, weirchir 5 niarn meeirih furyohng tamoxifen her raloxifene, huih jiaanshaao ruu`air fengxiaan 40%. have breast cancer family history women, sustain 5 years every day to take tamoxifen and raloxifene, could reduce breast cancer risk 40%. </pre> ==2013-06-24== ===Anti-depressants taken during pregnancy causes damage to babies=== 怀孕时期服用抗抑郁药物危害婴儿 huairyuhn shirqi furyohng kahng-yihyuh yaohwuh weihaih ying`err <pre> huairyuhn shirqi furyohng kahng-yihyuh yaohwuh weihaih ying`err pregnancy period takes anti-depressants medicine harms babies </pre> SSRIs (Selected Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - a category of anti-depressants - taken during pregnancy could cause babies heart defect. 怀孕时期服用SSRI (Selected Serotonin Reuptake Inhiibitors) - 一种抗抑郁药物 - 会导致婴儿心脏缺陷。 huairyuhn shirqi furyohng SSRI (Selected Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - yi-zhoong kahng-yihyuh yaohwuh - huih daaozhih ying`err xinzahng quexiahn. <pre> huairyuhn shirqi furyohng SSRI (Selected Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - yi-zhoong kahng-yihyuh yaohwuh - huih daaozhih ying`err xinzahng quexiahn. pregnancy period takes SSRI (Selected Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - a kind of anti-depressants medicine - can causes babies heart defect. </pre> ===Stroke drug improve life=== 中风药物改善生活 zhohngfeng yaohwuh gaaishahn shenghuor <pre> zhohngfeng yaohwuh gaaishahn shenghuor stroke drug improve life </pre> Patients given alteplase (a stroke medicine) within 6 hours of a stroke can have a better life 18 months afterwards. 中风6小时之内病人服用alteplase中风药，之后18个月会有更好的生活。 zhohngfeng 6 xiaaoshir zhineih bihngrern furyohng alteplase zhohngfengyaoh, zhihouh 18'ge yueh huih yoou gehnghaao'd shenghuor. <pre> zhohngfeng 6 xiaaoshir zhineih bihngrern furyohng alteplase zhohngfengyaoh, zhihouh 18'ge yueh huih yoou gehnghaao'd shenghuor. stroke 6 hours -within patients take alteplase stroke medicine, afterwards 18 months will have better life. </pre> ==2013-06-23== ===Iron taken during pregnancy reduce risk of small baby=== 怀孕时期服用铁质减少婴儿体重过轻的风险 huairyuhn shirqi furyohng tieezhih jiaanshaao ying`err tiizhohng guohqing'd fengxiaan <pre> huairyuhn shirqi furyohng tieezhih jiaanshaao ying`err tiizhohng guohqing'd fengxiaan pregnancy period takes iron to reduce baby weight too light risk </pre> Taking iron supplement daily during pregnancy could reduce the risk of anaemia by 12% and low birth weight by 3%. 怀孕时期每天服用铁质补充剂会减少贫血风险12%和出生婴儿体重过轻3%. huairyuhn shirqi meeitian furyohng tieezhih buuchongjih huih jiaanshaao pirnxueh fengxiaan 12% her chusheng ying`err tiizhohng guohqing 3%. <pre> huairyuhn shirqi meeitian furyohng tieezhih buuchongjih huih jiaanshaao pirnxueh fengxiaan 12% her chusheng ying`err tiizhohng guohqing 3%. pregnant period every day takes iron supplement can reduce anaemia risk 12% and birth baby weight too light 3%. </pre> ==2013-06-22== ===India flood death numbers exceed 500=== India水灾死亡人数超过500 India shuiizai siiwarng rernshuh chaoguoh 500 <pre> India shuiizai siiwarng rernshuh chaoguoh 500 India flood death numbers exceed 500 </pre> Heavy monsoon rain causing flooding and landslide in the Northern state of Uttarakhand in India kills over 500. India北部省份Uttarakhand季风雨导致泛滥和山崩，至少500人死亡。 India beeibuh sheengfehn Uttarakhand jihfengyuu daaozhih fahnlahn her shanbeng, zhihshaao 500 rern siiwarng. <pre> India beeibuh sheengfehn Uttarakhand jihfengyuu daaozhih fahnlahn her shanbeng, zhihshaao 500 rern siiwarng. India northern province Uttarakhand monsoon rain causes flooding and landslide, at least 500 people die. </pre> ==2013-06-21== ===Indonesia fire smog affects Singapore=== Indonesia大火烟雾影响Singapore Indonesia dahhuoo yanwuh yiingxiiang Singapore <pre> Indonesia dahhuoo yanwuh yiingxiiang Singapore Indonesia big fire smog affects Singapore </pre> Smog in Singapore caused by forest fire in Indonesia could last for weeks. Indonesia森林大火烟雾会影响Singapore几个星期。 Indonesia senlirn dahhuoo yanwuh huih yiingxiiang Singapore jii'ge xingqi. <pre> Indonesia senlirn dahhuoo yanwuh huih yiingxiiang Singapore jii'ge xingqi. Indonesia forest big fire smog will affect Singapore several weeks. </pre> ==2013-06-20== ===Consistent system of food labeling is being introduced=== 一致性食物标签系统正在推行 yizhihxihng shirwuh biaoqian xihtoong zhehngzaih tuixirng <pre> yizhihxihng shirwuh biaoqian xihtoong zhehngzaih tuixirng consistent food labeling system is being carry out </pre> A new system combining color coding and nutritional information showing the amount of fat, sugar, salt and calories in food is being introduced. 一个包括颜色编码和营养资料显示出食物的脂肪、糖、盐和calorie水平的新系统正在推行。 yi'ge baokuoh yarnseh bianmaa her yirngyaang ziliaoh xiaanshih chu shirwuh'd zhifarng, tarng, yarn her calorie shuiipirng'd xin xihtoong zhehngzaih tuixirng. <pre> yi'ge baokuoh yarnseh bianmaa her yirngyaang ziliaoh xiaanshih chu shirwuh'd zhifarng, tarng, yarn her calorie shuiipirng'd xin xihtoong zhehngzaih tuixirng. a including color coding and nutritional information displaying food's fat, sugar, salt and calories levels new system is being carry out. </pre> ==2013-06-18== ===Pakistan suicide bomb kills at least 28 people=== Pakistan自杀炸弹杀死至少28人 Pakistan zihsha zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 28 rern <pre> Pakistan zihsha zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 28 rern Pakistan suicide bomb kills at least 28 people </pre> Suicide bomb attack in funeral in northwest Pakistan, killing at least 28 people and injuring 57. 自杀炸弹袭击Pakistan西北部葬礼，杀死至少28人，57人受伤。 zihsha zhahdahn xirji Pakistan xibeeibuh zahnglii, shasii zhihshaao 28 rern, 57 rern shouhshang. <pre> zihsha zhahdahn xirji Pakistan xibeeibuh zahnglii, shasii zhihshaao 28 rern, 57 rern shouhshang. suicide bomb attacks Pakistan northwest funeral, killing at least 28 people, 57 people be injured. </pre> ===China's Tianhe-2 fastest computer in the world=== 中国的Tianhe-2是世界上最快的电脑 Zhongguor'd Tianhe-2 shih shihjieh'shang zuih kuaih'd diahnnaao <pre> Zhongguor'd Tianhe-2 shih shihjieh'shang zuih kuaih'd diahnnaao China's Tianhe-2 is in the world most fast computer </pre> China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer has beaten rivals to be the world fastest computer. 中国的Tianhe-2超级电脑打败对手成为世界上最快的电脑。 Zhongguor'd Tianhe-2 chaojir-diahnnaao daabaih duihshoou cherngweir shihjieh'shang zuih kuaih'd diahnnaao. <pre> Zhongguor'd Tianhe-2 chaojir-diahnnaao daabaih duihshoou cherngweir shihjieh'shang zuih kuaih'd diahnnaao. China's Tianhe-2 supercomputer defeated rivals becomes in the world most fast computer. </pre> ==2013-06-17== ===Double attacks horrify Pakistan city Quetta=== 双重袭击震撼Pakistan城市Quetta shuangchorng xirji zhehnhahn Pakistan cherngshih Quetta <pre> shuangchorng xirji zhehnhahn Pakistan cherngshih Quetta double attacks shock Pakistan city Quetta </pre> Twin attacks on bus and hospital kill 25 people and injuring 22 in the Pakistani city of Quetta. 双重袭击Pakistan城市Quetta的巴士和医院，杀死25人，22人受伤。 shuangchorng xirji Pakistan cherngshih Quetta'd bashih her yiyuahn, shasii 25 rern, 22 rern shouhshang. <pre> shuangchorng xirji Pakistan cherngshih Quetta'd bashih her yiyuahn, shasii 25 rern, 22 rern shouhshang. double attacks on Pakistan city Quetta's bus and hospital, killing 25 people, 22 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-06-16== ===China instructs firms to cut pollution=== 中国命令公司减少污染 Zhongguor mihnglihng gongsi jiaanshaao wuraan <pre> Zhongguor mihnglihng gongsi jiaanshaao wuraan China orders companies to reduce pollution </pre> Chinese government instructs heavy polluting industries to reduce pollution by 30% by 2017. 中国政府命令高污染的工业在2017年之前减少污染30%。 Zhongguor zhehngfuu mihnglihng gao wuraan'd gongyeh zaih 2017 niarn zhiqiarn jiaanshaao wuraan 30%. <pre> Zhongguor zhehngfuu mihnglihng gao wuraan'd gongyeh zaih 2017 niarn zhiqiarn jiaanshaao wuraan 30%. China government orders high polluting industries at 2017 year -before to reduce pollution 30%. </pre> ==2013-06-14== ===India population to overtake China by 2028=== 2028年India人口超越中国 2028 niarn India rernkoou chaoyueh Zhongguor <pre> 2028 niarn India rernkoou chaoyueh Zhongguor 2028 year India population to overtake China </pre> Whilst China's population falls and India population rises, by 2028 India population will reach China's figure of 1.4billion, eventually overtaking China's population by the middle of the century. 当中国人口减少和India人口增长, 到2028年India人口会达到中国人口1.4bn的数字, 最后在这世纪中超越中国人口. dang zhongguor rernkoou jiaanshaao her India rernkoou zengzhaang, daoh 2028 niarn India rernkoou huih dardaoh Zhongguor rernkoou 1.4bn'd shuhzih, zuihhouh zaih zheh shihjih zhong chaoyueh Zhongguor rernkoou. <pre> dang zhongguor rernkoou jiaanshaao her India rernkoou zengzhaang, daoh 2028 niarn India rernkoou huih dardaoh Zhongguor rernkoou 1.4bn'd shuhzih, zuihhouh zaih zheh shihjih zhong chaoyueh Zhongguor rernkoou. whilst China population decreases and India population increases, arrive 2028 year India population will reach China population 1.4bn number, eventually at this century middle overtakes China population. </pre> ===China company to build canal through Nicaragua=== 中国公司建设运河穿越Nicaragua Zhongguor gongsi jiahnsheh yuhnher chuanyueh Nicaragua <pre> Zhongguor gongsi jiahnsheh yuhnher chuanyueh Nicaragua China company to built canal pass through Nicaragua </pre> Nicaragua Congress has approved a Chinese plan to build a waterway linking the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans, to compete with the Panama Canal. Nicaragua国会批准了中国建造水路连接太平洋和大西洋的计划, 与Panama运河竞争. Nicaragua Guorhuih pizhuun'le Zhongguor jiahnzaoh shuiiluh liarnjie Taihpirng Yarng her Dahxi Yarng'd jihhuah, yuu Panama Yuhnher jihngzheng. <pre> Nicaragua Guorhuih pizhuun'le Zhongguor jiahnzaoh shuiiluh liarnjie Taihpirng Yarng her Dahxi Yarng'd jihhuah, yuu Panama Yuhnher jihngzheng. Nicaragua Congress approved China to build waterway linking Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean's plan, with Panama Canal to compete. </pre> ===China astronauts dock with space laboratory=== 中国太空人与太空实验室对接 Zhongguor taihkongrern yuu taihkong-shiryahnshih duihjie <pre> Zhongguor taihkongrern yuu taihkong-shiryahnshih duihjie China astronauts with space laboratory dock </pre> A space capsule of China's Shernzhou-10 spacecraft carrying 3 Chinese astronauts has docked successfully with their Tiangong-1 space laboratory. 中国神州10太空船的太空仓载着3个中国太空人与他们的天宫1太空实验室成功地对接. Zhongguor Shernzhou-10 taihkongchuarn'd taihkongcang zaih'zhe 3'ge Zhongguor taihkongrern yuu ta'men'd Tiangong-1 taihkong-shiryahnshih chernggong'dy duihjie. <pre> Zhongguor Shernzhou-10 taihkongchuarn'd taihkongcang zaih'zhe 3'ge Zhongguor taihkongrern yuu ta'men'd Tiangong-1 taihkong-shiryahnshih chernggong'dy duihjie. China's Shernzhou-10 space ship's space capsule carrying 3 Chinese astronauts with their Tiangong-1 space laboratory successfully docks. </pre> ==2013-06-13== ===Regional variations in health=== 地区性的健康差别 dihquxihng'd jiahnkang chabier <pre> dihquxihng'd jiahnkang chabier regional health differences </pre> Around 153,000 people die prematurely each year nationally in the UK, with the north west of England showing the highest rates. Jeremy Hunt, Health Secretary of UK says socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors all come into play. 全英国每年大约有153,000人过早死亡，其中England西北部的死亡率最高。英国健康大臣Jeremy Hunt说与社会经济、文化和环境的因素全部有关。 quarn Yingguor meeiniarn dahyue yoou 153,000 rern guohzaao siiwarng, qirzhong England xibeeibuh'd siiwarnglüh zuihgao. Yingguor Jiahnkang Dahchern Jeremy Hunt shuo yuu shehhuih-jingjih, wernhuah her huarnjihng'd yinsuh quarnbuh yoouguan. <pre> quarn Yingguor meeiniarn dahyue yoou 153,000 rern guohzaao siiwarng, qirzhong England xibeeibuh'd siiwarnglüh zuihgao. whole of UK annually approximately has 153,000 people prematurely die, among which England northwest death rates highest. </pre> <pre> Yingguor Jiahnkang Dahchern Jeremy Hunt shuo yuu shehhuih-jingjih, wernhuah her huarnjihng'd yinsuh quarnbuh yoouguan. UK Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt says with socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors all related. </pre> ==2013-06-12== ===Electronic cigarettes should be better regulated=== 应该更好地管理电子烟 yinggai gehnghaao'dy guaanlii diahnzii-yan <pre> yinggai gehnghaao'dy guaanlii diahnzii-yan should better regulate electronic cigarettes </pre> E-cigarettes are growing in popularity and there are concerns that they could threaten anti-smoking efforts, in particular the marketing towards non-smokers and children, so e-cigarettes will be sold as a medicine from 2016. e香烟逐步普遍，忧虑威胁反吸烟成果，尤其是对非吸烟者和儿童的销售，因此e香烟从2016年将会当成药物出售。 e-xiangyan zhurbuh puubiahn, youlüh weixier faan-xiyan cherngguoo, yourqirshih duih fei-xiyanzhee her errtong'd xiaoshuoh, yincii e-xiangyan corng 2016 niarn jianghuih dahngcherng yaohwuh chushouh. <pre> e-xiangyan zhurbuh puubiahn, youlüh weixier faan-xiyan cherngguoo, yourqirshih duih fei-xiyanzhee her errtong'd xiaoshuoh, yincii e-xiangyan corng 2016 niarn jianghuih dahngcherng yaohwuh chushouh. e-cigarettes gradually popular, worrying threaten anti-smoking efforts, especially toward non-smokers and children's marketing, therefore e-cigarettes from 2016 year will consider as medicine to sell. </pre> ===NHS must prevent falls among elderly=== NHS需要预防老人跌倒 NHS xūyào yùfáng lǎorén diēdǎo NHS xuyaoh yuhfarng laaorern diedaao <pre> NHS xuyaoh yuhfarng laaorern diedaao NHS needs to prevent elderly falls </pre> There are 200,000 falls annually mostly in the elderly, costing the NHS GBP2.3bn. NHS should monitor those falls on medication that cause dizziness, poor eyesight and balance problems. 每年几乎有200,000个老人跌倒，NHS花费GBP2.3bn。NHS应该监察由于药物引起头晕、弱视和平衡问题而跌倒的人。 měinián jīhū yǒu 200,000 ge lǎorén diēdǎo, NHS huāfèi GBP2.3bn. NHS yīnggāi jiānchá yóuyú yàowù yǐnqǐ tóuyūn, ruòshì hé pínghéng wèntí ér diēdǎo de rén. meeiniarn jihu yoou 200,000'ge laaorern diedaao, NHS huafeih GBP2.3bn. NHS yinggai jianchar youryur yaohwuh yiinqii touryun, ruohshih her pirngherng wehntir err diedaao'd rern. <pre> meeiniarn jihu yoou 200,000'ge laaorern diedaao, NHS huafeih GBP2.3bn. Every year mostly has 200,000 elderly fallen, NHS spends GBP2.3bn. </pre> <pre> NHS yinggai jianchar youryur yaohwuh yiinqii touryun, ruohshih her pirngherng wehntir err diedaao'd rern. NHS should monitor because of medication causes dizziness, weak sight and balance problems then fallen people. </pre> ==2013-06-11== ===Arc protein essential for long-term memories=== Arc蛋白质对长期记忆重要 Arc-dahnbairzhih duih charngqi jihyi zhohngyaoh <pre> Arc-dahnbairzhih duih charngqi jihyi zhohngyaoh Arc protein for long-term memories important </pre> Arc protein, a brain protein, is important in regulating long-term memories and learning. Arc protein dysfunction is implicated in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, autism and Fragile X syndrome. 脑部的Arc蛋白质对处理长期记忆和学习都重要。Arc蛋白质机能失调与Alzheimer病，自闭症和易碎X综合症有关。 naaobuh'd Arc-dahnbairzhih duih chuulii charngqi jihyi her xuerxir dou zhohngyaoh. Arc-dahnbairzhih jinerng-shitiaor yuu Alzheimer-bihng, zihbihzhehng her yihsuih-X-zongherzhehng yoouguan. <pre> naaobuh'd Arc-dahnbairzhih duih chuulii charngqi jihyi her xuerxir dou zhohngyaoh. brain's Arc protein for handling long-term memories and learning all important. </pre> <pre> Arc-dahnbairzhih jinerng-shitiaor yuu Alzheimer-bihng, zihbihzhehng her yihsuih-X-zongherzhehng yoouguan. Arc protein function-disorder with Alzheimer-disease, autism and fragile X syndrome related. </pre> ===Chinese astronauts prepare to launch=== 中国宇航员准备升空 Zhongguor yuuharngyuarn zhuunbeih shengkong <pre> Zhongguor yuuharngyuarn zhuunbeih shengkong China astronauts prepare to rise to the sky </pre> China's Charngzheng rocket is going to send 3 Chinese astronauts to their Tiangong space-station laboratory for working 15 days. 中国的长征火箭将要送3个中国太空人到他们的天宫太空实验室工作15天. Zhongguor'd Charngzheng huoojiahn jiangyaoh sohng 3'ge Zhongguor taihkongrern daoh ta'men'd Tiangong taihkong-shiryahnshih gongzuoh 15 tian. <pre> Zhongguor'd Charngzheng huoojiahn jiangyaoh sohng 3'ge Zhongguor taihkongrern daoh ta'men'd Tiangong taihkong-shiryahnshih gongzuoh 15 tian. China's Charngzheng rocket be going to send 3 Chinese astronauts to their Tiangong space laboratory to work 15 days. </pre> ==2013-06-10== ===MRI detects heart damage caused by chemotherapy=== MRI发现化疗导致心脏损害 MRI faxiahn huahliaor daaozhih xinzahng suunhaih <pre> MRI faxiahn huahliaor daaozhih xinzahng suunhaih MRI discovers chemotherapy to cause heart damage </pre> MRI can detect early damage to heart muscle caused by chemotherapy treatment with anthracyclines. MRI能够发现anthracycline化疗导致早期的心脏肌肉损害。 MRI nernggouh faxiahn anthracycline huahliaor daaozhih zaaoqi'd xinzahng jirouh suunhaih. <pre> MRI nernggouh faxiahn anthracycline huahliaor daaozhih zaaoqi'd xinzahng jirouh suunhaih. MRI can discover anthracycline chemotherapy to cause early heart muscle damage. </pre> ==2013-06-09== ===Food helps dispel grief=== 食物帮助消除悲伤 shirwuh bangzhuh xiaochur beishang <pre> shirwuh bangzhuh xiaochur beishang food helps to dispel grief </pre> After someone has died, we might lose our appetite and determination to cook. But food can help us reminisce the one we love and help us cope with grief. 人死之后会失去食欲和烹饪的兴趣。但是食物能够帮助回忆亲人和消除悲伤。 rern sii zhihouh huih shiquh shiryuh her pangrehn'd xihngquh. dahnshih shirwuh nernggouh bangzhuh huiryih qinrern her xiaochur beishang. <pre> rern sii zhihouh huih shiquh shiryuh her pangrehn'd xihngquh. dahnshih shirwuh nernggouh bangzhuh huiryih qinrern her xiaochur beishang. person die -after will lose appetite and cooking interest. but food can help reminisce dear one and dispel grief. </pre> ==2013-06-08== ===California shooting kills 5=== California枪杀5人 California qiangsha 5 rern <pre> California qiangsha 5 rern California gun down 5 people </pre> Shooting in the coastal city of Santa Monica, California, at least 5 people were killed, including the gunman. California海岸城市Santa Monica发生枪击事件，至少5人死亡，包括枪手。 California haai`ahn cherngshih Santa Monica fasheng qiangji-shihjiahn, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng, baokuoh qiangshoou. <pre> California haai`ahn cherngshih Santa Monica fasheng qiangji-shihjiahn, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng, baokuoh qiangshoou. California coast city Santa Monica happens shooting-incident, at least 5 people die, including gunman. </pre> ===Sun exposure more good than harm=== 晒太阳的好处比坏处多 shaih-taihyarng'd haaochuh bii huaihchuh duo <pre> shaih-taihyarng'd haaochuh bii huaihchuh duo sun bathing benefits compared to detriments more </pre> According to study, sun exposure brings benefits from lowering blood pressure to reducing risk of stroke, which outweighs harms such as skin cancer. 根据研究，晒太阳的好处比如降低血压和减少中风的危险，大于晒太阳带来的坏处例如皮肤癌。 genjuh yarnjiu, shaih-taihyarng'd haaochuh biirur jiahngdi xuehya her jiaanshaao zhohngfeng'd weixiaan, dahyur shaih-taihyarng daihlair'd huaihchuh lihrur pirfu`air. <pre> genjuh yarnjiu, shaih-taihyarng'd haaochuh biirur jiahngdi xuehya her jiaanshaao zhohngfeng'd weixiaan, dahyur shaih-taihyarng daihlair'd huaihchuh lihrur pirfu`air. according to study, sun bathing benefits such as lowering blood pressure and reducing stroke danger, outweighs sun bathing brings to detriments such as skin cancer. </pre> ==2013-06-07== ===Cancer rates increases during life time=== 癌症患病率随着年龄增加 airzhehng huahnbihnglüh suir'zhe niarnlirng zengjia <pre> airzhehng huahnbihnglüh suir'zhe niarnlirng zengjia cancer morbidity along with age increases </pre> At least 47% of the British population will get cancer by 2020, because of longer life expectancy. 由于寿命增加，在2020年至少47%英国人口会患癌症。 youryur shouhmihng zengjia, zaih 2020 niarn zhihshaao 47% Yingguor rernkoou huih huahn airzhehng. <pre> youryur shouhmihng zengjia, zaih 2020 niarn zhihshaao 47% Yingguor rernkoou huih huahn airzhehng. Because of life expectancy increases, at 2020 year at least 47% UK population will contract cancer. </pre> ==2013-06-06== ===Too much protein drinks harmful to health=== 过量蛋白质饮品有害健康 guohliahng dahnbairzhih yiinpiin yoouhaih jiahnkang <pre> guohliahng dahnbairzhih yiinpiin yoouhaih jiahnkang excess protein drink harmful to health </pre> Protein drinks are increasingly consumed by ordinary people, which causes harmful effects such as kidney stones. 普通人饮用蛋白质饮料增加，影响健康，比如引起肾石。 puutongrern yiinyohng dahnbairzhih yiinliaoh zengjia, yiingxiaang jiahnkang, biirur yiinqii shehnshir. <pre> puutongrern yiinyohng dahnbairzhih yiinliaoh zengjia, yiingxiaang jiahnkang, biirur yiinqii shehnshir. ordinary people drink protein beverage increase, affecting health, such as causing kidney stones. </pre> ===Malnutrition causes global child death=== 营养不良导致全球性儿童死亡 yirngyaang-buliarng daaozhih quarnqiurxihng errtorng siiwarng <pre> yirngyaang-buliarng daaozhih quarnqiurxihng errtorng siiwarng malnutrition causes global children death </pre> Malnutrition lead to 3.1 million death of children under 5 years old in the world, according to the Lancet medical journal. 根据Lancet医学期刊，营养不良造成全世界3.1 million 5岁以下的儿童死亡。 genjuh Lancet yixuer qikan, yirngyaang-buliarng zaohcherng quarn-shihjieh 3.1 million 5-suih-yiixiah'd errtorng siiwarng. <pre> genjuh Lancet yixuer qikan, yirngyaang-buliarng zaohcherng quarn-shihjieh 3.1 million 5-suih -yiixiah'd errtorng siiwarng. according to Lancet medical journal, malnutrition lead to global 3.1 million 5-year(of age)-below children die. </pre> ==2013-06-05== ===Thought-controlled helicopter takes off=== 思想控制直升机起飞 sixiaang kohngzhih zhirshengji qiifei <pre> sixiaang kohngzhih zhirshengji qiifei thought controls helicopter to take off </pre> Researchers have used the power of thoughts to control a helicopter through obstacle course. 研究人员用思想的力量控制直升机通过障碍训练场. yarnjiu-rernyuarn yohng sixiaang'd lihliahng kohngzhih zhirshengji tongguoh zhahng`aih xuhnliahnchaang. <pre> yarnjiu-rernyuarn yohng sixiaang'd lihliahng kohngzhih zhirshengji tongguoh zhahng`aih xuhnliahnchaang. researchers used thought power to control helicopter through obstacle training field. </pre> ==2013-06-04== ===Stevia sugar becomes popular among healthy eaters=== 甜菊糖在健康饮食开始流行 tiarnjur-tarng zaih jiahnkang yiinshir kaishii liurxirng <pre> tiarnjur-tarng zaih jiahnkang yiinshir kaishii liurxirng stevia sugar in healthy eaters becomes popular </pre> Stevia sugar which has no calories, no carbohydrates and does not raise blood sugar levels is raising in popularity as a sugar substitute. 甜菊糖没有calorie, 没有碳水化合物和不会提高血糖水平, 逐渐成为一种流行的糖替代物. tiarnjur-tarng meiryoou calorie, meiryoou tahn-shuii-huahherwuh her buhuih tirgao xuehtarng shuiipirng, zhurjiahn cherngweir yi-zhoong liurxirng'd tarng tihdaihwuh. <pre> tiarnjur-tarng meiryoou calorie, meiryoou tahn-shuii-huahherwuh her buhuih tirgao xuehtarng shuiipirng, zhurjiahn cherngweir yi-zhoong liurxirng'd tarng tihdaihwuh. stevia sugar no calorie, no carbohydrates and will not raise blood sugar levels, gradually becoming a kind of popular sugar substitute. </pre> ==2013-06-03== ===Global consensus on diagnosis of death is needed=== 全球需要一致性死亡诊断 quarnqiur xuyaoh yizhihxihng siiwarng zheenduahn <pre> quarnqiur xuyaoh yizhihxihng siiwarng zheenduahn globe needs consensual death diagnosis </pre> Doctors suggested international agreement on how and when death is diagnosed is needed. 医生建议怎样和什么时候诊断死亡需要国际同意。 yisheng jiahnyih zeenyahng her shern'me shirhouh zheenduahn siiwarng xuyaoh guorjih torngyih. <pre> yisheng jiahnyih zeenyahng her shern'me shirhouh zheenduahn siiwarng xuyaoh guorjih torngyih. doctors suggest how and what time to diagnose death needs international agreement. </pre> ==2013-06-02== ===Inner shell structure of HIV uncovered=== HIV的内壳结构被打开 HIV'd neihker jiergouh beih-daakai <pre> HIV'd neihker jiergouh beih-daakai HIV inner-shell structure be opened </pre> For the first time, researchers unzipped the large and complex structure of the inner protein shell of the HIV virus. 研究员首次打开HIV病毒蛋白质内壳的大型复杂结构. yarnjiuyuarn shooucih daakai HIV bihngdur dahnbairzhih neihker'd dahxirng fuhzar jiergouh. <pre> yarnjiuyuarn shooucih daakai HIV bihngdur dahnbairzhih neihker'd dahxirng fuhzar jiergouh. researchers first time uncovers HIV virus protein inner-shell large-size complicated structure. </pre> ===Eurozone unemployment breaks the record=== Eurozone失业破纪录 Eurozone shiyeh poh-jihluh <pre> Eurozone shiyeh poh-jihluh Eurozone unemployment breaks record </pre> The unemployment rate in the Eurozone has reached a new record high of 12.2% in April, with 19.38 million people out of work. 四月份Eurozone失业率达到新的高记录12.2%, 失业人数19.38 million (1938万)*. Sihyuehfehn Eurozone shiyehlüh dardaoh xin'd gao jiluh 12.2%, shiyeh rernshuh 19.38 million (1938 wahn)*. <pre> Sihyuehfehn Eurozone shiyehlüh dardaoh xin'd gao jiluh 12.2%, shiyeh rernshuh 19.38 million (1938 wahn)*. April period Eurozone unemployment rate reaches new high record 12.2%, unemployment number of people 19.38 million (1938 ten tousand)*. </pre> * Traditionally in Chinese, "19.38 million (1938 wahn)" is spoken as "yiqian jiuubaai sanshirba wahn". ==2013-06-01== ===Leg wraps saved lives after strokes=== 腿部包扎挽救中風患者的生命 腿部包扎挽救中风患者的生命 tuiibuh baozha waanjiuh zhohngfeng huahnzhee'd shengmihng <pre> tuiibuh baozha waanjiuh zhohngfeng huahnzhee'd shengmihng leg wrapping save stroke patients lives </pre> inflatable leg wraps that squeeze legs can prevent blood clots and save lives in stroke patients. 充氣腿部包扎法擠壓腿部能夠預防血凝塊和挽救中風病人的生命. 充气腿部包扎法挤压腿部能够预防血凝块和挽救中风病人的生命. chongqih tuiibuh baozhafaa jiiya tuiibuh nernggouh yuhfarng xuehnirngkuaih her waanjiuh zhohngfeng bihngrern'd shengmihng. <pre> chongqih tuiibuh baozhafaa jiiya tuiibuh nernggouh yuhfarng xuehnirngkuaih her waanjiuh zhohngfeng bihngrern'd shengmihng. inflatable leg wrapping squeezes leg can prevent blood clot and save stroke patients lives. </pre> ==2013-05-31== ===Probiotics prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics=== 益菌防止抗生素導致的腹瀉 益菌防止抗生素导致的腹泻 yihjun farngzhii kahngshengsuh daaozhih'd fuhxieh <pre> yihjun farngzhii kahngshengsuh daaozhih'd fuhxieh probiotics prevent antiobiotics caused by diarrhea </pre> Probiotics prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotics, by balancing harmful bacteria in gut, according to research evidences. 根據研究證據, 益菌平衡腸部的惡菌, 因此能夠防止抗生素導致的腹瀉. 根据研究证据, 益菌平衡肠部的恶菌, 因此能够防止抗生素导致的腹泻. genjuh yarnjiu zhehngjuh, yihjun pirngherng charngbuh'd ehjun, yincii nernggouh farngzhii kahngshengsuh daaozhih'd fuhxieh. <pre> genjuh yarnjiu zhehngjuh, yihjun pirngherng charngbuh'd ehjun, yincii nernggouh farngzhii kahngshengsuh daaozhih'd fuhxieh. according to study evidences, probiotics balances out intestinal harmful bacteria, so can prevent antibiotics caused by diarrhea. </pre> ==2013-05-30== ===Common painkillers causes heart disease=== 流行的止痛藥導致心臟病 流行的止痛药导致心脏病 liurxirng'd zhiitohngyaoh daaozhih xinzahngbihng <pre> liurxirng'd zhiitohngyaoh daaozhih xinzahngbihng common painkillers causes heart disease </pre> Long term uses of high doses of two common painkillers ibuprofen and diclofenac increase risk of heart disease, data suggests. 資料顯示長期服用高劑量的兩種流行止痛藥ibuprofen和diclofenac增加心臟病的風險. 资料显示长期服用高剂量的两种流行止痛药ibuprofen和diclofenac增加心脏病的风险. ziliaoh xiaanshih charngqi furyohng gaojihliahng'd liaangzhoong liurxirng zhiitohngyaoh ibuprofen her diclofenac zengjia xinzahngbihng'd fengxiaan. <pre> ziliaoh xiaanshih charngqi furyohng gaojihliahng'd liaangzhoong liurxirng zhiitohngyaoh ibuprofen her diclofenac zengjia xinzahngbihng'd fengxiaan. data suggests long-term uses high doses of two kinds popular painkillers ibuprofen and diclofenac increase heart disease risk. </pre> ===China plans to buy US pork company for USD4.7bn=== 中國計劃以USD4.7bn買US的豬肉公司 中国计划以USD4.7bn买US的猪肉公司 Zhongguor jihhuah yii USD4.7bn maai US'd zhurouh gongsi <pre> Zhongguor jihhuah yii USD4.7bn maai US'd zhurouh gongsi China plans using USD4.7bn to buy US's pork company </pre> China's Shuanghui International company plans to buy US pork producer Smithfield Foods for USD4.7bn (GBP3.1bn) in cash, as the country's demand for meat is increasing rapidly. 由於中國肉類需求迅速增加, 中國的Shuanghui International公司計劃以現金USD4.7bn (GBP3.1bn)* 買US的豬肉生產商Smithfield Foods. 由于中国肉类需求迅速增加, 中国的Shuanghui International公司计划以现金USD4.7bn (GBP3.1bn)* 买US的猪肉生产商Smithfield Foods. youryur Zhongguor rouhleih xuqiur xuhnsuh zengjia, Zhongguor'd Shuanghui International gongsi jihhuah yii xiahnjin USD4.7bn (GBP3.1bn)* maai US'd zhurouh shengchaanshang Smithfield Foods. <pre> youryur Zhongguor rouhleih xuqiur xuhnsuh zengjia, Zhongguor'd Shuanghui International gongsi jihhuah yii xiahnjin USD4.7bn (GBP3.1bn)* maai US'd zhurouh shengchaanshang Smithfield Foods. because China meat demand rapidly increases, China's Shuanghui International company plans using cash USD4.7bn (GBp3.1bn)* to buy US's pork producer Smithfield Foods. </pre> * Traditionally, "USD4.7bn" and "GBP3.1bn" are spoken as "sihshirqi yih Meeiyuarn" and "sanshiryi yih Yingbahng" respectively in Chinese. ==2013-05-29== ===Doctors extract pencil from Afghan man's head=== 醫生在Afghanistan男人頭中取出鉛筆 医生在Afghanistan男人头中取出铅笔 yisheng zaih Afghanistan narnrern tour zhong quuchu qianbii <pre> yisheng zaih Afghanistan narnrern tour zhong quuchu qianbii doctors at Afghanistan man head inside take out pencil </pre> German doctors discover 10cm (4in) pencil stuck inside Afghan man's head. The man had previously complained of headaches, a runny nose and eyesight problems. Afghanistan男人有頭痛、流鼻涕和視力問題, 德國醫生發現原來他的頭中埋藏了10cm (4in)鉛筆. Afghanistan男人有头痛、流鼻涕和视力问题, 德国医生发现原来他的头中埋藏了10cm (4in)铅笔. Afghanistan narnrern yoou tourtohng, liurbirtih her shihlih wehntir, Derguor yisheng faxiahn yuarnlair ta'd tour zhong maircarng'le 10cm (4in) qianbii. <pre> Afghanistan narnrern yoou tourtohng, liurbirtih her shihlih wehntir, Derguor yisheng faxiahn yuarnlair ta'd tour zhong maircarng'le 10cm (4in) qianbii. Afghanistan man has headache, runny nose and eyesight problems, German doctors discover actually his head inside hidden 10cm (4in) pencil. </pre> ===Tissue damage reduced by heart attack drug=== 心臟病藥物減少細胞組織的損害 心脏病药物减少细胞组织的损害 xinzahngbihng yaohwuh jiaanshaao xihbao zuuzhi'd suunhaih <pre> xinzahngbihng yaohwuh jiaanshaao xihbao zuuzhi'd suunhaih heart disease drug reduces cell tissue damage </pre> UK scientists have developed a drug that could reduce tissue damage after heart attack, stroke and major surgery. 英國科學家發明了一種藥物能夠減少在心臟病、中風和重要手術之後的細胞組織損害. 英国科学家发明了一种药物能够减少在心脏病、中风和重要手术之后的细胞组织损害. Yingguor kexuerjia famirng'le yi-zhoong yaohwuh nernggouh jiaanshaao zaih xinzahngbihng, zhohngfeng her zhohngyaoh shooushuh zhihouh'd xihbao zuuzhi suunhaih. <pre> Yingguor kexuerjia famirng'le yi-zhoong yaohwuh nernggouh jiaanshaao zaih xinzahngbihng, zhohngfeng her zhohngyaoh shooushuh zhihouh'd xihbao zuuzhi suunhaih. UK scientists invented a kind of drug can reduce at heart disease, stroke and major surgery after cell tissue damage. </pre> ==2013-05-28== ===Baby trapped in sewage pipe saved by rescuers in China=== 在中國, 救援人員在污水管裏救出被困的嬰兒 在中国, 救援人员在污水管里救出被困的婴儿 zaih Zhongguor, jiuhyuarn rernyuarn zaih wushuiiguaan'li jiuhchu beihkuhn'd ying`err <pre> zaih Zhongguor, jiuhyuarn rernyuarn zaih wushuiiguaan'li jiuhchu beihkuhn'd ying`err in China, rescue workers in sewage pipe save trapped baby </pre> In China, firefighters rescue few-day-old baby trapped inside sewage pipe (10cm in diameter) leading off a toilet. 在中國, 消防員在直徑10cm的廁所污水管裏救出被困的幾天大的嬰兒. 在中国, 消防员在直径10cm的厕所污水管里救出被困的几天大的婴儿. zaih Zhongguor, xiaofarngyuarn zaih zhirjihng 10cm'd cehsuoo wushuiiguaan'li jiuhchu jii-tian-dah'd ying`err. <pre> zaih Zhongguor, xiaofarngyuarn zaih zhirjihng 10cm'd cehsuoo wushuiiguaan'li jiuhchu jii-tian-dah'd ying`err. in China, firefighters in diameter 10cm toilet sewage pipe save several-day-big baby. </pre> ===Drug-resistant H7N9 bird flu=== 抗藥的H7N9禽流感 抗药的H7N9禽流感 kahngyaoh'd H7N9 qirnliurgaan <pre> kahngyaoh'd H7N9 qirnliurgaan drug-resistant H7N9 bird flu </pre> Doctors said that drug-resistant H7N9 bird flu is discovered in patients in China. 醫生說: 在中國病人裏發現抗藥的H7N9禽流感. 医生说: 在中国病人里发现抗药的H7N9禽流感. yisheng shuo: zaih zhongguor bihngrern'li faxiahn kahngyaoh'd H7N9 qirnliurgaan. <pre> yisheng shuo: zaih zhongguor bihngrern'li faxiahn kahngyaoh'd H7N9 qirnliurgaan. doctors said: in China patients discover drug-resistant H7N9 bird flu. </pre> ===Anger over Chinese teen's mindless graffiti in Egypt=== 中國少年在Egypt愚蠢的塗鴉引起公憤 中国少年在Egypt愚蠢的涂鸦引起公愤 Zhongguor shaohniarn zaih Egypt yurchuun'd turya yiinqii gongfehn <pre> Zhongguor shaohniarn zaih Egypt yurchuun'd turya yiinqii gongfehn China teen in Egypt foolish graffiti causes public anger </pre> A Chinese teenager who vandalised an ancient Egyptian artwork at a Luxor temple has incurred the wrath of his country's netizens. The graffiti was found by another Chinese tourist, who posted it on his Sina Weibo micro-blogging account, attracting more than 100,000 comments. 中國少年塗鴉古代Egypt Luxor廟宇藝術品, 被另一個中國遊客發現並且發布在他的Sina Weibo micro-blogging戶口上; 吸引超過100,000個評論, 引起他的國家的網民憤怒. 中国少年涂鸦古代Egypt Luxor庙宇艺术品, 被另一个中国游客发现并且发布在他的Sina Weibo micro-blogging户口上; 吸引超过100,000个评论, 引起他的国家的网民愤怒. Zhongguor shaohniarn turya guudaih Egypt Luxor miaohyuu yihshuhpiin, beih linhgyi'ge Zhongguor yourkeh faxiahn bihngqiee fabuh zaih ta'd Sina Weibo micro-blogging huhkouu'shang; xiyiin chaoguoh 100,000'ge pirngluhn, yiinqii ta'd guorjia'd waangmirn fehnnuh. <pre> Zhongguor shaohniarn turya guudaih Egypt Luxor miaohyuu yihshuhpiin, beih linhgyi'ge Zhongguor yourkeh faxiahn bihngqiee fabuh zaih ta'd Sina Weibo micro-blogging huhkouu'shang; China teenager vandalise ancient Egypt Luxor temple artwork, by another China tourist discovers and post on his Sina Weibo micro-blogging account; </pre> <pre> xiyiin chaoguoh 100,000'ge pirngluhn, yiinqii ta'd guorjia'd waangmirn fehnnuh. attracting more than 100,000 comments, incurring his country's netizens wrath. </pre> ==2013-05-27== ===Stroke patients show signs of recovery after stem-cell trial=== 幹細胞試驗顯示能夠使到中風病人康復 干细胞试验显示能够使到中风病人康复 gahnxihbao shihyahn xiaanshih nernggouh shiidaoh zhohngfeng bihngrern kangfuh <pre> gahnxihbao shihyahn xiaanshih nernggouh shiidaoh zhohngfeng bihngrern kangfuh stem-cell trial shows can cause stroke patients to recover </pre> Stroke patients recovered after stem-cell injection to brain. 幹細胞注射到腦部使到中風病人康復. 干细胞注射到脑部使到中风病人康复. gahnxihbao zhuhsheh daoh naaobuh shiidaoh zhohngfeng bihngrern kangfuh. <pre> gahnxihbao zhuhsheh daoh naaobuh shiidaoh zhohngfeng bihngrern kangfuh. stem-cell injection to brain cause stroke patients to recover. </pre> ===Germany Chancellor wants to compromise on EU-China trade dispute=== 德國總理希望EU中國貿易爭議達成協議 德国总理希望EU中国贸易争议达成协议 Derguor zoonglii xiwahng EU-Zhongguor maohyih zhengyih darcherng xieryih <pre> Derguor zoonglii xiwahng EU-Zhongguor maohyih zhengyih darcherng xieryih Germany premier hopes EU-China trade dispute to reach agreement </pre> Germany Chancellor Merkel has said that she hopes to reach an agreement with China about import taxes for preventing trade war. 德國總理Merkel說他希望與中國達成關於入口關稅的協議以防止貿易戰. 德国总理Merkel说他希望与中国达成关于入口关税的协议以防止贸易战. Derguor zoonglii Merkel shuo ta xiwahng yuu Zhongguor darcherng guanyur ruhkoou guanshuih'd xieryih yii farngzhii maohyihzhahn. <pre> Derguor zoonglii Merkel shuo ta xiwahng yuu Zhongguor darcherng guanyur ruhkoou guanshuih'd xieryih yii farngzhii maohyihzhahn. Germany premier Merke says she hopes with China to reach about import tariff's agreement for preventing trade war. </pre> ==2013-05-26== ===Niger suicide bomb kills 18 soldiers=== Niger自殺炸彈殺死18個士兵 Niger自杀炸弹杀死18个士兵 Niger zihsha zhahdahn shasii 18'ge shihbing <pre> Niger zihsha zhahdahn shasii 18'ge shihbing Niger suicide bomb kills 18 soldiers </pre> Suicide bombs have attacked a military base and a French uranium mine in northwestern Niger, killing at least 24 people, including 18 soldiers, and injuring 14 others, according to reports. Niger西北部自殺炸彈襲擊軍事基地和法國的uranium礦場, 殺死至少24人, 包括18個士兵, 另外14人受傷, 據報導. Niger西北部自杀炸弹袭击军事基地和法国的uranium矿场, 杀死至少24人, 包括18个士兵, 另外14人受伤, 据报导. Niger xibeeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji junshih jidih her Faaguor'd uranium kuahngchaang, shasii zhihshaao 24 rern, baokuoh 18'ge shihbing, lihngwaih 14 rern shouhshang, juh baohdaao. <pre> Niger xibeeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji junshih jidih her Faaguor'd uranium kuahngchaang, shasii zhihshaao 24 rern, baokuoh 18'ge shihbing, lihngwaih 14 rern shouhshang, juh baohdaao. Niger northwest suicide bombs attack military base and French uranium mine area, killing at least 24 people, including 18 soldiers, furthermore 14 people be injured, according to reports. </pre> ===Philippines government troops fight with rebel army, 12 dead=== Philippines政府军与叛军战斗, 12死 Philippines zhehngfuujun yuu pahnjun zhahndouh, 12 sii <pre> Philippines zhehngfuujun yuu pahnjun zhahndouh, 12 sii Philippines government troops with rebel army fight, 12 die </pre> Government troops have fought with Abu Sayyaf rebel army in the southern Philippines, killing at least 7 government marines and 5 rebel soldiers, according to reports. Philippines南部政府军与Abu Sayyaf叛军战斗, 至少7个政府海军和5个叛军死亡, 据报导. Philippines narnbuh zhehngfuujun yuu Abu Sayyaf pahnjun zhahndouh, zhihshaao 7'ge zhehngfuu haaijun her 5'ge pahnjun siiwarng, juh baohdaao. <pre> Philippines narnbuh zhehngfuujun yuu Abu Sayyaf pahnjun zhahndouh, zhihshaao 7'ge zhehngfuu haaijun her 5'ge pahnjun siiwarng, juh baohdaao. Philippines south government troops with Abu Sayyaf rebel army fight, at least 7 government marines and 5 rebel soldiers die, according to reports. </pre> ==2013-05-25== ===Maoist rebel army kills at least 24 people in India=== India毛派叛军杀死至少24人 India Maor-paih pahnjun shasii zhihshaao 24 rern <pre> India Maor-paih pahnjun shasii zhihshaao 24 rern India Maoist rebel army kills at least 24 people </pre> Maoist rebel army has killed at least 24 people, including a senior leader of India's ruling party, officials say. 官方说: 毛派叛军杀死至少24人, 包括一个India执政党高级领袖. guanfang shuo: Maor-paih pahnjun shasii zhihshaao 24 rern, baokuoh yi'ge India zhirzhehngdaang gaojir liingxiuh. <pre> guanfang shuo: Maor-paih pahnjun shasii zhihshaao 24 rern, baokuoh yi'ge India zhirzhehngdaang gaojir liingxiuh. officials say: Maoist rebel army kills at least 24 people, including a India ruling party senior leader. </pre> ===Children lost memories because of neurons growth=== 儿童因为神经细胞增长失去记忆 errtorng yinweih shernjing xihbao zengzhaang shiquh jihyih <pre> errtorng yinweih shernjing xihbao zengzhaang shiquh jihyih children because of neurological cells growth lose memories </pre> High neurons production during first year of life, wipe memories of early childhood. 在人生第一年, 高神经细胞生长会抹去早期儿童的记忆. zaih rernsheng di-yi niarn, gao shernjing xihbao shengzhaang huih mooquh zaaoqi errtorng'd jihyih. <pre> zaih rernsheng di-yi niarn, gao shernjing xihbao shengzhaang huih mooquh zaaoqi errtorng'd jihyih. during life first year, high neurological cells growth can wipe off early childhood memories. </pre> ==2013-05-24== ===US sanctions hit North Korea aid agencies=== 美国制裁打击朝鲜援助机构 Meeiguor zhihcair daaji Chaorxian yuarnzhuh jigouh <pre> Meeiguor zhihcair daaji Chaorxian yuarnzhuh jigouh US sanctions hit North Korea aid agencies </pre> Foreign aid agencies condemn US sanctions on North Korea that have seriously limited their aid efforts there. 外国援助机构谴责美国制裁朝鲜严重限制他们的工作. waihguor yuarnzhuh jigouh qiaanzer Meeiguor zhihcair Chaorxian yarnzhohng xiahnzhih ta'men'd gongzuoh. <pre> waihguor yuarnzhuh jigouh qiaanzer Meeiguor zhihcair Chaorxian yarnzhohng xiahnzhih ta'men'd gongzuoh. foreign aid agencies condemn US sanctions North Korea seriously limit their work. </pre> ==2013-05-23== ===Vitamin C kills drug-resistant TB=== vitamin C(维他命C)杀死抗药的肺结核 vitamin C (weirtamihng C) shasii kahngyaoh'd feihjierher <pre> vitamin C (weirtamihng C) shasii kahngyaoh'd feihjierher vitamin C (vitamin C) kills drug-resistant TB </pre> Scientists found in the lab, vitamin C can kill drug-resistant TB. 科学家在实验室发现, vitamin C(维生素C)能够杀死抗药的肺结核. kexuerjia zaih shiryahnshih faxiahn, vitamin C (weirshengsuh C) nernggouh shasii kahngyaoh'd feihjierher. <pre> kexuerjia zaih shiryahnshih faxiahn, vitamin C (weirshengsuh C) nernggouh shasii kahngyaoh'd feihjierher. scientists in laboratory discover, vitamin C (vitamin C) can kill drug-resistant TB. </pre> ===Indian Dr Kotnis respected in China=== 中国敬重的India(印度)医生Kotnis Zhongguor jihngzhohng'd India (Yihnduh) yisheng Kotnis <pre> Zhongguor jihngzhohng'd India (Yihnduh) yisheng Kotnis China revered India (India) doctor Kotnis </pre> Visiting Chinese leader in India has met Indian Dr Kotnis' family, who died while treating Chinese soldiers during the Japanese invasion of China. 中国领导人访问India(印度), 会见了在日本侵略中国时, 治疗中国士兵期间死亡的India(印度)医生Kotnis的家人. Zhongguor liingdaaorern faangwehn India (Yihnduh), huihjiahn'le zaih Rihbeen qinlueh Zhongguor shir, zhihliaor Zhongguor shihbing qijian siiwarng'd India (Yihnduh) yisheng Kotnis'd jiarern. <pre> Zhongguor liingdaaorern faangwehn India (Yihnduh), huihjiahn'le zaih Rihbeen qinlueh Zhongguor shir, zhihliaor Zhongguor shihbing qijian siiwarng'd India (Yihnduh) yisheng Kotnis'd jiarern. China leader visiting India (India), met in Japan invades China time, treating Chinese soldiers period die's India (India) doctor Kotnis' family. </pre> ==2013-05-21== ===Tornado kills at least 37 people in Oklahoma city=== Oklahoma市龙卷风杀死至少37人 Oklahoma-shih lorngjuaanfeng shaasii zhihshaao 37 rern <pre> Oklahoma-shih lorngjuaanfeng shaasii zhihshaao 37 rern Oklahoma city tornado kills at least 37 people </pre> A huge tornado has attacked a suburb of Oklahoma city, killing at least 37 people. 巨型龙卷风袭击Oklahoma市郊区, 杀死至少37人. juhxirng lorngjuaanfeng xirji Oklahoma-shih jiaoqu, shasii zhihshaao 37 rern. <pre> juhxirng lorngjuaanfeng xirji Oklahoma-shih jiaoqu, shasii zhihshaao 37 rern. huge tornado attacks Oklahoma city suburb, killing at least 37 people. </pre> ==2013-05-20== ===China and India commit to border dispute settlement=== 中国和India承诺解决边界争议 Zhongguor her India cherngnuoh jieejuer bianjieh zhengyih <pre> Zhongguor her India cherngnuoh jieejuer bianjieh zhengyih China and India commit to settle border dispute </pre> China Premier Lii Kehqiarng has announced during his visit to India that the two countries should have better mechanisms for settling a long-term border dispute to ensure peace. 中国总理李克强访问India时说, 两国应该有更好的机制来解决长期的边界争议以确保和平. Zhongguor zoonglii Lii Kehqiarng faangwehn India shir shuo, liaang-guor yinggai yoou gehnghaao'd jizhih lair jieejuer charngqi'd bianjieh zhengyih yii quehbaao herpirng. <pre> Zhongguor zoonglii Lii Kehqiarng faangwehn India shir shuo, liaang-guor yinggai yoou gehnghaao'd jizhih lair jieejuer charngqi'd bianjieh zhengyih yii quehbaao herpirng. China premier Lii Kehqiarng visits India -during says, two-countries should have better mechanisms to settle long-term border dispute to ensure peace. </pre> ==2013-05-18== ===Type-2 diabetes increases=== 2型糖尿病增加 2-xirng tarngniaohbihng zengjia <pre> 2-xirng tarngniaohbihng zengjia Type-2 diabetes increases </pre> Cases of type-2 diabetes increase sharply in the under 40, as people are warned about their weight. 40岁以下2型糖尿病个案急速上升, 因此人们要注意体重. 40 suih yiixiah 2-xirng tarngniaohbihng geh`ahn jirsuh shahngsheng, yincii rern'men yaoh zhuhyih tiizhohng. <pre> 40 suih yiixiah 2-xirng tarngniaohbihng geh`ahn jirsuh shahngsheng, yincii rern'men yaoh zhuhyih tiizhohng. 40 years of age -below type-2 diabetes cases rapidly rise, therefor people need pay attention to body weight. </pre> ==2013-05-17== ===Suicide bomb kills 2 US soldiers=== 自杀炸弹杀死2个美军 zihsha zhahdahn shasii 2'ge Meeijun <pre> zihsha zhahdahn shasii 2'ge Meeijun suicide bomb kills 2 US soldiers </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked a military convoy in the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, killing at least 15 people, including 2 US soldiers, officials say. 官方说: Afghanistan首都Kabul自杀炸弹袭击军用护航队, 杀死15人, 包括2个美军. guanfang shuo: Afghanistan shooudu Kabul zihsha zhahdahn xirji junyohng huhharngduih, shasii 15 rern, baokuoh 2'ge Meeijun. <pre> guanfang shuo: Afghanistan shooudu Kabul zihsha zhahdahn xirji junyohng huhharngduih, shasii 15 rern, baokuoh 2'ge Meeijun. officials say: Afghanistan capital Kabul suicide bomb attacks military convoy, killing 15 people, including 2 US soldiers. </pre> ==2013-05-16== ===Pope Francis urges help for the poor=== 教宗Francis呼吁帮助穷人 Jiaohzong Francis huyuh bangzhuh qiorngrern <pre> Jiaohzong Francis huyuh bangzhuh qiorngrern Pope Francis calls for helping the poor </pre> Pope Francis has urged to reform the world financial system for helping the poor in his first major speech. 教宗Francis在首次主要演说呼吁世界经济系统改革, 帮助穷人. Jiaohzong Francis zaih shooucih zhuuyaoh yaanshuo huyuh shihjieh jingjih xihtoong gaaiger, bangzhuh qiorngrern. <pre> Jiaohzong Francis zaih shooucih zhuuyaoh yaanshuo huyuh shihjieh jingjih xihtoong gaaiger, bangzhuh qiorngrern. Pope Francis in first time major speech calls for world financial system to reform, helping the poor. </pre> ==2013-05-14== ===Suicide car bomb kills 3 Georgian soldiers in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan自杀汽车炸弹杀死3个Georgia士兵 Afghanistan zihsha qihche zhahdahn shasii 3'ge Georgia shihbing <pre> Afghanistan zihsha qihche zhahdahn shasii 3'ge Georgia shihbing Afghanistan suicide car bomb kills 3 Georgia soldiers </pre> Rebels attack a military base in the south of Afghanistan, killing 3 NATO-led Georgian soldiers. Afghanistan南部造反者袭击军事基地, 杀死3个NATO领導的Georgia士兵. Afghanistan narnbuh zaohfaanzhee xirji junshih jidih, shasii 3 'ge NATO liingdaao'd Georgia shihbing. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh zaohfaanzhee xirji junshih jidih, shasii 3 'ge NATO liingdaao'd Georgia shihbing. Afghanistan south rebels attack military base, killing 3 NATO-led Georgia soldiers. </pre> ===Bomb kills 3 US soldiers in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan炸弹杀死3个美军 Afghanistan zhahdahn shasii 3'ge Meeigjun <pre> Afghanistan zhahdahn shasii 3'ge Meeigjun Afghanistan bomb kills 3 US soldiers </pre> A roadside bomb has exploded in the southern province of Kandahar in Afghanistan, killing 3 US soldiers, officials say. Afghanistan南部Kandahar省路边炸弹爆炸, 3个美军死亡, 官方说. Afghanistan narnbuh Kandahar-sheeng luhbian zhahdahn baohzhah, 3'ge Meeijun siiwarng, guanfang shuo. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh Kandahar-sheeng luhbian zhahdahn baohzhah, 3'ge Meeijun siiwarng, guanfang shuo. Afghanistan south Kandahar province roadside bomb explodes, 3 US soldiers die, officials say. </pre> ==2013-05-13== ===Libya car bomb kills several people=== Libya汽车炸弹杀死几个人 Libya qihche zhadahn shasii jii'ge rern <pre> Libya qihche zhadahn shasii jii'ge rern Libya car bomb kill several people </pre> A car bomb has attacked nearby a hospital in the city of Benghazi in Libya, killing several people, officials say. Libya城市Benghazi一间医院附近被汽车炸弹袭击, 杀死几个人, 官方说. Libya cherngshih Benghazi yi-jian yiyuahn fuhjihn beih qihche zhahdahn xirji, shasii jii'ge rern, guanfang shuo. <pre> Libya cherngshih Benghazi yi-jian yiyuahn fuhjihn beih qihche zhahdahn xirji, shasii jii'ge rern, guanfang shuo. Libya city Benghazi a hospital vicinity by car bomb attacks, killing several people, officials say. </pre> ===Sihchuan coal mine blast kills at least 27 people in China=== 中国四川煤矿爆炸杀死至少27人 Zhongguor Sihchuan meirkuahng baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 27 rern <pre> Zhongguor Sihchuan meirkuahng baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 27 rern China Sihchuan coal mine explosion kills at least 27 people </pre> A coal mine has exploded in the southwest province of Sihchuan in China, killing at least 27 people, according to reports. 中国西南部四川省煤矿爆炸, 至少27人死亡, 据报导. Zhongguor xinarnbuh Sihchuan-sheeng meirkuahng baohzhah, zhihshaao 27 rern siiwarng, juh baohdaao. <pre> Zhongguor xinarnbuh Sihchuan-sheeng meirkuahng baohzhah, zhihshaao 27 rern siiwarng, juh baohdaao. China southwest Sihchuan province coal mine explodes, at least 27 people die, according to reports. </pre> ==2013-05-12== ===Guihzhou coal mine blast kills 12 people in China=== 中国贵州煤矿爆炸杀死12人 Zhongguor Guihzhou meirkuahng baohzhah shasii 12 rern <pre> Zhongguor Guihzhou meirkuahng baohzhah shasii 12 rern China Guihzhou coal mine explosion kills 12 people </pre> A coal mine has exploded in the southwest province of Guihzhou in China, killing 12 miners and injuring 2, media report. 媒体报导: 中国西南部贵州省煤矿爆炸, 12个矿工死亡, 2个受伤. meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor xinarnbuh Guihzhou-sheeng meirkuahng baohzhah, 12'ge kuahnggong siiwarng, 2'ge shouhshang. <pre> meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor xinarnbuh Guihzhou-sheeng meirkuahng baohzhah, 12'ge kuahnggong siiwarng, 2'ge shouhshang. media report: China southwest Guihzhou province coal mine explodes, 12 miners die, 2 be injured. </pre> ==2013-05-10== ===Nigeria attack kills at least 30 police=== Nigeria袭击杀死至少30个警察 Nigeria xirji shasii zhihshaao 30'ge jiingchar <pre> Nigeria xirji shasii zhihshaao 30'ge jiingchar Nigeria attack kills at least 30 police </pre> Militia has ambushed police in the Nasarawa state of Nigeria, killing at least 30 police persons, officials say. Nigeria Nasarawa州民兵伏击警察, 杀死至少30个警察, 官方说. Nigeria Nasarawa-zhou mirnbing furji jiingchar, shasii zhihshaao 30'ge jiingchar, guanfang shuo. <pre> Nigeria Nasarawa-zhou mirnbing furji jiingchar, shasii zhihshaao 30'ge jiingchar, guanfang shuo. Nigeria Nasarawa state militia ambushes police, killing at least 30 police persons, officials say. </pre> ==2013-05-09== ===Germany industrial output increases=== 德国工业输出增加 Derguor gongyeh shuchu zengjia <pre> Derguor gongyeh shuchu zengjia Germany industry output increases </pre> Germany has a dramatical rise in manufacturing output in March, restoring expectation about the recovery of the biggest economy in Europe. 德国三月份制造业戏剧性地上升, 恢复了欧洲最大经济体复原的期望. Derguor Sanyuehfehn zhihzaohyeh xihjuhxihng'dy shahngsheng, huifuh'le Ouzhou zuihdah jingjihtii fuhyuarn 'd qiwahng. <pre> Derguor Sanyuehfehn zhihzaohyeh xihjuhxihng'dy shahngsheng, huifuh'le Ouzhou zuihdah jingjihtii fuhyuarn 'd qiwahng. Germany in March manufacturing dramatically rises, restoring Europe largest economy recovery 's expectation. </pre> ==2013-05-08== ===China trade growth speeds up=== 中国贸易增长加速 Zhongguor maohyih zengzhaang jiasuh <pre> Zhongguor maohyih zengzhaang jiasuh China trade growth speeds up </pre> China's trade growth quickened in April, exceeding analyst forecasts. 中国四月份贸易增长加快, 超过分析家的预测. Zhongguor Sihyuehfehn maohyih zengzhaang jiakuaih, chaoguoh fenxijia'd yuhceh. <pre> Zhongguor Sihyuehfehn maohyih zengzhaang jiakuaih, chaoguoh fenxijia'd yuhceh. China April period trade growth quickens, exceeding analyst's forecasts. </pre> ==2013-05-07== ===Hong Kong dock workers end strike=== 香港码头工人结束罢工 Xianggaang maa'tou gongrern jiershuh bahgong <pre> Xianggaang maa'tou gongrern jiershuh bahgong Hong Kong dock workers end strike </pre> Dock workers in Hong Kong have ended strike as a salary increase of 9.8% is agreed. 香港码头工人结束罢工, 同意加薪9.8%. Xianggaang maa'tou gongrern jiershuh bahgong, torngyih jiaxin 9.8%. <pre> Xianggaang maa'tou gongrern jiershuh bahgong, torngyih jiaxin 9.8%. Hong Kong dock workers end strike, agree salary increase 9.8%. </pre> ==2013-05-06== ===Police kills at least 15 people in Bangladesh=== Bangladesh警察杀死至少15人 Bangladesh jiingchar shasii zhihshaao 15 rern <pre> Bangladesh jiingchar shasii zhihshaao 15 rern Bangladesh police kill at least 15 people </pre> Police have put down a massive Islamic protest in the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, killing at least 15 people and injuring more than 60. Bangladesh首都Dhaka警察镇压大规模的Islam抗议, 杀死至少15人, 超过60人受伤. Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka jiingchar zhehnya daguimor'd Islam kahngyih, shasii zhihshaao 15 rern, chaoguoh 60 rern shouhshang. <pre> Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka jiingchar zhehnya daguimor'd Islam kahngyih, shasii zhihshaao 15 rern, chaoguoh 60 rern shouhshang. Bangladesh capital (of a country) Dhaka police suppress large-scale Islamic protest, killing at least 15 people, more than 60 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-05-05== ===Car bomb kills 7 people in Somalia=== Somalia汽车炸弹杀死7人 Somalia qihche zhahdahn shasii 7 rern <pre> Somalia qihche zhahdahn shasii 7 rern Somalia car bomb kills 7 people </pre> A car bomb has attacked a government convoy in the capital of Somalia, Mogadishu, killing at least 7 people, officials say. Somalia首都Mogadishu汽车炸弹袭击政府护航队, 杀死至少7人, 官方说. Somalia shooudu Mogadishu qihche zhahdahn xirji zhehngfuu huhharngduih, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern, guanfang shuo. <pre> Somalia shooudu Mogadishu qihche zhahdahn xirji zhehngfuu huhharngduih, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern, guanfang shuo. Somalia capital (of a country) Mogadishu car bomb attacks government convoy, killing at least 7 people, officials say. </pre> ===Portugal plans to cut 30,000 civil servant jobs=== Portugal计划裁减30,000公务员职位 Portugal jihhuah cairjiaan 30,000 gongwuhyuarn zhirweih <pre> Portugal jihhuah cairjiaan 30,000 gongwuhyuarn zhirweih Portugal plans to cut 30,000 government employee job positions </pre> Portugal plans to axe 30,000 government employees and to increase the retirement age from 65 to 66 years of age, trying to reach the bailout requirements. Portugal计划裁减30,000公务员和增加退休年龄从65到66岁, 试图达到紧急援助的条件. Portugal jihhuah cairjiaan 30,000 gongwuhyuarn her zengjia tuihxiu niarnlirng corng 65 daoh 66 suih, shihtur dardaoh jiinjir yuarnzhuh 'd tiaorjiahn. <pre> Portugal jihhuah cairjiaan 30,000 gongwuhyuarn her zengjia tuihxiu niarnlirng corng 65 daoh 66 suih, shihtur dardaoh jiinjir yuarnzhuh 'd tiaorjiahn. Portugal plans to axe 30,000 civil workers and to increase retirement age from 65 to 66 years of age, attempting to reach bailout 's terms. </pre> ===Suicide attack kills 2 Malian soldiers near Gao=== Gao附近自杀袭击杀死2个Mali士兵 Gao fuhjihn zihsha xirji shasii 2'ge Mali shihbing <pre> Gao fuhjihn zihsha xirji shasii 2'ge Mali shihbing Gao vicinity suicide attack kills 2 Mali soldiers </pre> A suicide bomb attack in northern Mali has killed 2 Malian soldiers and injured several people, the military says. 军方说: Mali北部自杀炸弹袭击, 2个Mali士兵被杀, 几个人受伤. junfang shuo: Mali beeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 2'ge Mali shihbing beihsha, jii'ge rern shouhshang. <pre> junfang shuo: Mali beeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 2'ge Mali shihbing beihsha, jii'ge rern shouhshang. the military says: Mali north suicide bomb attack, 2 Mali soldiers be killed, several people be injured. </pre> ==2013-05-04== ===Iraq militants kill at least 14 anti-al-Qaeda militia members=== Iraq武装份子杀死至少14个反al-Qaeda民兵 Iraq wuuzhuangfehnzii shasii zhihshaao 14'ge faan-al-Qaeda mirnbing <pre> Iraq wuuzhuangfehnzii shasii zhihshaao 14'ge faan-al-Qaeda mirnbing Iraq militants kill at least 14 anti-al-Qaeda militia members </pre> Militants have killed at least 14 members of anti-al-Qaeda militia near the western city of Fallujah in Iraq, officials say. 官方说: Iraq西部城市Fallujah附近武装份子杀死至少14个反al-Qaeda民兵. guanfang shuo: Iraq xibuh cherngshih Fallujah fuhjihn wuuzhuangfehnzii shasii zhihshaao 14'ge faan-al-Qaeda mirnbing. <pre> guanfang shuo: Iraq xibuh cherngshih Fallujah fuhjihn wuuzhuangfehnzii shasii zhihshaao 14'ge faan-al-Qaeda mirnbing. officials say: Iraq west city Fallujah vicinity militants kill at least 14 anti-al-Qaeda militia members. </pre> ===Nigeria clashes kills at least 39 people=== Nigeria冲突杀死至少39人 Nigeria chongtu shasii zhihshaao 39 rern <pre> Nigeria chongtu shasii zhihshaao 39 rern Nigeria clashes kills at least 39 people </pre> Christians have crashed with Muslims at a funeral in Nigeria's Taraba state, killing at least 39 people, according to reports. 据报导: 在Nigeria Taraba州一个葬礼, 基督徒与Muslim冲突, 至少39人死亡. juh baohdaao: zaih Nigeria Taraba zhou yi'ge zahnglii, Jidutur yuu Muslim chongtu, zhihshaao 39 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: zaih Nigeria Taraba zhou yi'ge zahnglii, Jidutur yuu Muslim chongtu, zhihshaao 39 rern siiwarng. according to reports: at Nigeria Taraba state a funeral, Christians with Muslims clash, at least 39 people die. </pre> ===Afghanistan attacks kill 7 NATO soldiers=== Afghanistan袭击杀死7个士兵 Afghanistan xirji shasii 7'ge NATO shihbing <pre> Afghanistan xirji shasii 7'ge NATO shihbing Afghanistan attacks kill 7 NATO soldiers </pre> Two attacks in Afghanistan have killed 7 NATO soldiers, officials say. 官方说: Afghanistan 2次袭击杀死7个NATO士兵. guanfang shuo: Afghanistan 2-cih xirji shasii 7'ge NATO shihbing. <pre> guanfang shuo: Afghanistan 2-cih xirji shasii 7'ge NATO shihbing. officials say: Afghanistan 2 attacks kill 7 NATO soldiers. </pre> ===Somalia famine killed 260,000 people=== Somalia饥荒饿死260,000人 Somalia jihuang ehsii 260,000 rern <pre> Somalia jihuang ehsii 260,000 rern Somalia famine starves to death 260,000 people </pre> The famine in Somalia has killed about 260,000 people from 2011 to 2012, a study shows. 研究显示: Somalia饥荒从2011至2012年饿死大约260,000人. yarnjiu xiaanshih: Somalia jihuang corng 2011 zhih 2012 niarn ehsii dahyue 260,000 rern. <pre> yarnjiu xiaanshih: Somalia jihuang corng 2011 zhih 2012 niarn ehsii dahyue 260,000 rern. study shows: Somalia famine from 2011 to 2012 year starves to death 260,000 people. </pre> ==2013-05-02== ===North Korea sentences US citizen to prison for 15 years=== 朝鲜判决US公民入狱15年 Chaorxian pahnjuer US gongmirn ruhyuh 15 niarn <pre> Chaorxian pahnjuer US gongmirn ruhyuh 15 niarn North Korea sentences US citizen go to prison 15 years </pre> North Korea has sentenced a US citizen to 15 years of forced labor, according to reports. 据报导: 朝鲜判决美国公民15年牢役. juh baohdaao: Chaorxian pahnjuer Meeiguor gongmirn 15 niarn laoryih. <pre> juh baohdaao: Chaorxian pahnjuer Meeiguor gongmirn 15 niarn laoryih. according to reports: North Korea sentences United States citizen 15 years forced labor. </pre> ==2013-05-01== ===Afghanistan roadside bomb kills 3 UK soldiers=== Afghanistan路边炸弹杀死3个英军 Afghanistan luhbian zhahdahn shasii 3'ge Yingjun <pre> Afghanistan luhbian zhahdahn shasii 3'ge Yingjun Afghanistan roadside bomb kills 3 UK soldiers </pre> A roadside bomb blast has destroyed a UK armored vehicle in the southern province of Helmand in Afghanistan, killing 3 British soldiers. Afghanistan南部省份Helmand一个路边炸弹炸毁一架UK装甲车, 3个英军死亡. Afghanistan narnbuh sheengfehn Helmand yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn zhahhuii yi-jiah UK zhuangjiaache, 3'ge Yingjun siiwarng. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh sheengfehn Helmand yi'ge luhbian zhahdahn zhahhuii yi-jiah UK zhuangjiaache, 3'ge Yingjun siiwarng. Afghanistan south province Helmand a roadside bomb destroys (by explosion) a UK armored vehicle, 3 British soldiers die. </pre> ==2013-04-30== ===China becomes biggest PC market=== 中国成为最大PC市场 Zhongguor cherngweir zuihdah PC shihchaang <pre> Zhongguor cherngweir zuihdah PC shihchaang China becomes biggest PC market </pre> China has surpassed the United States becoming the biggest personal computer market in the world, according to a market report. 根据市场报告: 中国超越美国成为世界上最大的个人电脑市场. genjuh shihchaang baohgaoh: Zhongguor chaoyueh Meeiguor cherngweir shihjieh'shang zuihdah'd gehrern diahnnaao shihchaang. <pre> genjuh shihchaang baohgaoh: Zhongguor chaoyueh Meeiguor cherngweir shihjieh'shang zuihdah'd gehrern diahnnaao shihchaang. according to market report: China surpasses United States becoming in the world biggest personal computer market. </pre> ===Afghanistan bomb kills NATO soldiers=== Afghanistan炸弹杀死NATO士兵 Afghanistan zhahdahn shasii NATO shihbing <pre> Afghanistan zhahdahn shasii NATO shihbing Afghanistan bomb kills NATO soldiers </pre> A bomb attack in southern Afghanistan has killed 3 NATO soldiers. Afghanistan南部炸弹袭击杀死3个NATO士兵. Afghanistan narnbuh zhahdahn xirji shasii 3'ge NATO shihbing. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh zhahdahn xirji shasii 3'ge NATO shihbing. Afghanistan south bomb attack kills 3 NATO soldiers. </pre> ===Mali bomb kills French soldier=== Mali炸弹杀死法军 Mali zhahdahn shasii Faajun <pre> Mali zhahdahn shasii Faajun Mali bomb kills French soldier </pre> A roadside bomb has killed a French soldier and seriously injured 2 others in Mali, French officials say. 法国官方说: Mali路边炸弹杀死一个法军, 另外2个重伤. Faaguor guanfang shuo: Mali luhbian zhahdahn shasii yi'ge Faajun, lihngwaih 2'ge zhohngshang. <pre> Faaguor guanfang shuo: Mali luhbian zhahdahn shasii yi'ge Faajun, lihngwaih 2'ge zhohngshang. France officials say: Mali roadside bomb kills a French soldier, in addition 2 seriously injured. </pre> ===Ford to enter Myanmar market=== Ford进入Myanmar市场 Ford jihnruh Myanmar shihchaang <pre> Ford jihnruh Myanmar shihchaang Ford to enter Myanmar market </pre> US car factory Ford has announced plans to enter the market of Myanmar, after sanctions against the country were cancelled. 在取消对Myanmar制裁之后, US汽车厂Ford宣布进入Myanmar市场的计划. zaih quuxiao duih Myanmar zhihcair zhihouh, US qihchechaang Ford xuanbuh jihnruh Myanmar shihchaang 'd jihhua. <pre> zaih quuxiao duih Myanmar zhihcair zhihouh, US qihchechaang Ford xuanbuh jihnruh Myanmar shihchaang 'd jihhua. at cancel to Myanmar sanction -after, US car factory Ford announces entering Myanmar market 's plans. </pre> ===Suicide bomb attack kills at least 8 people in Pakistan=== Pakistan自杀炸弹袭击杀死至少8人 Pakistan zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 8 rern <pre> Pakistan zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 8 rern Pakistan suicide bomb attack kills at least 8 people </pre> A suicide bomb attack in the city of Peshawar in Pakistan has killed at least 8 people and injured more than 40. Pakistan城市Peshawar自杀炸弹袭击杀死至少8人，超过40人受伤。 Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 8 rern, chaoguoh 40 rern shouhshang. <pre> Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 8 rern, chaoguoh 40 rern shouhshang. Pakistan city Peshawar suicide bomb attack kills at least 8 people, more than 40 people be injured. </pre> ===Car bomb attacks kills at least 18 people in Iraq=== Iraq汽车炸弹袭击杀死至少18人 Iraq qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 18 rern <pre> Iraq qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 18 rern Iraq car bomb attacks kill at least 18 people </pre> 5 car bombs attack Shiah-majority provinces in southern Iraq, killing at least 18 people and injuring dozens, officials say. 官方说：5个汽车炸弹袭击Iraq南部Shiah多数的省份，至少18人被杀，几十人受伤。 guanfang shuo: 5'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq narnbuh Shiah duoshuh 'd sheengfehn, zhihshaao 18 rern beihsha, jiishir rern shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: 5'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq narnbuh Shiah duoshuh 'd sheengfehn, zhihshaao 18 rern beihsha, jiishir rern shouhshang. officials say: 5 car bomb attack Iraq south Shiah-majority provinces, at least 18 people be killed, several tens people be injured. </pre> ==2013-04-29== ===US cargo plane crash kills 7 crew members in Afghanistan=== US货机在Afghanistan坠毁，7个机员死亡 US huohji zaih Afghanistan zhuihhuii, 7'ge jiyuarn siiwarng <pre> US huohji zaih Afghanistan zhuihhuii, 7'ge jiyuarn siiwarng US cargo plane in Afghanistan fall and crashes, 7 aircraft crew members die </pre> A US cargo plane has crashed at Bagram airbase in Afghanistan, killing all 7 crew members. Afghanistan Bagram空军基地一架US货机坠毁，7个机员全部死亡。 Afghanistan Bagram kongjun jidih yi-jiah US huohji zhuihhuii, 7'ge jiyuarn quarnbuh siiwarng. <pre> Afghanistan Bagram kongjun jidih yi-jiah US huohji zhuihhuii, 7'ge jiyuarn quarnbuh siiwarng. Afghanistan Bagram air force base a US cargo plane fall and crashes, 7 flight crew members all die. </pre> ==2013-04-28== ===Taliban attacks kill at least 8 people in Pakistan=== Pakistan Taliban袭击杀死至少8人 Pakistan Taliban xirji shasii zhihshaao 8 rern <pre> Pakistan Taliban xirji shasii zhihshaao 8 rern Pakistan Taliban attacks kill at least 8 people </pre> Taliban has used bombs to attack political party offices in northwest Pakistan, killing at least 8 people and injuring 23. Pakistan 西北部Taliban用炸弹袭击政党办公室，至少8人被杀，23人受伤。 Pakistan xibeeibuh Taliban yohng zhahdahn xirji zhehngdaang bahngongshih, zhihshaao 8 rern beihsha, 23 rern shouhshang. <pre> Pakistan xibeeibuh Taliban yohng zhahdahn xirji zhehngdaang bahngongshih, zhihshaao 8 rern beihsha, 23 rern shouhshang. Pakistan northwest Taliban uses bombs to attack political party offices, at least 8 people be killed, 23 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-04-27== ===NATO airplane crash kills 4 staff in Afghanistan=== NATO飞机坠毁，4个员工死亡 NATO feiji zhuihhuii, 4'ge yuarngong siiwarng <pre> NATO feiji zhuihhuii, 4'ge yuarngong siiwarng NATO airplane fall and crashes, 4 staff die </pre> An airplane has crashed in southern Afghanistan, killing 4 NATO personnel. Afghanistan南部飞机坠毁，4个NATO员工死亡。 Afghanistan narnbuh feiji zhuihhuii, 4'ge NATO yuarngong siiwarng. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh feiji zhuihhuii, 4'ge NATO yuarngong siiwarng. Afghanistan south airplane fall and crashes, 4 NATO personnel die. </pre> ===China to buy US$8bn Airbus planes=== 中国购买USD8bn Airbus飞机 Zhongguor gouhmaai US$8bn Airbus feiji <pre> Zhongguor gouhmaai US$8bn Airbus feiji China to buy US$8bn Airbus airplanes </pre> China has agreed to buy 60 airplanes costing US$8bn from European company Airbus. 中国同意从欧洲公司Airbus买价值USD8bn的60架飞机。 Zhongguor torngyih corng Ouzhou gongsi Airbus maai jiahzhir US$8bn 'd 60-jiah feiji. <pre> Zhongguor torngyih corng Ouzhou gongsi Airbus maai jiahzhir US$8bn 'd 60-jiah feiji. China agrees from Europe company Airbus to buy costing US$8bn 's 60 airplanes. </pre> ==2013-04-26== ===Political party meeting explosion kills at least 10 people in Pakistan=== Pakistan政党会议爆炸杀死至少10人 Pakistan zhehngdaang huihyih baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 10 rern <pre> Pakistan zhehngdaang huihyih baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 10 rern Pakistan political meeting explosion kills at least 10 people </pre> A bomb has attacked an election meeting for the Awami National Party in the southern city of Karachi in Pakistan, killing at least 10 people. Pakistan南部城市Karachi炸弹袭击Awami National Party的选举会议，杀死至少10人。 Pakistan narnbuh cherngshih Karachi zhahdahn xirji Awami National Party'd xuaanjuu huihyih, shasii zhihshaao 10 rern. <pre> Pakistan narnbuh cherngshih Karachi zhahdahn xirji Awami National Party'd xuaanjuu huihyih, shasii zhihshaao 10 rern. Pakistan south city Karachi bomb attacks Awami National Party's election meeting, killing at least 10 people. </pre> ===Psychiatric hospital fire kills 38 people in Russia=== Russia精神病院大火杀死38人 Russia jiingshernbihngyuahn dahhuoo shasii 38 rern <pre> Russia jiingshernbihngyuahn dahhuoo shasii 38 rern Russia psychiatric hospital big fire kills 38 people </pre> A fire has burnt down a wing of a mental health hospital in a village near Moscow, killing 38 people, only 3 survivors, officials say. 官方说：Moscow附近乡村大火烧毁精神病院側楼，杀死38人，只有3个生还者。 guanfang shuo: Moscow fuhjihn xiangcun dahhuoo shaohuii jingshernbihngyuahn cehlour, shasii 38 rern, zhiiyoou 3'ge shenghuarnzhee. <pre> guanfang shuo: Moscow fuhjihn xiangcun dahhuoo shaohuii jingshernbihngyuahn cehlour, shasii 38 rern, zhiiyoou 3'ge shenghuarnzhee. officials say: Moscow nearby village big fire burns down mental health hospital wing (of a building), killing 38 people, only 3 survivors. </pre> ===Bus crash kills at least 30 people in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan bus撞毁，至少30人死亡 Afghanistan bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng <pre> Afghanistan bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng Afghanistan bus crashes, at least 30 people die </pre> A bus has collided with an oil car and burst into flames in the province of Kandahar in Afghanistan, killing at least 30 people, officials say. 官方说：在Afghanistan省份Kandahar，bus与运油车相撞引发大火，至少30人死亡。 guanfang shuo: zaih Afghanistan sheengfehn Kandahar, bus yuu yuhnyourche xiangzhuhang yiinfa dahhuoo, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: zaih Afghanistan sheengfehn Kandahar, bus yuu yuhnyourche xiangzhuhang yiinfa dahhuoo, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng. officials say: in Afghanistan province Kandahar, bus with oil car collides to trigger big fire, at least 30 people die. </pre> ==2013-04-25== ===Spain unemployment at new high=== Spain失业创新高 Spain shiyeh chuahng xin gao <pre> Spain shiyeh chuahng xin gao Spain unemployment creates new high </pre> The number of unemployed people in Spain has risen to a new record of 6 million, an unemployment rate of 27.2%. Spain失业人数上升至新纪录，超过6百万，失业率27.2%。 Spain shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng zhih xinjihluh, chaoguoh 6 baaiwahn, shiyehlüh 27.2%. <pre> Spain shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng zhih xinjihluh, chaoguoh 6 baaiwahn, shiyehlüh 27.2%. Spain unemployment number of people rises to new record, more than 6 million, unemployment rate 27.2%. </pre> ===At least 40 people killed in Iraq clashes=== Iraq冲突，至少40人被杀 Iraq chongtu, zhihshaao 40 rern beihsha <pre> Iraq chongtu, zhihshaao 40 rern beihsha Iraq clashes, at least 40 people be killed </pre> Clashes in the northern city of Mosul in Iraq have killed at least 10 policemen and 30 gunmen. Iraq北部城市Mosul的冲突杀死至少10个警察和30个枪手。 Iraq beeibuh cherngshih Mosul'd chongtu shasii zhihshaao 10'ge jiingchar her 30'ge qiangshoou. <pre> Iraq beeibuh cherngshih Mosul'd chongtu shasii zhihshaao 10'ge jiingchar her 30'ge qiangshoou. Iraq north city Mosul's clashes kill at least 10 policemen and 30 gunmen. </pre> ===French unemployment reaches new high=== 法国失业创新高 Faaguor shiyeh chuahng xin gao <pre> Faaguor shiyeh chuahng xin gao France unemployment creates new high </pre> The number of unemployed people in France has reached to a new high record of 3.2 million last month, official data shows. 官方数据显示：法国上月失业人数达到320万新的高记录。 guanfang shuhjuh xiaanshih: Faaguor shahngyueh shiyeh rernshuh dardaoh 320 wahn xin'd gao jihluh. <pre> guanfang shuhjuh xiaanshih: Faaguor shahngyueh shiyeh rernshuh dardaoh 320 wahn xin'd gao jihluh. official data shows: France last month unemployment number of people reaches 320 ten thousand new high record. </pre> ==2013-04-24== ===Car bomb kills at least 7 people in Iraq=== Iraq汽车炸弹杀死至少7人 Iraq qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 7 rern <pre> Iraq qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 7 rern Iraq car bomb kills at least 7 people </pre> A car bomb attack in the capital of Baghdad in Iraq has killed at least 7 people and injured more than 20. Iraq首都Baghdad汽车炸弹袭击杀死至少7人，超过20人受伤。 Iraq shooudu Baghdad qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 7 rern, chaoguoh 20 rern shouhshang. <pre> Iraq shooudu Baghdad qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 7 rern, chaoguoh 20 rern shouhshang. Iraq capital (of a country) Baghdad car bomb attack kills at least 7 people, more than 20 people be injured. </pre> ===Clashes in China's Xinjiang kill 21 people=== 中国新疆冲突，21人死亡 Zhongguor Xinjiang chongtu, 21 rern siiwarng <pre> Zhongguor Xinjiang chongtu, 21 rern siiwarng China Xinjiang clashes, 21 people die </pre> Clashes in the autonomous region of Xinjiang in China have killed 21 people, including 15 police officers and officials, authorities say. 官方说：中国新疆自治区的冲突杀死21人，包括15个警察。 guanfang shuo: Zhongguor Xinjiang Zihzhihqu'd chongtu shasii 21 rern, baokuoh 15'ge jiingchar her guanyuarn. <pre> guanfang shuo: Zhongguor Xinjiang Zihzhihqu'd chongtu shasii 21 rern, baokuoh 15'ge jiingchar her guanyuarn. officials say: China Xinjiang Autonomous Region's clashes kill 21 people, including 15 police officers and officials. </pre> ===Building collapse kills at least 87 people in Bangladesh=== Bangladesh建筑物倒塌，至少87人死亡 Bangladesh jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 87 rern siiwarng <pre> Bangladesh jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 87 rern siiwarng Bangladesh building collapses, at least 87 people die </pre> An 8-storey building has collapsed in the capital of Dhaka in Bangladesh, killing at least 87 people and injuring more than 600, officials say. 官方说：Bangladesh首都Dhaka一间8层建筑物倒塌，至少87人死亡，超过600人受伤。 guanfang shuo: Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka yi-jian 8-cerng jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 87 rern siiwarng, chaoguoh 600 rern shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka yi-jian 8-cerng jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 87 rern siiwarng, chaoguoh 600 rern shouhshang. officials say: Bangladesh capital (of a country) Dhaka a 8-storey building collapses, at least 87 people die, more than 600 people be injured. </pre> ===HSBC to cut 3,166 jobs in UK=== HSBC在UK裁减3166个职位 HSBC zaih UK cairjiaan 3166'ge zhirweih <pre> HSBC zaih UK cairjiaan 3166'ge zhirweih HSBC in UK to cut 3,166 job positions </pre> HSBC is cutting 3,166 jobs in the UK for reducing costs. HSBC为降低成本，在英国正在裁减3166个职位。 HSBC weih jiahngdi cherngbeen, zaih Yirngguor zhehngzaih cairjiaan 3166'ge zhirweih. <pre> HSBC weih jiahngdi cherngbeen, zaih Yirngguor zhehngzaih cairjiaan 3166'ge zhirweih. HSBC for reducing costs, in UK be in the process of to cut 3,166 job positions. </pre> ==2013-04-23== ===At least 20 people killed in Iraq clashes=== Iraq冲突至少20人死亡 Iraq chongtu zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng <pre> Iraq chongtu zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng Iraq clashes at least 20 people die </pre> Clashes between security forces and Sunni protesters have killed at least 20 people in northern Iraq, officials say. 官方说：Iraq北部保安部队与Sunni抗议者冲突，至少20人被杀。 guanfang shuo: Iraq beeibuh baao`an buhduih yuu Sunni kahngyihzhee chongtu, zhihshaao 20 rern beihsha. <pre> guanfang shuo: Iraq beeibuh baao`an buhduih yuu Sunni kahngyihzhee chongtu, zhihshaao 20 rern beihsha. officials say: Iraq north security troops with Sunni protesters clash, at least 20 people be killed. </pre> ===Car bomb attacks French embassy=== 汽车炸弹袭击法国大使馆 qihche zhahdahn xirji Faaguor dahshiiguaan <pre> qihche zhahdahn xirji Faaguor dahshiiguaan car bomb attacks France embassy </pre> A car bomb has attacked the French embassy in the capital of Tripoli in Libya, injuring 2 French guards and several residents. 汽车炸弹袭击Libya首都Tripoli法国大使馆，2个法国警卫和几个居民受伤。 qihche zhahdahn xirji Libya shooudu Tripoli Faaguor dahshiiguaan, 2'ge Faaguor jiingweih her jii'ge jumirn shouhshang. <pre> qihche zhahdahn xirji Libya shooudu Tripoli Faaguor dahshiiguaan, 2'ge Faaguor jiingweih her jii'ge jumirn shouhshang. car bomb attacks Libya capital (of a country) Tripoli France embassy, 2 France guards and several residents be injured. </pre> ===Western Russia shooting kills 6 people=== Russia西部枪击，6人死亡 Russia xibuh qiangji, 6 rern siiwarng <pre> Russia xibuh qiangji, 6 rern siiwarng Russia west shooting, 6 people die </pre> 6 people, including a 14-year-old girl, have been killed by a gunman in the western city of Belgorod in Russia, officials say. 官方说：Russia西部城市Belgorod一个枪手杀死6人，包括一个14岁女孩。 guanfang shuo: Russia xibuh cherngshih Belgorod yi'ge qiangshoou shasii 6 rern, baokuoh yi'ge 14 suih nüühair. <pre> guanfang shuo: Russia xibuh cherngshih Belgorod yi'ge qiangshoou shasii 6 rern, baokuoh yi'ge 14 suih nüühair. officials say: Russia west city Belgorod a gunman kills 6 people, including a 14 years (of age) girl. </pre> ===Nigeria fighting kills at least 185 people=== Nigeria战斗杀死至少185人 Nigeria zhahndouh shasii zhihshaao 185 rern <pre> Nigeria zhahndouh shasii zhihshaao 185 rern Nigeria fighting kills at least 185 people </pre> Heavy fighting between government soldiers and Islamic fighters in northern Nigeria has killed at least 185 people, according to reports. 据报道：Nigeria北部政府军与Islam战士激烈战斗，至少185人死亡。 juh baohdaao: Nigeria beeibuh zhehngfuujun yuu Islam zhahnshih jilieh zhahndouh, zhihshaao 185 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Nigeria beeibuh zhehngfuujun yuu Islam zhahnshih jilieh zhahndouh, zhihshaao 185 rern siiwarng. according to reports: Nigeria north government soldiers with Islam fighters intensely to fight, at least 185 people die. </pre> ==2013-04-22== ===Gun shootings kills 5 people in USA=== 美国枪击，5人死亡 Meeiguor qiangji, 5 rern siiwarng <pre> Meeiguor qiangji, 5 rern siiwarng US gun shootings, 5 people die </pre> Shootings at an apartment building in the south city of Seattle in the USA have killed 5 people, police say. 警方说：美国南部城市Seattle一间公寓楼的枪击杀死5个人。 jiingfang shuo: Meeiguor narnbuh cherngshih Seattle yi-jian gongyuhlour'd qiangji shasii 5'ge rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Meeiguor narnbuh cherngshih Seattle yi-jian gongyuhlour'd qiangji shasii 5'ge rern. police say: US south city Seattle a apartment building's gun shootings kill 5 people. </pre> ===Taliban kidnaps 9 foreigners in Afghanistan=== Taliban在Afghanistan绑架9个外国人 Taliban zaih Afghanistan baangjiah 9'ge waihguorrern <pre> Taliban zaih Afghanistan baangjiah 9'ge waihguorrern Taliban in Afghanistan abducts 9 foreigners </pre> Taliban fighters have kidnapped 7 Turks and 2 Russians in the eastern province of Logar in Afghanistan after a helicopter has been forced to land in bad weather, officials say. 官方说：Taliban战士在Afghanistan东部省份Logar绑架了一架由于恶劣天气迫降的直升机的7个Turkey和2个Russia人。 guanfang shuo: Taliban zhahnshih zaih Afghanistan dongbuh sheengfehn Logar baangjiah'le yi-jiah youryur ehlieh tianqih pohjiahng'd zhirshengji'd 7'ge Turkey her 2'ge Russia rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: Taliban zhahnshih zaih Afghanistan dongbuh sheengfehn Logar baangjiah'le yi-jiah youryur ehlieh tianqih pohjiahng'd zhirshengji'd 7'ge Turkey her 2'ge Russia rern. officials say: Taliban fighters in Afghanistan east province Logar abducted a because of very bad weather be forced to land 's helicopter's 7 Turkey and 2 Russia people. </pre> ==2013-04-21== ===116-year-old Japan man celebrates birthday=== 116岁日本男人庆祝生日 116 suih Rihbeen narnrern qihngzhuh shengrih <pre> 116 suih Rihbeen narnrern qihngzhuh shengrih 116 years (of age) Japan man celebrates birthday </pre> 116-year-old Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura is the oldest living person in the world. 116岁日本男人Jiroemon Kimura是世界上最老的活着的人。 116 suih Rihbeen narnrern Jiroemon Kimura shih shihjieh'shang zuihlaao'd huor'zhe'd rern. <pre> 116 suih Rihbeen narnrern Jiroemon Kimura shih shihjieh'shang zuihlaao'd huor'zhe'd rern. 116 years (of age) Japan man Jiroemon Kimura is in the world oldest living people. </pre> ===UK credit rating downgraded to AA+=== UK信用评级降级至AA+ UK xihnyohng pirngjir jiahngjir zhih AA+ <pre> UK xihnyohng pirngjir jiahngjir zhih AA+ UK credit rating be downgraded to AA+ </pre> The UK has been downgraded to AA+ by the Fitch credit ratings agency because of a weakened economic outlook. 由于经济前景疲弱，UK被Fitch信用评级机构降级至AA+。 youryur jingjih qiarnjiing pirruoh, UK beih Fitch xihnyohng pirngjir jigouh jiahngjir zhih AA+. <pre> youryur jingjih qiarnjiing pirruoh, UK beih Fitch xihnyohng pirngjir jigouh jiahngjir zhih AA+. because of economy outlook tired and weak, UK by Fitch credit rating organization be downgraded to AA+. </pre> ==2013-04-19== ===China earthquake kills at least 150 people in Sichuan=== 中国四川地震，至少150人死亡 Zhongguor Sihchuan dihzhehn, zhihshaao 150 rern siiwarng <pre> Zhongguor Sihchuan dihzhehn, zhihshaao 150 rern siiwarng China Sichuan earthquake, at least 150 people die </pre> A strong earthquake has attacked the southwest province of Sichuan in China, killing at least 150 people and injuring several thousand. 强烈地震袭击中国西南部省份四川，杀死至少150人，几千人受伤。 qiarnglieh dihzhehn xirji Zhongguor xinarnbuh sheengfehn Sihchuan, shasii zhihshaao 150 rern, jiiqian rern shouhshang. <pre> qiarnglieh dihzhehn xirji Zhongguor xinarnbuh sheengfehn Sihchuan, shasii zhihshaao 150 rern, jiiqian rern shouhshang. strong earthquake attacks China southwest province Sichuan, killing at least 150 people, several thousands people be injured. </pre> ===Iraq attack kills at least 7 people=== Iraq袭击杀死至少7人 Iraq xirji shasii zhihshaao 7 rern <pre> Iraq xirji shasii zhihshaao 7 rern Iraq attack kills at least 7 people </pre> A mortar attack on a Sunni mosque in northern Iraq has killed at least 7 people, police have said. 警方说：迫击炮袭击Iraq北部一间Sunni清真寺，杀死至少7人。 jiingfang shuo: paaijipaoh xirji Iraq beeibuh yi-jian Sunni qingzhensih, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: paaijipaoh xirji Iraq beeibuh yi-jian Sunni qingzhensih, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern. police say: mortars attack Iraq north a Sunni mosque, killing at least 7 people. </pre> ===Taliban kills at least 13 pro-government militias in Afghanistan=== Taliban在Afghanistan杀死至少13个亲政府民兵 Taliban zaih Afghanistan shasii zhihshaao 13'ge qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing <pre> Taliban zaih Afghanistan shasii zhihshaao 13'ge qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing Taliban in Afghanistan kills at least 13 pro-government militias </pre> Taliban fighters have attacked a checkpoint in the province of Ghazni in Afghanistan, killing at least 13 pro-government militias, according to reports. 据报道：Taliban战士袭击Afghanistan省份Ghazni一个检查站，杀死至少13个亲政府民兵。 juh baohdaao: Taliban zhahnshih xirji Afghanistan sheengfehn Ghazni yi'ge jiaancharzhahn, shasii zhihshaao 13'ge qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing. <pre> juh baohdaao: Taliban zhahnshih xirji Afghanistan sheengfehn Ghazni yi'ge jiaancharzhahn, shasii zhihshaao 13'ge qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing. according to reports: Taliban fighters attack Afghanistan province Ghazni a checkpoint, killing at least 13 pro-government militias. </pre> ===South Sudan army kills 5 health workers=== South Sudan军队杀死5个医务人员 South Sudan junduih shasii 5'ge yiwuh rernyuarn <pre> South Sudan junduih shasii 5'ge yiwuh rernyuarn South Sudan army kills 5 health workers </pre> South Sudan troops have attacked a hospital in the village of Lorema in South Sudan, killing a doctor and 4 nurses, according to reports. 据报道：South Sudan军队袭击South Sudan乡村Lorema一间医院，杀死一个医生和4个护士。 juh baohdaao: South Sudan junduih xirji South Sudan xiangcun Lorema yi-jian yiyuahn, shasii yi'ge yisheng her 4'ge huhshih. <pre> juh baohdaao: South Sudan junduih xirji South Sudan xiangcun Lorema yi-jian yiyuahn, shasii yi'ge yisheng her 4'ge huhshih. according to reports: South Sudan troops attack South Sudan village Lorema a hospital, killing a doctor and 4 nurses. </pre> ===Baghdad cafe bomb attack kills at least 27 people=== Baghdad咖啡店炸弹袭击杀死至少27人 Baghdad kafeidiahn zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 27 rern <pre> Baghdad kafeidiahn zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 27 rern Baghdad cafe bomb attack kills at least 27 people </pre> A bomb has attacked a cafe in the capital of Iraq, Baghdad, killing at least 27 people, including 2 children, and injuring dozens. 炸弹袭击Iraq首都Baghdad一间咖啡店，杀死至少27人，包括2个儿童，几十人受伤。 zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad yi-jian kafeidiahn, shasii zhihshaao 27 rern, baokuoh 2'ge errtorng, jiishir rern shouhshang. <pre> zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad yi-jian kafeidiahn, shasii zhihshaao 27 rern, baokuoh 2'ge errtorng, jiishir rern shouhshang. bomb attacks Iraq capital Baghdad a cafe, killing at least 27 people, including 2 children, several tens people be injured. </pre> ==2013-04-18== ===Kenya gunmen kill at least 8 people=== Kenya枪手杀死至少8人 Kenya qiarngshoou shasii zhihshaao 8 rern <pre> Kenya qiarngshoou shasii zhihshaao 8 rern Kenya gunmen kill at least 8 people </pre> A group of militants in the eastern town of Garissa in Kenya have attacked a hotel, killing at least 8 people. Kenya东部市镇Garissa一群武装分子袭击一间酒店，杀死至少8人。 Kenya dongbuh shihzhehn Garissa yi-qurn wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji yi-jian jiuudiahn, shasii zhihshaao 8 rern. <pre> Kenya dongbuh shihzhehn Garissa yi-qurn wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji yi-jian jiuudiahn, shasii zhihshaao 8 rern. Kenya east town Garissa a group of militants attack a hotel, killing at least 8 people. </pre> ===North Korea lists terms for negotiations=== 朝鲜列出谈判条件 Chaorxian liehchu tarnpahn tiaorjiahn <pre> Chaorxian liehchu tarnpahn tiaorjiahn North Korea lists negotiations terms </pre> North Korea has said it is ready to talk if the sanctions against it are withdrawn and the US and South Korea joint military exercises are cancelled. 朝鲜说：如果撤销针对它的制裁和取消US和韩国的联合军事演习，它会乐意谈判。 Chaorxian shuo: rurguoo chehxiao zhenduih ta 'd zhihcair her quuxiao US her Harnguor 'd liarnher junshih yaanxir, ta huih lehyih tarnpahn. <pre> Chaorxian shuo: rurguoo chehxiao zhenduih ta 'd zhihcair her quuxiao US her Harnguor 'd liarnher junshih yaanxir, ta huih lehyih tarnpahn. North Korea say: if to withdraw be directed against it 's sanctions and to cancel US and South Korea 's joint military exercises, it will be willing to negotiate. </pre> ===Fertilizer factory explosion kills many people in Texas=== Texas肥料厂爆炸，多人死亡 Texas feirliaohchaang baohzhah, duo rern siiwarng <pre> Texas feirliaohchaang baohzhah, duo rern siiwarng Texas fertilizer factory explodes, many people die </pre> A huge explosion at a fertilizer factory has killed 5-15 people in the state of Texas in the USA. 美国Texas州一间肥料厂发生巨大爆炸，5-15人死亡。 Meeiguor Texas zhou yi-jian feirliaohchaang fasheng judah baohzhah, 5-15 rern siiwarng. <pre> Meeiguor Texas zhou yi-jian feirliaohchaang faheng judah baohzhah, 5-15 rern siiwarng. US Texas state a fertilizer factory happens huge explosion, 5-15 people die. </pre> ==2013-04-17== ===Afghanistan attacks kill at least 24 people=== Afghanistan袭击杀死至少24人 Afghanistan xirji shasii zhihshaao 24 rern <pre> Afghanistan xirji shasii zhihshaao 24 rern Afghanistan attacks kill at least 24 people </pre> Attacks across Afghanistan have killed at least 24 people, officials say. 官方说：遍布Afghanistan的袭击杀死至少24人。 guanfang shuo: biahnbuh Afghansitan 'd xirji shasii zhihshaao 24 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: biahnbuh Afghansitan 'd xirji shasii zhihshaao 24 rern. officials say: across Afghanistan 's attacks kill at least 24 people. </pre> ==2013-04-16== ===Ghana gold mine collapse kills at least 16=== Ghana金矿倒塌，至少16死 Ghana jinkuahng daaota, zhihshaao 16 sii <pre> Ghana jinkuahng daaota, zhihshaao 16 sii Ghana gold mine collapses, at least 16 die </pre> A disused gold mine has collapsed in central Ghana, killing at least 16 people, local government says. 当地政府说：Ghana中部一个废弃的金矿倒塌，至少16人死亡。 dangdih zhehngfuu shuo: Ghana zhongbuh yi'ge feihqih'd jinkuahng daaota, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng. <pre> dangdih zhehngfuu shuo: Ghana zhongbuh yi'ge feihqih'd jinkuahng daaota, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng. local government says: Ghana central part a disused gold mine collapses, at least 16 people die. </pre> ===Explosions kill at least 3 people in USA=== USA爆炸杀死至少3人 USA baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 3 rern <pre> USA baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 3 rern USA explosions kill at least 3 people </pre> 2 explosions have attacked the marathon in the city of Boston in the USA, killing at least 3 people and injuring more than 140, according to reports. 据报道：2次爆炸袭击USA城市Boston的marathon，杀死至少3人，超过140人受伤。 juh baohdaao: 2-cih baohzhah xirji USA cherngshih Boston 'd marathon, shasii zhihshaao 3 rern, chaoguoh 140 rern shouhshang. <pre> juh baohdaao: 2-cih baohzhah xirji USA cherngshih Boston 'd marathon, shasii zhihshaao 3 rern, chaoguoh 140 rern shouhshang. according to reports: 2 explosions attack USA city Boston 's marathon, killing at least 3 people, more than 140 people be injured. </pre> ===Explosions kill at least 31 people in Iraq=== Iraq爆炸杀死至少31人 Iraq baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 31 rern <pre> Iraq baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 31 rern Iraq explosions kill at least 31 people </pre> A series of explosions across Iraq have killed at least 31 people and injured more that 200, officials say. 官方说：遍布Iraq的一系列爆炸，至少31人被杀，超过200人受伤。 guanfang shuo: biahnbuh Iraq 'd yixihlieh baohzhah, zhihshaao 31 rern beihsha, chaoguoh 200 rern shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: biahnbuh Iraq 'd yixihlieh baohzhah, zhihshaao 31 rern beihsha, chaoguoh 200 rern shouhshang. officials say: across Iraq 's a series of explosions, at least 31 people be killed, more than 200 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-04-14== ===China reports Beijing's first bird flu case=== 中国报道北京的第一个禽流感 Zhongguor baohdaao Beeijing'd dihyi'ge qirnliurgaan <pre> Zhongguor baohdaao Beeijing'd dihyi'ge qirnliurgaan China reports Beijing's first bird flu </pre> A 7-year-old girl has contracted Beijing's first case of H7N9 bird flu, officials say. 官方说：一个7岁女孩感染了北京的第一个H7N9禽流感。 guanfang shuo: yi'ge 7 suih nüühair gaanraan'le Beeijing'd dihyi'ge H7N9 qirnliurgaan. <pre> guanfang shuo: yi'ge 7 suih nüühair gaanraan'le Beeijing'd dihyi'ge H7N9 qirnliurgaan. officials say: a 7 years (of age) girl contracted Beijing's first H7N9 bird flu. </pre> ===Bomb and gun attacks kill at least 19 people in Somalia=== Somalia炸弹和枪击杀死19人 Somalia zhahdahn her qiangji shasii zhihshaao 19 rern <pre> Somalia zhahdahn her qiangji shasii zhihshaao 19 rern Somalia bomb and gun shooting kill at least 19 people </pre> Bomb and gun attacks in the capital of Somalia, Mogadishu, have killed at least 19 people. Somalia首都Mogadishu的炸弹和枪袭击杀死至少19人。 Somalia shooudu Mogadishu 'd zhahdahn her qiang xirji shasii zhihshaao 19 rern. <pre> Somalia shooudu Mogadishu 'd zhahdahn her qiang xirji shasii zhihshaao 19 rern. Somalia capital (of a country) Mogadishu 's bomb and gun attacks kill at least 19 people. </pre> ==2013-04-12== ===Iraq bomb attacks kill at least 11 people=== Iraq炸弹袭击杀死至少11人 Iraq zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 11 rern <pre> Iraq zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 11* rern Iraq bomb attacks kill at least 11 people * 11/shiryi - 11/eleven </pre> Bombs attack mosques in Iraq's capital Baghdad and in the province of Diyala, killing at least 11 people and injuring more than 30. 炸弹袭击Iraq首都Baghdad和Diyala省的清真寺，至少11人被杀，超过30人受伤。 zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad her Diyala sheeng 'd qingzhensih, zhihshaao 11 rern beihsha, chaoguoh 30 rern shouhshang. <pre> zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad her Diyala sheeng 'd qingzhensih, zhihshaao 11 rern beihsha, chaoguoh 30* rern shouhshang. bombs attack Iraq capital (of a country) Baghdad and Diyala province 's mosques, at least 11 people be killed, more than 30 people be injured. * 30/sanshir - 30/thirty </pre> ===Taliban kills 13 soldiers in Afghanistan=== Taliban在Afghanistan杀死13个士兵 Taliban zaih Afghanistan shasii 13'ge shihbing <pre> Taliban zaih Afghanistan shasii 13'ge* shihbing Taliban in Afghanistan kills 13 soldiers * 13'ge/shirsan'ge - 13/thirteen </pre> The Taliban has attacked a remote outpost in the eastern province of Kunar in Afghanistan, killing at least 13 Afghan soldiers, officials say. 官方说：Taliban袭击Afghanistan东部省份一个偏远的哨站，杀死至少13个Afghanistan士兵。 guanfang shuo: Taliban xirji Afghanistan dongbuh sheengfehn yi'ge pianyuaan'd shaohzhahn, shasii zhihshaao 13'ge Afghanistan shihbing. <pre> guanfang shuo: Taliban xirji Afghanistan dongbuh sheengfehn yi'ge pianyuaan'd shaohzhahn, shasii zhihshaao 13'ge Afghanistan shihbing. officials say: Taliban attacks Afghanistan east province a remote outpost, killing at least 13 Afghanistan soldiers. </pre> ==2013-04-11== ===Nigeria Rebel army rejects amnesty=== Nigeria叛军拒绝特赦 [[w:Nigeria|Nigeria]] pahnjun juhjuer tehsheh <pre> Nigeria pahnjun juhjuer tehsheh Nigeria rebel army rejects amnesty </pre> The Nigerian Islamic rebel army Boko Haram has rejected the suggestion of an amnesty. Nigeria Islam叛军Boko Haram拒绝特赦建议。 Nigeria Islam pahnjun [[w:Boko Haram|Boko Haram]] juhjuer tehsheh jiahnyih. <pre> Nigeria Islam pahnjun Boko Haram juhjuer tehsheh jiahnyih. Nigeria Islam rebel army Boko Haram rejects amnesty suggestion. </pre> ===Red meat chemical substance damages heart=== 红肉化学物质损害心脏 horngrouh huahxuer wuhzhih suunhaih xinzahng <pre> horngrouh huahxuer wuhzhih suunhaih xinzahng red meat chemical substance damages heart </pre> A chemical substance found in red meat damages our heart, it explains eating too much steak, mince and bacon can cause heart disease, US scientists say. US科学家发现红肉一种化学物质损害心脏，说明吃太多肉排，mince肉和腌肉会导致心脏病。 US kexuerjia faxiahn horngrouh yi-zhoong huahxuer wuhzhih suunhaih xinzahng, shuomirng chi taih duo rouhpair, [[w:ground meat|mince-rouh]] her yanrouh huih daaozhih xinzahngbihng. <pre> US kexuerjia faxiahn horngrouh yi-zhoong huahxuer wuhzhih suunhaih xinzahng, shuomirng chi taih duo rouhpair, mince-rouh her yanrouh huih daaozhih xinzahngbihng. US scientists discover red meat a kind of chemical substance damages heart, explains eating too many steak, minced meat and bacon can cause heart disease. </pre> ==2013-04-10== ===Australian minister says Margaret Thatcher racist=== Australia部长说Magaret Thatcher种族歧视 Australia buhzhaang shuo Margaret Thatcher zhoongzur qirshih <pre> Australia buhzhaang shuo Margaret Thatcher zhoongzur qirshih Australia minister says Margaret Thatcher racial discrimination </pre> Australia's Foreign Minister Bob Carr has said that Margaret Thatcher is a racist. Australia外交部长Bob Carr说Margaret Thatcher是种族主义者。 Australia waihjiao buhzhaang Bob Carr shuo Margaret Thatcher shih zhoongzurzhuuyihzhee. <pre> Australia waihjiao buhzhaang Bob Carr shuo Margaret Thatcher shih zhoongzurzhuuyihzhee. Australia foreign affairs minister Bob Carr says Margaret Thatcher is racist. </pre> ===Earthquake kills at least 30 people in Iran=== Iran地震杀死至少30人 Iran dihzhehn shasii zhihshaao 30 rern <pre> Iran dihzhehn shasii zhihshaao 30* rern Iran earthquake kills at least 30 people * 30/sanshir - 30/thirty </pre> A 6.3 magnitude earthquake in southwest Iran has killed at least 30 people, officials say. 官方说：Iran西南部6.3级地震，至少30人死亡。 guanfang shuo: Iran xinarnbuh 6.3 jir dihzhehn, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Iran xinarnbuh 6.3* jir dihzhehn, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng. officials say: Iran southwest 6.3 grade earthquake, at least 30 people die. * 6.3 / liuh diaan san - 6.3 / six point three </pre> ==2013-04-09== ===Rebel army kills 5 Indian soldiers in South Sudan=== 叛军在South Sudan杀死5个India士兵 pahnjun zaih South Sudan shasii 5'ge India shihbing <pre> pahnjun zaih South Sudan shasii 5'ge* India shihbing rebel army in South Sudan kills 5 India soldiers * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> Rebel army has killed 5 Indian soldiers in an ambush in South Sudan, the United Nations say. 联合国说：叛军在South Sudan伏击杀死5个India士兵。 Liarnherguor shuo: pahnjun zaih South Sudan furji shasii 5'ge India shihbing. <pre> Liarnherguor shuo: pahnjun zaih South Sudan furji shasii 5'ge India shihbing. United Nations say: rebel army in South Sudan ambush kills 5 India soldiers. </pre> ===Increase Potassium to reduce stroke risk=== 增加Kalium减少中风危险 zengjia [[w:Kalium|Kalium]] jiaanshaao zhohngfeng weixiaan <pre> zengjia Kalium jiaanshaao zhohngfeng weixiaan increase Potassium to reduce stroke risk </pre> Increasing Potassium in our diets and decreasing salt will reduce blood pressure levels and the risk of stroke, a research suggests. 研究指出：增加饮食的Kalium和减少盐会降低血压水平和中风的风险。 yarnjiu zhiichu: zengjia yiinshir'd Kalium her jiaanshaao yarn huih jiahngdi xuehya shuiipirng her zhohngfeng'd fengxiaan. <pre> yarnjiu zhiichu: zengjia yiinshir'd Kalium her jiaanshaao yarn huih jiahngdi xuehya shuiipirng her zhohngfeng'd fengxiaan. a research points out: increasing dietary Potassium and decreasing salt will reduce blood pressure level and stroke's risk. </pre> ==2013-04-08== ===Former UK Prime Minister Thatcher passes away=== 前UK首相Thatcher逝世 qiarn UK shoouxiahng Thatcher shihshih <pre> qiarn UK shoouxiahng Thatcher shihshih former UK prime minister Thatcher passes away </pre> Former UK Prime Minister Thatcher has died at the age of 87 after a stroke, her spokesman has said. 前UK首相Thatcher因为中风逝世，享年87岁，她的发言人说。 qiarn UK shoouxiahng Thatcher yinweih zhohngfeng shihshih, xiaangniarn 87 suih, ta'd fayarnrern shuo. <pre> qiarn UK shoouxiahng Thatcher yinweih zhohngfeng shihshih, xiaangniarn 87* suih, ta'd fayarnrern shuo. former UK prime minister Thatcher because of stroke pass away, dies at the age of 87 year (of age), her spokesperson says. * 87/bashirqi - 87/eighty-seven </pre> ===Car bomb kills at least 15 people in Syria=== Syria汽车炸弹杀死至少15人 Syria qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 15 rern <pre> Syria qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 15* rern Syria car bomb kills at least 15 people * 15/shirwuu - 15/fifteen </pre> A car bomb blast in the center of Syria's capital Damascus has killed at least 15 people and injured 47, according to Syrian media reports. 据Syria媒体报道：Syria首都Damascus市中心汽车炸弹爆炸，至少15人死亡，47人受伤。 juh Syria meirtii baohdaao: Syria shooudu Damascus shihzhongxin qihche zhahdahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 15 rern siiwarng, 47 rern shouhshang. <pre> juh Syria meirtii baohdaao: Syria shooudu Damascus shihzhongxin qihche zhahdahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 15 rern siiwarng, 47* rern shouhshang. according to Syria media reports: Syria capital (of a country) Damascus downtown area car bomb explodes, at least 15 people die, 47 people be injured. * 47/sihshirqi - 47/forty-seven </pre> ===Roadside bomb kills at least 9 people in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan路边炸弹杀死至少9人 Afghanistan luhbian zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 9 rern <pre> Afghanistan luhbian zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 9* rern Afghanistan roadside bomb kills at least 9 people * 9/jiuu - 9/nine </pre> A roadside bomb has attacked a bus in the province of Wardak in Afghanistan, killing at least 9 people. Afghanistan省份Wardak路边炸弹袭击bus，杀死至少9人。 Afghanistan sheengfehn Wardak luhbian zhahdahn xirji bus, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. <pre> Afghanistan sheengfehn Wardak luhbian zhahdahn xirji bus, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. Afghanistan province Wardak roadside bomb attacks bus, killing at least 9 people. </pre> ==2013-04-07== ===Nigeria attack kills 11 people=== Nigeria袭击杀死11人 Nigeria xirji shasii 11 rern <pre> Nigeria xirji shasii 11* rern Nigeria attack kills 11 people * 11/shiryi - 11/eleven </pre> An attack in eastern Nigeria targeting the deputy governor of Adamawa region has killed 11 people, police say. 警方说：Nigeria东部一次针对Adamawa地区副总督的袭击杀死11人。 jiingfang shuo: Nigeria dongbuh yi-cih zhenduih Adamawa dihqu fuh-zoongdu 'd xirji shasii 11 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Nigeria dongbuh yi-cih* zhenduih Adamawa dihqu fuh-zoongdu 'd xirji shasii 11 rern. police say: Nigeria east a targeting Adamawa region deputy governor 's attack kills 11 people. * -cih - (a verbal measure word) time; occurrence </pre> ===China to open Xisha Islands (Paracel Islands) to tourism=== 中国开办西沙群岛旅游 Zhongguor kaibahn Xisha Qurndaao lüüyour <pre> Zhongguor kaibahn Xisha Qurndaao lüüyour China opens Xisha Islands tourism </pre> China will open Xisha islands to tourism by next month, according to Chinese media reports. 据中国媒体报道：中国下月开办西沙群岛旅游。 juh Zhongguor meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor xiahyueh kaibahn Xisha Qurndaao lüüyour. <pre> juh Zhongguor meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor xiahyueh kaibahn Xisha Qurndaao lüüyour. according to China media reports: China next month opens Xisha Islands tourism. </pre> ===12 police believed to be killed in Nigeria ambush=== Nigeria 12个被伏击警察相信已经死亡 Nigeria 12'ge beih furji jiingchar xiangxihn yiijing siiwarng <pre> Nigeria 12'ge* beih furji jiingchar xiangxihn yiijing siiwarng Nigeria 12 be ambushed police believed already die * 12'ge/shir`erh'ge - 12/twelve -'ge - a general measure word </pre> 12 missing Nigerian policemen are believed to have been killed in an ambush in the Niger Delta region. Niger Delta地区12个被伏击失踪的Nigeria警察相信已经被杀。 Niger Delta dihqu 12'ge beih furji shizong'd Nigeria jiingchar xiangxihn yiijing beihsha. <pre> Niger Delta dihqu 12'ge beih furji shizong'd Nigeria jiingchar xiangxihn yiijing beihsha. Niger Delta region 12 be ambushed missing Nigeria police believed already be killed. </pre> ===NATO kills 12 civilians=== NATO杀死12个平民 NATO shasii 12'ge pirngmirn <pre> NATO shasii 12'ge* pirngmirn NATO kills 12 civilians * 12'ge/shir`erh'ge - 12/twelve </pre> NATO air raid in eastern Afghanistan has killed 10 children and 2 women, according to reports. 据报道，NATO空袭Afghanistan东部，杀死10个儿童和2个女人。 juh baohdaao, NATO kongxir Afghanistan dongbuh, shasii 10'ge errtorng her 2'ge nüürern. <pre> juh baohdaao, NATO kongxir Afghanistan dongbuh, shasii 10'ge* errtorng her 2'ge** nüürern. according to reports, NATO air attack Afghanistan east, killing 10 children and 2 women. * 10'ge/shir'ge - 10/ten -'ge - a general measure word ** 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two </pre> ==2013-04-06== ===Suicide bomb kills 5 Americans=== 自杀炸弹杀死5个美国人 zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge Meeiguorrern <pre> zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge* Meeiguorrern suicide bomb kills 5 Americans * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A suicide bomb has killed 5 Americans and an Afghan doctor in the southern province of Zabul in Afghanistan. Afghansitan南部省份Zabul炸弹杀死5个美国人和一个Afghanistan医生。 Afghanistan narnbuh sheengfehn Zabul zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge Meeiguorrern her yi'ge Afghanistan yisheng. <pre> Afghanistan narnbuh sheengfehn Zabul zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge Meeiguorrern her yi'ge Afghanistan yisheng. Afghanistan south province Zabul suicide bomb kills 5 Americans and an Afghanistan doctor. </pre> ===Iraq political rally explosion kills at least 22 people=== Iraq政治集会爆炸杀死至少22人 Iraq zhehngzhih jirhuih baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 22 rern <pre> Iraq zhehngzhih jirhuih baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 22* rern Iraq political rally explosion kills at least 22 people * 22/erhshir`erh - 22/twenty-two </pre> A suicide bomb and grenade attack a political rally in the eastern city of Baquba in Iraq, killing at least 22 people and injuring about 50. 自杀炸弹和手榴弹袭击Iraq东部城市Baquba政治集会，至少22人被杀，大约50人受伤。 zihsha zhahdahn her shoouliurdahn xirji Iraq dongbuh cherngshih Baquba zhehngzhih jirhuih, zhihshaao 22 rern beihsha, dahyue 50 rern shouhshang. <pre> zihsha zhahdahn her shoouliurdahn xirji Iraq dongbuh cherngshih Baquba zhehngzhih jirhuih, zhihshaao 22 rern beihsha, dahyue 50* rern shouhshang. suicide bomb and grenade attack Iraq east city Baquba political rally, at least 22 people be killed, about 50 people be injured. * 50/wuushir - 50/fifty </pre> ===North Korea advises foreign embassies to prepare for evacuation=== 朝鲜劝喻外国大使馆准备撤离 Chaorxian quahnyuh waihguor dahshiiguaan zhuunbeih chehlir <pre> Chaorxian quahnyuh waihguor dahshiiguaan zhuunbeih chehlir North Korea advises foreign embassies to prepare to evacuate </pre> North Korea has advised foreign embassies in Pyongyang to prepare for the evacuation of their employees, as it cannot ensure their safety if there is war. 由于一旦有战争不能保证安全，朝鲜劝喻驻Pyongyang外国使馆准备撤离员工。 youryur yidahn yoou zhahnzheng bunerng baaozhehng anquarn, Chaorxian quahnyuh zhuh Pyongyang waihguor shiiguaan zhuunbeih chehlir yuarngong. <pre> youryur yidahn yoou zhahnzheng bunerng baaozhehng anquarn, Chaorxian quahnyuh zhuh Pyongyang waihguor shiiguaan zhuunbeih chehlir yuarngong. because of in the event of there is war cannot guarantee safety, North Korea advises be stationed at Pyongyang foreign embassies to prepare to evacuate employess. </pre> ==2013-04-05== ===South Africa to retreat from CAR=== 南非从CAR撤退 Narnfei corng CAR chehtuih <pre> Narnfei corng CAR chehtuih South Africa from CAR retreats </pre> South African troops will retreat from the Central African Republic (CAR), according to reports. 据报道：南非军队会从中非共和国（CAR）撤退。 juh baohdaao: Narnfei junduih huih corng Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) chehtuih. <pre> juh baohdaao: Narnfei junduih huih corng Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) chehtuih. according to reports: South Africa troops will from Central Africa Republic (CAR) retreat. </pre> ==2013-04-04== ===NATO air raid kills 4 Afghanistan police=== NATO空袭杀死4个Afghanistan警察 NATO kongxir shasii 4'ge Afghanistan jiingchar <pre> NATO kongxir shasii 4'ge* Afghanistan jiingchar NATO air raid kills 4 Afghanistan police * 4'ge/sih'ge - 4/four -'ge - a general measure word </pre> 4 policemen and a civilian have been killed by a NATO air raid in Afghanistan, officials say. 官方说：NATO空袭Afghanistan，杀死4个警察和一个平民。 guanfang shuo: NATO kongxir Afghanistan, shasii 4'ge jiingchar her yi'ge pirngmirn. <pre> guanfang shuo: NATO kongxir Afghanistan, shasii 4'ge jiingchar her yi'ge pirngmirn. officials say: NATO air attack Afghanistan, killing 4 police and a civilian. </pre> ==2013-04-03== ===Afghanistan courthouse attack kills at least 50 people=== Afghanistan法院袭击杀死至少50人 Afghanistan faayuahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 50 rern <pre> Afghanistan faayuahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 50* rern Afghanistan courthouse attack kills at least 50 people * 50/wuushir - 50/fifty </pre> At least 50 people have been killed and 90 injured by a suicide bomb and gun attack in the western city of Farah in Afghanistan. Afghanistan西部城市Farah被自杀炸弹和枪击袭击，至少50人被杀，90人受伤。 Afghanistan xibuh cherngshih Farah beih zihsha zhahdahn her qiangji xirji, zhihshaao 50 rern beihsha, 90 rern shouhshang. <pre> Afghanistan xibuh cherngshih Farah beih zihsha zhahdahn her qiangji xirji, zhihshaao 50 rern beihsha, 90* rern shouhshang. Afghanistan west city Farah by suicide bomb and gun shooting attack, at least 50 people be killed, 90 people be injured. * 90/jiuushir - 90/ninety </pre> ==2013-04-02== ===Eurozone unemployment rate reaches 12% record high=== Euro区失业率达到12%高纪录 Euro-qu shiyehlüh dardaoh 12% gao jihluh <pre> Euro-qu shiyehlüh dardaoh 12%* gao jihluh Eurozone unemployment rate reaches 12% high record * 12% / shir'erh percent - 12% / twelve percent </pre> The Eurozone unemployment rate has reached a record high of 12%, official figures have shown. 官方数字显示：Euro区失业率达到12%高纪录。 guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Euro-qu shiyehlüh dardaoh 12% gao jihluh. <pre> guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Euro-qu shiyehlüh dardaoh 12% gao jihluh. officials figures show: Eurozone unemployment rate reaches 12% high record. </pre> ===Power plant attack kills at least 7 people in Pakistan=== Pakistan发电厂袭击，至少7人死亡 Pakistan fadiahnchaang xirji, zhihshaao 7 rern siiwarng <pre> Pakistan fadiahnchaang xirji, zhihshaao 7* rern siiwarng Pakistan power plant attack, at least 7 people die * 7/qi - 7/seven </pre> Dozens of militants have attacked an electricity plant in the city of Peshawar in Pakistan, killing at least 7 people. 几十个武装分子袭击Pakistan城市Peshawar一间发电厂，杀死至少7人。 jiishir'ge wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar yi-jian fadiahnchaang, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern. <pre> jiishir'ge* wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar yi-jian** fadiahnchaang, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern. several tens of militants attack Pakistan's city Peshawar an electricity plant, killing at least 7 people. * -'ge - a general measure word ** -jian - a measure word (for rooms/buildings) </pre> ===School fire kills at least 13 people in Yangon (Rangoon) of Myanmar (Burma)=== Myanmar Yangon学校大火，至少13人死亡 Myanmar Yangon xuerxiaoh dahhuoo, zhihshaao 13 rern siiwarng <pre> Myanmar Yangon xuerxiaoh dahhuoo, zhihshaao 13* rern siiwarng Myanmar Yangon school big fire, at least 13 people die * 13/shirsan - 13/thirteen </pre> At least 13 people including children have been killed by a fire at a Muslim school in the city of Yangon in Myanmar, officials say. 官方说：Myanmar城市Yangon一间Muslim学校大火，至少13人包括儿童死亡。 guanfang shuo: Myanmar cherngshih Yangon yi-jian Muslim xuerxiaoh dahhuoo, zhishaao 13 rern baokuoh errtorng siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Myanmar cherngshih Yangon yi-jian* Muslim xuerxiaoh dahhuoo, zhishaao 13 rern baokuoh errtorng siiwarng. officials say: Myanmar city Yangon a Muslim school big fire, at least 13 people including children die. * yi-jian - a -jian - a measure word (for rooms/buildings) </pre> ==2013-04-01== ===North Korea accelerates to develop nuclear weapons=== 朝鲜加快发展核武器 Chaorxian jiakuaih fazhaan herwuuqih <pre> Chaorxian jiakuaih fazhaan herwuuqih North Korea accelerates to develop nuclear weapons </pre> North Korea has announced to accelerate nuclear weapons development for the country's defences. 朝鲜宣布为了自卫加快发展核武器。 Chaorxian xuanbuh weih'le zihweih jiakuaih fazhaan herwuuqi. <pre> Chaorxian xuanbuh weih'le zihweih jiakuaih fazhaan herwuuqi. North Korea announces for self-defence speed up to develop nuclear weapons. </pre> ===Suicide bomb kills at least 7 people in Iraq=== Iraq自杀炸弹杀死至少7人 Iraq zihsha zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 7 rern <pre> Iraq zihsha zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 7* rern Iraq suicide bomb kills at least 7 people * 7/qi - 7/seven </pre> A suicide car bomb has attacked the police headquarters in the city of Tikrit in Iraq, killing at least 7 people, officials say. 官方说：一个自杀汽车炸弹袭击Iraq城市Tikrit警察总部，至少7人被杀。 guanfang shuo: yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq cherngshih Tikrit jiingchar zoongbuh, zhihshaao 7 rern beihsha. <pre> guanfang shuo: yi'ge zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq cherngshih Tikrit jiingchar zoongbuh, zhihshaao 7 rern beihsha. officials say: a suicide car bomb attacks Iraq city Tikrit police headquarters, at least 7 people be killed. </pre> ===Floods kill at least 11 people in Mauritius capital=== Mauritius首都泛滥，至少11人死亡 Mauritius shooudu fahnlahn, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng <pre> Mauritius shooudu fahnlahn, zhihshaao 11* rern siiwarng Mauritius capital (of a country) be in flood, at least 11 people die * 11/shiryi - 11/eleven </pre> Sudden heavy rains have caused flooding in the capital of Mauritius, Port Louis, killing at least 11 people, officials have said. 官方说：Mauritius首都Port Louis突然大雨导致泛滥，至少11人死亡。 guanfang shuo: Mauritius shooudu Port Louis turarn dahyuu daaozhih fahnlahn, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Mauritius shooudu Port Louis turarn dahyuu daaozhih fahnlahn, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng. officials say: Mauritius capital (of a country) Port Louis sudden heavy rain to cause flooding, at least 11 people die. </pre> ==2013-03-31== ===France house fire kills 5 children=== 法国住宅大火，5个儿童死亡 Faaguor zhuhzhair dahhuoo, 5'ge errtorng siiwarng <pre> Faaguor zhuhzhair dahhuoo, 5'ge* errtorng siiwarng France house big fire, 5 children die * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> 5 children between the ages of 2 and 10 have been killed in a house fire in the northern city of Saint-Quentin in France, local officials say. 当地官方说：法国北部城市Saint-Quentin一间住宅大火，5个2至5岁儿童死亡。 dangdih guanfang shuo: Faaguor beeibuh cherngshih Saint-Quentin yi-jian zhuhzhair dahhuoo, 5'ge 2 zhih 5 suih errtorng siiwarng. <pre> dangdih guanfang shuo: Faaguor beeibuh cherngshih Saint-Quentin yi-jian* zhuhzhair dahhuoo, 5'ge 2** zhih 5*** suih errtorng siiwarng. local officials say: France north city Saint-Quentin a house big fire, 5 2 to 5 year of age children die. * yi-jian - a -jian - a measure word (for rooms/buildings) ** 2/erh - 2/two *** 5/wuu - 5/five </pre> ===Factory fire kills 5 people in Mumbai=== Mumbai工厂大火，5人死亡 Mumbai gongchaang dahhuoo, 5 rern siiwarng <pre> Mumbai gongchaang dahhuoo, 5* rern siiwarng Mumbai factory big fire, 5 people die * 5/wuu - 5/five </pre> A fire disaster at a factory in the western city of Mumbai in India has killed 5 people. India西部城市Mumbai一间工厂大火，5人死亡。 India xibuh cherngshih Mumbai yi-jian gongchaang dahhuoo, 5 rern siiwarng. <pre> India xibuh cherngshih Mumbai yi-jian* gongchaang dahhuoo, 5 rern siiwarng. India west city Mumbai a factory big fire, 5 people die. * -jian - a measure word (for rooms/buildings) </pre> ===A building collapse kills at least 30 people in Tanzania=== Tanzania建筑物倒塌，至少30人死亡 Tanzania jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng <pre> Tanzania jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 30* rern siiwarng Tanzania building collapses, at least 30 people die * 30/sanshir - 30/thirty </pre> A multi-storey building has collapsed in the city of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, killing at least 30 people, local officials say. 当地官方说：Tanzania城市Dar es Salaam一间多层建筑物倒塌，至少30人死亡。 dangdih guanfang shuo: Tanzania cherngshih Dar es Salaam yi-jian duocerng jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng. <pre> dangdih guanfang shuo: Tanzania cherngshih Dar es Salaam yi-jian* duocerng jiahnzhuhwuh daaota, zhihshaao 30 rern siiwarng. local officials say: Tanzania city Dar es Salaam a multi-storey building collapses, at least 30 people die. * -jian - a measure word (for rooms/buildings) </pre> ==2013-03-30== ===North Korea enters state of war with South Korea=== 朝鲜与韩国进入战争状态 Chaorxian yuu Harnguor jihnruh zhahnzheng zhuahngtaih <pre> Chaorxian yuu Harnguor jihnruh zhahnzheng zhuahngtaih North Korea with South Korea enter war condition </pre> North Korea says that it is entering a state of war with South Korea. 朝鲜宣布与韩国进入战争状态。 Chaorxian xuanbuh yuu Harnguor jihnruh zhahnzheng zhuahngtaih. <pre> Chaorxian xuanbuh yuu Harnguor jihnruh zhahnzheng zhuahngtaih. North Korea declares with South Korea enter war condition. </pre> ===Russia warns about Korean Peninsula problem=== Russia发出关于朝鲜半岛问题的警告 Russia fachu guanyur Chaorxian Bahndaao wehntir 'd jiinggaoh <pre> Russia fachu guanyur Chaorxian Bahndaao wehntir 'd jiinggaoh Russia gives out about Korea Peninsula problem 's warning </pre> Russia warns about the problem of the Korean Peninsula may get out of control, as North Korea vows to settle scores with the US. 朝鲜誓言与US算帐之际，Russia发出关于朝鲜半岛问题会失控的警告。 Chaorxian shihyarn yuu US suahnzhahng zhijih, Russia fachu guanyur Chaorxian Bahndaao wehntir huih shikohng 'd jiinggaoh. <pre> Chaorxian shihyarn yuu US suahnzhahng zhijih, Russia fachu guanyur Chaorxian Bahndaao wehntir huih shikohng 'd jiinggaoh. North Korea vows with US to settle scores -during, Russia gives out about Korean Peninsula problem may get out of control 's warning. </pre> ==2013-03-29== ===Landslide buries miners in Xizang (Tibet) of China=== 中国西藏山崩掩埋矿工 Zhongguor Xizahng shanbeng yanmair kuahnggong <pre> Zhongguor Xizahng shanbeng yanmair kuahnggong China Xizang landslide buries miners </pre> 83 miners are missing after a landslide near the capital of Xizang Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Chinese media say. 中国媒体说：西藏自治区首府Lhasa附近山崩，83个矿工失踪。 Zhongguor meirtii shuo: Xizahng Zihzhihqu shooufuu Lhasa fuhjihn shanbeng, 83'ge kuahnggong shizong. <pre> Zhongguor meirtii shuo: Xizahng Zihzhihqu shooufuu Lhasa fuhjihn shanbeng, 83'ge* kuahnggong shizong. China media say: Xizang Autonomous Region capital (of a province/etc) Lhasa vicinity landslide, 83 miners be missing. * 83'ge/bashirsan'ge - 83/eighty-three </pre> ===2 primary pupils beaten to death in China=== 2个中国小学生被打死 2'ge Zhongguor xiaaoxuersheng beih daasii <pre> 2'ge* Zhongguor xiaaoxuersheng beih daasii 2 China primary pupils be beaten to death * 2'ge/liaang'ge 2/two -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A member of staff at a primary school has beaten 2 pupils to death in the southern city of Yulin in China, according to reports. 据报道：中国南部城市玉林一间小学的一个职员打死2个学生。 juh baohdaao: Zhongguor narnbuh cherngshih Yuhlirn yi-jian xiaaoxuer 'd yi'ge zhiryuarn daasii 2'ge xuer'sheng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Zhongguor narnbuh cherngshih Yuhlirn yi-jian xiaaoxuer 'd yi'ge zhiryuarn daasii 2'ge xuer'sheng. according to reports: China south city Yulin a primary school 's a member of staff beats to death 2 pupils. </pre> ===Car bombs kill at least 17 worshippers in Iraq=== Iraq汽车炸弹杀死至少17个崇拜者 Iraq qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 17'ge chorngbaihzhee <pre> Iraq qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 17'ge* chorngbaihzhee Iraq car bombs kill at least 17 worshippers * 17'ge/shirqi'ge - 17/seventeen -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A series of car bombs have attacked Shiah prayers in Baghdad and Kirkuk's mosques during Good Friday, killing at least 17 people. 一系列汽车炸弹在受难日袭击Baghdad和Kirkuk清真寺的Shiah崇拜者，杀死至少17人。 yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn zaih Shouhnahnrih xirji Baghdad her Kirkuk qingzhensih 'd Shiah chorngbaihzhee, shasii zhihshaao 17 rern. <pre> yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn zaih Shouhnahnrih xirji Baghdad her Kirkuk qingzhensih 'd Shiah chorngbaihzhee, shasii zhihshaao 17 rern. a series of car bombs in Good Friday attack Baghdad and Kirkuk mosques 's Shiah worshippers, killing at least 17 people. </pre> ===Suicide attack kills at least 6 people in Pakistan=== Pakistan自杀袭击，6人死亡 Pakistan zihsha xirji, 6 rern siiwarng <pre> Pakistan zihsha xirji, 6* rern siiwarng Pakistan suicide attack, 6 people die * 6/liuh - 6/six </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked a convoy carrying a senior police commander in the northwestern city of Peshawar in Pakistan, killing at least 6 people, police say. 警方说：自杀炸弹袭击Pakistan西北部城市Peshawar载着一个高级警察指挥官的护航队，杀死至少6人。 jiingfang shuo: zihsha zhadahn xirji Pakistan xibeeibuh cherngshih Peshawar zaih.zhe yi'ge gaojir jiingchar zhiihuiguan 'd huhharngduih, shasii zhihshaao 6 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: zihsha zhadahn xirji Pakistan xibeeibuh cherngshih Peshawar zaih.zhe yi'ge gaojir jiingchar zhiihuiguan 'd huhharngduih, shasii zhihshaao 6 rern. police say: suicide bomb attacks Pakistan northwest city Peshawar carrying a senior police commander 's convoy, killing at least 6 people. </pre> ===China knife attack kills 2=== 中国持刀袭击，2死 Zhongguor chirdao xirji, 2 sii <pre> Zhongguor chirdao xirji, 2* sii China holding knife attack, 2 die * 2/liaang - 2/two </pre> A man holding a knife has attacked people outside a school in the Chinese city of Shanghai, killing 2 women and injuring 11 people, including 6 children. 中国城市上海一个持刀男人在学校外面砍人，杀死2个女人，11人受伤，包括6个儿童。 Zhongguor cherngshih Shahnghaai yi'ge chirdao narnrern zaih xuerxiaoh waih'mian kaanrern, shasii 2'ge nüürern, 11 rern shouhshang, baokuoh 6'ge errtorng. <pre> Zhongguor cherngshih Shahnghaai yi'ge chirdao narnrern zaih xuerxiaoh waih'mian kaanrern, shasii 2'ge* nüürern, 11** rern shouhshang, baokuoh 6'ge*** errtorng. China city Shanghai a holding knife man at school outside slashes people, killing 2 women, 11 people be injured, including 6 children. * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two -'ge - a general measure word ** 11/shiryi - 11/eleven *** 6'ge/liuh'ge - 6/six </pre> ===French troops in Mali will be reduced to 1,000=== Mali的法军会减少到1000 Mali'd Faajun huih jiaanshaao daoh 1000 <pre> Mali'd Faajun huih jiaanshaao daoh 1000* Mali's French troops will reduce to 1,000 * 1000/yiqian - 1,000 / one thousand </pre> The number of French troops in Mali will be reduced to 1,000 by the end of the year, French president Francois Hollande says. 法国总统Francois Hollande说：Mali的法军数目到年底会减少至1000。 Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo: Mali'd Faajun shuhmuh daoh niarndii huih jiaanshaao zhih 1000. <pre> Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo: Mali'd Faajun shuhmuh daoh niarndii huih jiaanshaao zhih 1000. France president Francois Hollande says: Mali's French troops number up to year end will reduce to 1,000. </pre> ==2013-03-28== ===Separatists attack Kenya casino kill at least 7 people=== 分离主义者袭击Kenya赌场杀死至少7人 fenlirzhuuyihzhee xirji Kenya duuchaang shasii zhihshaao 7 rern <pre> fenlirzhuuyihzhee xirji Kenya duuchaang shasii zhihshaao 7* rern spearatists xirji Kenya casino kill at least 7 people * 7/qi - 7/seven </pre> Separatists have attacked a casino in a coastal town in Kenya, killing at least 7 people, police say. 警方说：分离主义者袭击Kenya海岸市镇一个赌场，杀死至少7人。 jiingfang shuo: fenlirzhuuyizhee xirji Kenya haai`ahn shihzhehn yi'ge duuchaang, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: fenlirzhuuyizhee xirji Kenya haai`ahn shihzhehn yi'ge duuchaang, shasii zhihshaao 7 rern. police say: separatists attack Kenya coastal town a casino, killing at least 7 people. </pre> ===Mortars attack Damascus University=== 迫击炮袭击Damascus大学 paaijipaoh xirji Damascus Dahxuer <pre> paaijipaoh xirji Damascus Dahxuer mortars attack Damascus University </pre> At least 10 Damascus University students have been killed by a mortar attack, Syrian officials say. Syria官方说：至少10个Damascus大学学生被迫击炮杀死。 Syria guanfang shuo: zhihshaao 10'ge Damascus Dahxuer xuer'sheng beih paaijipaoh shasii. <pre> Syria guanfang shuo: zhihshaao 10'ge* Damascus Dahxuer xuer'sheng beih paaijipaoh shasii. Syria officials say: at least 10 Damascus University students by mortars killed. * 10'ge/shir'ge - 10/ten -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ==2013-03-27== ===Pope Francis refuses luxurious residence=== 教宗Francis拒绝豪华住宅 Jiaohzong Francis juhjuer haorhuar zhuhzhair <pre> Jiaohzong Francis juhjuer haorhuar zhuhzhair Pope Francis refuses luxurious residence </pre> Pope Francis refuses to move into a luxurious apartment at the top of Vatican Palace, preferring more modest accommodation. 教宗Francis拒绝迁入Vatican宫殿顶层的豪华寓所，宁愿比较朴素的住所。 Jiaohzong Francis juhjuer qianruh Vatican Gongdiahn diingcerng 'd haorhuar yuhsuoo, nihngyuahn biijiaoh puusuh'd zhuhsuoo. <pre> Jiaohzong Francis juhjuer qianruh Vatican Gongdiahn diingcerng 'd haorhuar yuhsuoo, nihngyuahn biijiaoh puusuh'd zhuhsuoo. Pope Francis refuses move into Vatican Palace top floor 's luxurious place of residence, preferring relatively simple and plain accommodation. </pre> ==2013-03-26== ===UK soldier killed in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan Yingjun beihsha <pre> Afghanistan Yingjun beihsha Afghanistan UK soldier be killed </pre> A UK soldier has been killed in Afghanistan, the UK defense ministry says. UK guorfarngbuh shuo: yi'ge Yingjun zaih Afghanistan beihsha. <pre> UK guorfarngbuh shuo: yi'ge Yingjun zaih Afghanistan beihsha. UK defense ministry says: a UK soldier in Afghanistan be killed. </pre> ===French army kills 2 Indian nationals in CAR=== Faajun zaih CAR shasii 2'ge India guormirn <pre> Faajun zaih CAR shasii 2'ge* India guormirn French army in CAR kills 2 India nationals * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two </pre> French army has killed 2 Indian citizens in the Central African Republic (CAR) capital Bangui's international airport, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Faajun zaih Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) shooudu Bangui 'd guorjih jichaang shasii 2'ge India gongmirn. <pre> juh baohdaao: Faajun zaih Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) shooudu Bangui 'd guorjih jichaang shasii 2'ge India gongmirn. according to reports: French army in Central Africa Republic (CAR) capital Bangui 's international airport kills 2 India citizen. </pre> ===Afghanistan suicide bombs kill 5 police=== Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge jiingchar <pre> Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge* jiingchar Afghanistan suicide bombs kill 5 police * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five </pre> Suicide bombs attack a police station in the eastern city of Jalalabad in Afghanistan, killing 5 police officers, officials say. guanfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Afghanistan dongbuh cherngshih Jalalabad yi-jian jiingjur, shasii 5'ge jiingchar. <pre> guanfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Afghanistan dongbuh cherngshih Jalalabad yi-jian* jiingjur, shasii 5'ge jiingchar. officials say: suicide bombs attack Afghanistan east city Jalalabad a police station, killing 5 police. * yi-jian - a -jian - a measure word (for rooms/etc) </pre> ===CAR rebel army suspends constitution=== CAR pahnjun zahntirng xiahnfaa <pre> CAR pahnjun zahntirng xiahnfaa CAR rebel army suspends constitution </pre> Michel Djotodia, the leader of rebel army who has seized the capital of the Central African Republic (CAR), announces to suspend the constitution and dissolve parliament. duorquu Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) shooudu 'd pahnjun liingxiuh Michel Djotodia xuanbuh zahntirng xiaanfaa her jieesahn yihhuih. <pre> duorquu Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) shooudu 'd pahnjun liingxiuh Michel Djotodia xuanbuh zahntirng xiaanfaa her jieesahn yihhuih. capture Central Africa Republic (CAR) capital 's rebel army leader Michel Djotodia announces to suspend constitution and dissolve parliament. </pre> ==2013-03-25== ===Egypt gives orders to arrest violence-involved suspects=== Egypt xiahlihng daihbuu shehjir baohlih xiarnyirfahn <pre> Egypt xiahlihng daihbuu shehjir baohlih 'd xiarnyirfahn Egypt orders to arrest involve in violence 's suspects </pre> Egypt's most senior prosecutor has given orders to arrest 5 main political activists after the Muslim Brotherhood's headquarters have been burned down. Muslim Xiongdihhuih zoongbuh beih shaohuii zhihou, Egypt zuih gaoji gongsuhrern xiahlihng daihbuu 5'ge zhuuyaoh zhehngzhih huoryuehfehnzii. <pre> Muslim Xiongdihhuih zoongbuh beih shaohuii zhihou, Egypt zuih gaoji gongsuhrern xiahlihng daihbuu 5'ge* zhuuyaoh zhehngzhih huoryuehfehnzii. Muslim Brotherhood headquarters be burned down -after, Egypt most senior prosecutor gives orders to arrest 5 main political activists. * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five </pre> ===China buys Russia's fighter planes and submarines=== Zhongguor maai Russia zhahndouhji her qiarntiing <pre> Zhongguor maai Russia zhahndouhji her qiarntiing China buys Russia fighter planes and submarines </pre> China has agreed to buy 24 fighter planes and 4 submarines from Russia, Chinese state media report. Zhongguor guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor torngyih corng Russia maai 24-jiah zhahnji her 4-sou qiarntiing. <pre> Zhongguor guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor torngyih corng Russia maai 24-jiah* zhahnji her 4-sou** qiarntiing. China state media report: China agrees from Russia to buy 24 fighter planes and 4 submarines. * 24-jiah/erhshirsih-jiah - 24/twenty-four -jiah - a measure word (for planes/radios/etc.) ** 4-sou/sih-sou - 4/four -sou - a measure word (for vessels) </pre> ===13 South African soldiers killed in CAR=== 13'ge Narnfei shihbing zaih CAR beihsha <pre> 13'ge Narnfei shihbing zaih CAR beihsha 13 South Africa soldiers in CAR be killed </pre> 13 South African soldiers have been killed in the Central African Republic (CAR) since rebel army captured the capital of CAR last weekend, South African president Jacob Zuma has said. Narnfei zoongtoong Jacob Zuma shuo: pahnjun shahng'ge zhoumoh duorquu Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) shooudu yiilair, 13'ge Narnfei shihbing zaih CAR beihsha. <pre> Narnfei zoongtoong Jacob Zuma shuo: pahnjun shahng'ge zhoumoh duorquu Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) shooudu yiilair, 13'ge Narnfei shihbing zaih CAR beihsha. South Africa president Jacob Zuma says: rebel army last weekend captures Central Africa Republic (CAR) capital -since, 13 South Africa soldiers in CAR be killed. </pre> ===Hong Kong court rejects domestic workers residency=== Xianggaang faayuahn juhjuer yohng'rern juliurquarn <pre> Xianggaang faayuahn juhjuer yohng'rern juliurquarn Hong Kong (law) court rejects domestic servant right of residence </pre> Hong Kong's top court has ruled that foreign domestic helpers are not allowed to apply for permanent residency. Xianggaang zuihgao faayuahn cairjuer bu yuunxuu waihyong shenqiing yoongjiiu juliurquarn. <pre> Xianggaang zuihgao faayuahn cairjuer bu yuunxuu waihyong shenqiing yoongjiiu juliurquarn. Hong Kong highest (law) court adjudicates not allow foreign domestic helpers to apply permanent residency. </pre> ===Agreement reached in Cyprus bailout negotiations=== Cyprus jiinjir yuarnzhuh tarnpahn darcherng xieryih <pre> Cyprus jiinjir yuarnzhuh tarnpahn darcherng xieryih Cyprus emergency aid negotiations reach agreement </pre> Eurozone finance ministers have reached a bailout agreement in order to prevent the banking system of Cyprus collapsing, officials say. guanfang shuo: Euro-qu cairzhehng buhzhaang'men darcherng jiinjir yuarnzhuh xieryih farngzhii Cyprus yirnharng xiitoong bengkuih. <pre> guanfang shuo: Euro-qu cairzhehng buhzhaang'men darcherng jiinjir yuarnzhuh xieryih farngzhii Cyprus yirnharng xiitoong bengkuih. officials say: Eurozone finance ministers reach emergency aid agreement to prevent Cyprus banking system collapsing. </pre> ==2013-03-24== ===Islamic rebel army attacks Mali city=== Islam pahnjun xirji Mali cherngshih <pre> Islam pahnjun xirji Mali cherngshih Islam rebel army attacks Mali city </pre> Islamic rebel army has attacked the city of Gao in northern Mali, and has been repelled after 2 hours of fierce fighting, an official of the government army has said. zhehngfuujun yi'ge guanyuarn shuo: Islam pahnjun xirji Mali beeibuh cherngshih Gao, zaih jilieh zhahndouh 2'ge xiaaoshir zhihouh beih jituih. <pre> zhehngfuujun yi'ge guanyuarn shuo: Islam pahnjun xirji Mali beeibuh cherngshih Gao, zaih jilieh zhahndouh 2'ge* xiaaoshir zhihouh beih jituih. government army an official says: Islam rebel army attacks Mali north city Gao, at fierce fighting 2 hours -after be repelled. * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===CAR rebel army captures presidential palace=== [[w:Central African Republic|CAR]] pahnjun duorquu zoongtoongfuu <pre> CAR pahnjun duorquu zoongtoongfuu CAR rebel army captures presidential palace </pre> Rebel army in the Central African Republic (CAR) has occupied the presidential palace as President Francois Bozize flees the capital, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) zoongtoong Francois Bozize taorlir shooudu, pahnjun zhahnliing'le zoongtoongfuu. <pre> juh baohdaao: Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) zoongtoong Francois Bozize taorlir shooudu, pahnjun zhahnliing'le zoongtoongfuu. according to reports: Central Africa Republic (CAR) president Francois Bozize flees capital (of a country), rebel army occupied presidential palace. </pre> ===Attacks on Nigeria town kill at least 25 people=== Nigeria shihzhehn 'd xirji shasii zhihshaao 25 rern <pre> Nigeria shihzhehn 'd xirji shasii zhihshaao 25 rern Nigeria town 's attacks kill at least 25 people </pre> Gunmen have attacked a prison, a police station, a bank and a bar in an eastern town in Nigeria, killing at least 25 people, police have said. Nigeria dongbuh shihzhehn qiangshoou xirji jianyuh, jiingjur, yirnharng her jiuuba, zhihshaao 25 rern siiwarng, jiingfang shuo. <pre> Nigeria dongbuh shihzhehn qiangshoou xirji jianyuh, jiingjur, yirnharng her jiuuba, zhihshaao 25 rern siiwarng, jiingfang shuo. Nigeria east town gunmen attack prison, police station, bank and bar, at least 25 people die, police say. </pre> ==2013-03-23== ===Militants kidnap 2 tourists in Egypt's Sinai=== Egypt Sinai wuuzhuangfehnzii baangjiah 2'ge yourkeh <pre> Egypt Sinai wuuzhuangfehnzii baangjiah 2'ge* yourkeh Egypt Sinai militants kidnap 2 tourists * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two -'ge - a general measure word </pre> Militants in the Sinai peninsula in Egypt have kidnapped an Israeli man and a Norwegian woman, security officials said. baao`an buhmern shuo: wuuzhuangfehnzii zaih Egypt Sinai bahndaao baangjiah'le yi'ge Israel narnrern her yi'ge Norway nüürern. <pre> baao`an buhmern shuo: wuuzhuangfehnzii zaih Egypt Sinai bahndaao baangjiah'le yi'ge Israel narnrern her yi'ge Norway nüürern. security department says: militants in Egypt Sinai peninsula kidnapped a Israel man and a Norway woman. </pre> ===Clashes in DR Congo kill at least 5 people=== DR Congo chongtu, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng <pre> DR Congo chongtu, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng DR Congo clashes, at least 5 people die </pre> Clashes between security forces and militia in the city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) have killed at least 5 people, officials say. guanfang huo: zaih Congo Mirnzhuu Gohngherguor (DR Congo) cherngshih Lubumbashi, baao`an buhduih yuu mirnbing chongtu, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: zaih Congo Mirnzhuu Gohngherguor (DR Congo) cherngshih Lubumbashi, baao`an buhduih yuu mirnbing chongtu, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng. officials say: in Congo Democratic Republic (DR Congo) city Lubumbashi, security forces with militia clash, at least 5 people die. </pre> ===CAR rebel army enters capital Bangui=== CAR pahnjun jihnruh shooudu Bangui <pre> CAR pahnjun jihnruh shooudu Bangui CAR rebel army enters capital (of a country) Bangui </pre> Rebel army in the Central African Republic (CAR) has entered the capital Bangui, witnesses say. muhjizhee shuo: Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) pahnjun jihnruh'le shooudu Bangui. <pre> muhjizhee shuo: Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) pahnjun jihnruh'le shooudu Bangui. witnesses say: Central Africa Republic (CAR) rebel army entered capital (of a country) Bangui. </pre> ===Egypt opposition protesters burn down Islamic political party's offices=== Egypt faanduihpaih kahngyihzhee shaohuii Islam zhehngdaang bahnshihchuh <pre> Egypt faanduihpaih kahngyihzhee shaohuii Islam zhehngdaang bahnshihchuh Egypt opposition protesters burn down Islam political party offices </pre> Opposition protesters have ransacked and burned down offices of the governing party of Muslim Brotherhood in several towns in Egypt. faanduihpaih kahngyihzhee zaih Egypt jii'ge shihzhehn xiijier her fernhuii zhirzhehngdaang Muslim Xiongdihhuih 'd bahnshihchuh. <pre> faanduihpaih kahngyihzhee zaih Egypt jii'ge shihzhehn xiijier her fernhuii zhirzhehngdaang Muslim Xiongdihhuih 'd bahnshihchuh. opposition protesters in Egypt serveral towns ransack and burn down governing party Muslim Brotherhood 's offices. </pre> ===China's president Xi Jinping visits Russia=== Zhongguor zoongtoong Xir Jihnpirng faangwehn Russia <pre> Zhongguor zoongtoong Xir Jihnpirng faangwehn Russia China president Xi Jinping visits Russia </pre> New Chinese leader Xi Jinping arrives in Russia, the first stop in a series of foreign visits that will also see him travel to Africa, as he seeks to build closer ties with the Kremlin and African nations in a strategic shift aimed against the US. xin'd Zhongguor liingdaaorern Xir Jihnpirng shoocih yixihlieh duihwaih faangwehn, dih-1 zhahn diidar Russia, suirhouh faangwehn Feizhou, zhuaanbiahn cehlueh yuu Kremlin her Feizhou guorjia jiahnlih gehng jiinmih guanxih yii kahngherng Meeiguor. <pre> xin'd Zhongguor liingdaaorern Xir Jihnpirng shoocih yixihlieh duihwaih faangwehn, dih-1 zhahn diidar Russia, suirhouh faangwehn Feizhou, zhuaanbiahn cehlueh yuu Kremlin her Feizhou guorjia jiahnlih gehng jiinmih guanxih yii kahngherng Meeiguor. new Chinese leader Xi Jinping first time a series of foreign visits, first stop arrives Russia, afterward vistis Africa, changes strategy with Kremlin and Africa nations to build more close relationship in order to contend with US. </pre> ==2013-03-22== ===About 30 Myanmar refugees killed in Thailand refugee camp fire=== Taihguor nahnmirnyirng dahhuoo, dahyue 30'ge Myanmar nahnmirn siiwarng <pre> Taihguor nahnmirnyirng dahhuoo, dahyue 30'ge Myanmar nahnmirn siiwarng Thailand refugee camp big fire, about 30 Myanmar refugee die </pre> A fire at a Myanmar refugee camp in northern Thailand has killed about 30 people, local officials say. dangdih guanfang shuo: Taihguor beeibuh Myanmar nahnmirnyirng dahhuoo, dahyue 30 rern siiwarng. <pre> dangdih guanfang shuo: Taihguor beeibuh Myanmar nahnmirnyirng dahhuoo, dahyue 30 rern siiwarng. local officials say: Thailand north Myanmar refugee camp big fire, about 30 people die. </pre> ===US drone attack kills at least 3 people in Pakistan=== US wurrernji zaih Pakistan shasii zhihshaao 3 rern <pre> US wurrernji zaih Pakistan shasii zhihshaao 3 rern US unmanned plane in Pakistan kills at least 3 people </pre> A US drone has killed at least 3 people in the border area of Pakistan near Afghanistan, according to reports. juh baohdaao: yi-jiah US wurrernji zaih kaohjihn Afghanistan 'd Pakistan bianqu shasii zhihshaao 3 rern. <pre> juh baohdaao: yi-jiah US wurrernji zaih kaohjihn Afghanistan 'd Pakistan bianqu shasii zhihshaao 3 rern. according to reports: a US drone in nearby Afghanistan 's Pakistan border area kills at least 3 people. </pre> ==2013-03-21== ===Survivors found after Nigeria boat sank=== Nigeria chernchuarn houh faxiahn shenghuarnzhee <pre> Nigeria chernchuarn houh faxiahn shenghuarnzhee Nigeria boat sink -after found survivors </pre> 29 people have been rescued after a boat carrying about 130 people from Nigeria to Gabon sank, officials say. guanfang shuo: yi-sou zaih'zhe 130 rern corng Nigeria kaiwaang Gabon 'd chuarn chernmoh zhihouh, 29 rern huohjiuh. <pre> guanfang shuo: yi-sou zaih'zhe 130 rern corng Nigeria kaiwaang Gabon 'd chuarn chernmoh zhihouh, 29 rern huohjiuh. officials say: a carrying 130 people from Nigeria leave for Gabon 's boat sinks -after, 29 people be rescued. </pre> ===CAR rebel army captures towns=== CAR pahnjun duorquu shihzhehn <pre> CAR pahnjun duorquu shihzhehn CAR rebel army captures towns </pre> Rebel army in the Central African Republic (CAR) announces they have captured 2 towns. Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) pahnjun xuanbuh duorquu'le liaang'ge shihzhehn. <pre> Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) pahnjun xuanbuh duorquu'le liaang'ge shihzhehn. Central Africa Republic (CAR) rebel army announces captured two towns. </pre> ===China industrial activity rises in March=== Zhongguor Sanyuehfehn gongyeh huordohng shahngsheng <pre> Zhongguor Sanyuehfehn gongyeh huordohng shahngsheng China March period industry activity rises </pre> China's industrial activity has risen in March, a HSBC survey has indicated. HSBC diaohchar xiaanshih: Zhongguor Sanyuehfehn gongyeh huordohng shahngsheng. <pre> HSBC diaohchar xiaanshih: Zhongguor Sanyuehfehn gongyeh huordohng shahngsheng. HSBC survey shows: China March period industry activity rises. </pre> ===Bomb kills pro-government cleric in Syria=== Syria zhahdahn shasii qin-zhehngfuu jiaohshih <pre> Syria zhahdahn shasii qin-zhehngfuu jiaohshih Syria bomb kills pro-government cleric </pre> A bomb has attacked a mosque in the capital of Syria, Damascus, killing at least 42 people including a pro-government Sunni cleric, according to reports. juh baohdaao: zhahdahn xirji Syria shooudu Damascus qingzhensih, shasii zhihshaao 42 rern baokuoh yi'ge qin-zhehngfuu Sunni jiaohshih. <pre> juh baohdaao: zhahdahn xirji Syria shooudu Damascus qingzhensih, shasii zhihshaao 42 rern baokuoh yi'ge qin-zhehngfuu Sunni jiaohshih. according to reports: bomb attacks Syria capital (of a country) Damascus mosque, killing at least 42 people including a pro-government Sunni cleric. </pre> ===Suicide bomb kills Mali soldier=== zihsha zhahdahn shasii Mali shihbing <pre> zihsha zhahdahn shasii Mali shihbing sucied bomb kills Mali soldier </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked the historic city of Timbuktu, killing a soldier, the military says. junfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji lihshii mirngcherng Timbuktu, shasii yi'ge shihbing. <pre> junfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji lihshii mirngcherng Timbuktu, shasii yi'ge shihbing. the military say: suicide bomb attacks historical famous city Timbuktu, killing a soldier. </pre> ===Several people are dead or injured in a helicopter collision in Berlin=== Berlin zhirshengji xiangzhuahnng, jii'ge rern siiwarng huohzhee shouhshang <pre> Berlin zhirshengji xiangzhuahnng, jii'ge rern siiwarng huohzhee shouhshang Berlin helicopters collide, several people die or be injured </pre> Two helicopters have crashed each other near Berlin's Olympic Stadium during a police exercise, killing one of the pilots and injuring 4 people, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Berlin Olympics tiiyuhguaan fuhjihn liaang-jiah zhirshengji zaih jiingchar yaanxir zhong xiangzhuahng, qirzhong yi'ge jishi siiwarng, 4 rern shouhshang. <pre> juh baohdaao: Berlin Olympics tiiyuhguaan fuhjihn liaang-jiah zhirshengji zaih jiingchar yaanxir zhong xiangzhuahng, qirzhong yi'ge jishi siiwarng, 4 rern shouhshang. according to reports: Berlin Olympics stadium vicinity two helicopters in police exercise -during collide, among them a pilot dies, 4 people be injured. </pre> ===At least 3 Indian soldiers injured in Kashmir attack=== Kashmir xirji, zhihshaao 3'ge India shihbing shouhshang <pre> Kashmir xirji, zhihshaao 3'ge India shihbing shouhshang Kashmir attack, at least 3 India soldiers be injured </pre> An attack in India-controlled Kashmir has seriously injured at least 3 Indian soldiers. India-kohngzhih'd Kashmir beih xirji, zhihshaao 3'ge India shihbing zhohngshang. <pre> India-kohngzhih'd Kashmir beih xirji, zhihshaao 3'ge India shihbing zhohngshang. India-controlled Kashmir be attacked, at least 3 India soldiers seriously injured. </pre> ===Car bomb kills at least 12 people at Pakistan's refugee camp=== Pakistan nahnmirnyirng qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 12 rern <pre> Pakistan nahnmirnyirng qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 12 rern Pakistan refugee camp car bomb kills at least 12 people </pre> A car bomb has exploded at the Jalozai refugee camp near the city of Peshawar in Pakistan, killing at least 12 people and injuring 30. Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar fuhjihn Jalozai nahnmirnyirng qihche zhahdahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 rern siiwarng, 30 rern shouhshang. <pre> Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar fuhjihn Jalozai nahnmirnyirng qihche zhahdahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 rern siiwarng, 30 rern shouhshang. Pakistan city Peshawar vicinity Jalozai refugee camp car bomb explodes, at least 12 people die, 30 people be injured. </pre> ===Buddhists and Muslims clash in Myanmar kills at least 10=== Myanmar Forjiaohtur her Muslim chongtu, zhihshaao 10 sii <pre> Myanmar Forjiaohtur her Muslim chongtu, zhihshaao 10 sii Myanmar Buddhists and Muslims clash, at least 10 die </pre> Clash between Muslims and Buddhists in a Myanmar central town kills at least 10 people, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Myanmar zhongbuh shihzhehn Muslim yuu Forjiaohtur chongtu, zhihshaao 10 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Myanmar zhongbuh shihzhehn Muslim yuu Forjiaohtur chongtu, zhihshaao 10 rern siiwarng. according to reports: Myanmar middle part town Muslims with Buddhists clash, at least 10 people die. </pre> ==2013-03-20== ===UK halves growth forecast=== UK zengzhaang yuhceh jiaanbahn <pre> UK zengzhaang yuhceh jiaanbahn UK growth forecast to reduce by half </pre> UK minister of finance reduces his country's growth forecast by half. UK cairzhehng dahchern jiaanshaao ta'd guorjia'd zengzhaang yuhceh yibahn. <pre> UK cairzhehng dahchern jiaanshaao ta'd guorjia'd zengzhaang yuhceh yibahn. UK finance minister reduces his country's growth forecast one half. </pre> ===UK unemployment rises to 2.52m=== Yingguor shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng daoh 252 wahn <pre> Yingguor shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng daoh 252 wahn UK unemployment number of people rises to 252 ten thousand </pre> Unemployment has increased by 7,000 to 2.52 million between November and January, according to official figures. guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Shiryiyuehfehn zhih Yiyuehfehn 'd shiyeh rernshuh zengjia 7000 dardaoh 252 wahn. <pre> guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Shiryiyuehfehn zhih Yiyuehfehn 'd shiyeh rernshuh zengjia 7000 dardaoh 252 wahn. officials figures to show: November period to January period 's unemployment number of people increases 7000 to reach 252 ten thousand. </pre> ===Al-Qaeda kills French hostage in Mali=== Al-Qaeda shasii zaih Mali 'd Faaguor rernzhih <pre> Al-Qaeda shasii zaih Mali 'd Faaguor rernzhih Al-Qaeda kills in Mali 's French hostage </pre> Al-Qaeda says it has killed a French national captured in Mali in 2011, because of France's invasion in Mali, Mauritania's ANI news agency reports. Mauritania'd ANI tongxuhnsheh baohdaao: Al-Qaeda shuo, youryur Faaguor ruhqin Mali, suooyii shasii'le 2011 niarn zaih Mali furhuoh 'd Faaguor guormirn. <pre> Mauritania'd ANI tongxuhnsheh baohdaao: Al-Qaeda shuo, youryur Faaguor ruhqin Mali, suooyii shasii'le 2011 niarn zaih Mali furhuoh 'd Faaguor guormirn. Mauritania's ANT news agency reports: Al-Qaeda says, because of France invades Mali, therefor killed 2011 year in Mali capture 's French national. </pre> ==2013-03-19== ===US arms depot explosion kills 7=== US junhuookuh baohzhah, 7 sii <pre> US junhuookuh baohzhah, 7 sii US arms depot explodes, 7 die </pre> A blast at an arms depot has killed 7 service personnel in the US state of Nevada, a Marine Corps spokesman says. Haiijun Luhzhahnduih fayarnrern shuo: US Nevada Zhou yi'ge junhuookuh baohzhah, shasii 7'ge furwuh rernyuarn. <pre> Haiijun Luhzhahnduih fayarnrern shuo: US Nevada Zhou yi'ge junhuookuh baohzhah, shasii 7'ge furwuh rernyuarn. Navy Land Battle Troops spokesman says: US Nevada State an arms depot explodes, killing 7 service personnel. </pre> ===Syria rebel army "uses chemical weapon" to kill 15 people=== Syria pahnjun "shiiyohng huahxuer wuuqih" shasii 15 rern <pre> Syria pahnjun "shiiyohng huahxuer wuuqih" shasii 15 rern Syria rebel army "uses chemical weapon" to kill 15 people </pre> Rebel army has used chemical weapon to kill 15 people in the north of Syria, officials say. guanfang shuo: pahnjun shiiyohng huahxuer wuuqih zaih Syria beeibuh shasii 15 rern. <pre> gguanfang shuo: pahnjun shiiyohng huahxuer wuuqih zaih Syria beeibuh shasii 15 rern. officials say: rebel army uses chemical weapon in Syria north to kill 15 people. </pre> ===Car bomb attacks kill at least 48 people in Baghdad=== Baghdad qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 48 rern <pre> Baghdad qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 48 rern Baghdad car bomb attacks kill at least 48 people </pre> A series of car bombs have attacked Shiah areas of Baghdad on the 10th anniversary of the US-led invasion in Iraq, killing at least 48 people. zaih Meeiguor liingdaao ruhqin Iraq 10 zhouniarn, yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn xirji Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 48 rern siiwarng. <pre> zaih Meeiguor liingdaao ruhqin Iraq 10 zhouniarn, yixihlieh qihche zhahdahn xirji Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 48 rern siiwarng. on US lead invade Iraq 10 anniversary, a series of car bombs attack Shiah areas, at least 48 people die. </pre> ===India bus crash kills at least 37=== India bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 37 sii <pre> India bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 37 sii India bus crashes, at least 37 die </pre> A bus has fallen to a dried river bed from a bridge in the western province of Maharashtra in India, killing at least 37 people on board. India xibuh sheengfehn Maharashtra yi-jiah bus corng qiaorliarng diejihn ganher'd herchuarng, che'shang zhihshaao 37 rern siiwarng. <pre> India xibuh sheengfehn Maharashtra yi-jiah bus corng qiaorliarng dieluoh ganher'd herchuarng, che'shang zhihshaao 37 rern siiwarng. India west province Maharashtra a bus from bridge falls to dried river bed, on the car at least 37 people die. </pre> ==2013-03-18== ===Explosions kill at least 20 at Nigeria bus station=== Nigeria bus-zhahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 20 sii <pre> Nigeria bus-zhahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 20* sii Nigeria bus station explodes, at least 20 die * 20/erhshir - 20/twenty </pre> A series of explosions have attacked a bus station in the northern Nigerian city of Kano, killing at least 20 people, witnesses say. muhjizhee shuo: yixihlieh baohzhah xirji Nigeria beeibuh cherngshih Kano yi'ge bus-zhahn, shasii zhihshaao 20 rern. <pre> muhjizhee shuo: yixihlieh baohzhah xirji Nigeria beeibuh cherngshih Kano yi'ge bus-zhahn, shasii zhihshaao 20 rern. witnesses say: a series of explosions attack Nigeria north city Kano a bus station, killing at least 20 people. </pre> ===Brazil landslides kill at least 13=== Brazil shanbeng zhihshaao 13 sii <pre> Brazil shanbeng zhihshaao 13* sii Brazil landslides at least 13 die * 13/shirsan - 13/thirteen </pre> Landslides caused by heavy rains have killed at least 13 people in a mountainous area north of Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro beeibuh shanqu dahyuu daaozhih shanbeng, zhihshaao 13 rern siiwarng. <pre> Rio de Janeiro beeibuh shanqu dahyuu daaozhih shanbeng, zhihshaao 13 rern siiwarng. Rio de Janeiro north mountainous area heavy rains to cause landslides, at least 13 people die. </pre> ===China home prices rise in February=== Zhongguor Erhyuehfehn zhuhzhair jiahger shahngsheng <pre> Zhongguor Erhyuehfehn zhuhzhair jiahger shahngsheng China February period residence prices rise </pre> The prices of new residential houses have risen in 66 of China's 70 major cities in February. Zhongguor 70'ge zhuuyaoh cherngshih 'd 60'ge, Erhyuehfehn xin zhuhzhair 'd jiahger shahngsheng. <pre> Zhongguor 70'ge* zhuuyaoh cherngshih 'd 60'ge**, Erhyuehfehn xin zhuhzhair 'd jiahger shahngsheng. China 70 main cities 's 60, February period new residential houses 's prices rise. * 70'ge/qishir'ge - 70/seventy -'ge - a general measure word ** 60'ge/liuhshir'ge - 60/sixty </pre> ===Cathay Pacific profits drop 83%=== Cathay Pacific lihruhn xiahjiahng 83% <pre> Cathay Pacific lihruhn xiahjiahng 83%* Cathay Pacific profits xiahjiahng 83% * 83% / bashirsan percent - 83% / eighty-three percent </pre> The Hong Kong-based airline company, Cathy Pacific, has announced that its profits decreased 83% owing to higher fuel costs and a drop in demand. yii Xianggaang weir jidih 'd Cathy Pacific harnkong gongsi xuanbuh, youryur rarnliaoh jiahger shahngsheng her xuqiur xiahjiahng, lihruhn jiaanshaao 83%. <pre> yii Xianggaang weir jidih 'd Cathy Pacific harnkong gongsi xuanbuh, youryur rarnliaoh jiahger shahngsheng her xuqiur xiahjiahng, lihruhn jiaanshaao 83%. using Hong Kong as base 's Cathy Pacific aviation company announces, owing to fuel prices rise and demand falls, profits decrease 83%. </pre> ===Car bomb kills at least 8 people in Somalia's capital=== Somalia shooudu qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 8 rern <pre> Somalia shooudu qihche zhahdahn shasii zhihshaao 8* rern Somalia capital (of a country) car bomb kills at least 8 people * 8/ba - 8/eight </pre> A huge car bomb has attacked the center of Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, killing at least 8 people, police have said. jiingfang shuo: juhxirng qihche zhahdahn xirji Somalia shooudu Mogadishu shihzhongxin, shasii zhihshaao 8 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: juhxirng qihche zhahdahn xirji Somalia shooudu Mogadishu shihzhongxin, shasii zhihshaao 8 rern. police say: huge car bomb attacks Somalia capital (of a country) Mogadishu downtown area, killing at least 8 people. </pre> ===Militants attack Pakistan court and prison=== wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji Pakistan faayuahn her jianyuh <pre> wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji Pakistan faayuahn her jianyuh militants attack Pakistan court and prison </pre> Militants have attacked a court and prison in the city of Peshawar in Pakistan, killing at least 4 people and injuring 29. wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar 'd faayuahn herr jianyuh, shasii zhihshaao 4 rern, 29 rern shouhshang. <pre> wuuzhuangfehnzii xirji Pakistan cherngshih Peshawar 'd faayuahn herr jianyuh, shasii zhihshaao 4* rern, 29** rern shouhshang. militants attack Pakistan city Peshawar 's court and prison, killing at least 4 people, 29 people be injured. * 4/sih - 4/four * 29/erhshirjiuu - 29/twenty-nine </pre> ==2013-03-17== ===Car bomb kills 10 people near Basra in Iraq=== Iraq Basra fuhjihn qihche zhahdahn shasii 10 rern <pre> Iraq Basra fuhjihn qihche zhahdahn shasii 10 rern Iraq Basra vicinity car bomb kills 10 people </pre> A car bomb has attacked a bus station near the southern city of Basra in Iraq, killing 10 people and injuring many others, as the 10th anniversary of the US-led invasion is coming soon. US liingdaao ruhqin Iraq 10 zhouniarn jirjiang daohlair zhijih, yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji narnbuh cherngshih Basra fuhjihn bus-zhahn, shasii 10 rern, duo rern shouhshang. <pre> US liingdaao ruhqin Iraq 10 zhouniarn jirjiang daohlair zhijih, yi'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji narnbuh cherngshih Basra fuhjihn bus-zhahn, shasii 10 rern, duo rern shouhshang. US lead invade Iraq 10 anniversary soon- arrive -during, a car bomb attacks south city Basra vicinity bus station, killing 10 people, many people are injured. </pre> ===President Xi Jinping calls for the renaissance of China=== Xir Jihnpirng zoongtoong huyuh Zhongguor'd fuhxing <pre> Xir Jihnpirng zoongtoong huyuh Zhongguor'd fuhxing Xi Jinping president calls for China's renaissance </pre> The new president of China, Xi Jinping, has called for "the great renaissance of the Chinese Nation", in his first-time speech as head of state. Zhongguor xin zoongtoong Xir Jihnpirng zaih ta'd zuohweir yuarnshoou 'd shooucih yaanshuo huyuh "Zhonghuar Mirnzur 'd weeidah fuhxing". <pre> Zhongguor xin zoongtoong Xir Jihnpirng zaih ta'd zuohweir yuarnshoou 'd shooucih yaanshuo huyuh "Zhonghuar Mirnzur 'd weeidah fuhxing". China new president Xi Jinping in his as state head 's first-time speech calls for "Chinese Nation 's great renaissance". </pre> ===North Korea warns South Korea to evacuate border islands=== Chaorxian jiinggaoh Harnguor chehlir bianjihng daaoyuu <pre> Chaorxian jiinggaoh Harnguor chehlir bianjihng daaoyuu North Korea warns South Korea to evacuate border islands </pre> A North Korean website has warned South Korea to withdraw from border islands and advised residents to leave. Chaorxian waangzhahn jiinggaoh Harnguor chehlir bianjihng daaoyuu, bihngqiee quahnyuh jumirn lirkai. <pre> Chaorxian waangzhahn jiinggaoh Harnguor chehlir bianjihng daaoyuu, bihngqiee quahnyuh jumirn lirkai. North Korea website warns South Korea to withdraw from border islands, and advises residents to leave. </pre> ==2013-03-16== ===US factory output rises in February=== US Erhyuehfehn gongchaang chaanliahng shahngsheng <pre> US Erhyuehfehn gongchaang chaanliahng shahngsheng US February period factory output rises </pre> US industrial activity has rebounded in February as vehicle production increases strongly. US cheliahng shengchaan dahfurduh zengzhaang daihdohng Erhyuehfehn gongyeh huordohng faantarn. <pre> US cheliahng shengchaan dahfurduh zengzhaang daihdohng Erhyuehfehn gongyeh huordohng faantarn. US vehicle production substantially increases to bring along February period industrial activity rebounds. </pre> ===Peru landslide kills at least 8 gold miners=== Peru shanbeng, zhihshaao 8'ge taorjinzhee siiwarng <pre> Peru shanbeng, zhihshaao 8'ge taorjinzhee siiwarng Peru landslide, at least 8 gold miners die </pre> A landslide caused by heavy rain has killed at least 8 gold diggers in Peru's southern region of Puno, officials said. guanfang shuo: Peru narnbuh dihqu Puno dahyuu yiinzhih shanbeng, zhihshaao 8'ge taorjinzhee siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Peru narnbuh dihqu Puno dahyuu yiinzhih shanbeng, zhihshaao 8'ge taorjinzhee siiwarng. officials say: Peru south region Puno heavy rain to cause landslide, at least 8 gold diggers die. </pre> ===Fireworks explosion kills at least 12 in Mexico=== Mexico yanhua baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 sii <pre> Mexico yanhua baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 sii Mexico fireworks explode, at least 12 die </pre> A lorry carrying fireworks has exploded in a village in central Mexico, killing at least 12 people and injuring dozens. Mexico zhongbuh xiangcun zaih'zhe yanhua 'd huohche baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 rern siiwarng, jiishir rern shouhshang. <pre> Mexico zhongbuh xiangcun zaih'zhe yanhua 'd huohche baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 rern siiwarng, jiishir rern shouhshang. Mexico central section village carrying fireworks 's lorry explodes, at least 12 people die, several tens people be injured. </pre> ==2013-03-15== ===South Africa bus crash kills at least 24=== Narnfei bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 24 sii <pre> Narnfei bus* zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 24** sii South Africa bus crashes, at least 24 die * 24/erhshirsih - 24/twenty-four </pre> A double-decked bus has crashed in a mountain road near Cape Town, killing at least 24 people, rescue workers in South Africa say. Narnfei jiuhyuarn gongrern shuo: [[w:Cape Town|Cape Town]] fuhjihn shanluh yi-jiah shuangcerng bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 24 rern siiwarng. <pre> Narnfei jiuhyuarn gongrern shuo: Cape Town fuhjihn shanluh yi-jiah* shuangcerng bus** zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 24 rern siiwarng. South Africa rescue workers say: Cape Town nearby mountain road a double-decked bus crashes, at least 24 people die. * yi-jiah - a -jiah - a measure word (for planes/radios/etc.) ** bus (a loanword, also translated as "bashih / gonggohng qihche) - bus </pre> ===[[w:Bomb attack|Bomb attack]] kills 3 in Karachi=== [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] zhahdahn xirji, 3 sii <pre> Karachi zhahdahn xirji, 3* sii Karachi bomb attack, 3 die * 3/san - 3/three </pre> A bomb has attacked the Landhi [[w:neighborhood|neighborhood]] in the Pakistani city of Karachi, killing at least 3 people and injuring 5, officials say. guanfang shuo: zhahdah xirji [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] cherngshih Karachi 'd [[w:Landhi|Landhi]] dihqu, zhihshaao 3 rern siiwarng, 5 rern shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: zhahdah xirji Pakistan cherngshih Karachi 'd Landhi dihqu, zhihshaao 3 rern siiwarng, 5* rern shouhshang. officials say: bomb attacks Pakistan city Karachi 's Landhi area, at least 3 people die, 5 people are injured. * 5/wuu - 5/five </pre> ===North Korea accuses US attacking its Internet servers=== Chaorxian qiaanzer [[w:US|US]] xirji ta'd [[w:Internet|Internet]] [[w:server (computing)|server]] <pre> Chaorxian qiaanzer US xirji ta'd Internet* server** North Korea accuses US attacking its Internet servers * Internet (a loanword, also translated as "huhliarnwaang/yintehwaang") - Internet ** server (a loanword, also translated as "furwuhqih/sihfurqih") - server (computing) </pre> North Korea accuses the US and its allies of attacking its Internet servers, during the situation is tense in the [[w:Korean Peninsula|Korean Peninsula]]. Chaorxian Bahndaao jurshih jiinzhang zhijih, Chaorxian qiaanzer US jirqir torngmerng xirji ta'd Internet server. <pre> Chaorxian Bahndaao jurshih jiinzhang zhijih, Chaorxian qiaanzer US jirqir torngmerng xirji ta'd Internet server. Korea Peninsula situation tense -during, North Korea accuses US and its allies attacking its Internet servers. </pre> ===China appoints [[w:Li Keqiang|Li Keqiang]] as premier=== Zhongguor weeirehn Lii Kehqiarng weir zoonglii <pre> Zhongguor weeirehn Lii Kehqiarng weir zoonglii China appoints Li Keqiang as premier </pre> China have confirmed Li Keqiang as premier, appointing him to administer the second-largest economy of the world. Zhongguor quehrehn Lii Kehqiarng weir zoonglii, weeirehn ta guaanlii zhe'ge shihjieh dih-2 dah 'd jingjihtii. <pre> Zhongguor quehrehn Lii Kehqiarng weir zoonglii, weeirehn ta guaanlii zhe'ge shihjieh dih-2* dah 'd jingjihtii. China confirms Li Keqiang as premier, appointing him to administer this world second large 's economy. * dih-2/dih-erh - 2nd/second </pre> ==2013-03-14== ===[[w:Bomb attack|Bomb attacks]] in Baghdad kills at least 20=== [[w:Baghdad|Baghdad]] zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 20 sii <pre> Baghdad zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 20* sii Baghdad bomb attack, at least 20 die * 20/erhshir - 20/twenty </pre> A series of bomb have attacked government buildings in Baghdad, killing at least 20 people, police say. jiingfang shuo: yixihlieh zhadahn xirji zhehngfuu jiahnzhuhwuh, zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng. <pre> jiingfang shuo: yixihlieh zhadahn xirji zhehngfuu jiahnzhuhwuh, zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng. police say: a series of bomb attack government buildings, at least 20 people die. </pre> ===China confirms [[w:Xi Jinping|Xi Jinping]] as president=== Zhongguor quehrehn Xir Jihnpirng weir zoongtoong <pre> Zhongguor quehrehn Xir Jihnpirng weir zoongtoong China confirms Xi Jinping as president </pre> Xi Jinping has been confirmed by the [[w:National People's Congress|National People's Congress]] in Beijing as the president of China, completing the nation's once-in-a-decade transition of power. zaih Beeijing 'd Quarnguor Rernmirn Daihbiaao Dahhuih quehrehn Xir Jihnpirng weir Zhongguor zoongtoong, warncherngh shirniarn-yicih 'd quarnlih zhuanhuahn. <pre> zaih Beeijing 'd Quarnguor Rernmirn Daihbiaao Dahhuih quehrehn Xir Jihnpirng weir Zhongguor zoongtoong, warncherngh shirniarn-yicih 'd quarnlih zhuanhuahn. in Beijing 's whole country people representatives general meeting to confirm Xi Jinping as China president, completing ten year once 's power transaction. </pre> ===Rocket attack kills EU staff member in Damascus=== [[w:Damascus|Damascus]] huoojiahn xirji shasii [[w:EU|EU]] zhiryuarn <pre> Damascus huoojiahn xirji shasii EU zhiryuarn Damascus rocket attack kills EU staff member </pre> A rocket attack in the Damascus suburb of Darayya has killed a member of the European Union's delegation in Syria. Damascus jiaoqu [[w:Darayya|Darayya]] huoojiahn xirji shasii yi'ge zaih [[w:Syria|Syria]] 'd Ouzhou Liarnmerng daihbiaaotuarn cherngyuarn. <pre> Damascus jiaoqu Darayya huoojiahn xirji shasii yi'ge* zaih Syria 'd Ouzhou Liarnmerng daihbiaaotuarn cherngyuarn. Damascus suburb Darayya rocket attack kills a in Syria 's Europe Union delegation member. * yi'ge - a -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ==2013-03-13== ===[[w:Suicide bomb attack|Suicide bomb attack]] kills at least 7 people in Afghanistan=== [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 7 rern <pre> Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 7* rern Afghanistan suicide bomb attack kills at least 7 people * 7/qi - 7/seven </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked a buzkashi sports event in northeast Afghanistan, killing at least 7 people. Afghanistan dongbeeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji [[w:buzkashi|buzkashi]] tiiyuh huordohng, shasii zhihshaao 7'ge rern. <pre> Afghanistan dongbeeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji buzkashi* tiiyuh huordohng, shasii zhihshaao 7'ge** rern. Afghanistan northeast suicide bomb attacks buzkashi sports activity, killing at least 7 people. * buzkashi - a loanword from "buzkashi" ** 7'ge/qi'ge - 7/seven -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===China [[w:colliery|colliery]] explosion kills at least 21 miners=== Zhongguor meirkuahng baozhah, zhihshaao 21 kuahanggong siiwarng <pre> Zhongguor meirkuahng baozhah, zhihshaao 21* kuahanggong siiwarng China colliery explodes, at least 21 miners die * 21/erhshiryi - 21/twenty-one </pre> A colliery has exploded in China, killing 21 miners and leaving 4 missing. Zhongguor meirkuahng baohzhah, 21 kuahnggong siiwarng, 4'ge shizong. <pre> Zhongguor meirkuahng baohzhah, 21 kuahnggong siiwarng, 4'ge* shizong. China colliery explodes, 21 miners die, 4 be missing. * 4'ge/sih'ge -4/four -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===5 Indian soldiers killed in Kashmir=== [[w:Kashmir|Kashmir]] 5'ge [[w:India|India]] shihbing beihsha <pre> Kashmir 5'ge* India shihbing beihsha Kashmir 5 India soldiers be killed * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> Gunmen have attacked India's security forces in the capital of India-controlled Kashmir, Srinagar, killing at least 5 soldiers, police say. jiingfang shuo: qiangshoou xirji India kohngzhih 'd Kashmir 'd shooufuu [[w:Srinagar|Srinagar]] 'd baao`an buhduih, shasii zhihshaao 5'ge junrern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: qiangshoou xirji India kohngzhih 'd Kashmir 'd shooufuu Srinagar 'd baao`an buhduih, shasii zhihshaao 5'ge junrern. police say: gumen attack Indian control 's Kashmir 's capital (of a province) Srinagar 's security forces, killing at least 5 soldiers. </pre> ===Japan extracts [[w:natural gas|natural gas]] from [[w:methane hydrate|methane hydrate]] in world first=== Rihbeen shihjieh shooucih corng jiaawarn shuiiherwuh tirquu tianrarnqih <pre> Rihbeen shihjieh shooucih corng jiaawarn shuiiherwuh tirquu tianrarnqih Japan world first time from methane hydrate extracts natural gas </pre> Japan announces that it has successfully extracted natural gas from frozen methane hydrate off its central coast, in the first time of the world. Rihbeen xuanbuh, zaih ta'd zhongbuh haaiyuh, shihjieh shooucih chernggong'dy corng dohngjier'd jiaawarn shuiiherwuh tirquu tianrarnqih. <pre> Rihbeen xuanbuh, zaih ta'd zhongbuh haaiyuh, shihjieh shooucih chernggong'dy corng dohngjier'd jiaawarn shuiiherwuh tirquu tianrarnqih. Japan announces, in its central sea area, world first time successfully from frozen methane hydrate to extract natural gas. </pre> ==2013-03-12== ===[[w:Catholicism|Catholic]] sect clashes with police kill at least 6 in Burundi=== [[w:Burundi|Burundi]] Tianzhuujiaoh jiaohpaih yuu jiingchar chongtu, zhihshaao 6 sii <pre> Burundi Tianzhuujiaoh jiaohpaih yuu jiingchar chongtu, zhihshaao 6* sii Burundi Catholic religious sect with police conflict, at least 6 die * 6/liuh - 6/six </pre> Clashes in Burundi between police and a Catholic sect have killed at least 6 people and injured 35 others, officials say. guanfang shuo: Burundi jiingchar yuu Tianzhuujiaoh jiaohpaih chongtu, zhihshaao 6 rern siiwarng, 35'ge shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: Burundi jiingchar yuu Tianzhuujiaoh jiaohpaih chongtu, zhihshaao 6 rern siiwarng, 35'ge* shouhshang. officials say: Burundi police with Catholic sect conflict, at least 6 people die, 35 be injured. * 35'ge/sanshirwuu'ge - 35/thirty-five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===CAR rebel army captured main town=== [[w:Central African Republic|CAR]] pahnjun duorquu zhuuyaoh shihzhehn <pre> CAR pahnjun duorquu zhuuyaoh shihzhehn CAR rebel army captures main town </pre> The rebel army in the Central African Republic (CAR) has captured the main southeastern town of Bangassou, officials say. guanfang shuo: Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) pahnjun duorquu'le xinarnbuh zhuuyaoh shihzhehn [[w:Bangassou|Bangassou]]. <pre> guanfang shuo: Zhongfei Gohngherguor (CAR) pahnjun duorquu'le xinarnbuh zhuuyaoh shihzhehn Bangassou. officials say: Central Africa Republic (CAR) rebel army captured southeast main town Bangassou. </pre> ===Helicopter crash kills 5 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_troops#Overseas US_troops] in Afghanistan=== [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] zhirshengji zhuihhuii, 5'ge Meeijun siiwarng <pre> Afghanistan zhirshengji zhuihhuii, 5'ge* Meeijun siiwarng Afghanistan helicopter fall and crash, 5 US troops die * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A helicopter crash has killed 5 US troops in Afghanistan, US officials say. US guanfang shuo: Afghanistan yi'jiah zhirshengji zhuihhuii, 5'ge Meeijun siiwarng. <pre> US guanfang shuo: Afghanistan yi'jiah* zhirshengji zhuihhuii, 5'ge Meeijun siiwarng. US officials say: Afghanistan a helicopter fall and crash, 5 US troops die. * -jiah - a measure word (for planes/radios/etc.) </pre> ===[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_alcohol_poisoning#Toxicity Methyl alcohol poisoning] kills 51 in Libya=== [[w:Libya|Libya]] jiaachurn zhohngdur, 51 sii <pre> Libya jiaachurn zhohngdur, 51* sii Libya methyl alcohol poisoning, 51 die * 51/wuushiryi - 51/fifty-one </pre> Methyl alcohol poisoning has killed at least 51 people in the Libyan capital of Tripoli, officials say. guanfang shuo: Libya shooudu [[w:Tripoli|Tripoli]] jiaachurn zhongdur, zhihshaao 51 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Libya shooudu Tripoli jiaachurn zhongdur, zhihshaao 51 rern siiwarng. officials say: Libya capital (of a country) Tripoli, methyl alcohol poisoning, at least 51 people die. </pre> ==2013-03-11== ===Insider attack kills 2 US soldiers in Afghanistan=== [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] neihbuh xirji shasii 2'ge Meeijun <pre> Afghanistan neihbuh xirji shasii 2'ge* Meeijun Afghanistan internal attack kills 2 US soldiers * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A member of Afghanistan's security forces has shot dead 2 US soldiers and some Afghan troops. yi'ge Afghanistan baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn qiangsha 2'ge Meeijun her yixie Afghanistan shihbing. <pre> yi'ge Afghanistan baao`an buhduih cherngyuarn qiangsha 2'ge Meeijun her yixie Afghanistan shihbing. a Afghanistan security forces member shoot dead 2 US soldiers and some Afghanistan soldiers. </pre> ===Al-Qaeda in Iraq claims the killing of Syrian soldiers and Iraqi guards=== zaih [[w:Iraq|Iraq]] 'd [[w:al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda]] shengcheng shasii [[w:Syria|Syria]] shihbing her Iraq jiingweih <pre> zaih Iraq 'd al-Qaeda shengcheng shasii Syria shihbing her Iraq jiingweih in Iraq 's al-Qaeda claims killing Syria soldiers and Iraq guards </pre> Al-Qaeda in Iraq has claimed that it was behind the killing of 48 Syrian soldiers and 9 Iraqi guards in Iraq last week. zaih Iraq 'd al-Qaeda shengcheng muhhouhcehhuah shahngxingqi zaih Iraq shasii 48'ge Syria shihbing her 9'ge Iraq jiingweih. <pre> zaih Iraq 'd al-Qaeda shengcheng muhhouhcehhuah shahngxingqi zaih Iraq shasii 48'ge* Syria shihbing her 9'ge** Iraq jiingweih. in Iraq 's al-Qaeda claims to direct from behind the scene last week in Iraq to kill 48 Syria soldiers and 9 Iraq guards. * 48'ge/sihshirba'ge - 48/forty-eight -'ge - a general measure word ** 9'ge/jiuu'ge - 9/nine </pre> ===Pakistan and Iran leaders to celebrate the construction of a [[w:gas pipeline|gas pipeline]]=== [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] her [[w:Iran|Iran]] liingdaaorern qihngzhuh jiahnzaoh tianrarnqih guaandaoh <pre> Pakistan her Iran liingdaaorern qihngzhuh jiahnzaoh tianrarnqih guaandaoh Pakistan and Iran leaders celebrate to construct natural gas pipeline </pre> The presidents of Pakistan's Asif Ali Zardari and Iran's Mahmoud Ahmadinejad are prepared to celebrate the construction of a [[w:natural gas|natural gas]] pipeline linking the 2 neighbors. Pakistan zoongtoong [[w:Asif Ali Zardari|Asif Ali Zardari]] her Iran zoongtoong [[w:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad|Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] zhuunbeih qihngzhuh liarnjie zheh 2'ge lirnguor 'd yi-tiaor tianrarnqih guaandaoh 'd jiahnsheh. <pre> Pakistan zoongtoong Asif Ali Zardari her Iran zoongtoong Mahmoud Ahmadinejad zhuunbeih qihngzhuh liarnjie zheh 2'ge* lirnguor 'd yi-tiaor** tianrarnqih guaandaoh 'd jiahnsheh. Pakistan president Asif Ali Zardari and Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad prepare to celebrate linking this 2 neighbors 's a natural gas pipeline 's construction. * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two -'ge - a general measure word ** -tiaor - a measure word (for long, narrow things) </pre> ==2013-03-10== ===House fire kills 8 in [[w:Germany|Germany]]=== Derguor zhuhzhair dahhuoo, 8 sii <pre> Derguor zhuhzhair dahhuoo, 8* sii Germany house big fire, 8 die * 8/ba - 8/eight </pre> A fire has destroyed a house in the town of Backnang in southern Germany, reportedly killing a mother and her 7 children. Derguor narnbuh shihzhehn Backnang dahhuoo shaohuii zhuhzhair, juhbaoh yi'ge muu'qin her ta'd 7'ge hair'zi siiwarng. <pre> Derguor narnbuh shihzhehn Backnang dahhuoo shaohuii zhuhzhair, juhbaoh yi'ge* muu'qin her ta'd** 7'ge*** hair'zi siiwarng. Germany south town backnang big fire burn down house, reportedly a mother and her 7 children die. * yi'ge - a -'ge - a general measure word ** ta'd - his/her/hers/its 'd - a subordinating particle *** 7'ge/qi'ge - 7/seven </pre> ==2013-03-09== ===[[w:Suicide bomb|Suicide bomb]] attacks Afghanistan's defence ministry in Kabul=== [[w:Kabul|Kabul]] zihsha zhahdahn xirji [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] guorfarngbuh <pre> Kabul zihsha zhahdahn xirji Afghanistan guorfarngbuh Kabul suicide bomb attacks Afghanistan defence ministry </pre> A suicide bomb has attacked Afghanistan's defence ministry in Kabul, killing at least 9 people, during the new US defence minister visit the city. xin'd US guorfarng buhzhaang faangwehn Kabul zhijih, zihsha zhahdahn xirji zaih Kabul 'd Afghanistan guorfarngbuh, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. <pre> xin'd* US guorfarng buhzhaang faangwehn Kabul zhijih**, zihsha zhahdahn xirji zaih Kabul 'd Afghanistan guorfarngbuh, shasii zhihshaao 9*** rern. new US national defence minister visits Kabul -during, suicide bomb attacks in Kabul 's Afghanistan defence ministry, killing at least 9 people. * 'd - a subordinating particle ** zhijih - suffix, -during *** 9 (pronounced as "jiuu") - nine </pre> ===Nicolas Maduro sworn in as Venezuela's acting president=== [[w:Nicolas Maduro|Nicolas Maduro]] xuanshih cherngweir [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] daihzoongtoong <pre> Nicolas Maduro xuanshih cherngweir Venezuela daihzoongtoong* Nicolas Maduro sworn in become Venezuela acting president * daih- - prefix, acting </pre> Venezuela's former vice-president Nicolas Maduro has been sworn in as acting president. Venezuela qiarn fuhzoongtoong Nicolas Maduro xuanshih cherngweir daihzoongtoong. <pre> Venezuela qiarn fuhzoongtoong* Nicolas Maduro xuanshih cherngweir daihzoongtoong. Venezuela former vice-president Nicolas Maduro sworn in become acting president. * fuh- - prefix, vice- </pre> ==2013-03-08== ===Vietnam bus collision kills at least 11=== Yuehnarn bus xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 11 sii <pre> Yuehnarn bus* xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 11 sii Vietnam buses collide, at least 11 die * bus (a loanword) - bus </pre> 2 buses have collided in central Vietnam, killing at least 11 people and injuring dozens of others, police say. jiingfang shuo: Yuehnarn zhongbuh 2-liahng bus xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng, jiishir'ge shouhshang. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Yuehnarn zhongbuh 2-liahng bus* xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng, jiishir'ge shouhshang. police say: Vietnam central section 2 buses collide, at least 11 people die, several tens be injured. * 2-liahng bus (pronounced as "liaang-liahng bus") - two buses -liahng - a measure word for vehicles bus (a loanword) - bus </pre> ===China warns against Korea escalation=== Zhongguor jiinggaoh Chaorxian Bahndaao jurshih ehhuah <pre> Zhongguor jiinggaoh Chaorxian Bahndaao jurshih ehhuah China warns the Korean Peninsula situation worsen </pre> China has called for both Koreas and their allies to keep calm, after North Korea announced that it had torn up all peace treaties with South Korea and warned nuclear strikes. Chaorxian xuanbuh sihuii quarnbuh yuu Harnguo 'd herpirng tiaoryue bihngqiee jiinggaoh her-daaji zhihouh, Zhongguor huyuh shuangfang jirqir torngmerng baaochir leengjihng. <pre> Chaorxian xuanbuh sihuii quarnbuh yuu Harnguo 'd herpirng tiaoryue bihngqiee jiinggaoh her-daaji zhihouh*, Zhongguor huyuh shuangfang jirqir torngmerng baaochir leengjihng. North Korea announce to tear up all with South Korea 's peace treaties and warns nuclear strike -after, China call for both sides and their allies to keep calm. * zhihouh - suffix, -after </pre> ===Leaders attend the state funeral of Hugo Chavez=== liingxiuh'men chuxir [[w:Hugo Chavez|Hugo Chavez]] 'd guorzahng <pre> liingxiuh'men* chuxir Hugo Chavez 'd guorzahng leaders attend Hugo Chavez 's state funeral * -'men - suffix, plural for pronouns and human nouns </pre> Many heads of state gather in the Venezuelan capital Caracas for mourning President Hugo Chaves. duo'ge guorjia yuarnshoou juhjir [[w:Venezuela|Venezuela]] shooudu [[w:Caracas|Caracas]] daohniahn Hugo Chaves zoongtoong. <pre> duo'ge* guorjia yuarnshoou juhjir Venezuela shooudu** Caracas daohniahn Hugo Chaves zoongtoong. many state heads (of state) gather Venezuela capital (of a country) Caracas to mourn Hugo Chaves presient{{typo help inline|reason=similar to prescient|date=September 2022}}. * -'ge - a general measure word ** shooudu - capital (of a country), to use "shooufuu" for a capital of a province or autonomous region </pre> ===An attack in Xinjiang kills 4=== [[w:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] xirji, 4 sii <pre> Xinjiang xirji, 4* sii Xinjiang attack, 4 die * 4 (pronounced as "sih") - four </pre> A knife attack has killed 4 people and injured 8 in the western autonomous region of Xinjiang in China, officials said. guanfang shuo: Zhongguor xibuh zihzhihqu Xinjiang fasheng chirdao xirji, 4 rern beihsha, 8'ge shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: Zhongguor xibuh zihzhihqu Xinjiang fasheng chirdao xirji, 4 rern beihsha, 8'ge* shouhshang. officials say: China west autonomous region Xinjiang happens knife-holding attack, 4 people be killed, 8 be injured. * 8'ge (pronounced as "ba'ge") - eight -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ==2013-03-07== ===Thomas Cook to cut 2,500 jobs in UK=== Thomas Cook zaih UK cairjiaan 2500 zhirweih <pre> Thomas Cook zaih UK cairjiaan 2500* zhirweih Thomas Cook in UK to cut down 2,500 job positions * 2500 (pronounced as "erhqian wuubaai") - 2,500 </pre> Travel agency Thomas Cook has announced that it will cut 2,500 jobs in the UK and close nearly 200 branches for trying to revive profit. Thomas Cook lüüxirngsheh xuanbuh, weih'le charngshih huifuh yirnglih, huih cairjiaan 2500'ge zhirweih her guanbih jiejihn 200-jian fendiahn. <pre> Thomas Cook lüüxirngsheh xuanbuh, weih'le charngshih huifuh yirnglih, huih cairjiaan 2500'ge zhirweih her guanbih jiejihn 200-jian* fendiahn. Thomas Cook travel agency announces, for trying to revive making profit, will cut down 2,500 job positons and close nearly 200 branches. * 200-jian (pronounced as "erhbaai-jian") - 200 -jian - a measure word for rooms </pre> ===Processed meat leads to early death=== jiagong rouh daaozhih zaaoshih <pre> jiagong rouh daaozhih zaaoshih processed meat leads to early death </pre> Sausages, ham, bacon and other processed meats can increase the risk of dying young, a study suggests. yarnjiu zhiichu: xiangcharng, huootuii, yanrouh deeng jiagong rouh huih zengjia zaaoshih 'd weixiaan. <pre> yarnjiu zhiichu: xiangcharng, huootuii, yanrouh deeng jiagong rouh huih zengjia zaaoshih 'd weixiaan. study points out: sausages, ham, bacon etc processed meat can increase dying young 's risk. </pre> ===Syria rebel army detains UN Golan observers=== Syria pahnjun kouhya UN Golan guancharyuarn <pre> Syria pahnjun kouhya UN Golan guancharyuarn Syria rebel army detains UN Golan observers </pre> Rebel army in the Golan Heights on the Syria-Israel border have detained about 20 UN observers, the UN says. UN shuo: pahnjun zaih Syria-Israel bianjihng Golan Gaodih kouhya'le dahyue 20'ge UN guancharyuarn. <pre> UN shuo: pahnjun zaih Syria-Israel bianjihng Golan Gaodih kouhya'le dahyue 20'ge* UN guancharyuarn. UN says: rebel army on Syria-Israel border Golan Heights detained about 20 UN observers. * 20'ge (pronounced as "erhshir'ge") - 20 -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ==2013-03-06== ===Venezuela people mourn President Hugo Chavez=== Venezuela rernmirn daohniahn Hugo Chavez zoongtoong <pre> Venezuela rernmirn daohniahn Hugo Chavez zoongtoong Venezuela people mourn Hugo Chavez president </pre> Venezuela has announced 7 days of mourning after the death of President Hugo Chaves. Hugo Chaves zoongtoong shihshih zhihouh, Venezuela xuanbuh aidaoh 7 tian. <pre> Hugo Chaves zoongtoong shihshih zhihouh*, Venezuela xuanbuh aidaoh 7** tian. Hugo Chaves president passes away -after, Venezuela announces to mourn 7 days. * zhihouh - suffix, -after ** 7 (pronounced as "qi") - 7 </pre> ===Poor sleep can cause heart failure=== shuih'de bu haao huih daaozhih xinshuaijier <pre> shuih'de* bu** haao huih daaozhih xinshuaijier sleep not well can cause heart failure * -'de - a subordinating particle (used to link a verb and the manner clause that follows it) ** bu (pronounced as "buh") - not </pre> Bad sleep can increase the risk of heart failure, a study shows. yarnjiu xiaanshih: buliarng shuihmiarn huih zengjia xinshuaijier 'd weixiaan. <pre> yarnjiu xiaanshih: buliarng shuihmiarn huih zengjia xinshuaijier 'd weixiaan. study shows: bad sleep can increase heart failure 's risk. </pre> ===Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez passes away=== Venezuela zoongtoong Hugo Chavez shihshih <pre> Venezuela zoongtoong Hugo Chavez shihshih Venezuela president Hugo Chavez passes away </pre> Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez dies at the age of 58 because of cancer, his vice-president announces. Venezuela zoongtoong Hugo Chavez yinweih airzhehng shihshih, xiaangniarn 58 suih, ta'd fuh-zoongtoong xuanbuh. <pre> Venezuela zoongtoong Hugo Chavez yinweih airzhehng shihshih, xiaangniarn 58* suih, ta'd** fuh-zoongtoong xuanbuh. Venezuela president Hugo Chavez because of cancer passes away, dies at the age of 58 years (of age), his vice-president announces. * 58 (pronounced as "wuushirba") - 58 (fifty-eight) ** ta'd - his/her/hers/its 'd - a subordinating particle </pre> ==2013-03-05== ===Death number of people from Brazil nightclub fire increases to 240=== Brazil yehzoonghuih huoozai siiwarng rernshuh zengjia daoh 240 <pre> Brazil yehzoonghuih huoozai siiwarng rernshuh zengjia daoh 240* Brazil nightclub fire disaster death number of people increases to 240 * 240 (pronounced as "erhbaai sihshir") - 240 (two hundred and forty) </pre> The death number of people from Brazil's most serious fire disaster in several tens of years has increased to 240 with the death of an injured person in hospital, a month after the nightclub tragedy. Brazil yehzoonghuih caanjuh 'd yi'ge shangzhee zaih liuryi yi'ge yueh zhihouh siiwarng, shii zheh-cih Brazil jiishir niarn lair zuih yarnzhohng huoozai 'd siiwarng rernshuh zengjia dao 240. <pre> Brazil yehzoonghuih caanjuh 'd yi'ge shangzhee zaih liuryi yi'ge yueh zhihouh siiwarng, shii zheh-cih Brazil jiishir niarn lair zuih yarnzhohng huoozai 'd siiwarng rernshuh zengjia dao 240. Brazil nightclub tragedy 's a injured person at stayed in hospital for treatment a month -after dies, to cause this Brazil several tens year -since most serious fire disaster 's death number of people increases to 240. </pre> ===UK diabetes cases reaches 3 million=== UK tarngniaohbihng huahnzhee dardaoh 3 baaiwahn <pre> UK tarngniaohbihng huahnzhee dardaoh 3* baaiwahn UK diabetes patients reach 3 million * 3 (pronounced as "san") - 3 (three) </pre> 3 million people in the UK have been diagnosed with diabetes, the charity organization Diabetes UK says. UK Tarngniaohbihng cirshahn jigouh shuo: UK 3 baaiwahn rern beih zheenduahn huahnshahng tarngniaohbihng. <pre> UK Tarngniaohbihng cirshahn jigouh shuo: UK 3 baaiwahn rern beih zheenduahn huahnshahng tarngniaohbihng. UK Diabetes charity organization says: UK 3 million people be diagnosed to contract diabetes. </pre> ===DR Congo plane crash kills 5=== DR Congo feiji zhuihhuii, 5 sii <pre> DR Congo feiji zhuihhuii, 5* sii DR Congo plane fall and crash, 5 die * 5/wuu - 5/five </pre> An airplane crash has killed at least 5 passengers in Goma, the main city in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, officials say. guanfang shuo: Congo Mirnzhuu Gohngherguor dongbuh zhuuyaoh cherngshih Goma feiji zhuihhuii, zhihshaao 5'ge cherngkeh siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Congo Mirnzhuu Gohngherguor dongbuh zhuuyaoh cherngshih Goma feiji zhuihhuii, zhihshaao 5'ge* cherngkeh siiwarng. officials say: Congo Democratic Republic east main city Goma airplane fell and crashed, at least 5 passengers die. * -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===12 killed in Yemen suicide bomb attack=== Yemen zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 12 sii <pre> Yemen zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 12* sii Yemen suicide bomb attack, 12 die * 12/shir'erh - 12/twelve </pre> A suicide car bomb attack in south Yemen has killed 12 members of a pro-government militia group. Yemen narnbuh zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii 12'ge qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing zuuzhi 'd cherngyuarn. <pre> Yemen narnbuh zihsha qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii 12'ge* qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing zuuzhi 'd cherngyuarn. Yemen south suicide car bomb attack kill 12 pro-government militia organization 's members. * -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===School fire disaster kills 9 children in Senegal=== Senegal xuerxiaoh huoozai shasii 9'ge errtorng. <pre> Senegal xuerxiaoh huoozai shasii 9'ge* errtorng. Senegal school fire disaster kills 9 children. * 9'ge/jiuu'ge - 9/nine -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A fire disaster has killed 9 children at a Islamic school in Senegal's capital, Dakar. Senegal shooudu Dakar yi-jian Islam xuerxiaoh huoozai shasii 9'ge errtorng. <pre> Senegal shooudu Dakar yi-jian* Islam xuerxiaoh huoozai shasii 9'ge errtorng. Senegal capital (of a country) Dakar a Islam school fire disaster kills 9 children. * yi-jian - a -jian - a measure word for rooms/buildings </pre> ==2013-03-04== ===Suicide bomb kills 5 police in Iraq=== Iraq zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge jiingchar <pre> Iraq zihsha zhahdahn shasii 5'ge* jiingchar Iraq suicide bomb kills 5 police * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> A suicide car bomb has killed 5 police officers in northern Iraq, police say. jiingfang shuo: Iraq beeibuh zihsha qihche zhahdahn shasii 5'ge jiingchar. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Iraq beeibuh zihsha qihche zhahdahn shasii 5'ge jiingchar. police say: Iraq north suicide car bomb kills 5 police officers. </pre> ===India school bus crash kills at least 11 children=== India xiaohche zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 11 errtorng sii <pre> India xiaohche zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 11* errtorng sii India school bus crashes, at least 11 children die * 11/shiryi - 11/eleven </pre> A school bus has collided head-on with a truck, killing at least 11 children, in the northern province of Punjab in India, police say. jiingfang shuo: India beeibuh sheengfehn Punjab, xiaohche yuu huohche yirngtour xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 11'ge errtorng siiwarng. <pre> jiingfang shuo: India beeibuh sheengfehn Punjab, xiaohche yuu huohche yirngtour xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 11'ge* errtorng siiwarng. police say: India north province Punjab, school bus with truck head-on collide, at least 11 children die. * -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===Egypt clashes kill 5=== Egypt chongtu, 5 sii <pre> Egypt chongtu, 5* sii Egypt clashes, 5 die * 5/wuu - 5/five </pre> 5 people, including 2 policemen, were killed when protesters and police clashed in the Egyptian city of Port Said, officials say. guanfang shuo: Egypt cherngshih Port Said 'd kahngyihzhee yuu jiingchar chongtu, 5 rern beihsha, baokuoh 2'ge jiingchar. <pre> guanfang shuo: Egypt cherngshih Port Said 'd kahngyihzhee yuu jiingchar chongtu, 5 rern beihsha, baokuoh 2'ge* jiingchar. officials say: Egypt city Port Said 's protesters with police conflict, 5 people be killed, including 2 policemen. * 2'ge/liaang'ge - two -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===UK industry shrinks=== UK gongyeh shousuo <pre> UK gongyeh shousuo UK industry shrinks </pre> The UK's manufacturing activity has shrank unexpectedly in February, a survey shows. diaohchar xiaanshih: UK Erhyuehfehn zhihzaohyeh huordohng yihwaih'dy shousuo. <pre> diaohchar xiaanshih: UK Erhyuehfehn zhihzaohyeh huordohng yihwaih'dy* shousuo. survey shows: UK February period manufacturing activity unexpectedly shrinks. * yihwaih'dy - unexpectedly -'dy - a subordinating particle (adverb-forming, like English -ly) </pre> ===US free-trade deal boosts EU growth=== US zihyour maohyih xierdihng cuhjihn EU zengzhaang <pre> US zihyour maohyih xierdihng cuhjihn EU zengzhaang US free trade agreement boosts EU growth </pre> The most senior trade official of Europe has said that a free-trade agreement between the United States and European Union would boost the economic growth of EU by about 1%, leading to many more jobs. Ouzhou zuih gaojir'd maohyih guanyuarn shuo: Meeiguor yuu Ouzhou Liarnmerng 'd zihyour maohyih xierdihng huih cuhjihn EU jingjih zengzhaang dahyue 1%, chuahngzaoh heen duo zhirweih. <pre> Ouzhou zuih gaojir'd* maohyih guanyuarn shuo: Meeiguor yuu Ouzhou Liarnmerng 'd zihyour maohyih xierdihng huih cuhjihn EU jingjih zengzhaang dahyue 1%**, chuahngzaoh heen duo zhirweih. Europe most senior trade official says: United States with Europe Union 's free trade agreement would boost EU economy growth about 1%, create very many job positions. * gaojir'd - senior 'd - a subordinating particle ** 1% / yi percent - 1% / one percent </pre> ==2013-03-03== ===Bomb attack kills at least 45 in Pakistan=== [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 45 sii <pre> Pakistan zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 45* sii Pakistan bomb attack, at least 45 die * 45/sihshirwuu - 45/forty-five </pre> A bomb attack has killed at least 45 people in the city of Karachi in Pakistan, police say. jiingfang shuo: Pakistan cherngshih [[w:Karachi|Karachi]] zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 45 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Pakistan cherngshih Karachi zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 45 rern. police say: Pakistan city Karachi bomb attack kills at least 45 people. </pre> ===French soldier killed in Mali battle=== [[w:Mali|Mali]] zhahnyih, Faajun siiwarng <pre> Mali zhahnyih, Faajun siiwarng Mali battle, French soldier die </pre> A French soldier has been killed in heavy fighting in northern Mali, the French government has said. Faaguor zhehngfuu shuo: Mali beeibuh jilieh zhahndouh, yi'ge faajun beeisha. <pre> Faaguor zhehngfuu shuo: Mali beeibuh jilieh zhahndouh, yi'ge* faajun beeisha. France government says: Mali north heavy fighting, a French soldier be killed. * 'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===At least 5 police killed in Malaysia gun battle=== [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] qiangzhahn, zhihshaao 5'ge jiingchar beihsha <pre> Malaysia qiangzhahn, zhihshaao 5'ge* jiingchar beihsha Malaysia gun battle, at least 5 police be killed * 5'ge/wuu'ge - 5/five -'ge - a general measure word </pre> At least 5 police officers have been killed in a gun battle in the province of Sabah in Malaysia. Malaysia sheengfehn [[w:Sabah|Sabah]] qiangzhahn, zhihshaao 5'ge jiingchar beihsha. <pre> Malaysia sheengfehn Sabah qiangzhahn, zhihshaao 5'ge jiingchar beihsha. Malaysia province Sabah gun battle, at least 5 police be killed. </pre> ===At least 16 killed in Bangladesh violence=== [[w:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] dohngluahn, zhihshaao 16 sii <pre> Bangladesh dohngluahn, zhihshaao 16* sii Bangladesh unrest, at least 16 die * 16/shirliuh - 16/sixteen </pre> Continuing violence in Bangladesh has killed at least 16 people as a death sentence given to an Islamic party leader. youryur pahnjuer [[w:Islam|Islam]] zhehngdaang liingxiuh siixirng, Bangladesh chirxuh dohngluahn, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng. <pre> youryur pahnjuer Islam zhehngdaang liingxiuh siixirng, Bangladesh chirxuh dohngluahn, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng. because to make a court decision to Islam political party leader death sentence, Bangladesh continue unrest, at least 16 people die. </pre> ===NATO apologizes for killing children=== [[w:NATO|NATO]] weih shasii errtorng daohqiahn <pre> NATO weih shasii errtorng daohqiahn Nato for kill children apologize </pre> The NATO has apologized for killing 2 Afghan boys. NATO weih shasii 2'ge [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] narnhair daohqiahn. <pre> NATO weih shasii 2'ge* Afghanistan narnhair daohqiahn. NATO for kill 2 Afghanistan boy apologize. * 2'ge/liaang'ge - 2/two -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ==2013-03-02== ===What is the Taliban?=== shernme shih [[w:Taliban|Taliban]]? <pre> shernme shih Taliban? what is Taliban? </pre> The Taliban, who is active in Afghanistan and Pakistan, is a big and powerful Islamic fighting force. Taliban shih huoryueh yur [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] her [[w:Pakistan|Pakistan]] 'd qiarngdah [[w:Islam|Islam]] zhahndouh lihliahng. <pre> Taliban shih huoryueh yur Afghanistan her Pakistan 'd qiarngdah Islam zhahndouh lihliahng. Taliban is active at Afghanistan and Pakistan 's big and powerful Islam fighiting force. </pre> ==2013-03-01== ===At least 5 killed in Iraq market bomb attack=== [[w:Iraq|Iraq]] shihchaang zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 5 sii <pre> Iraq shihchaang zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 5* sii Iraq market bomb attack, at least 5 die * 5/wuu - 5/five </pre> 2 car bombs have attacked a market in the southern city of Diwaniya in Iraq, killing at least 5 people, officials say. guanfang shuo: 2'ge qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq narnbuh cherngshih Diwaniya yi'ge shihchaang, zhihshaao 5 rern beihsha. <pre> guanfang shuo: 2'ge* qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq narnbuh cherngshih Diwaniya yi'ge shihchaang, zhihshaao 5 rern beihsha. officials say: 2 car bombs attack Iraq south city Diwaniya a market, at least 5 people be killed. * 2'ge (pronounced as "liaang'ge") - 2 (two) -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===Eurozone unemployment rate reaches 11.9%=== [[w:Euro|Euro]]-qu shiyehlüh dardaoh 11.9% <pre> Euro-qu shiyehlüh dardaoh 11.9%* Eurozone unemployment rate reaches 11.9% * 11.9% (pronounced as "shiryi diaan jiuu percent") - 11.9% (eleven point nine percent) </pre> The unemployment rate of the Eurozone has risen to a new record high in January, official figures show. guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Euro-qu Yiyuehfehn shiyehlüh shahngsheng daoh xin'd gao jihluh. <pre> guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Euro-qu Yiyuehfehn shiyehlüh shahngsheng daoh xin'd gao jihluh. official figures show: Eurozone January period unemployment rate rises to new high record. </pre> ===Mine fire kills at least 11 in Hebei of China=== Zhongguor Herbeei kuahngjiing huoozai, zhihshaao 11 sii <pre> Zhongguor Herbeei kuahngjiing huoozai, zhihshaao 11* sii China Hebei mine fire disaster, at least 11 die * 11/shiryi - 11/eleven </pre> At least 11 miners have been killed in a mine fire disaster in the province of Hebei in China. Zhongguor Herbeei sheeng kuahngjiing huoozai, zhihshaao 11'ge kuahnggong siiwarng. <pre> Zhongguor Herbeei sheeng kuahngjiing huoozai, zhihshaao 11'ge* kuahnggong siiwarng. China Hebei province mine fire disaster, at least 11 miners die. * -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===At least 36 killed in DR Congo battle=== DR Congo zhahnyih, zhihshaao 36 sii <pre> DR Congo zhahnyih, zhihshaao 36* sii DR Congo battle, at least 36 die * 36/sanshirliuh - 36/thirty-six </pre> Fighting between a militia and the government army in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has left at least 36 dead, the military and UN say. junfang her UN shuo: zaih Congo Mirnzhuu Gohngherguor dongbuh, mirnbing her zhehngfuujun zhahndouh, zhihshaao 36 rern siiwarrng. <pre> junfang her UN shuo: zaih Congo Mirnzhuu Gohngherguor dongbuh, mirnbing her zhehngfuujun zhahndouh, zhihshaao 36 rern siiwarrng. the military and UN say: in Congo Democracy Republic east, militia and government army fight, at least 36 people die. </pre> ==2013-02-28== ===World's oldest woman is 114 years of age=== shihjieh yoou jihzaai zuih laao nüürern 114 suih <pre> shihjieh yoou jihzaai zuih laao nüürern 114* suih world has record most old woman 114 years of age * 114 / yibaai yishirsih - 114 / one hundred and fourteen </pre> Misao Okawa is 114 years of age, the oldest woman on record in the world, living in the western city of Osaka in Japan. shihjieh yoou jihzaai zuih laao nüürern [[w:Misao Okawa|Misao Okawa]] 114 suih, zhuh zaih Rihbeen xibuh cherngshih [[w:Osaka|Osaka]]. <pre> shihjieh yoou jihzaai zuih laao nüürern Misao Okawa 114 suih, zhuh zaih Rihbeen xibuh cherngshih Osaka. world has record most old woman Misao Okawa 114 years of age, living in Japan west city Osaka. </pre> ===Shark kills man in New Zealand=== [[w:New Zealand|New Zealand]] shayur sharern <pre> New Zealand shayur sharern New Zealand shark kills a person </pre> A man has been killed by a shark at a beach near the city of Auckland in New Zealand. New Zealand cherngshih [[w:Auckland|Auckland]] fuhnihn haaitan shayur shasii yi'ge narnrern. <pre> New Zealand cherngshih Auckland fuhnihn haaitan shayur shasii yi'ge* narnrern. New Zealand city Auckland vicinity beach shark kills a man. * -'ge - a general measure word </pre> ===At least 20 killed in Calcutta market fire=== [[w:Calcutta|Calcutta]] shihchaang dahhuoo, zhihshaao 20 sii <pre> Calcutta shihchaang dahhuoo, zhihshaao 20* sii Calcutta market big fire, at least 20 die * 20/erhshir - 20/twenty </pre> An illegal market has caught fire in the eastern city of Calcutta in India, killing at least 20 people, police say. jiingfang shuo: [[w:India|India]] dongbuh cherngshih Calcutta yi-jian feifaa shihchaang shihuuo, zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng. <pre> jiingfang shuo: India dongbuh cherngshih Calcutta yi-jian* feifaa shihchaang shihuuo, zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng. police say: India east city Calcutta a illegal market catches fire, at least 20 people die. * yi-jian - a -jian - a measure word (for rooms/buildings/etc) </pre> ===At least 35 dead in Kenya bus crash=== [[w:Kenya|Kenya]] bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 35 sii <pre> Kenya bus* zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 35** sii Kenya bus crashes, at least 35 die * bus (a loanword) - bus ** 35/sanshirwuu - 35/thirty-five </pre> A bus has crashed near the eastern town of Mwingi in Kenya, killing at least 35 people, a traffic officer has said. jiaotong guanyuarn shuo: Kenya dongbuh shihzhehn [[w:Mwingi|Mwingi]] fuhjihn bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 35 rern siiwang. <pre> jiaotong guanyuarn shuo: Kenya dongbuh shihzhehn Mwingi fuhjihn bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 35 rern siiwang. traffic officer says: Kenya east town Mwingi vicinity bus crashes, at least 35 people die. </pre> ==2013-02-27== ===17 killed in police station attack in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan jiingjur beih xirji, 17 sii <pre> Afghanistan jiingjur beih xirji, 17 sii Afghanistan police station be attacked, 17 die </pre> Taliban has attacked a police station in Afghanistan, killing 11 police and 6 others. Taliban xirji Afghanistan jiingjur, shasii 11 geh jiingchar her lihngwaih 6 rern. <pre> Taliban xirji Afghanistan jiingjur, shasii 11 geh jiingchar her lihngwaih 6 rern. Taliban attack Afghanistan police, kill 11 police and other 6 people. </pre> ===China school stampede kills 4=== Zhongguor xuerxiaoh caaitah shihjiahn, 4 sii <pre> Zhongguor xuerxiaoh caaitah shihjiahn, 4 sii China school trample incident, 4 die </pre> A stampede has killed 4 children at a school in Hubei province of China, Chinese media report. Zhongguor meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor Hurbeei sheeng yi jian xuerxiaoh fasheng caaitah shihjiahn, 4 geh errtorng siiwarng. <pre> Zhongguor meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor Hurbeei sheeng yi jian xuerxiaoh fasheng caaitah shihjiahn, 4 geh errtorng siiwarng. China media report: China Hubei province a school happen trample incident, 4 child die. </pre> ===Car bomb attacks Mali checkpoint=== qihche zhahdahn xirji Mali jiaancharzhahn <pre> qihche zhahdahn xirji Mali jiaancharzhahn car bomb attack Mali checkpoint </pre> A car bomb attack, believed to be aimed at a Tuareg group supporting French troops, has killed 7 people in the northern Mali town of Kidal, reports say. juh baohdaao: zaih Mali beeibuh shihzhehn Kidal, yi cih rehnweir shih zhenduih zhichir Faajun d Tuareg tuantir d qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii 7 rern. <pre> juh baohdaao: zaih Mali beeibuh shihzhehn Kidal, yi cih rehnweir shih zhenduih zhichir Faajun d Tuareg tuantir d qihche zhahdahn xirji shasii 7 rern. according to reports: at Mali north town Kidal, a believe is aim at support French troops 's Tuareg group 's car bomb attack kill 7 people. </pre> ==2013-02-26== ===Bad sleep seriously affects body=== shuihmiarn buzur yarnzhohng yiingxiaang jiahnkang <pre> shuihmiarn buzur yarnzhohng yiingxiaang jiahnkang sleep not enough seriously affect health </pre> Poor sleep can affect our body seriously, UK researchers say. UK yarnjiu zhiichu, shuihmiarn buzur yarnzhohng yiingxiaang jiahnkang. <pre> UK yarnjiu zhiichu, shuihmiarn buzur yarnzhohng yiingxiaang jiahnkang. UK research point out, sleep not enough seriously affect health. </pre> ===19 killed in Egypt balloon crash=== Egypt qihqiur zhuihhuii, 19 sii <pre> Egypt qihqiur zhuihhuii, 19 sii Egypt balloon fall and crash, 19 die </pre> A hot-air balloon has crashed near the city of Luxor in Egypt, killing 19 people, according to reports. juh baohdaao, Egypt cherngshih Luxor fuhjihn rehqihqiur zhuihhuii, 19 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao, Egypt cherngshih Luxor fuhjihn rehqihqiur zhuihhuii, 19 rern siiwarng. according to report, Egypt city Luxor vicinity hot-air balloon fall and crash, 19 people die. </pre> ===Gaza rocket shoots into Israel=== Gaza huoojiahn shehjihn Israel <pre> Gaza huoojiahn shehjihn Israel Gaza rocket shoot into Israel </pre> A rocket has shot into southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, the police of Israel say. Israel jiingfang shuo: yigeh huoojiahn corng Gaza Strip shehjihn Israel narnbuh. <pre> Israel jiingfang shuo: yigeh huoojiahn corng Gaza Strip shehjihn Israel narnbuh. Israel police say: a rocket from Gaza Strip shoot into Israel south. </pre> ==2013-02-25== ===Samsung and Huawei show their smartphones=== Samsung her Huawei zhaanshih tamen d zhihnerng shoouji <pre> Samsung her Huawei zhaanshih tamen d zhihnerng shoouji Samsung and Huawei show their intelligent mobile phone </pre> Samsung and Huawei have released their new smartphones at the Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona. Samsung her Huawei zaih Barcelona d Mobile World Congress (MWC) fabuh tamen d xin zhihnerng shoouji. <pre> Samsung her Huawei zaih Barcelona d Mobile World Congress (MWC) fabuh tamen d xin zhihnerng shoouji. Samsung and Huawei at Barcelona 's Mobile World congress (MWC) release their new intelligent mobile phone. </pre> ===Russia bans smoking=== Russia jihnzhii xiyan <pre> Russia jihnzhii xiyan Russia ban smoking </pre> President Putin has signed a law to ban smoking in public places in Russia. Putin zoongtoong qianshuu faalüh jihnzhii zaih Russia gongzhohng dihfang xiyan. <pre> Putin zoongtoong qianshuu faalüh jihnzhii zaih Russia gongzhohng dihfang xiyan. Putin present sign law ban at Russia public place smoking. </pre> ==2013-02-24== ===Eurozone recession to continue=== Euro-qu shuaituih chirxuh <pre> Euro-qu shuaituih chirxuh Eurozone recession continue </pre> The Eurozone recession will continue into 2013, the European Commission has said. Ouzhou weeiyuarnhuih shuo: Euro-qu shuaituih huih chirxuh daoh 2013 niarn. <pre> Ouzhou Weeiyuarnhuih shuo: Euro-qu shuaituih huih chirxuh daoh 2013 niarn. Eroupean Commission say: Eurozone recession will continue to 2013 year. </pre> ===China's "leftover women"=== Zhongguor d "shengh-nüü" <pre> Zhongguor d "shengh-nüü" China 's "leftover woman" </pre> An unmarried female over 27 year of age is called a "leftover woman" in China. Zhongguor chaoguoh 27 suih d weihhun nüüxingh jiaohzuoh "shengh-nüü". <pre> Zhongguor chaoguoh 27 suih d weihhun nüüxingh jiaohzuoh "shengh-nüü". China exceed 27 year (of age) 's unmarried female be called "leftover woman" </pre> ===Bangladesh police kill at least 4 protesters=== Bangladesh jiingchar shasii zhihshaao 4 geh kanghyihzhee <pre> Bangladesh jiingchar shasii zhihshaao 4 geh kanghyihzhee Bangladesh police kill at least 4 protester </pre> Bangladesh police have killed at least 4 Islamic protesters accusing bloggers of blasphemy. Bangladesh jiingchar shasii zhihshaao 4 geh qiaanzer blogger xiehdur d kanghyihzhee. <pre> Bangladesh jiingchar shasii zhihshaao 4 geh qiaanzer blogger xiehdur d kanghyihzhee. Bangladesh police kill at least 4 accuse blogger blaspheme 's protester. </pre> ==2013-02-23== ===US sends 100 troops to Niger=== US paih 100 junrern daoh Niger <pre> US paih 100 junrern daoh Niger US send 100 soldier to Niger </pre> The US has sent 100 troops to Niger to help French forces in neighboring Mali, the US president has said. US zoongtoong shuo: US paih le 100 geh Meeijun daoh Niger bangzhuh zaih lirnguor Mali d Faajun. <pre> US zoongtoong shuo: US paih le 100 geh Meeijun daoh Niger bangzhuh zaih lirnguor Mali d Faajun. US president say: US sent 100 US soldier to Niger help at neighboring country Mali 's French forces. </pre> ==="Many killed" in Mali battle=== Mali zhanhyih "duo rern siiwarng" <pre> Mali zhanhyih "duo rern siiwarng" Mali battle "many people die" </pre> 13 Chad soldiers and about 65 Islamic fighters have been killed in heavy fighting in the mountains of norhtern Mali, the Chad military has said. Chad junfang shuo: Mali beeibuh shanqu jilieh zhanhdouh, 13 geh Chad shihbing her dahyue 65 geh Islam zhanhshih siiwarng. <pre> Chad junfang shuo: Mali beeibuh shanqu jilieh zhanhdouh, 13 geh Chad shihbing her dahyue 65 geh Islam zhanhshih siiwarng. Chad the military say: Mali north mountain area heavy fighting, 13 Chad soldier and about 65 Islam fighter die. </pre> ==2013-02-22== ===Las Vegas shooting leaves 3 dead=== Las Vegas qiangji daaozhih 3 sii <pre> Las Vegas qiangji daaozhih 3 sii Las Vegas gun shooting to cause 3 die </pre> 3 people have died and at least 6 others injured on the Las Vegas Strip after a gunman in a car has fired on another car, sending it crashing into a taxi, police have said. jiingfang shuo: zaih Las Vegas Strip, qiangshou cheshahng shehji lihngyi buh che, shii ta zhuahngshahng taxi, zaohcherng 3 rern siiwarng, zhihshaao 6 rern shouhshang. <pre> jiingfang shuo: zaih Las Vegas Strip, qiangshou che-shahng shehji lihngyi buh che, shii ta zhuahngshahng taxi, zaohcherng 3 rern siiwarng, zhihshaao 6 rern shouhshang. police say: at Las Vegas Strip, gunman on car shoot another car, to cause it crash into taxi, result in 3 people die, at least 6 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-02-21== ===Explosions kill at least 12 in India's Hyderabad=== India Hyderabad baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 sii <pre> India Hyderabad baohzhah, zhihshaao 12 sii India Hyderabad explode, at least 12 die </pre> 2 explosions in the southern Indian city of Hyderabad have killed at least 12 people. India narnbuh cherngshih Hyderabad 2 cih baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 12 rern. <pre> India narnbuh cherngshih Hyderabad 2 cih baohzhah shasii zhihshaao 12 rern. India south city Hyderabad 2 time explosion kill at least 12 people. </pre> ===Gunmen attack mosque in Kenya=== Kenya qiangshoou xirji qingzhensih <pre> Kenya qiangshoou xirji qingzhensih Kenya gunman attack mosque </pre> Gunmen have attacked a mosque in northeastern Kenya near the border with Somalia, killing 7 people, officials have said. guanfang shuo: qiangshoou xirji Kenya dongbeeibuh kaohjihn Somalia bianjieh yi jian qingzhensih, shasii 7 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: qiangshoou xirji Kenya dongbeeibuh kaohjihn Somalia bianjieh yi jian qingzhensih, shasii 7 rern. officials say: guman attack Kenya northeast near Somalia border a mosque, kill 7 people. </pre> ===Bomb attack kills at least 53 in Syria=== Syria zhahdahn xirji, 53 sii <pre> Syria zhahdahn xirji, 53 sii Syria bomb attack, 53 die </pre> A huge car bomb attacks Damascus, the capital of Syria, killing at least 53 people and injuring 200, according to reports. juh baohdaao: juhxirng qihche zhahdahn xirji Syria shooudu Damascus, zhihshao 53 rern beihsha, 200 rern shouhshang. <pre> juh baohdaao: juhxirng qihche zhahdahn xirji Syria shooudu Damascus, zhihshao 53 rern beihsha, 200 rern shouhshang. according to report: huge car bomb attack Syria capital (of a country) Damascus, at least 53 people be killed, 200 people be injured. </pre> ===Patient infected with Sars-like virus dies in UK=== UK gaanraan leihsih Sars bihngdur bihngrern siiwarng <pre> UK gaanraan leihsih Sars bihngdur bihngrern siiwarng UK infect similar Sars virus patient die </pre> A patient infected with a new respiratory illness similar to the deadly Sars virus has died in the UK. Yigeh gaanraan leihsih zhihmihng Sars bihngdur d xin huxixihng jirbihng bihngrern zai UK siiwarng. <pre> Yigeh gaanraan leihsih zhihmihng Sars bihngdur d xin huxixihng jirbihng bihngrern zai UK siiwarng. a infect similar deadly Sars virus 's new respiratory illness patient at UK die. </pre> ==2013-02-20== ===Japan trade deficit hits record=== Rihbeen maohyih chihzih poh jihluh <pre> Rihbeen maohyih chihzih poh jihluh Japan trade deficit break record </pre> Japan's trade deficit has hit a record high in January as its currency policy weakened Japanese yan sharply. youryur huohbih zhehngceh dahfurduh xueruoh Rihyuarn, Rihbeen Yiyuehfehn maohyih chihzih poh gao jihluh. <pre> youryur huohbih zhehngceh dahfurduh xueruoh Rihyuarn, Rihbeen Yiyuehfehn maohyih chihzih poh gao jihluh. because currency policy substantially weaken Japanese yen, Japan in January trade deficit break high record. </pre> ===Cooking classes "improve diet"=== pengrehn-ban "gaaishahn yiinshir" <pre> pengrehn-ban "gaaishahn yiinshir" cooking class "improve diet" </pre> Short cooking classes can have a long-term effect on healthy eating, leading people to eat more fruit and vegetables and fewer ready meals, a study suggests. yarnjiu zhiichu: duaanqi d pengrehn-ban keeyii daaozhih charngqi d jiahnkang yiinshir, shii rernmen duo chi shuguoo, shaao chi xiahncherng shirwuh. <pre> yarnjiu zhiichu: duaanqi d pengrehn-ban keeyii daaozhih charngqi d jiahnkang yiinshir, shii rernmen duo chi shuguoo, shaao chi xiahncherng shirwuh. study point out: short-term cooking class can result in long-term healthy diet, to cause people more eat vegetables and fruits, less eat ready-made food. </pre> ===Student shoots dead 3 in Los Angeles=== Los Angeles xuersheng qiangsha 3 rern <pre> Los Angeles xuersheng qiangsha 3 rern Los Angeles student shoot dead 3 people </pre> 3 people have been killed and many injured on a carjacking by a 20-year-old student in California before killing himself, police say. jiingfang shuo: California yigeh 20 suih xuersheng jierchir cheliahng shasii 3 rern, qiangshang duo rern, rarnhouh zihsha. <pre> jiingfang shuo: California yigeh 20 suih xuersheng jierchir cheliahng shasii 3 rern, qiangshang duo rern, rarnhouh zihsha. police say: California a 20 year (of age) student abduct cars kill 3 people, gun injure many people, then suicide. </pre> ==="31 killed by government army rocket in Aleppo"=== "zhehngfuujun huoojiahn zaih Aleppo shasii 31" <pre> "zhehngfuujun huoojiahn zaih Aleppo shasii 31" "government rocket at Aleppo kill 31" </pre> At least 31 people have been killed by a Syrian government army rocket attack in the northern city of Aleppo, activists have said. jijirfehnzii shuo: zaih beeibuh cherngshih Aleppo d Syria zhehngfuujun huoojiahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 31 rern. <pre> jijirfehnzii shuo: zaih beeibuh cherngshih Aleppo d Syria zhehngfuujun huoojiahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 31 rern. activist say: at north city Aleppo 's Syria government army rocket attack kill at least 31 people. </pre> ===Islamic rebel army kills French soldier=== Islam pahnjun shasii Faajun <pre> Islam pahnjun shasii Faajun Islam rebel army kill French soldier </pre> Islamic rebel army has killed a French soldier in Mali, President Francois Hollande has said. Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo: Islam pahnjun zaih Mali shasiile yigeh Faajun. <pre> Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo: Islam pahnjun zaih Mali shasiile yigeh Faajun. France president Francois hollande say: Islam rebel army at Mali kill a French soldier. </pre> ==2013-02-19== ===Gunmen abduct French tourists in Cameroon=== Cameroon qiangshoou baangjiah Faaguor lüükeh <pre> Cameroon qiangshoou baangjiah Faaguor lüükeh Cameroon gunmen abduct France tourist </pre> 7 French tourists have been abducted by gunmen in northern Cameroon near the border with Nigeria, French President Francois Hollande has said. Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo: 7 geh Faaguor lüükeh zaih Cameroon beeibuh kaohjihn Nigeria bianjieh beih qiangshoou baangjiah. <pre> Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo: 7 geh Faaguor lüükeh zaih Cameroon beeibuh kaohjihn Nigeria bianjieh beih qiangshoou baangjiah. France president Francois Hollande say: 7 France tourist at Cameroon north near Nigeria border by gunman abduct. </pre> ===Yemen fighter plane crashes into homes in Sana'a=== Yemen zhahndouhji zhuihhuii Sana'a zhuhzhair <pre> Yemen zhahndouhji zhuihhuii Sana'a zhuhzhair Yemen fighter plane crash into Sana'a residence </pre> According to reports, at least 9 people have been killed by a fighter plane which has crashed into a residential area of Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. juh baohdaao: Yemen shoodu Sana'a yi jiah zhahndouhji zhuihhuii zhuhzhairqu, zhihshaao 9 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Yemen shoodu Sana'a yi jiah zhahndouhji zhuihhuii zhuhzhairqu, zhihshaao 9 rern siiwarng. according to report: Yemen capital (of a country) Sana'a a fighter plane crash into residential area, at least 9 people die. </pre> ===Sri Lanka navy rescued 32 Myanmar people=== Sri Lanka haaijun yirngjiuh le 32 geh Myanmar rern <pre> Sri Lanka haaijun yirngjiuh le 32 geh Myanmar rern Sri Lanka navy rescued 32 Myanmar people </pre> The navy of Sri Lanka has rescued 32 Burmese nationals from a sinking ship on the way to Australia. Sri Lanka haaijun corng yi sou qiarnwaang Australia xiahchern-zhong d chuarn jiuhqii 32 geh Myanmar guorminr. <pre> Sri Lanka haaijun corng yi sou qiarnwaang Australia xiahchern-zhong d chuarn jiuhqii 32 geh Myanmar guorminr. Sri Lanka navy from a leave for Australia sinking ship rescued (sb. from somewhere) 32 Myanmar national. </pre> ===At least 15 killed by floods and landslides in Indonesia=== Indonesia fahnlahn her shanbeng, zhihshaao 15 sii <pre> Indonesia fahnlahn her shanbeng, zhihshaao 15 sii Indonesia flood and landslide, at least 15 die </pre> At least 15 people have been killed by floods and landslides in the province of North Sulawesi, officials say. Indonesia sheengfehn North Sulawesi fahnlahn her shanbeng, zhihshaao 15 rern siiwarng, guanfang shuo. <pre> Indonesia sheengfehn North Sulawesi fahnlahn her shanbeng, zhihshaao 15 rern siiwarng, guanfang shuo. Indonesia province North Sulawesi be in flood and landslide, at least 15 people die, officials say. </pre> ==2013-02-18== ===UK currency falls against US dollar and Euro=== UK huohbih duih Meeiyuarn her Euro xiahdie <pre> UK huohbih duih Meeiyuarn her Euro xiahdie UK currency exchange US dollar and Euro fall </pre> The currency of the UK has continued to weaken against the US dollar and the Euro as worrying about the UK economy. youryur youlv Yingguor jingjih, Yingguor huohbih duih Meeiyuarn her Euro jihxuh pihruoh. <pre> youryur youlv Yingguor jingjih, Yingguor huohbih duih Meeiyuarn her Euro jihxuh pihruoh. because of worry UK economy, UK currency exchange US dollar and Euro economy tired and weak. </pre> ===Germany "seems to avoid recession"=== Derguor "kahnlair bihmiaan shuaituih" <pre> Derguor "kahnlair bihmiaan shuaituih" Germany "seem avoid recession" </pre> The central bank of Germany has said that its country will avoid recession and return to growth in the first quarter of 2013. Derguor zhongyang yirnharng shuo: Derguor huih bihmiaan shuaituih, 2013 niarn dih-1 geh jihduh huih huifuh zengzhaang. <pre> Derguor zhongyang yirnharng shuo: Derguor huih bihmiaan shuaituih, 2013 niarn dih-1 geh jihduh huih huifuh zengzhaang. Germany central bank say: Germany will avoid recession, 2013 year first quarter (of a year) will return to growth. </pre> ===Hugo Chavez returns to Venezuela after Cuba cancer treatment=== Cuba zhihliaor airzhehng houh Hugo Chavez huirdaoh Venezuela <pre> Cuba zhihliaor airzhehng houh Hugo Chavez huirdaoh Venezuela Cuba treat cancer -after Hugo Chavez return to Venezuela </pre> After cancer treatment in Cuba, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has returned to Venezuela. zaih Cuba zhihliaor airzhehng zhihouh, Venezuela zoongtoong Hugo Chavez huirdaoh Venezuela. <pre> zaih Cuba zhihliaor airzhehng zhihouh, Venezuela zoongtoong Hugo Chavez huirdaoh Venezuela. at Cuba treat cancer -afterm Venezuela president Hugo Chavez return to Venezuela. </pre> ===Hezbollah "attacks Syria villages"=== Hezbollah "xirji Syria xiangcun" <pre> Hezbollah "xirji Syria xiangcun" Hezbollah "attack Syria village" </pre> Lebanon's Hezbollah has attacked villages in Syria, Syrian rebels say. Syria zaohfaanzhee shuo: Lebanon Hezbollah xirji Syria xiangcun. <pre> Syria zaohfaanzhee shuo: Lebanon Hezbollah xirji Syria xiangcun. Syria rebel say: Lebanon Hezbollah attack Syria village. </pre> ===Ecuador president elected again=== Ecuador zoongtoong zaicih dangxuaan <pre> Ecuador zoongtoong zaicih dangxuaan Ecuador president again elected </pre> The president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, has been elected again for a third term with more than half of the vote. Ecuador zoongtoong Rafael Correa yii guoh bahnshuh xuaanpioah dangxuaan dih-3 rehn zoongtoong. <pre> Ecuador zoongtoong Rafael Correa yii guoh bahnshuh xuaanpioah dangxuaan dih-3 rehn zoongtoong. Ecuador president Rafael Correa taking exceed half vote get elected third term of office president. </pre> ===Third family member infected "Sars-like virus"=== dih-3 geh jiatirng cherngyuarn raanshahng "haaoxiahng Sars d bihngdur" <pre> dih-3 geh jiatirng cherngyuarn raanshahng "haaoxiahng Sars d bihngdur" third family member be infected "seem Sars 's virus" </pre> A third member of a family in the UK has been infected with a new respiratory illness similar to the deadly Sars virus, officials say. guanfang shuo: Yingguor jiatirng dih-3 geh cherngyuarn raanshahng leihsih zhihmihng Sars bihngdur d xin d huxixihng zhirbihng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Yingguor jiatirng dih-3 geh cherngyuarn raanshahng leihsih zhihmihng Sars bihngdur d xin d huxixihng zhirbihng. officials say: UK family third member be infected similar to deadly Sars virus 's new respiratory illness. </pre> ==2013-02-17== ===Nigeria foreign workers abducted=== Nigeria waihguor gongrern beih baangjiah <pre> Nigeria waihguor gongrern beih baangjiah Nigeria foreign worker be abducted </pre> Gunmen have attacked a construction site in northern Nigeria, kidnapping 7 foreign workers and killing a guard. qiangshoou xirji Nigeria beeibuh gongdih, baangjiah 7 geh waihguor gongrern, yigeh jiingweih beihsha. <pre> qiangshoou xirji Nigeria beeibuh gongdih, baangjiah 7 geh waihguor gongrern, yigeh jiingweih beihsha. gunman attack Nigeria north construction site, abduct 7 foreign worker, a guard be killed. </pre> ===Car bombs attack Shiah areas kills at least 21 in Baghdad=== qihche zhahdahn xirji Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 21 sii <pre> qihche zhahdahn xirji Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 21 sii car bomb attack Shiah area, at least 21 die </pre> Several car bombs have attacked Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, killing at least 21 people and injuring many, officials say. guanfang shuo: jiigeh qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Baghdad, zhihshaao 21 rern siiwarng, xuuduo shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: jiigeh qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq shooudu Badghdad, zhihshaao 21 rern siiwarng, xuuduo shouhshang. officials say: several car bomb attack Iraq capital Badghad, at least 21 people die, many be injured. </pre> ===Iraq intelligence academy chief killed=== Iraq qirngbaoh xueryuahn zhuuguaan beihsha <pre> Iraq qirngbaoh xueryuahn zhuuguaan beihsha Iraq intelligence academy person in charge be killed </pre> A suicide attack has killed the head of Iraq's intelligence academy and 2 bodyguards in the northern town of Tal Afar, police say. jiingfang shuo: beeibuh shihzhehn Tal Afar zihsha xirji shasii Iraq qirngbaoh xueryuahn zhuuguaan her 2 geh baaobiao. <pre> jiingfang shuo: beeibuh shihzhehn Tal Afar zihsha xirji shasii Iraq qirngbaoh xueryuahn zhuuguaan her 2 geh baaobiao. police say: north shihzhehn Tal Afar suicide attack kill Iraq intelligence academy person in charge and 2 bodyguard. </pre> ===At least 81 killed in Pakistan bomb attack=== Pakistan zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 81 sii <pre> Pakistan zhahdahn xirji, zhihshaao 81 sii Pakistan bomb attack, at least 81 die </pre> A bomb has attacked a Shiah area in the southwestern city of Quetta in Pakistan, killing at least 81 people and injuring many. zhahdahn xirji Pakistan xinarnbuh cherngshih Quetta d Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 81 rern siiwarng, xuuduo shouhshang. <pre> zhahdahn xirji Pakistan xinarnbuh cherngshih Quetta d Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 81 rern siiwarng, xuuduo shouhshang. bomb attack Pakistan southwest city Quetta 's Shiah area, at least 81 people die, many be injured. </pre> ==2013-02-16== ===Asteroid passes Earth at short distance=== xiaaoxirngxing jihnjuhlir jingguoh Dihqiur <pre> xiaaoxirngxing jihnjuhlir jingguoh Dihqiur minor planet short distance pass Earth </pre> A space rock as big as an Olympic swimming pool passes the Earth at a distance of 27,700km. dah-rur Olympic youryoongchir d taihkong shirtour juhlir Dihqiur 2,7700km jingguoh. <pre> dah-rur Olympic youryoongchir d taihkong shirtour juhlir Dihqiur 2,7700km jingguoh. big-like (as big as) Olympic swimming pool 's outer space stone be away from Earth 27,700km pass. </pre> ===Meteor crashes into Russia, injuring more than 1000 people=== liurxing zhuihhuii Russia, chaoguoh 1000 rern shouhshang <pre> liurxing zhuihhuii Russia, chaoguoh 1000 rern shouhshang meteor crash into Russia, exceed 1000 people be injured </pre> A meteor has crashed into the Ural mountains in Russia, injuring more than 1000 people and damaging many buildings. yi ke liurxing zhuihhuii Russia Ural shanmaih, chaoguoh 1000 rern shouhshang, duo jian farngwu suunhuii. <pre> yi ke liurxing zhuihhuii Russia Ural shanmaih, chaoguoh 1000 rern shouhshang, duo jian farngwu suunhuii. a meteor crash into Russia Ural mountains, exceed 1000 people be injured, many building damage. </pre> ==2013-02-15== ===Bahrain policeman killed in unrest=== Bahrain donghluanh, jiingchar siiwarng <pre> Bahrain donghluanh, jiingchar siiwarng Bahrain unrest, police die </pre> A police officer has been killed as protests and violence continue in Bahrain. Bahrain kanghyih her baohluanh chirxuh, yigeh jiingchar siiwarng. <pre> Bahrain kanghyih her baohluanh chirxuh, yigeh jiingchar siiwarng. Bahrain protest and riot continue, a police die. </pre> ===India army "kills Pakistan soldier"=== India junduih "shasii Pakistan shihbing" <pre> India junduih "shasii Pakistan shihbing" India army "kill Pakistan soldier" </pre> The Indian army says its troops have killed a Pakistani soldier in the disputed territory of Kashmir. India junfang shuo ta d junduih zaih you zhengyih d Kashmir liingtuu shasii yigeh Pakistan shihbing. <pre> India junfang shuo ta d junduih zaih you zhengyih d Kashmir liingtuu shasii yigeh Pakistan shihbing. India the military say its army at have dispute 's Kashmir territory kill a Pakistan soldier. </pre> ===North Korea "upgrading rocket launch site"=== Chaorxian "tirsheng huoojianh fashehchaang" <pre> Chaorxian "tirsheng huoojianh fashehchaang" Chaorxian "upgrade rocket launch site" </pre> It looks as if North Korea is upgrading its launch site, US experts say, probably it is preparing for testing bigger rockets. US zhuanjia shuo: Kanhlair Chaorxian zaih tirsheng huoojainh fashehchaang, keenerng zhuunbeih shihyanh genghdah d huoojianh. <pre> US zhuanjia shuo: Kanhlair Chaorxian zaih tirsheng huoojainh fashehchaang, keenerng zhuunbeih shihyanh genghdah d huoojianh. US expert say: It seems North Korea at upgrade rocket launch site, probably prepare test bigger rocket. </pre> ===Eurozone recession deepened at end of 2012=== Eurozone 2012 niarndii shuaituih jiashen <pre> Eurozone 2012 niarndii shuaituih jiashen Eurozone 2012 year end recession deepen </pre> The Eurozone's economy has shrunk by 0.6% in the forth quarter of 2012. Eurozone 2012 dih-4 jihduh jingjih shousuo 0.6%. <pre> Eurozone 2012 dih-4 jihduh jingjih shousuo 0.6%. Eurozone 2012 forth quarter (of a year) economy shrink 0.6%. </pre> ===Attacks in Pakistan "kill at least 19"=== Pakistan xirji, "zhihshaao 19 sii" <pre> Pakistan xirji, "zhihshaao 19 sii" Pakistan attack, "at least 19 die" </pre> A series of attacks have killed at least 19 people in northwest Pakistan, officials say. guanfang shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh yixihlieh xirji shasii zhihshaao 19 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh yixihlieh xirji shasii zhihshaao 19 rern. officials say: Pakistan northwest a series of attack kill at least 19 people. </pre> ===Islamic fighters "capture petroleum town" in Syria=== Syria Islam zhahnshih "duorquu shiryour shihzhenh" <pre> Syria Islam zhahnshih "duorquu shiryour shihzhenh" Syria Islam fighter "capture petroleum town" </pre> Islamic fighters from the al-Nusrah Front have captured an oil town near the city of Hasaka in Syria, foreign-based anti-Assad organizations say. zhuhwaih d faan-Assad zuuzhi shuo: al-Nusrah Front d Islam zhanhshih duorquule Syria cherngshih Hasaka fuhjinh d shiryour shihzhenh. <pre> zhuhwaih d faan-Assad zuuzhi shuo: al-Nusrah Front d Islam zhanhshih duorquule Syria cherngshih Hasaka fuhjinh d shiryour shihzhenh. foreign-based anti-Assad organization say: al-Nusrah Front 's Islam fighter captured Syria city Hasaka vicinity 's petroleum city. </pre> ==2013-02-14== ===Teenager killed in Bahrain protests=== shaohniarn zaih Bahrain kanghyih beihsha <pre> shaohniarn zaih Bahrain kanghyih beihsha youth at Bahrain protests be killed </pre> A teenage boy has been shot dead in Bahrain during protests marking the second anniversary of a failed uprising. yigeh shirjii suih shaohniarn zaih Bahrain jihnianh shibaih qiiyih 2 zhouniarn kanghyih zhong beihsha. <pre> yigeh shirjii suih shaohniarn zaih Bahrain jihnianh shibaih qiiyih 2 zhouniarn kanghyih zhong beihsha. a 13-19 year youth at Bahrain to mark failed uprising 2 anniversary protests -during be killed. </pre> ===Lung cancer "to overtake breast cancer"=== feih'air "jianghuih chaoguoh ruu'air" <pre> feih'air "jianghuih chaoguoh ruu'air" lung cancer "will exceed breast cancer" </pre> Lung cancer is prepared to overtake breast cancer as the biggest cause of female cancer death in European, experts say. feih'air zhuunbeih chaoguoh ruu'air cherngweir Ouzhou nüüxingh airzhengh siiwarng zuihdah d yuarnyin. <pre> feih'air zhuunbeih chaoguoh ruu'air cherngweir Ouzhou nüüxingh airzhengh siiwarng zuihdah d yuarnyin. lung cancer prepare overtake breast cancer become Europe woman cancer death biggest cause. </pre> ===French and German economies shrunk=== Faaguor her Derguor jingjih shousuo <pre> Faaguor her Derguor jingjih shousuo France and Germany economy shrink </pre> The German and French economies contracted in the forth quarter of 2012, official data shows. guanfang ziliaoh xiaanshih: Derguor her Faaguor 2012 niarn dih-4 jihduh jiingjih shousuo. <pre> guanfang ziliaoh xiaanshih: Derguor her Faaguor 2012 niarn dih-4 jihduh jiingjih shousuo. officials data show: Germany and France 2012 year forth quarter (of a year) economy shrink. </pre> ===Japanese economy shrinks for third continuous quarter=== Rihbeen jingjih liarnxuh dih-3 geh jihduh shousuo <pre> Rihbeen jingjih liarnxuh dih-3 geh jihduh shousuo Japan economy continuous third quarter (of a year) shrink </pre> Japan's economy has shrunk for the third continuous quarter, increasing the worry about its economy. Rihbeen jingjih liarnxuh dih-3 geh jihduh shousuo, zengjia duih ta d jingjih d youlüh. <pre> Rihbeen jingjih liarnxuh dih-3 geh jihduh shousuo, zengjia duih ta d jingjih d youlüh. Japan economy continuous third quarter shrink, increase about its economy 's worry. </pre> ===NATO Afghanistan air strike "kills 10"=== NATO Afghanistan kongxir, "10 sii" <pre> NATO Afghanistan kongxir, "10 sii" NATO Afghanistan air strike, "10 die" </pre> A NATO air attack on Kunar province in Afghanistan has killed at least 10 civilians, mostly women and children, local officials say. dangdih guanfang shuo: NATO kongxir Afghanistan sheengfenh Kunar, shasii zhihshaao 10 geh pirngmirn, dahbuhfenh fuhrur. <pre> dangdih guanfang shuo: NATO kongxir Afghanistan sheengfenh Kunar, shasii zhihshaao 10 geh pirngmirn, dahbuhfenh fuhrur. local officials say: NATO air attack Afghanistan province Kunar, kill at least 10 civilian, mostly women and children. </pre> ===Farc rebel army kills at least 7 Colombia government soldiers=== Farc panhjun shasii zhihshaao 7 geh Colombia zhenghfuujun <pre> Farc panhjun shasii zhihshaao 7 geh Colombia zhenghfuujun Farc reblel army kill at least 7 Colombia government soldier </pre> The FARC rebel army has killed at least 7 soldiers in heavy fighting with government troops in the southern Colombian province of Caqueta. FARC panhjun zaih Colombia narnbuh sheengfenh yuu zhenghfuujun jilieh zhanhdouh, shasii zhihshaao 7 geh zhenghfuujun. <pre> FARC panhjun zaih Colombia narnbuh sheengfenh yuu zhenghfuujun jilieh zhanhdouh, shasii zhihshaao 7 geh zhenghfuujun. FARC rebel army at Colombia south province with government heavily fight, kill at least 7 government soldier. </pre> ===Ukraine plane crash kills 5=== Ukraine kongnanh, 5 sii <pre> Ukraine kongnanh, 5 sii Ukraine airplane disaster, 5 die </pre> An airplane carrying football fans has crashed and caught fire in an emergency landing in the eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk, killing at least 5 people. Ukraine dongbuh cherngshih Donetsk yi jiah feiji zaih.zhe zurqiurmir jiinjir jianghluoh zhuanghhuii zhaorhuoo, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng. <pre> Ukraine dongbuh cherngshih Donetsk yi jiah feiji zaih.zhe zurqiurmir jiinjir jianghluoh zhuanghhuii zhaorhuoo, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng. Ukraine east city Donetsk a airplane carrying football fan urgently to land crash catch fire, at least 5 people die. </pre> ==2013-02-13== ===Syrian rebel army "captures air base"=== Syria pahnjun "duorquu kongjun jidih" <pre> Syria pahnjun "duorquu kongjun jidih" Syria rebel army "capture air force base" </pre> Syrian rebel army has captured an air base near the northern city of Aleppo, activists say. jijirfehnzii shuo: Syria pahnjun duorquu beeibuh cherngshih Aleppo fuhjihn d kongjun jidih. <pre> jijirfehnzii shuo: Syria pahnjun duorquu beeibuh cherngshih Aleppo fuhjihn d kongjun jidih. activist say: Syria rebel army capture north city Aleppo vicinity 's air force base. </pre> ===Police "shoot dead 8" in Assam election in India=== India Assam xuaanjuu, jiingchar "qiarngsha 8 rern" <pre> India Assam xuaanjuu, jiingchar "qiarngsha 8 rern" India Assam election, police "shoot dead 8 people" </pre> Police in the Indian state of Assam have shot dead at least 8 people during local elections. India sheengfehn Assam dihfang xuaanjuu qijiahn, jiingchar qiangsha zhihshaao 8 rern. <pre> India sheengfehn Assam dihfang xuaanjuu qijiahn, jiingchar qiangsha zhihshaao 8 rern. India provice Assam local election period, police shoot dead at least 8 people. </pre> ===North Korea nuclear test "seriously threatens US"=== Chaorxian hershihyahn "yarnzhohng weixier US" <pre> Chaorxian hershihyahn "yarnzhohng weixier US" North Korea nuclear test "seriously threaten US" </pre> North Korea's nuclear plan is a "serious threat to the US", the US defence secretary said. US guorfarng buhzhaang shuo: Chaorxian her-jihhuah "yarnzhohng weixier US". <pre> US guorfarng buhzhaang shuo: Chaorxian her-jihhuah "yarnzhohng weixier US". US national defence minister say: North Korea nuclear plan "seriously threaten US". </pre> ===Knifeman kills 3 in Guam attack=== Guam chirdaozhee xirji, 3 sii <pre> Guam chirdaozhee xirji, 3 sii Guam knifeman attack, 3 die </pre> 3 people have been killed and 11 injured by a man holding a knife in the US Pacific territory of Guam, officials say. guanfang shuo: yigeh chirdaozhee zaih US Taihpirng Yarng liingtuu Guam shasii 3 rern, 11 rern shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: yigeh chirdaozhee zaih US Taihpirng Yarng liingtuu Guam shasii 3 rern, 11 rern shouhshang. officials say: a person holding a knife at US Pacific Ocean territory Guam kill 3 people, 11 people be injured. </pre> ==2013-02-12== ===North Korea most powerful nuclear test=== Chaorxian zuih qiarngdah her-shihyahn <pre> Chaorxian zuih qiarngdah her-shihyahn Korea most powerful nuclear test </pre> North Korea has carried out its third, most powerful nuclear test. Analysts say this nuclear test could take Pyongyang closer to building a warhead small enough to arm a missile. Chaorxian jihnxirng ta d dih-3 cih, zuih qiarngdah d her-shihyahn. fenxijia shuo zhehcih her-shihyahn huih shii Pyongyang gehng jiejihn zhihzaoh zurgouh xiaao d daaodahn dahntour. <pre> Chaorxian jihnxirng ta d dih-3 cih, zuih qiarngdah d her-shihyahn. fenxijia shuo zhehcih her-shihyahn huih shii Pyongyang gehng jiejihn zhihzaoh zurgouh xiaao d daaodahn dahntour. North Korea carry out its third time, most powerful nuclear test. analyst say this time nuclear test would to cause Pyongyang more close to make enough small 's missile warhead. </pre> ==="94 dead" in India swine flu outbreak=== India zhu-liurgaan baohfa, "94 sii" <pre> India zhu-liurgaan baohfa, "94 sii" India swine flu outbreak, "94 die" </pre> At least 94 people have been killed in the past 5 weeks, in an outbreak of swine flu in India, according to reports. juh baohdaao: India zhu-liugaan baohfa, zaih guohquh 5 geh xingqi zhihshaao 94 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: India zhu-liugaan baohfa, zaih guohquh 5 geh xingqi zhihshaao 94 rern siiwarng. according to report: India swine flu outbreak, in past 5 week at least 94 people die. </pre> ===Russia coal mine explosion kills 18=== Russia meirkuahng baohzhah, 18 sii <pre> Russia meirkuahng baohzhah, 18 sii Russia coal mine explode, 18 die </pre> 18 people have been killed in an underground explosion at a coal mine in the Komi region of northern Russia, officials say. guanfang shuo: Russia beeibuh Komi dihqu meirkuahng dihxiah baohzhah, 18 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Russia beeibuh Komi dihqu meirkuahng dihxiah baohzhah, 18 rern siiwarng. officials say: Russia north Komi area coal mine underground explode, 18 people die. </pre> ===North Korea carries out nuclear test=== Chaorxian jihnxirng hershihyahn <pre> Chaorxian jihnxirng hershihyahn North Korea carry out nuclear test </pre> North Korea announces it has successfully carried out its third underground nuclear test. Chaorxian xuanbuh chernggong jihnxirng di-3 cih dihxiah hershihyahn. <pre> Chaorxian xuanbuh chernggong jihnxirng di-3 cih dihxiah hershihyahn. North Korea announce successfully carry out third underground nuclear test. </pre> ==="Man-made earthquake" in North Korea=== Chaorxian "rernzaoh dihzhen" <pre> Chaorxian "rernzaoh dihzhen" North Korea "man-made earthquake" </pre> An earthquake has been detected in North Korea, it could be a sign of nuclear test, the US and South Korea say. US her Harnguor shuo: faxiahn Chaorxian dizhehn, keenerng shih hershihyahn jihxiahng. <pre> US her Harnguor shuo: faxiahn Chaorxian dizhehn, keenerng shih hershihyahn jihxiahng. US and South Korea say: discover South Korea earthquake, probably is nuclear test sign. </pre> ===Minibus explosion kills 13 in Syria=== Syria xiaaoba baohzhah, 13 sii <pre> Syria xiaaoba baohzhah, 13 sii Syria minibus blast, 13 die </pre> At least 10 Syrians and 3 Turkish nationals have been killed in a minibus explosion on the Syria-Turkey border, Turkish officials have said. Turkey guanfang shuo: Syria-Turkey bianjieh xiaaoba baohzhah, zhihshaao 10 geh Syria her 3 geh Turkey guormirn siiwarng. <pre> Turkey guanfang shuo: Syria-Turkey bianjieh xiaaoba baohzhah, zhihshaao 10 geh Syria her 3 geh Turkey guormirn siiwarng. Turkey officials say: Syria-Turkey border minibus explode, at least 10 Syria and 3 Turkey national die. </pre> ==="16 die" in Bangladesh bus crash=== Bangladesh bus zhuahnghuii, "16 sii" <pre> Bangladesh bus zhuahnghuii, "16 sii" Bangladesh bus crash, "16 die" </pre> At least 16 people have been killed after a bus carrying pilgrims fell into a dried-up river bed from a bridge south of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, officials say. guanfang shuo: yi jiah zaih.zhe chaorshehngzhee d bus corng Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka narnfang yi tiaor qiaor dieruh ganle d herchuarng, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: yi jiah zaih.zhe chaorshehngzhee d bus corng Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka narnfang yi tiaor qiaor dieruh ganle d herchuarng, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng. officials say: a carrying pilgrim 's bus from Bangladesh capital (of a country) Dhaka south a bridge fall into dried-up river bed, at least 16 people die. </pre> ==2013-02-11== ===Pope Benedict to resign=== Jiaohzong Benedict cirzhir <pre> Jiaohzong Benedict cirzhir Pope Benedict resign </pre> Pope Benedict XVI has announced to resign at the end of this month after nearly 8 years in this position, saying his health is worsening. Jiaohzong Benedict XVI zaihweih chahbuduo 8 niarn houh, xuanbuh ta d jiahnkang ehhuah, zhegeh yuehdii cirzhir. <pre> Jiaohzong Benedict XVI zaihweih chahbuduo 8 niarn houh, xuanbuh ta d jiahnkang ehhuah, zhegeh yuehdii cirzhir. Pope Benedict XVI in the job positon nearly 8 year -after, announce his health worsen, this end of the month resign. </pre> ===Mali troops in Gao search for Islamic fighters=== Mali junduih zaih Gao sousuoo Islam zhahnshih <pre> Mali junduih zaih Gao sousuoo Islam zhahnshih Mali army at Gao search Islam fighter </pre> Malian troops are searching from house to house for enemies after fierce battles with Islamic rebel army in the northern town of Gao on Sunday. Mali junduih Xingqirih zaih beeibuh shihzhehn Gao yuu Islam pahnjun jilieh zuohzhahn zhihouh, zhehngzaih zhurhuh sousuoo dirrern. <pre> Mali junduih Xingqirih zaih beeibuh shihzhehn Gao yuu Islam pahnjun jilieh zuohzhahn zhihouh, zhehngzaih zhurhuh sousuoo dirrern. Mali army Sunday at north town Gao with Islam rebel army fiercely do battle -after, be in the process of from house to house search enemy. </pre> ===36 die in India stampede=== India caaitah shihjiah, 36 sii <pre> India caaitah shihjiah, 36 sii India trample incident, 36 die </pre> At least 36 people have been killed in a stampede at a crowded railway station in the northern India city of Allahabad. India beeibuh cherngshih Allahabad yigeh yongjii d huoochezhahn fasheng caaitah shihjiahn, zhihshaao 36 rern siiwarng. <pre> India beeibuh cherngshih Allahabad yigeh yongjii d huoochezhahn fasheng caaitah shihjiahn, zhihshaao 36 rern siiwarng. India north city Allahabad a crowded railway station happen trample incident, at least 36 people die. </pre> ===China's "ping-pong diplomacy" athlete pass away=== Zhongguor "pingpang waihjiao" yuhndohngyuarn shihshih <pre> Zhongguor "pingpang waihjiao" yuhndohngyuarn shihshih China "ping-ong diplomacy" athlete pass away </pre> Chinese table-tennis player Zhuang Zedong, who was a key person in the "ping-pong diplomacy" that led to a thaw in US-China relations in the 1970s, has died at the age of 73. 70 niarndaih "pingpang waihjiao" daaozhih Zhong-Meei guanxih jieedohng d guanjiahn rernwuh, Zhongguor pingpang yuhndohngyuarn Zhuang Zerdohng shihshih, xiaangniarn 73 suih. <pre> 70 niarndaih "pingpang waihjiao" daaozhih Zhong-Meei guanxih jieedohng d guanjiahn rernwuh, Zhongguor pingpang yuhndohngyuarn Zhuang Zerdohng shihshih, xiaangniarn 73 suih. 70 year period "ping-pong diplomacy" lead to China-US relation thaw 's key personage, China table tennis athlete Zhuang Zedong pass away, at the age of 73 year of age. </pre> ==2013-02-10== ===heavy gun battle in Mali=== Mali jilieh qiangzhahn <pre> Mali jilieh qiangzhahn Mali intense gun battle </pre> Malian troops and Islamic fighters are shooting heavily each other on the streets in the northern town of Gao. zaih beeibuh shihzhehn Gao d jieshahng, Mali junduih yuu Islam zhahnshi zhehngzaih jilieh qiangzhahn. <pre> zaih beeibuh shihzhehn Gao d jieshahng, Mali junduih yuu Islam zhahnshi zhehngzaih jilieh qiangzhahn. at north town Gao 's in the street, Mali army with Islam fighter be in the process of intense gun battle. </pre> ===North Korean doctors killed in Niger=== Chaorxian yisheng zaih Niger beihsha <pre> Chaorxian yisheng zaih Niger beihsha North Korea doctor at Niger be killed </pre> The officials of Niger said that an attack in the northeastern state of Yobe has killed 3 North Korean doctors. Niger guanfang shuo: zaih dongbeeibuh Yobe-zhou d yi cih xirji, 3 geh Chaorxian yisheng beihsha. <pre> Niger guanfang shuo: zaih dongbeeibuh Yobe-zhou d yi cih xirji, 3 geh Chaorxian yisheng beihsha. Niger officials say: at northeast Yobe state 's one time attack, 3 North Korea doctor be killed. </pre> ===Chinese New Year Celebrations in Asia=== Yahzhou qihngzhuh Zhongguor Xinniarn <pre> Yahzhou qihngzhuh Zhongguor Xinniarn Asia celebrate China New Year </pre> More than a billion of people are celebrating Chinese New Year, the most important festival in many countries of Asia. chaoguoh 10 yih rern zhehngzaih qihngzhuh Yahzhou heen duo guorjia zuih zhohngyaoh d jierrih Zhongguor Xinniarn. <pre> chaoguoh 10 yih rern zhehngzaih qihngzhuh Yahzhou heen duo guorjia zuih zhohngyaoh d jierrih Zhongguor Xinniarn. more than 10 hundred million people in the process of celebrate Asia very many country most important 's festival China New Year. </pre> ===2 die in Senegal landmine explosion=== Senegal dihleir baohzhah, 2 sii <pre> Senegal dihleir baohzhah, 2 sii Senegal landmine blast, 2 die </pre> A woman and a child have been killed after driving over a landmine in Senegal's unstable Casamance region. Senegal bu weendihng dihqu Casamance, yigeh nüürern her yigeh errtorng kaiche zhaanguoh dihleir beih zhahsii. <pre> Senegal bu weendihng dihqu Casamance, yigeh nüürern her yigeh errtorng kaiche zhaanguoh dihleir beih zhahsii. Senegal unstable region Casamance, a woman and a child drive car run over landmine be killed by explosion. </pre> ===9 polio vaccinators shot dead in Nigeria=== Nigeria 9 geh polio jiezhohngzhee beih qiangsha <pre> Nigeria 9 geh polio (xiaao'err marbih) jiezhohngzhee beih qiangsha Nigeria 9 polio (infantile paralysis) vaccinator be shot dead </pre> gunmen have attacked health centers in Nigeria's northern state of Kano, killing 9 female polio vaccinators. jiingfang shuo: qiangshoou xirji Nigeria beiibuh Kano-zhou d weihshengsuoo, shasii 9 geh nüü polio jiezhohngzhee. <pre> jiingfang shuo: qiangshoou xirji Nigeria beiibuh Kano-zhou d weihshengsuoo, shasii 9 geh nüü polio jiezhohngzhee. police say: gunman attack Nigeria north Kano state 's health center, kill 9 female polio vaccinator. </pre> ==2013-02-09== ===16 killed in Pakistan market bomb attack=== Pakistan shihchaang zhahdahn xirji, 16 sii <pre> Pakistan shihchaang zhahdahn xirji, 16 sii Pakistan market bomb attack, 16 die </pre> A bomb attacks a marketplace in Kalaya, in Pakistan's Orakzai tribal region, killing at least 16 people and injuring 17, officials say. guanfang shuo: zhahdahn xirji Pakistan Orakzai buhluoh dihqu d Kalaya yigeh shihchaang, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng, 17 shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: zhahdahn xirji Pakistan Orakzai buhluoh dihqu d Kalaya yigeh shihchaang, zhihshaao 16 rern siiwarng, 17 shouhshang. officials say: bomb attack Pakistan Orakzai tribe region 's Kalaya a market, at least 16 people die, 17 be injured. </pre> ===Dozens killed in car bomb attacks in Iraq's Shiah areas=== qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq Shiah diqu, jiishir sii <pre> qihche zhahdahn xirji Iraq Shiah diqu, jiishir sii car bomb attack Iraq Shiah area, several tens die </pre> A lot of car bomb attacks have killed at least 33 people and injuring about 100 in mainly Shiah areas of Iraq, local officials say. dangdih guanfang shuo: xuuduo qihche zhahdahn xirji zhuuyaoh Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 33 rern beihsha, yue 100 shouhshang. <pre> dangdih guanfang shuo: xuuduo qihche zhahdahn xirji zhuuyaoh Shiah dihqu, zhihshaao 33 rern beihsha, yue 100 shouhshang. local officials say: many car bomb attack mainly Shiah area, at least 33 people be killed, about 100 be injured. </pre> ==2013-02-08== ===EU leaders agree to cut budget 3%=== EU liingxiu torngyih xuejiaan yuhsuahn 3% <pre> EU liingxiu torngyih xuejiaan yuhsuahn 3% EU leader agree cut budget 3% </pre> EU leaders have agree to cut down 3% on the 2014-2020 budget after very long negotiations in Brussels. zaih Brussels mahncharng tarnpahn zhihouh, EU liingxiuhmen torngyih xuejiaan 2014-2020 yuhsuahn 3%. <pre> zaih Brussels mahncharng tarnpahn zhihouh, EU liingxiuhmen torngyih xuejiaan 2014-2020 yuhsuahn 3%. at Brussels very long negotiations -after, EU leaders agree to cut down 2014-2020 budget 3%. </pre> ===China accuses Japan escalating territorial tensions=== Zhongguor zhiizer Ribeen jiajuh liingtuu jiinzhang <pre> Zhongguor zhiizer Ribeen jiajuh liingtuu jiinzhang China accuse Japan intensify territory tension </pre> Media and experts in China are criticizing Japan for intensifying territorial tensions. Zhongguor meitii her zhuanjia zhehngzaih pipirng Ribeen jiajuh liingtuu jiinzhang. <pre> Zhongguor meitii her zhuanjia zhehngzaih pipirng Ribeen jiajuh liingtuu jiinzhang. China media and expert in the process of criticize Japan intensify territory tension. </pre> ===China rejects Japan radar allegation=== Zhongguor juhjuer Rihbeen radar zhiikohng <pre> Zhongguor juhjuer Rihbeen radar zhiikohng China reject Japan radar allegation </pre> China's Defence Ministry has denied Japanese allegations that its navy ships twice put a radar lock on Japanese military vessels last month. Zhongguor Guorfarngbuh fooudihng Ribeen guanyur shahngyueh ta d haaijun chuarnzhi 2 cih yii radar suoodihng Rihbeen junjiahn d zhiikohng. <pre> Zhongguor Guorfarngbuh fooudihng Ribeen guanyur shahngyueh ta d haaijun chuarnzhi 2 cih yii radar suoodihng Rihbeen junjiahn d zhiikohng. China Defence Ministry deny Japan about last month its navy ship 2 time using radar lock in Japan warship 's allegation. </pre> ===Ferry sinks near Dhaka in Bangladesh=== Bangladesh Dhaka fuhjihn duhlurn chernmoh <pre> Bangladesh Dhaka fuhjihn duhlurn chernmoh Bangladesh Dhaka vicinity ferry sink </pre> A ferry carrying about 100 people has sunk in a river near the Bangladesh capital of Dhaka, according to reports. juh baohdaao: zaih.zhe yue 100 rern d duhlurn zaih Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka fuhjihn herliur chernmoh. <pre> juh baohdaao: zaih.zhe yue 100 rern d duhlurn zaih Bangladesh shooudu Dhaka fuhjihn herliur chernmoh. according to report: carrying about 100 people 's ferry at Bangladesh capital (of a country) Dhaka vicinity river sink. </pre> ===China promises to increase minimum wage=== Zhongguor cherngnuoh zengjia zuihdi gongzi <pre> Zhongguor cherngnuoh zengjia zuihdi gongzi China promise to increase minimum wage </pre> China has approved to raise minimum wage for narrowing the income gap between rich and poor. Zhongguor pizhuun tirgao zuihdi gongzi yii suoxiaao pirn-fuh shouruh chajuh. <pre> Zhongguor pizhuun tirgao zuihdi gongzi yii suoxiaao pirn-fuh shouruh chajuh. China approve to raise minimum wage for narrowing rich and poor income difference. </pre> ===China trade data is better than expected=== Zhongguor maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao <pre> Zhongguor maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao China trade data compared to expectation good </pre> China has reported better-than-expected trade data, showing that its economic growth may be rebounding. Zhongguor baohdaao maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao, xiaanshih jingjih zengzhaang keenerng zhehngzaih faantarn. <pre> Zhongguor baohdaao maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao, xiaanshih jingjih zengzhaang keenerng zhehngzaih faantarn. China report trade data compared to expectation good, show economy growth probably be in the process of rebound. </pre> ==2013-02-07== ===India lowers economic growth forecast to 5%=== India jiahngdi jingjih zengzhaang yuhceh zhih 5% <pre> India jiahngdi jingjih zengzhaang yuhceh zhih 5% India to lower economy growth forecast to 5% </pre> India has decreased its growth forecast, increasing the worry about its economic recovery. India jiahngdi ta d zengzhaang yuhceh, zengjia duih jingjih fuhsu d youlüh. <pre> India jiahngdi ta d zengzhaang yuhceh, zengjia duih jingjih fuhsu d youlüh. India to lower its growth forecast, increase about economy recover 's worry. </pre> ===53 dead in bus and lorry crash in Zambia=== Zambia bus yuu huohche xiangzhuahng, 53 sii <pre> Zambia bus yuu huohche xiangzhuahng, 53 sii Zambia bus with lorry collide, 53 die </pre> A bus has crashed into a lorry in Zambia, killing at least 53 people. Zambia bus zhuahng huohche, zhihshaao 53 rern siiwarng <pre> Zambia bus zhuahng huohche, zhihshaao 53 rern siiwarng Zambia bus hit lorry, at least 53 people die </pre> ===Cameron demands further EU budget cuts=== Cameron yaoqiur jihnyibuh xuejiaan EU yuhsuahn <pre> Cameron yaoqiur jihnyibuh xuejiaan EU yuhsuahn Cameron demand further cut EU budget </pre> British Prime Minister Cameron says he will not accept an EU budget agreement unless further cuts are made. Yingguor shoouxiahng Cameron shuo buhuih jieshouh EU yuhsuahn xieryih churfei jihnyibuh xuejiaan. <pre> Yingguor shoouxiahng Cameron shuo buhuih jieshouh EU yuhsuahn xieryih churfei jihnyibuh xuejiaan. UK prime minister Cameron say will not accept EU budget agreement unless further cut. </pre> ===Iran rejects US nuclear talks offer=== Iran juhjuer US her-tarnpahn tiryih <pre> Iran juhjuer US her-tarnpahn tiryih Iran rejects US nuclear negotiation proposal </pre> Iran's supreme leader Khamenei has rejected a US offer of one-to-one talks on Tehran's nuclear program. Iran zuihgao liingxiuh Khamenei juhjuer US jiahnyih yiduihyi d Tehran her-jihhuah tarnpahn. <pre> Iran zuihgao liingxiuh Khamenei juhjuer US jiahnyih yiduihyi d Tehran her-jihhuah tarnpahn. Iran supreme leader Khamenei reject US propose one-to-one 's Tehran nuclear program negotiation. </pre> ===UK economy may need more stimulation=== UK jingjih huih xuyaoh gehngduo cihji <pre> UK jingjih huih xuyaoh gehngduo cihji UK economy may need more stimulation </pre> The Bank of England should prepare to put more money into the economy, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has said. Jingjih Herzuoh yuu Fazhaan Zuuzhi (OECD) shuo: England Yirnharng yinggai zhuunbeih baa gehngduo zijin tourruh jingjih. <pre> Jingjih Herzuoh yuu Fazhaan Zuuzhi (OECD) shuo: England Yirnharng yinggai zhuunbeih baa gehngduo zijin tourruh jingjih. Economy Cooperation and Development Organization (OECD) say: England Bank should prepare to handle more fund put into economy. </pre> ===EU leaders prepare for key budget summit meeting=== EU liingxiuh zhuunbeih guanjiahn yuhsuahn fenghuih <pre> EU liingxiuh zhuunbeih guanjiahn yuhsuahn fenghuih EU leader prepare key budget summit meeting </pre> European Union leaders are ready to start a 2-day summit meeting in Brussels, trying to reach an agreement on the next 7 years of EU spending. Ouzhou Lianmerng liingxiuhmen yuhbeih zaih Brussels kaishii 2 tian d fenghuih, charngshih darcherng xiah yi geh 7 niarn EU jingfeih d xieryih. <pre> Ouzhou Lianmerng liingxiuhmen yuhbeih zaih Brussels kaishii 2 tian d fenghuih, charngshih darcherng xiah yi geh 7 niarn EU jingfeih d xieryih. Europe Union leaders prepare at Brussels begin 2 day 's summit meeting, try to reach next one 7 year EU expenses 's agreement. </pre> ===Hamas and Fatah talk about unity=== Hamas her Fatah tarnpahn toongyi <pre> Hamas her Fatah tarnpahn toongyi Hamas and Fatah negotiate unity </pre> Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal has told the BBC that he talks with Palestine President Mahmoud Abbas about forming a national unity government. Hamas liingxiuh Khaled Meshaal gaohsuh BBC ta yuu Palestine zoongtoong Mahmoud Abbas tarnpahn zuucherng guorjia toongyi zhehngfuu. <pre> Hamas liingxiuh Khaled Meshaal gaohsuh BBC ta yuu Palestine zoongtoong Mahmoud Abbas tarnpahn zuucherng guorjia toongyi zhehngfuu. Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal tell BBC he with Palestine president Mahmoud Abbas negotiate to form nation unite government. </pre> ===5 missing in India snowslide=== India xueebeng, 5 shizong <pre> India xueebeng, 5 shizong India snowslide, 5 be missing </pre> 5 people are feared killed after a snowslide hit a village in India's northern state of Himachal Pradesh, officials said. guanfang shuo: India beeibuh sheengfehn Himachal Pradesh yigeh cunzhuang xueebeng, koongpah 5 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: India beeibuh sheengfehn Himachal Pradesh yigeh cunzhuang xueebeng, koongpah 5 rern siiwarng. officials say: India north province Himachal Pradesh a village snowslide, probably 5 people die. </pre> ===Heavy fighting hits Syria capital=== Syria shooudu jilieh zhahndouh <pre> Syria shooudu jilieh zhahndouh Syria capital (of a country) heavy fighting </pre> Fierce fighting broke out in Damascus, the capital of Syria, as rebel army attacked pro-government troops, witnesses and rebel army said. muhjizhee her pahnjun shuo: pahnjun xirji qin-zhehngfuu junduih zhijih, Syria shooudu Damascus baohfa jilieh zhandou. <pre> muhjizhee her pahnjun shuo: pahnjun xirji qin-zhehngfuu junduih zhijih, Syria shooudu Damascus baohfa jilieh zhandou. witness and rebel army say: rebel army attack pro-government army the time of, Syria capital (of a country) Damascus break out fierce fighting. </pre> ==2013-02-06== ===Farc requests to legalize coca, poppy and marijuana plantations=== Farc yaoqiur zhohngzhir coca, yingsuh her dahmar herfaahuah <pre> Farc yaoqiur zhohngzhir coca, yingsuh her dahmar herfaahuah Farc request to plant coca, poppy and marijuana legalize </pre> Colombia's Farc rebel army has requested to legalize coca, poppy and marijuana plantations at peace talks with the government. Colombia Farc pahnjun yuu zhehngfuu hertarn, yaoqiur zhohngzhir coca, yingsuh her dahmar herfaahuah. <pre> Colombia Farc pahnjun yuu zhehngfuu hertarn, yaoqiur zhohngzhir coca, yingsuh her dahmar herfaahuah. Colombia Farc rebel army with government peace negotiate, request to plant coca, poppy and marijuana legalize. </pre> ===32 killed in Pakistan rain and storms=== Pakistan baohfengyuu, 32 sii <pre> Pakistan baohfengyuu, 32 sii Pakistan storm wind and heavy rain, 32 die </pre> At least 32 people have been killed after 3 days of heavy rain and storms in Pakistan, officials say. guanfang shuo: Pakistan 3 tian baohfengyuu, zhihshaao 32 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Pakistan 3 tian baohfengyuu, zhihshaao 32 rern siiwarng. officials say: Pakistan 3 day storm wind and heavy rain, at least 32 people die. </pre> ===9 dead after tsunami triggered by Solomon earthquake=== Solomon dihzhehn yiinfa haaixiaoh, 9 sii <pre> Solomon dihzhehn yiinfa haaixiaoh, 9 sii Solomon earthquake trigger tsunami, 9 die </pre> A tsunami attacks the Solomon Islands after a strong earthquake, killing at least 9 people. qiarnglieh dihzhehn yiinfa haaixiaoh xirji Solomon Qurndaao, zhihshaao 9 rern siiwarng. <pre> qiarnglieh dihzhehn yiinfa haaixiaoh xirji Solomon Qurndaao, zhihshaao 9 rern siiwarng. strong earthquake trigger tsunami attack Solomon Islands, at least 9 people die. </pre> ===French forces "kill hundreds of Mali rebels"=== Faajun "shasii jiibaai Mali zaohfaanzhee" <pre> Faajun "shasii jiibaai Mali zaohfaanzhee" French army "kill several hundreds Mali rebel" </pre> "Several hundred Islamic rebel soldiers have been killed" since French forces invaded Mali last month, reports say. juh baohdaao: shahngyueh Faajun ruhqin Mali yiilair, "jiibaai Islam pahnjun beihsha". <pre> juh baohdaao: shahngyueh Faajun ruhqin Mali yiilair, "jiibaai Islam pahnjun beihsha". according to reports: last month French forces invade Mali -since, "several hundreds Islam rebel soldier be killed. </pre> ===Strong earthquake strikes Solomon Islands=== Solomon Qurndaao qiarnglieh dihzhehn <pre> Solomon Qurndaao qiarnglieh dihzhehn Solomon Islands strong earthquake </pre> A magnitude 8.0 earthquake has struck the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean, generating a tsunami. Taihpirng Yarng Solomon Qurndaao 8 jir dihzhehn yiinfa haaixiaoh. <pre> Taihpirng Yarng Solomon Qurndaao 8 jir dihzhehn yiinfa haaixiaoh. Pacific Ocean Solomon Islands 8 grade earthquake trigger tsunami. </pre> ==2013-02-05== ===ELN rebel army kidnapped German pensioners=== ELN pahnjun baangjiah Derguor tuihxiuzhee <pre> ELN pahnjun baangjiah Derguor tuihxiuzhee ELN rebel army kidnap Germany pensioner </pre> Colombia rebel army, the ELN, has kidnapped 2 German pensioners while they were touring South America, German officials say. Derguor guanfang shuo: Colombia pahnjun ELN baangjiahle 2 geh zaih Narnmeei lüüyour d Derguor tuihxiuzhee. <pre> Derguor guanfang shuo: Colombia pahnjun ELN baangjiahle 2 geh zaih Narnmeei lüüyour d Derguor tuihxiuzhee. Germany officials say: Colombia rebel army ELN kidnapped 2 at South America tour 's Germany pensioner. </pre> ===China policeman "bought 192 houses with fake ID"=== Zhongguor gong'an "yii jiaa ID maaile 192 farngz" <pre> Zhongguor gong'an "yii jiaa ID maaile 192 farngz" China policeman "using fake ID bought 192 house" </pre> A senior policeman has bought 192 houses with fake ID in the southern Chinese city of Lufeng, state media report. guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor narnfang Luhfeng-shih gaoji jiingchar yii jiaa ID maaile 192 jian farngz. <pre> guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor narnfang Luhfeng-shih gaoji jiingchar yii jiaa ID maaile 192 jian farngz. state media report: China south Lufeng city senior police using fake ID bought 192 house. </pre> ===California bus crash kills 8=== California bus zhuahnghuii, 8 sii <pre> California bus zhuahnghuii, 8 sii California bus crash, 8 die </pre> A tour bus has collided with 2 vehicles on a mountain road in southern California, killing at least 8 people and injuring dozens. California narnbuh shanluh, lüüyour bus yuu 2 buh cheliahng xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 8 rern siiwarng, jiishir shouhshang. <pre> California narnbuh shanluh, lüüyour bus yuu 2 buh cheliahng xiangzhuahng, zhihshaao 8 rern siiwarng, jiishir shouhshang. California south moutanin road, tour bus with 2 vehicle collide, at least 8 people die, several tens be injured. </pre> ===Sunshine may "reduce arthritis risk"=== yarngguang "jiaanshaao guanjieryarn" <pre> yarngguang "jiaanshaao guanjieryarn" sunshine "reduce arthritis" </pre> Living in a sunnier climate may reduce the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, according to US research. juh US yarnjiu: shenghuor zaih duo yarngguang qihhouh huih jiaanshaao huahn leihfengshixihng guanjieryarn. <pre> juh US yarnjiu: shenghuor zaih duo yarngguang qihhouh huih jiaanshaao huahn leihfengshixihng guanjieryarn. according to US research: live at more sunshine climate may reduce to contract (an illness) rheumatoid arthritis. </pre> ===Cambodia cremates former King Sihanouk=== Cambodia qiarn guorwarng Sihanouk huoozahng <pre> Cambodia qiarn guorwarng Sihanouk huoozahng Cambodia former king Sihanouk cremate </pre> Cambodia's former King Norodom Sihanouk has been cremated in the capital, Phnom Penh. Cambodia qiarn guorwarng Norodom Sihanouk zaih shooudu Phnom Penh huoozahng. <pre> Cambodia qiarn guorwarng Norodom Sihanouk zaih shooudu Phnom Penh huoozahng. Cambodia former king Norodom Sihanouk at capital (of a country) Phnom Penh huoozahng. </pre> ===Colombia rebel army "kidnapped foreigners"=== Colombia pahnjun "baangjiah waihguorrern" <pre> Colombia pahnjun "baangjiah waihguorrern" Colombia rebel army "kidnap foreigner" </pre> Colombia rebel army declares they have kidnapped 2 foreigners in the north of the country. Colombia pahnjun xuancheng zaih beeibuh baangjiahle 2 geh waihguorrern. <pre> Colombia pahnjun xuancheng zaih beeibuh baangjiahle 2 geh waihguorrern. Colombia rebel army declare at north kidnapped 2 foreigner. </pre> ==2013-02-04== ===Argentina fixes supermarket prices for 2 months=== Argentina guhdihng chaoshih jiahger 2 geh yueh <pre> Argentina guhdihng chaoshih jiahger 2 geh yueh Argentina fix supermarket price 2 month </pre> Argentina government has temporarily frozen all prices of the main supermarkets for controlling inflation. Argentina zhehngfuu zahnshir dohngjier zhuuyaoh chaoshih d quarnbuh jiahger yii kohngzhih tongzhahng. <pre> Argentina zhehngfuu zahnshir dohngjier zhuuyaoh chaoshih d quarnbuh jiahger yii kohngzhih tongzhahng. Argentina government temporarily freeze main supermarket 's all price for control inflation. </pre> ===French warplanes bomb Mali rebel army bases=== Faaguor zhahnji hongzhah Mali pahnjun jidih <pre> Faaguor zhahnji hongzhah Mali pahnjun jidih France warplane to bomb Mali rebel army base </pre> French warplanes have bombed the bases and depots of rebel army in remote areas of northern Mali for cutting off supply lines, France's foreign minister says. Faaguor waihjiao buhzhaang shuo: Faaguor zhahnji hongzhah Mali beeibuh pianyuaan dihqu d pahnjun jidih her cangkuh yii qieduahn gongyihngxiahn. <pre> Faaguor waihjiao buhzhaang shuo: Faaguor zhahnji hongzhah Mali beeibuh pianyuaan dihqu d pahnjun jidih her cangkuh yii qieduahn gongyihngxiahn. France diplomacy minister say: France warplane to bomb Mali north remote area 's rebel army base and depot, for cut off supply line. </pre> ===Iraq suicide bomb attack kills 19=== Iraq zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 19 sii <pre> Iraq zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 19 sii Iraq suicide bomb attack, 19 die </pre> A suicide bomb attacks pro-government militia in central Iraq, killing at least 19 people, officials say. guanfang shuo: Iraq zhongbuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing, shasii zhihshaao 19 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: Iraq zhongbuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji qin-zhehngfuu mirnbing, shasii zhihshaao 19 rern. officials say: Iraq central part suicide bomb attack pro-government militia, kill at least 19 people. </pre> ==2013-02-03== ===Quitting EU would be "huge problem" for UK=== tuihchu EU, UK huih yoou "dah wehntir" <pre> tuihchu EU, UK huih yoou "dah wehntir" quit EU, UK will have "big problem" </pre> It would be a "huge problem" for the UK if people vote to leave the European Union, former Prime Minister Tony Blair has warned. qiarn shoouxiahng Tony Blair jiinggaoh: rurguoo rernmen tourpiaoh tuihchu Ouzhou liarnmerng, UK huih yoou "dah wehntir". <pre> qiarn shoouxiahng Tony Blair jiinggaoh: rurguoo rernmen tourpiaoh tuihchu Ouzhou liarnmerng, UK huih yoou "dah wehntir". former prime minister Tony Blair warn: if people vote to withdraw from Europe Union, UK will have "big problem". </pre> ===China manufacturing growth slows down=== Zhongguor gongyeh zengzhaang fahnghuaan <pre> Zhongguor gongyeh zengzhaang fahnghuaan China industry growth slows down </pre> China has reported its manufacturing growth slows down slightly, increasing the challenges its new leaders face in boosting economic growth. Zhongguor baohdaao gongyeh zengzhaang qingwei fahnghuaan, zengjia xin liingdaaocerng miahnduih cuhjihn jingjih d tiaaozhahn. <pre> Zhongguor baohdaao gongyeh zengzhaang qingwei fahnghuaan, zengjia xin liingdaaocerng miahnduih cuhjihn jingjih d tiaaozhahn. China report industry growth slightly slow down, increase new leadership to face promote economy 's challenge. </pre> ===Iraq police headquarters attack kills 30=== Iraq jiingchar zoongbuh xirji, 30 sii <pre> Iraq jiingchar zoongbuh xirji, 30 sii Iraq police headquarters attack, 30 die </pre> At least 30 people have been killed as a suicide bomber and gunmen attacked a police headquarters in the northern Iraqi city of Kirkuk, police say. jiingfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn her qiangshoou xirji Iraq beeibuh cherngshih Kirkuk jiingchar zoongbuh, zhihshaao 30 rern beihsha. <pre> jiingfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn her qiangshoou xirji Iraq beeibuh cherngshih Kirkuk jiingchar zoongbuh, zhihshaao 30 rern beihsha. police say: suicide bomb and gunman attack Iraq north city Kirkuk police headquarters, at least 30 people be killed. </pre> ===Islamic militants release 2 hostages in Philippines=== Philippines Islam wuuzhuangfehnzii shihfahng 2 geh rernzhih <pre> Philippines Islam wuuzhuangfehnzii shihfahng 2 geh rernzhih Philippines Islam militant release 2 hostage </pre> Islamic militants have released 2 Filipino hostages, who were kidnapped last June while working for Jordanian TV, in the southern Philippines. Philippines narnbuh Islam wuuzhuangfehnzii shihfahngle 2 geh quhniarn Liuhyueh beih baangjiah weih Jordan TV gongzuoh d Philippines rernzhih. <pre> Philippines narnbuh Islam wuuzhuangfehnzii shihfahngle 2 geh quhniarn Liuhyueh beih baangjiah weih Jordan TV gongzuoh d Philippines rernzhih. Philippines south Islam militant release 2 last year June be kidnapped for Jordan TV work 's Philippines hostage. </pre> ===Missing US tourist "found dead" in Turkey=== shizong US yourkeh zaih Turkey "faxiahn siiwarng" <pre> shizong US yourkeh zaih Turkey "faxiahn siiwarng" missing US tourist at Turkey "discover die" </pre> A US woman who disappeared last month while on holiday in Turkey has been found dead in Istanbul, reports say. juh baohdaao: shahngyueh zaih Turkey lüüxirng shizong d US nüürern, faxiahn zaih Istanbul siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: shahngyueh zaih Turkey lüüxirng shizong d US nüürern, faxiahn zaih Istanbul siiwarng. according to report: last month at Turkey travel be missing 's US woman, found at Istanbul die. </pre> ===Farc kills 3 policemen in an ambush=== Farc mairfur shasii 3 geh jiingchar <pre> Farc mairfur shasii 3 geh jiingchar Farc ambush kill 3 policeman </pre> Colombia's Farc rebel army have killed 3 policemen in an ambush near the Venezuela border, officials say. guanfang shuo: Colombia Farc pahnjun zaih Venezuela bianjie fuhjihn mairfur shasii 3 geh jiingchar. <pre> guanfang shuo: Colombia Farc pahnjun zaih Venezuela bianjie fuhjihn mairfur shasii 3 geh jiingchar. officials say: Colombia Farc rebel army at Venezuela border vicinity ambush kill 3 policeman. </pre> ===Chinese fishing boat "illegally fishing in Japanese waters"=== Zhongguor yurchuarn "zaih Ribeen haaiyuh feifaa buuyur" <pre> Zhongguor yurchuarn "zaih Ribeen haaiyuh feifaa buuyur" China fishing boat "at Japan sea area illegally catch fish" </pre> A Chinese fishing boat has been detained for "fishing in a Japanese exclusive economic zone illegally", Japanese officials say. Rihbeen guanfang shuo: yi sou Zhongguor yurchuarn "zaih Rihbeen zhuanshuu jingjihqu feifaa buuyur" beih daihbuu. <pre> Rihbeen guanfang shuo: yi sou Zhongguor yurchuarn "zaih Rihbeen zhuanshuu jingjihqu feifaa buuyur" beih daihbuu. Japan officials say: a China fishing boat "at Japan exclusive economic zone illegally catch fish" be arrested. </pre> ===Suicide bomb attack kills 21 at Shiah mosque in Hangu=== zihsha zhahdahn xirji Shiah qingzhensih, 21 sii <pre> zihsha zhahdahn xirji Shiah qingzhensih, 21 sii suicide bomb attack Shiah mosque, 21 die </pre> At least 21 people have been killed and dozens injured in a suicide bomb attack outside a Shiah mosque in the northwestern Pakistan town of Hangu, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Pakistan xibeei shihzhehn Hangu yi jian Shiah qingzhensih waihmiahn beih zihsha zhahdahn xirji, zihshaao 21 rern beihsha, jiishir geh shouhshang. <pre> juh baohdaao: Pakistan xibeei shihzhehn Hangu yi jian Shiah qingzhensih waihmiahn beih zihsha zhahdahn xirji, zihshaao 21 rern beihsha, jiishir geh shouhshang. according to report: Pakistan northwest town Hangu a Shiah mosque outside by suicide bomb attack, at least 21 people be killed, several tens be injured. </pre> ===Taliban attack kills 23 in northwest Pakistan=== Pakistan xibeeibuh Taliban xirji, 23 sii <pre> Pakistan xibeeibuh Taliban xirji, 23 sii Pakistan northwest Taliban attack, 23 die </pre> The Pakistan Taliban have attacked an army checkpoint, killing 13 soldiers and 10 civilians, officials say. guanfang shuo: Pakistan Taliban xirji junshih jiaancharzhahn, shasii 13 geh shihbing her 10 geh pirngmirn. <pre> guanfang shuo: Pakistan Taliban xirji junshih jiaancharzhahn, shasii 13 geh shihbing her 10 geh pirngmirn. officials say: Pakistan Taliban attack military checkpoint, kill 13 soldier and 10 civilian. </pre> ===Nigeria attack "kill 17 rebel soldiers"=== Nigeria xirji "shasii 17 geh pahnjun" <pre> Nigeria xirji "shasii 17 geh pahnjun" Nigeria attack "kill 17 rebel soldier" </pre> Nigeria's military said it has killed 17 rebels in an attack on 2 training camps belonging to the Boko Haram Islamic rebel army. Nigeria junfang shuo xirji 2 geh Boko Haram Islam pahnjun xuhnliahn yirngdih, shasii zhishaao 17 geh zaohfaanzhee. <pre> Nigeria junfang shuo xirji 2 geh Boko Haram Islam pahnjun xuhnliahn yirngdih, shasii zhishaao 17 geh zaohfaanzhee. Nigeria the military say attack 2 Boko Haram Islam rebel army training camp, kill at least 17 rebel. </pre> ===4 killed in Senegal's Casamance region=== Senegal Casamance dihqu 4 rern beihsha <pre> Senegal Casamance dihqu 4 rern beihsha Senegal Casamance region 4 people be killed </pre> At least 4 people, including a Frenchman, have been killed in an attack on a bank by suspected separatist rebels in Senegal's Casamance region. Senegal Casamance dihqu huaryir d fenlirzhuuyih pahnjuhn xirji yi jian yirnharng, zhihshaao 4 rern baohkuoh yigeh Faaguorrern beihsha. <pre> Senegal Casamance dihqu huaryir d fenlirzhuuyih pahnjuhn xirji yi jian yirnharng, zhihshaao 4 rern baohkuoh yigeh Faaguorrern beihsha. Senegal Casamance region suspected separatism rebel attack a banki, at least 4 people include a France person be killed. </pre> ==2013-02-02== ===China fireworks truck explosion causes deadly highway collapse=== Zhongguor yanhua huooche baohzhah yiinqii zhihmihng gongluh daaota <pre> Zhongguor yanhua huooche baohzhah yiinqii zhihmihng gongluh daaota China fireworks truck explosion to cause deadly highway collapse </pre> A truck carrying fireworks has exploded on an elevated highway in central China, killing at least 5 people and causing part of the road to collapse, state media report. guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor zhongbuh gaojiah gongluh yi jiah yuhnzaih yanhua d huooche baohzha, daaozhih buhfehn daohluh daaota, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng. <pre> guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor zhongbuh gaojiah gongluh yi jiah yuhnzaih yanhua d huooche baohzha, daaozhih buhfehn daohluh daaota, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng. state media report: China central section overhead highway a carry fireworks 's truck blast, to cause part road collapse, at least 5 people die. </pre> ===Gambia carries out 4-day week=== Gambia shirshi 4 tian gongzuohrih <pre> Gambia shirshi 4 tian gongzuohrih Gambia carry out 4 day working day </pre> The Gambia has started a 4-day week for public sector workers, with Fridays an additional holiday. Gambia gonggohng buhmern gongrern kaishii 4 tian gongzuohrih, Xingqiwuu yee buyohng shahngban. <pre> Gambia gonggohng buhmern gongrern kaishii 4 tian gongzuohrih, Xingqiwuu yee buyohng shahngban. Gambia public department worker start 4 day working day, Friday also need not go to work. </pre> ===Suicide bomb attacks US embassy in Ankara, Turkey=== zihsha zhahdahn xirji Turkey Ankara US dahshiiguaan <pre> zihsha zhahdahn xirji Turkey Ankara US dahshiiguaan suicide bomb attack Turkey Ankara US embassy </pre> A suicide bomber has attacked the US embassy in Ankara, the capital of Turkey, killing a guard, officials say. guanfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Turkey shooudu Ankara US dahshiiguaan, shasii yigeh jiingweih. <pre> guanfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Turkey shooudu Ankara US dahshiiguaan, shasii yigeh jiingweih. officials say: suicide bomb attack Turkey capital (of a country) Ankara US embassy, kill a guard. </pre> ==2013-02-01== ===Mexico City blast at Pemex, the state petroleum giant, kills 14=== Mexico City guorjia shiryour juhrern Pemex baohzhah, 14 sii <pre> Mexico City guorjia shiryour juhrern Pemex baohzhah, 14 sii Mexico City state petroleum giant Pemex explode, 14 die </pre> At least 14 people die after an explosion at the headquarters of state petroleum company Pemex in Mexico City, officials say. guanfang shuo: Mexico City guorjia shiryour gongsi Pemex zoongbuh baohzhah, zhihshaao 14 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Mexico City guorjia shiryour gongsi Pemex zoongbuh baohzhah, zhihshaao 14 rern siiwarng. officials say: Mexico City state petroleum company Pemex headquarters explode, at least 14 people die. </pre> ==2013-01-31== ===2 Pakistan polio vaccination workers killed in landmine blast=== 2 geh Pakistan polio jiezhohng gongrern beih dihleir zhahsii <pre> 2 geh Pakistan polio jiezhohng gongrern beih dihleir zhahsii 2 Pakistan polio vaccination worker by landmine kill by explosion </pre> 2 polio vaccination workers are killed in a landmine blast in the Kurram tribal region of northwest Pakistan, officials say. guanfang shuo: zaih Pakistan xibeeibuh Kurram buhluoh dihqu, 2 geh polio jiezhohng gongrern beih dihleir zhahsii. <pre> guanfang shuo: zaih Pakistan xibeeibuh Kurram buhluoh dihqu, 2 geh polio jiezhohng gongrern beih dihleir zhahsii. officials say: at Pakistan northwest Kurram tribe region, 2 polio vaccination worker by landmine kill. </pre> ===Senior cleric killed in Pakistan=== Pakistan gaoji shernzhir rernyuarn beihsha <pre> Pakistan gaoji shernzhir rernyuarn beihsha Pakistan senior priesthood personnel be killed </pre> 13 people are killed (included a senior cleric from one of the largest Muslim seminaries in Pakistan) in an attack in the southern city of Karachi. zaih narnbuh cherngshih Karachi d xirji, 13 rern beihsha (baokuoh yigeh Pakistan zuihdah shernxueryuahn zhiyi d gaoji shernzhir rernyuarn). <pre> zaih narnbuh cherngshih Karachi d xirji, 13 rern beihsha (baokuoh yigeh Pakistan zuihdah shernxueryuahn zhiyi d gaoji shernzhir rernyuarn). at south city Karachi 's attack, 13 people be killed (include a Pakistan largest theological seminary -one of 's high in rank priesthood personnel. </pre> ===South Korea satellite "is communicating"=== Harnguor weihxing "zhehngzaih tongxuhn" <pre> Harnguor weihxing "zhehngzaih tongxuhn" South Korea satellite "in the process of communicate" </pre> South Korea says the satellite launched on Wednesday has made contact with a ground station and is sending data. Harnguor shuo Xingqisan fasheh d weihxing yuu dihmiahnzhahn jiechuh, bihngqiee zhehngzaih fasohng ziliaoh. <pre> Harnguor shuo Xingqisan fasheh d weihxing yuu dihmiahnzhahn jiechuh, bihngqiee zhehngzaih fasohng ziliaoh. South Korea say Wednesday launch 's satellite with ground station contact, in addition in the process of send data. </pre> ===South Africa tycoon donates half his wealth=== Narnfei fuhhaor juanchu yibahn cairfuh <pre> Narnfei fuhhaor juanchu yibahn cairfuh South Africa rich person donate half wealth </pre> South Africa's richest black man, mining tycoon Patrice Motsepe, announces to give away half his wealth for improving the lives of the poor. Narnfei zuih fuhyoou d heirern, kuahngyeh dahheng Patrice Motsepe xuanbuh juanzehng yibahn cairfuh gaaishahn qiorngrern shenghuor. <pre> Narnfei zuih fuhyoou d heirern, kuahngyeh dahheng Patrice Motsepe xuanbuh juanzehng yibahn cairfuh gaaishahn qiorngrern shenghuor. South Africa most rich black man, mining tycoon Patrice Motsepe announce donate half wealth improve poor people life. </pre> ===Vegetarian diet "reduces heart risk by a third"=== suhshir "jiahngdi xinzahng weixiaan san fenzhi yi" <pre> suhshir "jiahngdi xinzahng weixiaan san-fenzhi-yi" vegetarian diet "reduce heart risk a third" </pre> Research suggests a vegetarian diet is beneficial for the heart, cutting the risk of developing heart disease by a third. yarnjiu zhiichu: suhshir duih xinzahng haao, jiahngdi huahn xinzahngbihng weixiaan san fenzhi yi. <pre> yarnjiu zhiichu: suhshir duih xinzahng haao, jiahngdi huahn xinzahngbihng weixiaan san-fenzhi-yi. research point out: vegetarian diet for heart good, reduce to contract (an illness) heart disease risk a third. </pre> ==2013-01-30== ===US economy surprisingly shrinks in forth quarter=== US jingjih dih-4 jihduh yihwaih dy shousuo <pre> US jingjih dih-4 jihduh yihwaih dy shousuo US economy forth quarter of a year unexpectedly shrink </pre> The US economy unexpectedly shrank at an annualized rate of 0.1% in the fourth quarter of 2012, official figures show. guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: US jingjih zaih 2012 niarn dih-4 jihduh yihwaih dy ahnniarn jihsuahn shousuo 0.1%. <pre> guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: US jingjih zaih 2012 niarn dih-4 jihduh yihwaih dy ahnniarn jihsuahn shousuo 0.1%. official figures show: US economy at 2012 year forth quarter of a year unexpectedly annually calculate shrink 0.1%. </pre> ===South Korea launches space rocket=== Harnguor fasheh taihkong huoojiahn <pre> Harnguor fasheh taihkong huoojiahn South Korea launch outer space rocket </pre> South Korea has launched a rocket in its third attempt to send a satellite into space. Harnguor dih-3 cih charngshih fasheh huoojiahn sohng weihxing shahng taihkong. <pre> Harnguor dih-3 cih charngshih fasheh huoojiahn sohng weihxing shahng taihkong. South Korea third time try to launch rocket to send satellite go up to outer space. </pre> ===South Korea gets ready for third space rocket launch attempt=== Harnguor zhuunbeih-haao dih-3 cih taihkong huoojiahn fasheh charngshih <pre> Harnguor zhuunbeih-haao dih-3 cih taihkong huoojiahn fasheh charngshih South Korea prepare-well third time outer space rocket launch attempt </pre> South Korea is preparing for its third attempt to launch a rocket carrying a satellite into space. Harnguor zhehngzaih zhuunbeih dih-3 cih charngshih fasheh huoojiahn sohng weihxing shahng taihkong. <pre> Harnguor zhehngzaih zhuunbeih dih-3 cih charngshih fasheh huoojiahn sohng weihxing shahng taihkong. South Korea in the process of prepare third time try launch rocket deliver satellite go to outer space. </pre> ===China industry growth rate highest in 2 years=== Zhongguor gongyeh zengzhaanglüh 2 niarn lair zuihgao <pre> Zhongguor gongyeh zengzhaanglüh 2 niarn lair zuihgao China industry growth rate 2 year -since highest </pre> The growth rate of industry in China is the highest in 2 years in January, the data from HSBC shows. HSBC ziliaoh xiaanshih: Zhongguor Yiyuehfehn gongyeh zengzhaanglüh 2 niarn lair zuihgao. <pre> HSBC ziliaoh xiaanshih: Zhongguor Yiyuehfehn gongyeh zengzhaanglüh 2 niarn lair zuihgao. HSBC data show: China January period industry growth rate 2 year -since highest. </pre> ===Pollution covers Beijing=== wuraan zhegaih Beeijing <pre> wuraan zhegaih Beeijing pollution cover Beijing </pre> Severe pollution has covered the Chinese capital for the second time in 2 weeks, reducing visibility to 200m in some places. yarnzhohng wuraan 2 xingqi yiilair dih-2 cih zhegaih Zhongguor shooudu, yixie dihfang d nerngjiahnduh xiahjiahng zhih 200m. <pre> yarnzhohng wuraan 2 xingqi yiilair dih-2 cih zhegaih Zhongguor shooudu, yixie dihfang d nerngjiahnduh xiahjiahng zhih 200m. serious pollution 2 week -since second time cover China capital (of a country), some place 's visibility fall to 200m. </pre> ===Pakistan polio vaccination policeman shot dead by gunmen=== qiangshoou shehsha Pakistan polio jiezhohng jiingchar <pre> qiangshoou shehsha Pakistan polio jiezhohng jiingchar gunman kill by shooting Pakistan polio vaccination policeman </pre> A policeman providing security for a polio vaccination team in Pakistan has been killed by gunmen near the northwestern town of Swabi, officials say. guanfang shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh shihzhehn Swabi fuhjihn, qiangshoou shasii yigeh weih polio jiezhohng-duih tirgong baao'an d jiingchar. <pre> guanfang shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh shihzhehn Swabi fuhjihn, qiangshoou shasii yigeh weih polio jiezhohng-duih tirgong baao'an d jiingchar. officials say: Pakistan northwest town Swabi vicinity, gunman kill a for polio vaccination team provide security 's policeman. </pre> ===Passenger plane crashes near Kazakhstan city of Almaty=== Kazakhstan cherngshih Almaty fuhjihn kehji zhuihhuii <pre> Kazakhstan cherngshih Almaty fuhjihn kehji zhuihhuii Kazakhstan city Almaty vicinity passenger plane fall and crash </pre> A passenger plane crashes near Kazakhstan's commercial capital, Almaty, killing at least 20 people, officials say. guanfang shuo: Kazakhstan shangyeh shooudu Almaty fuhjihn kehji zhuihhuii, zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Kazakhstan shangyeh shooudu Almaty fuhjihn kehji zhuihhuii, zhihshaao 20 rern siiwarng. officials say: Kazakhstan commerce capital (of a country) Almaty vicinity passenger plane fall and crash, at least 20 people die. </pre> ===2 killed in attack on Algeria pipeline=== Algeria guaandaoh beih xirji, 2 sii <pre> Algeria guaandaoh beih xirji, 2 sii Algeria pipeline be attacked, 2 die </pre> 2 guards are killed in an attack by militants on a gas pipeline in northern Algeria, government says. zhehngfuu shuo: wuuzhuang fehnzii xirji Algeria beeibuh qihtii guaandaoh shasii 2 geh jiingweih. <pre> zhehngfuu shuo: wuuzhuang fehnzii xirji Algeria beeibuh qihtii guaandaoh shasii 2 geh jiingweih. government say: armed member attack Algeria north gas pipeline kill 2 guard. </pre> ==2013-01-29== ===UK to send 330 soldiers to Mali and West Africa=== UK paih 330 geh junrern daoh Mali her Xifei <pre> UK paih 330 geh junrern daoh Mali her Xifei UK send 330 army to Mali and West Africa </pre> The UK to deploy about 330 soldiers to Mali and West Africa for supporting French army, Downing Street says. Downing Street shuo: UK buhshuu dahyue 330 geh shihbing daoh Mali her Xifei zhichir Faaguor junduih. <pre> Downing Street shuo: UK buhshuu dahyue 330 geh shihbing daoh Mali her Xifei zhichir Faaguor junduih. Downing Street say: UK deploy about 330 soldier to Mali and West Africa support France army. </pre> ===Suicide bomb attacks Somalia leadership offices=== zihsha zhahdahn xirji Somalia liingdaaoceng bahngongshih <pre> zihsha zhahdahn xirji Somalia liingdaaoceng bahngongshih suicide bomb attack Somalia leader office </pre> At least 2 people die in a suicide bomb attack at the offices of Somalia's president and prime minister, officials say. guanfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Somalia zoongtoong her zoonglii d bahngongshih, zhihshaao 2 rern siiwarng. <pre> guanfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Somalia zoongtoong her zoonglii d bahngongshih, zhihshaao 2 rern siiwarng. officials say: suicide bomb attack Somalia president and premier 's offices, at least 2 people die. </pre> ==2013-01-28== ===8 bodies found in Mexico=== Mexico 发现 8 个 尸体 Mexico faxiahn 8 geh shitii <pre> Mexico faxiahn 8 geh shitii Mexico discover 8 corpse </pre> Police in northern Mexico find 8 bodies in a well which they say are probably those of a band reported missing on Friday. Mexico 北部 一个 井，警方 发现 8 个 他们 说 可能 是 星期五 据报 失踪 乐队 的 尸体。 Mexico beeibuh yigeh jiing, jiingfang faxiahn 8 geh tamen shuo keenerng shih Xingqiwuu juhbaoh shizong yuehduih d shitii. <pre> Mexico beeibuh yigeh jiing, jiingfang faxiahn 8 geh tamen shuo keenerng shih Xingqiwuu juhbaoh shizong yuehduih d shitii. Mexico north a well, police discover 8 they say probably is Friday reportedly be missing orchestra 's corpse. </pre> ===Iran "sends monkey into space"=== Iran “送 猴子 进入 太空” Iran "sohng hourz jihnruh taihkong" <pre> Iran "sohng hourz jihnruh taihkong" Iran "send monkey enter outer space" </pre> Iran's defence ministry announces that it has successfully launched a monkey into space. Iran 国防部 宣布 成功 送 猴子 进入 太空。 Iran guorfarngbuh xuanbuh chernggong sohng hourz jihnruh taihkong. <pre> Iran guorfarngbuh xuanbuh chernggong sohng hourz jihnruh taihkong. Iran defence ministry announce success send monkey enter outer space. </pre> ===Portugal bus crash kills 10=== Portugal bus 撞毁，10 死 Portugal bus zhuahnghuii, 10 sii <pre> Portugal bus zhuahnghuii, 10 sii Portugal bus crash, 10 die </pre> At least 10 people die and more than 30 are injured in a bus crash in the eastern Portuguese town of Serta. Portugal 东部 市镇 Serta bus 撞毁，至少 10 人 死亡，超过 30 人 受伤。 Portugal dongbuh shihzhehn Serta bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 10 rern siiwarng, chaoguoh 30 rern shouhshang. <pre> Portugal dongbuh shihzhehn Serta bus zhuahnghuii, zhihshaao 10 rern siiwarng, chaoguoh 30 rern shouhshang. Portugal east town Serta bus crash, at least 10 people die, exceed 30 people be injured. </pre> ===2 landslides in Indonesia=== Indonesia 2 次 山崩 Indonesia 2 cih shanbeng <pre> Indonesia 2 cih shanbeng Indonesia 2 landslide </pre> At least 11 people die and several others are injured in 2 landslides in western Indonesia, officials say. 官方 说：Indonesia 西部 2 次 山崩，至少 11 人 死亡，几 个 受伤。 guanfang shuo: Indonesia xibuh 2 cih shanbeng, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng, jii geh shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: Indonesia xibuh 2 cih shanbeng, zhihshaao 11 rern siiwarng, jii geh shouhshang. officials say: Indonesia west 2 landslide, at least 11 people die, several be injured. </pre> ===Myanmar gets Asian Development Bank and World Bank loans=== Myanmar 取得 亚洲 发展 银行 和 世界 银行 贷款 Myanmar quuder Yahzhou Fazhaan Yirnharng her Shihjieh Yirnharng daihkuaan <pre> Myanmar quuder Yahzhou Fazhaan Yirnharng her Shihjieh Yirnharng daihkuaan Myanmar get Asia Development Bank and World Bank loan </pre> The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank (WB) approve new loans for helping the social and economic development of Myanmar. 亚洲 发展 银行（ADB）和 世界 银行（WB）批准 援助 Myanmar 社会 和 经济 发展 的 新 贷款。 Yahzhou Fazhaan Yirnharng (ADB) her Shihjieh Yirnhanrng (WB) pizhuun yuarnzhuh Myanmar shehhuih her jingjih fazhaan d xin daihkuaan. <pre> Yahzhou Fazhaan Yirnharng (ADB) her Shihjieh Yirnhanrng (WB) pizhuun yuarnzhuh Myanmar shehhuih her jingjih fazhaan d xin daihkuaan. Asia Development Bank (ADB) and World Bank (WB) approve to aid Myanmar society and economy development 's new loan. </pre> ==2013-01-27== ===Afghanistan roadside bomb explosion kills 10 people=== Afghanistan 路边 炸弹 炸死 10 人 Afghanistan luhbian zhahdahn zhahsii 10 rern <pre> Afghanistan luhbian zhahdahn zhahsii 10 rern Afghanistan roadside bomb kill by explosion 10 people </pre> At least 10 people are killed, including 8 police, after a roadside bomb exploded in the southern city of Kandahar, officials say. 官方 说：南部 城市 Kandahar 路边 炸弹 爆炸，至少 10 人 死亡，包括 8 个 警察。 guanfang shuo: narnbuh cherngshih Kandahar luhbian zhahdahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 10 rern siiwarng, baokuoh 8 geh jiingchar. <pre> guanfang shuo: narnbuh cherngshih Kandahar luhbian zhahdahn baohzhah, zhihshaao 10 rern siiwarng, baokuoh 8 geh jiingchar. officials say: south city Kandahar roadside bomb explode, at least 10 people die, include 8 police. </pre> ===232 die in Brazil night club fire=== Brazil 夜总会 大火，232 死 Brazil yehzoonghuih dahhuoo, 232 sii <pre> Brazil yehzoonghuih dahhuoo, 232 sii Brazil night club big fire, 232 die </pre> At least 232 people die in a night club fire in southern Brazil, after a musician reportedly set off fireworks on stage, police say. 警方 说：据报 音乐家 在 Brazil 南部 夜总会 舞台 放 烟花 引起 大火，至少 232 人 死。 jiingfang shuo: juhbaoh yinyuehjia zaih Brazil narnbuh yehzoonghuih wuutair fahng yanhua yiinqii dahhuoo, zhihshaao 232 rern sii. <pre> jiingfang shuo: juhbaoh yinyuehjia zaih Brazil narnbuh yehzoonghuih wuutair fahng yanhua yiinqii dahhuoo, zhihshaao 232 rern sii. police say: reportedly musician at Brazil south night club stage set off fireworks to cause big fire, at least 232 people die. </pre> ===Kachin rebel army in Myanmar loses main hilltop=== Myanmar Kachin 叛军 失去 主要 山头 Myanmar Kachin pahnjun shiquh zhuuyaoh shantour <pre> Myanmar Kachin pahnjun shiquh zhuuyaoh shantour Myanmar Kachin rebel army loses main hilltop </pre> Kachin rebel army in northern Myanmar is forced to withdraw from a stronghold after fighting with the government army. Myanmar 北部 Kachin 叛军 与 政府军 战斗 之后 被迫 从 要塞 撤退。 Myanmar beeibuh Kachin pahnjun yuu zhehngfuujun zhahndou zhihouh beihpoh corng yaohsaih chetuih. <pre> Myanmar beeibuh Kachin pahnjun yuu zhehngfuujun zhahndou zhihouh beihpoh corng yaohsaih chetuih. Myanmar north Kachin rebel army with government army fight -after be forced from stronghold withdraw. </pre> ===Suicide bomb attacks market in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan 自杀 炸弹 袭击 市场 Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn xirji shihchaang <pre> Afghanistan zihsha zhahdahn xirji shihchaang Afghanistan suicide bomb attack market </pre> At least 10 people have been killed and many injured in a suicide attack in a busy market in the northeastern city of Kunduz, officials say. 官方 说：东北 城市 Kunduz 一 个 繁忙 市场 的 自杀 袭击，至少 10 人 被杀，多 人 受伤。 guanfang shuo: dongbeei cherngshih Kunduz yi geh farnmarng shihchaang d zihsha xirji, zhihshaao 10 rern beihsha, duo rern shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: dongbeei cherngshih Kunduz yi geh farnmarng shihchaang d zihsha xirji, zhihshaao 10 rern beihsha, duo rern shouhshang. officials say: northeastern city Kunduz a busy market 's suicide attack, at least 10 people be killed, many people be injured. </pre> ==2013-01-26== ==="5 killed" in Afghanistan car bomb attack=== Afghanistan qihche zhahdahn xirji, 5 sii <pre> Afghanistan qihche zhahdahn xirji, 5 sii Afghanistan car bomb attack, 5 die </pre> At least 5 civilians have been killed in a car bomb attack believed to have been targeting a Nato convoy in eastern Kapisa province, officials say. guanfang shuo: dongbuh sheengfehn Kapisa yi cih xiangxih zhenduih Nato huihharngduih d qihche zhahndahn xirji, zhihshaao 5 geh pirngmirn beihsha. <pre> guanfang shuo: dongbuh sheengfehn Kapisa yi cih xiangxih zhenduih Nato huihharngduih d qihche zhahndahn xirji, zhihshaao 5 geh pirngmirn beihsha. officials say: east province Kapisa a believe aim at Nato convey 's car bomb attack, at least 5 civilian be killed. </pre> ==2013-01-24== ===North Korea "plans nuclear test"=== Chaorxian "jihhuah hershihyahn" <pre> Chaorxian "jihhuah hershihyahn" North Korea "plan nuclear test" </pre> North Korea announces that it is continuing with plans for a third nuclear test. Chaorxian xuanbuh jihxuh jihnxirng di-3 cih hershihyahn jihhuah. <pre> Chaorxian xuanbuh jihxuh jihnxirng di-3 cih hershihyahn jihhuah. North Korea announce continue proceed third time nuclear test plan. </pre> ===Iraq suicide bomb attack kills 23=== Iraq zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 23 sii <pre> Iraq zihsha zhahdahn xirji, 23 sii Iraq suicide bomb attack, 23 die </pre> At least 23 people are killed by a suicide bomb attack in a funeral at a Shiah mosque in a Iraq village of Tuz Khurmato, police say. jiingfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Iraq xiangcun Tuz Khurmato yi jian Shiah qingzhensih d sanglii, zhihshaao 23 rern beihsha. <pre> jiingfang shuo: zihsha zhahdahn xirji Iraq xiangcun Tuz Khurmato yi jian Shiah qingzhensih d sanglii, zhihshaao 23 rern beihsha. police say: suicide bomb attack Iraq village Tuz Khurmato a Shiah mosque 's funeral, at least 23 people be killed. </pre> ==2013-01-23== ===Attacks in Nigeria kill 23=== Nigeria xirji, 23 sii <pre> Nigeria xirji, 23 sii Nigeria attack, 23 die </pre> At least 23 people are killed by suspected Islamic fighters in 2 attacks in northeastern Nigeria. zhihshaao 23 rern zaih Nigeria dongbeeibuh d 2 cih xirji beih huaryir d Islam zhahnshih shasii. <pre> zhihshaao 23 rern zaih Nigeria dongbeeibuh d 2 cih xirji beih huaryir d Islam zhahnshih shasii. at least 23 people at Nigeria northeast 's 2 attack by suspected Islam fighter kill. </pre> ==2013-01-22== ===Number of people unemployed in the world rises=== shihjieh shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng <pre> shihjieh shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng world unemployment number of people rise </pre> The number of people unemployed in the world rises 4,000,000 in 2012 to 197,000,000 and is predicted to increase further in the future, the UN says. UN shuo: 2012 niarn shihjieh shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng 4,000,000 zhih 197,000,000, yuhliaoh jianglair jihnyibuh zengjia. <pre> UN shuo: 2012 niarn shihjieh shiyeh rernshuh shahngsheng 4,000,000 zhih 197,000,000, yuhliaoh jianglair jihnyibuh zengjia. UN say: 2012 year world unemployment number of people rise 4,000,000 to 197,000,000, predict future further increase. </pre> ==2013-01-21== ===Algeria hostage death number "increases to 48"=== Algeria rernzhih siiwarng shuhzih "zengjia daoh 48" <pre> Algeria rernzhih siiwarng shuhzih "zengjia daoh 48" Algeria hostage death number "increase to 48" </pre> At least 48 hostages are now believed to die in the kidnap of the Algeria petroleum facility. Algeria shiryour shehshi d baangjia, xiangxihn xiahnzaih zhihshaao 48 geh rernzhih siiwarng. <pre> Algeria shiryour shehshi d baangjia, xiangxihn xiahnzaih zhihshaao 48 geh rernzhih siiwarng. Algeria petroleum facility 's kidnap, believe now at least 48 hostage die. </pre> ==2013-01-19== ===5 Britons feared dead in Algeria hostage crisis=== Algeria rernzhih weiji, xiangxihn 5 geh Yingguorrern siiwarng <pre> Algeria rernzhih weiji, xiangxihn 5 geh Yingguorrern siiwarng Algeria hostage crisis, believe 5 Briton die </pre> 5 Britons and 1 UK resident have been killed or are missing in the Algeria hostage crisis, Foreign Secretary William Hague says. Waihjiao Dahchern William Hague shuo: 5 geh Yingguorrern her 1 geh UK jumirn zaih Algeria rernzhih weiji beihsha huoh shizong. <pre> Waihjiao Dahchern William Hague shuo: 5 geh Yingguorrern her 1 geh UK jumirn zaih Algeria rernzhih weiji beihsha huoh shizong. Foreighn Minister William Hague say: 5 Briton and 1 UK resident at Algeria hostage crisis be killed or be missing. </pre> ===4 believed dead after snowslide in Scotland=== Scotland xueebeng, 4 rern keenerng siiwarng <pre> Scotland xueebeng, 4 rern keenerng siiwarng Scotland snowslide 4 people maybe die </pre> 4 people are believed dead after a snowslide in Glencoe in the Scottish highlands. Scotland gaoyuarn dihqu Glencoe xueebeng, xiangxihn 4 rern siiwarng. <pre> Scotland gaoyuarn dihqu Glencoe xueebeng, xiangxihn 4 rern siiwarng. Scotland plateau area Glencoe snowslide, believe 4 people die. </pre> ===Nigeria siege finishes in bloodshed=== Nigeria weirgong xuehxing shouchaang <pre> Nigeria weirgong xuehxing shouchaang Nigeria siege bloody end </pre> 7 hostages and 11 Islamic fighters have been killed, as Algerian troops end a siege at a petroleum facility, state media say. guorjia meirtii shuo: Algeria junduih jieshuh weirgong shiryour shehshi, 7 geh rernzhih her 11 geh Islam zhahshih siiwarng. <pre> guorjia meirtii shuo: Algeria junduih jieshuh weirgong shiryour shehshi, 7 geh rernzhih her 11 geh Islam zhahshih siiwarng. state media say: Algeria troops finish besiege petroleum facility, 7 hostage and 11 Islam fighter die. </pre> ===Deadly shooting in Kenya=== Kenya d zhihmihng qiangji <pre> Kenya d zhihmihng qiangji Kenya 's deadly gun shooting </pre> At least 5 people have been killed and 4 wounded in a shooting at a restaurant in the town of Garissa in eastern Kenya, local police say. dangdih jiingfang shuo: Kenya dongbuh shihzhehn Garissa yi jian canting fasheng qiangji, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng, 4 rern shouhshang. <pre> dangdih jiingfang shuo: Kenya dongbuh shihzhehn Garissa yi jian canting fasheng qiangji, zhihshaao 5 rern siiwarng, 4 rern shouhshang. local police say: Kenya east town Garissa a restaurant happen gun shooting, at least 5 people die, 4 people be wounded. </pre> ===Suicide attack kills 10 people outside political party office in Iraq=== Iraq zhehngdaang bahngongshih waihmiahn zihsha xirji shasii 10 rern <pre> Iraq zhehngdaang bahngongshih waihmiahn zihsha xirji shasii 10 rern Iraq political party office outside suicide attack kill 10 people </pre> At least 10 people have been killed in a suicide bomb attack on a political party office in northern Iraq, officials say. guanfang shuo: Iraq beeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji zhehngdaang bahngongshih, shasii zhihshaao 10 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: Iraq beeibuh zihsha zhahdahn xirji zhehngdaang bahngongshih, shasii zhihshaao 10 rern. officials say: Iraq north suicide bomb attack political party office, kill at least 10 people. </pre> ==2013-01-18== ===Colombia rebel army kidnaps 5 mine workers=== Colombia pahnjun baangjiah 5 geh kuahnggong <pre> Colombia pahnjun baangjiah 5 geh kuahnggong Colombia rebel army kidnap 5 mine worker </pre> ELN rebel forces in northern Colombia have kidnapped 5 mine workers, the military has said. junfang shuo: Colombia beeibuh ELN pahnjun bangjiale 5 geh kuahnggong. <pre> junfang shuo: Colombia beeibuh ELN pahnjun bangjiale 5 geh kuahnggong. the military say: Colombia north ELN rebel forces kidnapped 5 mine worker. </pre> ===Bomb explosions in Iraq kill Shiah pilgrims=== Iraq zhahdahn zhahsii Shiah chaorshehngzhee <pre> Iraq zhahdahn zhahsii Shiah chaorshehngzhee Iraq bomb explosion kill Shiah pilgrim </pre> A series of bomb attacks across Iraq has killed at least 12 people, most of them Shiah pilgrims, officials say. guanfang shuo: biahnbuh Iraq d yixihlieh zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 12 rern, dahduoshuh shih Shiah charshehngzhee. <pre> guanfang shuo: biahnbuh Iraq d yixihlieh zhahdahn xirji shasii zhihshaao 12 rern, dahduoshuh shih Shiah charshehngzhee. officials say: be found everywhere Iraq 's a series of bomb attack kill at least 12 people, great majority is Shiah pilgrim. </pre> ===China economy seems to improve=== Zhongguor jingjih kahnsih haaozhuaan <pre> Zhongguor jingjih kahnsih haaozhuaan China economy seems to improve </pre> China's economy, the second largest in the world, looks like rebounding from its worst economic period in 13 years. shihjieh dih-2 dah d Zhongguor jingjih kahnsih corng 13 niarn lair zuihhuaih d jingjih shirqi faantarn. <pre> shihjieh dih-2 dah d Zhongguor jingjih kahnsih corng 13 niarn lair zuihhuaih d jingjih shirqi faantarn. world second big 's China economy look like from 13 year -since worst economy period rebound. </pre> ===China growth rate lowest in 13 years=== Zhongguor zengzhaanglüh 13 niarn zuihdi <pre> Zhongguor zengzhaanglüh 13 niarn zuihdi China growth rate 13 year lowest </pre> China's economy growth rate is the lowest in 13 years owing to domestic and global demand weakened. youryur guorneih her guorjih xuqiur pirruoh, Zhongguor jingjih zengzhaang 13 niarn lair zuihdi. <pre> youryur guorneih her guorjih xuqiur pirruoh, Zhongguor jingjih zengzhaang 13 niarn lair zuihdi. owing to domestic and international demand tired and weak, China economy increase 13 year -since lowest. </pre> ==2013-01-17== ==="Several tens of hostages die" at rescuing operation in Algeria=== Algeria yirngjiuh xirngdohng, "jii-shir rernzhih siiwarng" <pre> Algeria yirngjiuh xirngdohng, "jii-shir rernzhih siiwarng" Algeria rescue action, "several tens hostage die" </pre> At least 34 hostages have been killed at the rescuing operation in Algeria, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Algeria yirngjiuh xirngdohng, zhihshaao 34 rernzhih siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Algeria yirngjiuh xirngdohng, zhihshaao 34 rernzhih siiwarng. according to reports: Algeria rescue action, at least 34 hostage die. </pre> ===Islam fighters kill and abduct foreigners in Algeria=== Algeria Islam zhahnshih shasii her jierchir waihguorrern <pre> Algeria Islam zhahnshih shasii her jierchir waihguorrern Algeria Islam fighter kill and abduct foreigner </pre> At least 2 foreigners have been killed and many abducted by Islam fighters in an attack on a petroleum facility in eastern Algeria. Islam zhahnshih xirji Algeria dongbuh shiryour shehshi; zhihshaao 2 geh waihguorrern beihsha, duo geh beih jierchir. <pre> Islam zhahnshih xirji Algeria dongbuh shiryour shehshi; zhihshaao 2 geh waihguorrern beihsha, duo geh beih jierchir. Islam fighter attack Algeria east petroleum facility; at least 2 foreigner be killed, many be abducte. </pre> ==2013-01-16== ===Renault to cut 7,500 jobs in France=== Renault zaih Faaguor cairjiaan 7,500 zhirweih <pre> Renault zaih Faaguor cairjiaan 7,500 zhirweih Renault at France cut 7,500 position </pre> The automobile manufacturer Renault plans to cut about 7,500 jobs in France because of its sales and profits continue to fall. youryur xiaoshouh her lihruhn chirxuh xiahjiahng, qihche zhihzaohshang Renault jihhuah zaih Faaguor xuejiaan yue 7,500 zhirweih. <pre> youryur xiaoshouh her lihruhn chirxuh xiahjiahng, qihche zhihzaohshang Renault jihhuah zaih Faaguor xuejiaan yue 7,500 zhirweih. because sales and profit continue fall, automobile manufacturer Renault to plan at France cut about 7,500 position. </pre> ==2013-01-15== ===China "will survey Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands"=== Zhongguor "huih kahnceh Diaohyur (Senkaku) Qurdaao" <pre> Zhongguor "huih kahnceh Diaohyur (Senkaku) Qurdaao" China "will survey Diaoyu (Senkaku) Islands" </pre> China announces that it will survey the disputed islands in the East China Sea. Zhongguor xuanbuh huih kahnceh zaih Dong Haai yoou zhengyih d qurndaao. <pre> Zhongguor xuanbuh huih kahnceh zaih Dong Haai yoou zhengyih d qurndaao. China announce will survey at East Sea have dispute 's islands. </pre> ===Mali town "still in the hands of rebel army"=== Mali shihzhehn "rerngrarn zaih pahnjun shoouzhong" <pre> Mali shihzhehn "rerngrarn zaih pahnjun shoouzhong" Mali town "still at rebel army in the hand" </pre> The military of France say the Malian army has not recaptured the central town of Konna, denying reports from Mali at the weekend. Faaguor junfang shuo Mali junduih meiryoou duorhuir zhongbuh shihzhehn Konna, foourehn zhoumoh Mali d baohdaao. <pre> Faaguor junfang shuo Mali junduih meiryoou duorhuir zhongbuh shihzhehn Konna, foourehn zhoumoh Mali d baohdaao. France the military say Mali army not have recapture central town Konna, deny weekend Mali 's report. </pre> ===Several tens killed by Aleppo university explosions=== Aleppo dahxuer baohzhah, jii-shir sii <pre> Aleppo dahxuer baohzhah, jii-shir sii Aleppo university explision, several tens die </pre> More than 50 people are killed by 2 explosions at a university in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on the first day of examinations, activists and officials say. jijirfehnzii her guanfang shuo: Syria beeibuh cherngshih Aleppo yi jian dahxuer zaih dih-1 tian kaaoshih fasheng 2 cih baohzhah, chaoguoh jii-shir rern siiwarng. <pre> jijirfehnzii her guanfang shuo: Syria beeibuh cherngshih Aleppo yi jian dahxuer zaih dih-1 tian kaaoshih fasheng 2 cih baohzhah, chaoguoh jii-shir rern siiwarng. activist and officials say: Syria north city Aleppo a university at first day examination happen 2 time explosion, exceed several tens people die. </pre> ===Second French soldier dies after Somalia raid=== Somalia tuxir houh dih-2 geh Faajun siiwarng <pre> Somalia tuxir houh dih-2 geh Faajun siiwarng Somalia raid -after second French soldier die </pre> Rebel troops in Somalia say a second French soldier died after a failed hostage rescue operation. Somalia pahnjun shuo dih-2 geh Faajun zaih shibaih d rernzhih yirngjiuh xirngdohng houh siiwarng. <pre> Somalia pahnjun shuo dih-2 geh Faajun zaih shibaih d rernzhih yirngjiuh xirngdohng houh siiwarng. Somalia rebel troops say second French soldier at failed hostage rescue action -after die. </pre> ==2013-01-14== ===Mali rebel troops capture town inspite of French air attack=== Mali pahnjun duorquu shihzhehn jiinguaan Faaguor kongxir <pre> Mali pahnjun duorquu shihzhehn jiinguaan Faaguor kongxir Mali rebel troops capture town isnpite of France air attack </pre> Islamist fighters in Mali capture a town in government territory, inspite of French air attack. jiinguaan Faaguor kongxir, Mali Islam zhahnshih corng zhehngfuu liingtuu duorquu shihzhehn. <pre> jiinguaan Faaguor kongxir, Mali Islam zhahnshih corng zhehngfuu liingtuu duorquu shihzhehn. despite France air attack, Mali Islam fighter from government territory capture town. </pre> ===Jaguar Land Rover will increase 800 jobs=== Jaguar Land Rover huih zengjia 800 zhirweih <pre> Jaguar Land Rover huih zengjia 800 zhirweih Jaguar Land Rover will increase 800 position </pre> Jaguar Land Rover has announced that its factory in Solihull will increase 800 jobs. Jaguar Land Rover xuanbuh ta zaih Solihull d gongchaang huih zengjia 800 geh zhirweih. <pre> Jaguar Land Rover xuanbuh ta zaih Solihull d gongchaang huih zengjia 800 geh zhirweih. Jaguar Land Rover announce it at Solihull 's factory will increase 800 position. </pre> ===French warplanes attack Mali eastern city of Gao=== Faaguor kongxir Mali dongbuh cherngshih Gao <pre> Faaguor kongxir Mali dongbuh cherngshih Gao France warplane attack Mali east city Gao </pre> French warplanes have bombed Mali eastern city of Gao, extending attacks deep into the territory of rebel army. Faaguor zhahnji hongzhah Mali dongbuh cherngshih Gao, kuohdah xirji shenruh pahnjun liingtuu. <pre> Faaguor zhahnji hongzhah Mali dongbuh cherngshih Gao, kuohdah xirji shenruh pahnjun liingtuu. France warplane bomb Mali east city Gao, extend attack go deep into rebel army territory. </pre> ==2013-01-13== ===Honda to reduce 800 jobs in Swindon=== Honda huih zaih Swindon cairyuarn 800 <pre> Honda huih zaih Swindon cairyuarn 800 Honda will at Swindon reduce staff 8000 </pre> Honda is planning to cut 800 jobs at its Swindon plant, blaming weak demand across Europe. youryur Ouzhou xuqiur pirruoh, Honda jihhuah ta d Swindon gongchaang cairyuarn 800. <pre> youryur Ouzhou xuqiur pirruoh, Honda jihhuah ta d Swindon gongchaang cairyuarn 800. because Europe demand tired and weak, Honda to plan its Swindon factory reduce staff 800. </pre> ==2013-01-12== ===Beijing pollution reaches danger level=== Beeijing wuraan dardaoh weixiaan cherngduh <pre> Beeijing wuraan dardaoh weixiaan cherngduh Beijing pollution reaches danger level </pre> Air pollution in the Chinese capital Beijing has reached the level which is dangerous to human health. Zhongguor shooudu Beeijing kongqih wuraan dardaoh weihaih rernleih jiahnkang d shuiipirng. <pre> Zhongguor shooudu Beeijing kongqih wuraan dardaoh weihaih rernleih jiahnkang d shuiipirng. China capital (of a country) Beijing air pollution reached endanger human health 's level. </pre> ==="French soldier killed" in military operation in Somalia=== Somalia junshih xirngdong, "Faajun beihsha" <pre> Somalia junshih xirngdong, "Faajun beihsha" Somalia military operation, "French soldier be killed" </pre> A French soldier has been killed in Somalia during a failed military operation to rescue a hostage who is also believed to have died, the defence minister said. guorfarng buhzhaang shuo: yigeh Faajun zaih Somalia shibaih d yirngjiuh rernzhih junshih xirngdohng zhong beihsha, xiangxihn rernzhih yee siiwarng. <pre> guorfarng buhzhaang shuo: yigeh Faajun zaih Somalia shibaih d yirngjiuh rernzhih junshih xirngdohng zhong beihsha, xiangxihn rernzhih yee siiwarng. national defence minister say: a French soldier at Somalia failed rescue hostage military operation inside be killed, believe hostage also die. </pre> ===Mali and France "repel rebel army"=== Mali yuu Faaguor "jituih pahnjun" <pre> Mali yuu Faaguor "jituih pahnjun" Mali with France "repel rebel army" </pre> Mali army say they have retaken a town in central Mali from Islamist rebel army following air strikes by France. Faaguor kongxir zhihouh, Mali junduih shuo corng Islam-zhuuyih pahnjun duohuir Mali zhongbuh shihzhehn. <pre> Faaguor kongxir zhihouh, Mali junduih shuo corng Islam-zhuuyih pahnjun duohuir Mali zhongbuh shihzhehn. France air strike -after, Mali army say from Islamism rebel army recapture Mali central town. </pre> ==2013-01-11== ===Kenya attack kills 5=== Kenya xirji, 5 sii <pre> Kenya xirji, 5 sii Kenya attack, 5 die </pre> An attack in southeastern Kenya kills at least 10 people, including 5 children, officials say. guanfang shuo: Kenya dongnarnbuh xirji shasii zhihshaao 10 rern, baokuoh 5 geh errtorng. <pre> guanfang shuo: Kenya dongnarnbuh xirji shasii zhihshaao 10 rern, baokuoh 5 geh errtorng. officials say: Kenya southeast attack kill at least 10 people, include 5 children. </pre> ===US trade deficit rises as imports increase=== US ruhkoou zengjia, maohyih chihzih shahngsheng <pre> US ruhkoou zengjia, maohyih chihzih shahngsheng US import increase, trade deficit rise </pre> The US trade deficit increased unexpectedly in November, after a rise in the import of consumer goods. US xiaofeihpiin ruhkoou shahngsheng, 11-yuefehn maohyih chihzih yihwaih dy zengjia. <pre> US xiaofeihpiin ruhkoou shahngsheng, 11-yuefehn maohyih chihzih yihwaih dy zengjia. US consumer goods import rise, November period trade deficit unexpectedly increase. </pre> ===US troops may continue to stay in Afghanstan after 2014=== 2014 houh Meeijun keenerng jihxuh liur zaih Afghanistan <pre> 2014 houh Meeijun keenerng jihxuh liur zaih Afghanistan 2014 -after US troops may continue stay at Afghanistan </pre> US President Barack Obama and Afghanistan leader Hamid Karzai discuss the possibility of keeping US military forces in Afghanistan beyond 2014. US zoongtoong Barack Obama yuu Afghanistan liingxiuh Hamid Karzai taaoluhn 2014 niarn houh zaih Afghanistan baaoliur Meeijun d keenerngxihng. <pre> US zoongtoong Barack Obama yuu Afghanistan liingxiuh Hamid Karzai taaoluhn 2014 niarn houh zaih Afghanistan baaoliur Meeijun d keenerngxihng. US president Barack Obama with Afghanistan leader Hamid Karzai discuss 2014 year -after at Afghanistan discuss US troops 's possibility. </pre> ===Landslide kills 46 in south China village=== Zhongguor narnbuh xiangcun shanbeng, 46 sii <pre> Zhongguor narnbuh xiangcun shanbeng, 46 sii China south village landslide, 46 die </pre> A landslide in China's southern Yunnan province has left at least 46 people dead, reports say. juh baohdaao: Zhongguor narnbuh Yurnnarn-sheeng shanbeng, zhihshaao 46 rern siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Zhongguor narnbuh Yurnnarn-sheeng shanbeng, zhihshaao 46 rern siiwarng. according to report: China south Yunnan province landslide, at least 46 people die. </pre> ===France confirms Mali intervention=== Faaguor zhehngshir gansheh Mali <pre> Faaguor zhehngshir gansheh Mali France confirm interfere Mali </pre> French President Francois Hollande says France has begun a military operation to support the Malian army against rebel army in northern Mali. Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo Faaguor kaishii.le junshih xirngdohng zhichir Mali junduih duihkahng Mali beeibuh pahnjun. <pre> Faaguor zoongtoong Francois Hollande shuo Faaguor kaishii.le junshih xirngdohng zhichir Mali junduih duihkahng Mali beeibuh pahnjun. France presixent francois Hollande say Faaguor began military action support Mali army resist Mali north rebel army. </pre> ===UK economy "contracted in fourth quarter"=== UK jingjih "dih-4 jihduh shousuo" <pre> UK jingjih "dih-4 jihduh shousuo" UK economy "fourth quarter (of a year) shrink" </pre> Survey shows the UK economy shrank 0.3% in the last three months of 2012. Diaohchar xiaanshih 2012 niarn zuihhouh 3 geh yueh UK jingjih shousuo 3.3%. <pre> Diaohchar xiaanshih 2012 niarn zuihhouh 3-geh yueh UK jingjih shousuo 3.3%. Survey show 2012 year last 3 month UK economy shrink 3.3%. </pre> ===Pakistan soldier in Kashmir "killed by Indian troops"=== Pakistan shihbing zaih Kashmir "beih India junduih shasii" <pre> Pakistan shihbing zaih Kashmir "beih India junduih shasii" Pakistan soldier at Kashmir "by India troops kill" </pre> A Pakistani soldier is killed by Indian troops near the dividing line in the disputed territory of Kashmir, Pakistan's military says. Pakistan junfang shuo: yigeh Pakistan shihbing zaih Kashmir zhengyih liingtuu fenjiehxiahn fuhjihn beih India buhduih shasii. <pre> Pakistan junfang shuo: yigeh Pakistan shihbing zaih Kashmir zhengyih liingtuu fenjiehxiahn fuhjihn beih India buhduih shasii. Pakistan the military say: a Pakistan soldier at Kashmir disputed territory dividing line nearby area by India troops kill. </pre> ===Mali rebel army captures key town=== Mali pahnjun duorquu zhuuyaoh shihzhehn <pre> Mali pahnjun duorquu zhuuyaoh shihzhehn Mali rebel army capture main town </pre> Mali Islamist rebel army has captured the key central town of Konna. Mali Islam-zhuuyih pahnjun duorquu zhuuyaoh zhongxin shihzhehn Konna. <pre> Mali Islam-zhuuyih pahnjun duorquu zhuuyaoh zhongxin shihzhehn Konna. Mali Islamism rebel army capture main center town Konna. </pre> ==2013-01-10== ===Explosion kills 81 in Pakistan city of Quetta=== Pakistan cherngshih Quetta baohzhah, 81 sii <pre> Pakistan cherngshih Quetta baohzhah, 81 sii Pakistan city Quetta explosion, 81 die </pre> Bomb attack at a snooker hall in the southwestern Pakistan city of Quetta kill 81 people, police say. jiingfang shuo: Pakistan cherngshih Quetta zhuoqiur zhongxin zhahdahn zhahsii 81 rern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Pakistan cherngshih Quetta zhuoqiur zhongxin zhahdahn zhahsii 81 rern. police say: Pakistan city Quetta snooker center bomb kill by explosion 81 people. </pre> ===Bomb blast kills 21 in Pakistan city of Mingora=== Pakistan cherngshih Mingora zhahdahn baohzhah, 21 sii <pre> Pakistan cherngshih Mingora zhahdahn baohzhah, 21 sii Pakistan city Mingora bomb blast, 21 die </pre> At least 21 people have been killed in an bomb explosion at a religious gathering in northwest Pakistan's Swat Valley, police and hospital officials say. jiingfang her yiyuahn shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh Swat Valley yigeh zongjiaoh jirhuih d zhahdahn baohzhah, shasii zhihshaao 21 rern. <pre> jiingfang her yiyuahn shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh Swat Valley yigeh zongjiaoh jirhuih d zhahdahn baohzhah, shasii zhihshaao 21 rern. police and hospital say: Pakistan northwest Swat Valley a religion gathering 's bomb explosion, kill at least 21 people. </pre> ===China trade data better than expected=== Zhongguor maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao <pre> Zhongguor maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao China trade data compared to expectation good </pre> China trade data is better than expected, it seems that growth in the world's second-largest economy is rebounding, according to reports. juh baohdaao: Zhongguor maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao, kahnlair zhegeh shihjieh dih-2 dah jingjihtii d zengzhaang zaih faantarn. <pre> juh baohdaao: Zhongguor maohyih shuhjuh bii yuhqi haao, kahnlair zhegeh shihjieh dih-2 dah jingjihtii d zengzhaang zaih faantarn. according to report: China trade data compared to expectation good, it seems that this world second big economic body 's growth is rebounding. </pre> ===Mexico group of stray dogs "kills 4" in park=== Mexico yi-qurn liurlahng-goou zaih gongyuarn "shasii 4 rern" <pre> Mexico yi-qurn liurlahng-goou zaih gongyuarn "shasii 4 rern" Mexico a group vagrant dog at park "kill 4 people" </pre> Mexico government is investigating the deaths of 4 people reportedly killed by a group of dogs in a park. Mexico zhehngfuu zhehngzaih diaohchar juhbaoh 4 rern zaih gongyuarn beih yi-qurn goou shasii d geh'ahn. <pre> Mexico zhehngfuu zhehngzaih diaohchar juhbaoh 4 rern zaih gongyuarn beih yi-qurn goou shasii d geh'ahn. Mexico government be in the process investigate according to reports 4 people at park by a group dog kill 's case (in law/etc.). </pre> ==2013-01-09== ===US unmanned airplane "kills 7 militants" in Pakistan=== US wurrern feiji zaih Pakistan "shasii 7 geh wuuzhuang fehnzii" <pre> US wurrern-feiji zaih Pakistan "shasii 7-geh wuuzhuang-fehnzii" US unmanned airplane at Pakistan "kill 7 armed member" </pre> At least 7 militants have been killed in 2 US unmanned airplane attacks in Pakistan's northwestern tribal area, Pakistan officials say. Pakistan guanfang shuo: Pakistan xibeei buhluoh dihqu d 2 cih wurrern feiji xirji, shasii zhihshaao 7 geh wuuzhuang fehnzii. <pre> Pakistan guanfang shuo: Pakistan xibeei buhluoh dihqu d 2-cih wurrern-feiji xirji, shasii zhihshaao 7-geh Pakistan officials say: Pakistan northwest tribe area 's 2 unmanned airplane attack, kill at least 7 wuuzhuang-fehnzii. armed member. </pre> ==2013-01-08== ===Afghanistan armyman kills UK soldier=== Afghanistan junrern shasii Yingjun <pre> Afghanistan junrern shasii Yingjun Afghanistan armyman kill UK soldier </pre> A member of the Afghanistan National Army has shot dead a British soldier and injuring 6 other people. yigeh Afghanistan Guorjia Junduih cherngyuarn qiangsha yigeh Yingjun, lihngwiah 6 rern shouhshang. <pre> yigeh Afghanistan Guorjia Junduih cherngyuarn qiangsha yigeh Yingjun, lihngwiah 6 rern shouhshang. a Afghanistan Nation Army member shoot dead a UK soldier, in addition 6 people be injured. </pre> ===India Maoist rebel army kill 12 soldiers=== India Maorzhuuyih pahnjun shasii 12 geh shihbing <pre> India Maorzhuuyih pahnjun shasii 12 geh shihbing India Maoist rebel army kill 12 soldier </pre> Maoist rebel army have killed 12 paramilitary soldiers of security forces in India's eastern Jharkhand state, police say. jiingfang shuo: India dongbuh Jharkhand-zhou Maorzhuuyih pahnjun shasii 12 geh baao'an buhduih d zhuunjunshih shihbing. <pre> jiingfang shuo: India dongbuh Jharkhand-zhou Maorzhuuyih pahnjun shasii 12 geh baao'an buhduih d zhuunjunshih shihbing. police say: India east Jharkhand state Maoist rebel army kill 12 security army 's paramilitary soldier. </pre> ===Indian soldiers shot dead near Kashmir's Line of Control=== Kashmir Kohngzhih-xiahn fuhjihn India shihbing beih qiangsha <pre> Kashmir Kohngzhih-xiahn fuhjihn India shihbing beih qiangsha kashmir Control line vicinity India soldier be shot dead </pre> 2 Indian soldiers have been shot dead in the disputed Kashmir region between India and Pakistan, officials say. guanfang shuo: 2 geh India shihbing zaih India yuu Pakistan yoou zhengyih d Kashmir dihqu beih qiangsha. <pre> guanfang shuo: 2 geh India shihbing zaih India yuu Pakistan yoou zhengyih d Kashmir dihqu beih qiangsha. officials say: 2 India soldier at Iniia with Pakistan have dispute 's Kashmir region be shot dead. </pre> ===Eurozone unemployment rate reaches new high record=== Eurozone shiyehlüh chuahng gao jihluh <pre> Eurozone shiyehlüh chuahng gao jihluh Eurozone unemployment rate create high record </pre> The Eurozone unemployment rate hit a new high record of 11.8% in November, official figures show. guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Eurozone 11-yuehfehn shiyehlüh chuahng gao jihluh 11.8%. <pre> guanfang shuhzih xiaanshih: Eurozone 11-yuehfehn shiyehlüh chuahng gao jihluh 11.8%. official figure show: Eurozone 11-month period unemployment rate create hign record 11.8%. </pre> ===Nato soldier shot dead in Afghanistan=== Afghanistan Nato shihbing beih qiangsha <pre> Afghanistan Nato shihbing beih qiangsha Afghanistan Nato soldier be shot dead </pre> A Nato soldier has been shot dead by a man wearing Afghanistan army uniform, the military say. junfang shuo: yigeh Nato junrern beih chuan Afghanistan junzhuang d narnrern qiangsha. <pre> junfang shuo: yigeh Nato junrern beih chuan Afghanistan junzhuang d narnrern qiangsha. the milltary say: a Nato soldier by wear Afghanistan army uniform 's man shoot to death. </pre> ===Samsung estimates its smartphone profit to set a new record=== Samsung zhihnerng diahnhuah lihruhn gujih chuahng jihluh <pre> Samsung zhihnerng diahnhuah lihruhn gujih chuahng jihluh Samsung intelligence and ability phone profit estimate create record </pre> Samsung expects to make a record profit for the fourth quarter of this year, as its smartphone sales rises. Samsung zhihnerng diahnhuah xiaoshouh shahngsheng, yuhjih jinniarn dih-4 jihduh lihruhn chuahng jihluh. <pre> Samsung zhihnerng diahnhuah xiaoshouh shahngsheng, yuhjih jinniarn dih-4 jihduh lihruhn chuahng Samsung intelligence and ability phone sales rise, estimate this year fourth quarter (of a year) profit create jihluh. record. </pre> ==2013-01-07== ===Chile landowners killed in "arson attack"=== Chile dihzhuu beih "zohnghuoo" shasii <pre> Chile dihzhuu beih "zohnghuoo" shasii Chile landowner by "arson" kill </pre> A Chile landowner and his wife, who were involved in a land dispute with a local native group, have been killed in a suspected arson attack. Chile dihzhuu her ta d qiz, shehjir yuu dangdih tuuzhuh qurntii d tuudih jiufen, huairyir beih zohnghuoo shasii. <pre> Chile dihzhuu her ta d qiz, shehjir yuu dangdih tuuzhuh qurntii d tuudih jiufen, huairyir beih zohnghuoo shasii. Chile landowner and his wife, involve with local native group 's land dispute, suspect by arson kill. </pre> ===Nine killed in Mexico bar attacks=== Mexico jiuuba xirji, 9 sii <pre> Mexico jiuuba xirji, 9 sii Mexico bar attack, 9 die </pre> Gunmen have attacked 2 bars in northern Mexico, killing at least 9 people. qiangshoou xirji Mexico beeibuh 2-jian jiuba, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. <pre> qiangshoou xirji Mexico beeibuh 2-jian jiuba, shasii zhihshaao 9 rern. gunman attack Mexico north 2 bar, kill at least 9 people. </pre> ===Italy snowslide kills 2=== Italy xueebeng, 2 sii <pre> Italy xueebeng, 2 sii Italy snowslide, 2 die </pre> Northeastern Italy snowslide kills 2 Italian skiers, where 6 Russian tourists were also killed a day earlier in the same valley. Italy dongbeei xueebeng, 2 geh Italy huarxueezhee beihsha; yi tian qiarn 6 geh Russia lüükeh yee zaih torngyi shanguu siiwarng. <pre> Italy dongbeei xueebeng, 2 geh Italy huarxueezhee beihsha; yi tian qiarn 6 geh Russia lüükeh yee zaih torngyi shanguu Italy northeast snowslide, 2 Italy skier be killed; a day ago 6 Russia tourist also at same valley siiwarng. die. </pre> ==2013-01-06== ==="4 killed" in Afghanistan suicide attack=== Afghanistan zihsha xirji, 4 sii <pre> Afghanistan zihsha xirji, 4 sii Afghanistan suicide attack, 4 die </pre> Afghanistan suicide attack kills 4 people in Kandahar, officials say. guanfang shuo: Afghanistan Kandahar zihsha xirji shasii 4 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: Afghanistan Kandahar zihsha xirji shasii 4 rern. officials say: Afghanistan Kandahar suicide attack kill 4 people. </pre> ===India and Pakistan in border clash=== India yuu Pakistan bianjieh chongtu <pre> India yuu Pakistan bianjieh chongtu India with Pakistan border clash </pre> Indian and Pakistani troops clash near the Line of Control in disputed Kashmir, with Pakistan saying one of its soldiers has been killed. India yuu Pakistan junduih zaih yoou zhengyih Kashmir Kohngzhih-Xiahn fuhjihn chongtu, Pakistan shuo ta d yigeh junrern beihsha. <pre> India yuu Pakistan junduih zaih yoou zhengyih Kashmir Kohngzhih-Xiahn fuhjihn chongtu, Pakistan shuo ta d yigeh junrern beihsha. India and pakistan army at have dispute kashmir Control Line vicinity clash, Pakistan say its a army be killed. </pre> ===Labour urges to limit sugar and fat=== Labour duncuh xiahnzhih tarng her zhifarng <pre> Labour duncuh xiahnzhih tarng her zhifarng Labour urge to limit sugar and fat </pre> Labour strongly demand the government to limit sugar, salt and fat as it is discussing to solve the problem of obesity. Labour zaih taaoluhn jieejuer chifeir d wehntir, qiarnglieh yaoqiur zhehngfuu xiahnzhih tarng, yarn her zhifarng. <pre> Labour zaih taaoluhn jieejuer chifeir d wehntir, qiarnglieh yaoqiur zhehngfuu xiahnzhih tarng, yarn her zhifarng. Labour at discuss solve obesity 's problem, strongly demand government to limit sugar, salt and fat. </pre> ==2013-01-05== ===4 dead in Colorado shooting=== Colorado qiangji, 4 sii <pre> Colorado qiangji, 4 sii Colorado gun shooting, 4 die </pre> 4 people, including a gunman, are found dead following a shooting incident and stand-off with police in Aurora, in the US state of Colorado. US Colorado-zhou Aurora qiangji jih'err yuu jiingchar duihzhih shihjiahn, yiinzhih 4 rern baokuoh yigeh qiangshoou siiwarng. <pre> US Colorado-zhou Aurora qiangji jih'err yuu jiingchar duihzhih shihjiahn, yiinzhih 4 rern baokuoh yigeh US Colorado-state Aurora shooting then with police stand facing each other shihjiahn, result in 4 people include a qiangshoou siiwarng. gunman die. </pre> ===6 Russians die on Alps ski slope=== Alps huarxuee xierpo 6 geh Russia-rern siiwarng <pre> Alps huarxuee xierpo 6 geh Russia-rern siiwarng Alps ski slope 6 Russia people die </pre> 6 Russian tourists die as their snowmobile flips over during a night-time run down an Alpine ski slope in north-eastern Italy, reports say. juh baohdaao: Italy dongbeeibuh 6 geh Russia lüükeh d xueedihche yehjian huarluoh Alps huarxuee xierpo shir fanche siiwarng. <pre> juh baohdaao: Italy dongbeeibuh 6 geh Russia lüükeh d xueedihche yehjian huarluoh Alps huarxuee xierpo shir according to report: Italy northeast 6 Russia tourist 's snowmobile at night slide down Alps ski slope time fanche siiwarng. turn over (a vehicle) die. </pre> ==2013-01-04== ===UK service sector activity falls=== UK furwuhyeh huordohng xiahjiahng <pre> UK furwuhyeh huordohng xiahjiahng UK service sector activity fall </pre> Activity in the UK's services sector fell for the first time in 2 years in December, a survey suggests, raising fears for the economy. diaohchar xiaanshih UK 12-yuehfehn furwuhyeh huordohng 2 niarn lair shooucih xiahjiahng, yiinqii duih jingjih d youlüh. <pre> diaohchar xiaanshih UK 12-yuehfehn furwuhyeh huordohng 2 niarn lair shooucih xiahjiahng, yiinqii duih jingjih d youlüh. survey show UK 12th month service sector activity 2 year -since first time fall, raise about economy 's worry. </pre> ===Mexico army kill 12 in gun battle=== Mexico qiangzhahn, junduih shasii 12 rern <pre> Mexico qiangzhahn, junduih shasii 12 rern Mexico gun battle, army kill 12 people </pre> Mexico army pursued and shot dead 12 people after coming under attack in Zacatecas state, officials have said. guanfang shuo: Mexico junduih zaih Zacatecas-zhou beih xirji zhihouh, zhuibuu her jibih 12 rern. <pre> guanfang shuo: Mexico junduih zaih Zacatecas-zhou beih xirji zhihouh, zhuibuu her jibih 12 rern. officials say: Mexico army at Zacatecas state be attacked -after, pursue and shoot dead 12 people. </pre> ===Philippines deadly gun attack=== Philippines zhihmihng qiangji <pre> Philippines zhihmihng qiangji Philippines deadly gun attack </pre> A gunman in a town near Manila, the capital of the Philippines, has killed at least 7 people and injured 6, who was later shot dead by police. Philippines shooudu Manila fuhjihn shihzhehn, qiangshoou shehsha zhihshaao 7 rern, 6 rern shouhshang, houhlair ta beih jiingchar jibih. <pre> Philippines shooudu Manila fuhjihn shihzhehn, qiangshoou shehsha zhihshaao 7 rern, 6 rern shouhshang, Philippines capital (of a country) Manila vicinity town, gunman kill by shooting at least 7 people, 6 people be injured, houhlair ta beih jiingchar jibih. later he by police shoot dead. </pre> ===China orphanage fire disaster "burns 7 children to death" in Henan=== Zhongguor Hernarn gu'erryuahn huoozai "shaosii 7 geh errtorng" <pre> Zhongguor Hernarn gu'erryuahn huoozai "shaosii 7 geh errtorng" China Henan orphanage fire disaster "burn to death 7 child" </pre> A fire disaster at a privately owned orphanage in China's northern Henan province has burned at least 7 children to death, state-run media report. guoryirng meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor beeibuh Hernarn-sheeng siyirng gu'erryuahn huoozai, shaosii zhihshaao 7 geh errtorng. <pre> guoryirng meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor beeibuh Hernarn-sheeng siyirng gu'erryuahn huoozai, shaosii zhihshaao state-run media report: China north Henan province privately owned orphanage fire disaster, burn to death at least 7 geh errtorng. 7 child. </pre> ===Bomb kills Shiah pilgrims in Iraq=== zhahdahn zhahsii Iraq Shiah xiangkeh <pre> zhahdahn zhahsii Iraq Shiah xiangkeh bomb kill by explosion Iraq Shiah pilgrim </pre> <pre> A car bomb kills at least 20 Shiah Muslim pilgrims and injures others in the Iraqi town of Musayyib, south of the capital Baghdad, officials say. guanfang shuo: Iraq shooudu Baghdad narnbuh Musayyib-zhehn qihche zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 20 geh Shiah Muslim xiangkeh, duo rern shouhshang. </pre> ===Syria petrol station attacked by bomb=== Syria jiayourzhahn bei zhahdahn xirji <pre> Syria jiayourzhahn bei zhahdahn xirji Syria petrol station by bomb attack </pre> At least 9 people have been killed and many injured by a car bomb at a petrol station in Damascus, say activists. jijirfehnzii shuo: Damascus jiayourzhahn qihche zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 9 rern, duo rern shouhshang. <pre> jijirfehnzii shuo: Damascus jiayourzhahn qihche zhahdahn zhahsii zhihshaao 9 rern, duo rern shouhshang. activist say: Damascus petrol station car bomb kill by explosion at least 9 people, many people be injured. </pre> ===China firm in "blast cover up"=== Zhongguor gongsi "yiinmarn baohzhah" <pre> Zhongguor gongsi "yiinmarn baohzhah" China company "cover up blast" </pre> A railway company in northern China is accused of covering up an explosion in a tunnel last month which left 8 dead, state media report. guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor beeibuh tieeluh gongsi beih qiaanzer yiinmarn shahngyueh 8 rern siiwarng d suihdaoh baohzhah. <pre> guorjia meirtii baohdaao: Zhongguor beeibuh tieeluh gongsi beih qiaanzer yiinmarn shahngyueh 8 rern siiwarng d suihdaoh state media report: China north railway company be condemned cover up last month 8 people die 's tunnel baohzhah. explosion. </pre> ===Pakistan militant leader killed=== Pakistan wuuzhuang-fehnzii liingxiuh beihsha <pre> Pakistan wuuzhuang-fehnzii liingxiuh beihsha Pakistan armed-member leader be killed </pre> Senior Pakistani militant leader Mullah Nazir is killed by a US drone strike in the tribal area of north-western Pakistan, local security officials say. dangdih baao'an guanyuarn shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh buhluoh-qu gaoji wuuzhuang-fehnzii liingxiuh Mullah Nazir beih US wurrern feiji xirji siiwarng. <pre> dangdih baao'an guanyuarn shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh buhluoh-qu gaoji wuuzhuang-fehnzii liingxiuh Mullah Nazir beih US wurrern local security official say: Pakistan northwest tribe area senior armed-member leader Mullah Nasir by US unmanned feiji xirji siiwarng. plane attack die. </pre> ==2013-01-03== ===Nigeria police station burnt down=== Nigeria jiingjur beih shaohuii <pre> Nigeria jiingjur beih shaohuii Nigeria police station be burnt down </pre> 4 people are killed when a police station and local government office are destroyed by gunmen in north-eastern Nigeria, police say. jiingfang shuo: Nigeria dongbeeibuh qiangshoou pohhuaih jiingjur her zhehngfuu bahngongshih, 4 rern beihsha. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Nigeria dongbeeibuh qiangshoou pohhuaih jiingjur her zhehngfuu bahngongshih, shasii 4 rern. police say: Nigeria northeast gunman destroy police station and government office, kill 4 people. </pre> ===Libyan gunmen seize top policeman=== Libya qiangshoou furhuoh gaoji jiingchar <pre> Libya qiangshoou furhuoh gaoji jiingchar Libya gunman capture high police </pre> Armed men seize the acting head of the criminal investigation department in Libya's second city, Benghazi. wuuzhuang-fehnzii zaih Libya dih-2 cherngshih Benghazi furhuoh xirngshih diaohcharbuh daihlii shoouzhaang. <pre> wuuzhuang-fehnzii zaih Libya dih-2 cherngshih Benghazi furhuoh xirngshih diaohcharbuh daihlii shoouzhaang. armed member at Libya second city Benghazi capture criminal investigation department acting chief. </pre> ===Switzerland gunman kills 3=== Switzerland qiangshoou shasii 3 rern <pre> Switzerland qiangshoou shasii 3 rern Switzerland gunman kill 3 people </pre> A gunman has opened fire in a village in Switzerland, killing 3 people and wounding 2 others, Swiss police say. Switzerland jiingfang shuo: Switzerland xiangcun qiangshoou kaihuoo, 3 sii 2 shang. <pre> Switzerland jiingfang shuo: Switzerland xiangcun qiangshoou kaihuoo, 3 sii 2 shang. Switzerland police say: Switzerland village gunman open fire, 3 die 2 injure. </pre> ===9 bodies found in Colombia luxury house=== Colombia haorzhair faxiahn 9 geh shitii <pre> Colombia haorzhair faxiahn 9 geh shitii Colombia luxury house discover 9 corpse </pre> Colombia police have found 9 corpses inside a luxury house in the city of Envigado. Colombia jiingfang zaih Envigado-shih yi-jian haorzhair faxiahn 9 geh shitii. <pre> Colombia jiingfang zaih Envigado-shih yi-jian haorzhair faxiahn 9 geh shitii. Colombia police at Envigado city a luxury house discover 9 corpse. </pre> ===Colombia air strike "kills 13 Farc rebels"=== Colombia kongxir "shasii 13 geh Farc pahnjun" <pre> Colombia kongxir "shasii 13 geh Farc pahnjun" Colombia air strike "kill 13 Farc rebel army" </pre> The Colombian Air Force says it has killed 13 Farc rebels in an attack on a camp in Antioquia province, as peace talks are due to resume in Cuba. herpirng tarnpahn dihngyur zaih Cuba huifuh zhijih, Colombia Kongjun shuo zaih Antioquia-sheeng yirngdih d xirji shasii 13 geh Farc pahnjun. <pre> herpirng tarnpahn dihngyur zaih Cuba huifuh zhijih, Colombia Kongjun shuo zaih Antioquia-sheeng yirngdih d xirji shasii peace talk scheduled to at Cuba resume -when, Colombia Air Force say at Antioquia province camp 's attack kill 13 geh Farc pahnjun. 13 Farc rebel army. </pre> ==2013-01-02== ==="60,000 killed" in Syria unrest=== syria dohngluahn "60,000 beihsha" <pre> syria dohngluahn "60,000 beihsha" Syria unrest "60,000 be killed" </pre> More than 60,000 people are killed since Syria's rebellion begins in March 2011, the UN say. UN shuo: 2011 niarn 3 yueh Syria pahnluahn kaishii yiilair, chaoguoh 60,000 rern beihsha. <pre> UN shuo: 2011 niarn 3 yueh Syria pahnluahn kaishii yiilair, chaoguoh 60,000 rern beihsha. UN say: 2011 year 3 month Syria rebellion start -since, exceed 60,000 people be killed. </pre> ===China manufacturing grows steadily=== Zhongguor gongyeh weenbuh zengzhaang <pre> Zhongguor gongyeh weenbuh zengzhaang China industry steadily grow </pre> China industry expands for the third month continuously, it seems that the world's second-largest economy is recovering. Zhongguor zhihzaohyeh liarnxuh di-3 geh yueh fazhaan, kahnlair zhehgeh shihjieh dih-2 dah jingjihtii zaih fuhsu-zhong. <pre> Zhongguor zhihzaohyeh liarnxuh di-3 geh yueh fazhaan, kahnlair zhehgeh shihjieh dih-2 dah jingjihtii China manufacturing continuously third month develop, it seems that this world second big economic body zaih fuhsu-zhong. at recovering </pre> ===10 die in Angola stampede=== Angola caaitah-shihjiahn, 10 sii <pre> Angola caaitah-shihjiahn, 10 sii Angola trample-incident, 10 die </pre> 10 die and 120 injured in a stampede as the crowd entering a stadium for a New Year's vigil in Angola, reports say. juhbaoh Angola rernqurn jihnruh tiiyuhchaang canjia Xinniarn shoouyeh fasheng caaitah shihjiahn, 10 sii, 120 shang. <pre> juhbaoh Angola rernqurn jihnruh tiiyuhchaang canjia Xinniarn shoouyeh fasheng caaitah shihjiahn, 10 sii, 120 shang. according to report Angola crowd enter stadium attend New Year vigil happen trample incident, 10 die, 120 injure. </pre> ==2013-01-01== ===Pakistan charity workers killed=== Pakistan cirshahn gongrern beihsha <pre> Pakistan cirshahn gongrern beihsha Pakistan charity worker be killed </pre> 7 charity workers, 6 of them women, are killed by gunmen in northwest Pakistan, police say. jiingfang shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh qiangshoou shasii 7 geh cirshahn gongrern, baokuoh 6 geh nüürern. <pre> jiingfang shuo: Pakistan xibeeibuh qiangshoou shasii 7 geh cirshahn gongrern, baokuoh 6 geh nüürern. police say: Pakistan northwest gunman kill 7 charity worker, include 6 woman. </pre> ===60 die in stampede in Cote d'Ivoire=== Cote d'Ivoire jiitah-shihjiahn, 60 sii <pre> Cote d'Ivoire jiitah-shihjiahn, 60 sii Cote d'Ivoire stampede, 60 die </pre> At least 60 people are killed and more than 200 are injured in a stampede during New Year festivities in Cote d'Ivoire's main city Abidjan, officials say. guanfang shuo: Cote d'Ivoire zhuuyaoh cherngshih Abidjan Xinniarn qihngdiaan fasheng jiitah-shihjiahn, zhihshaao 60 sii, chaoguoh 200 shouhshang. <pre> guanfang shuo: Cote d'Ivoire zhuuyaoh cherngshih Abidjan Xinniarn qihngdiaan fasheng jiitah-shihjiahn, zhihshaao 60 sii, officails say: Cote d'Ivoire main city Abidjan New Year celebration happen stamped, at least 60 die, <pre> chaoguoh 200 shouhshang. exceed 200 be injured. </pre> ===Rebel army reject Central African Republic president's offer=== pahnjun juhjuer Zhongfei Gohngherguor zoongtoong d tiryih <pre> pahnjun juhjuer Zhongfei Gohngherguor zoongtoong d tiryih rebel army reject Central Africa Republic president 's proposal </pre> Rebel army in Central African Republic dismiss President Francois Bozize's offer to form a coalition government, saying he cannot be trusted. Zhongfei Gohngherguor pahnjun juhjuer Francois Bozize zoongtoong guanyur zuucherng liarnher zhehngfuu d jiahnyih, rehnweir ta xihnbuguoh. <pre> Zhongfei Gohngherguor pahnjun juehjuer Francois Bozize zoongtoong guanyur zuucherng liarnher zhehngfuu d jiahnyih, Central Africa Republic rebel army reject Francois Bozize president about to form coalition government 's proposal, <pre> rehnweir ta xihnbuguoh. think that he cannot be trusted. </pre> ===DR Congo M23 rebels placed under UN sanctions=== DR Congo M23 pahnjun beih UN zhihcair <pre> DR Congo M23 pahnjun beih UN zhihcair DR Congo M23 rebel army by UN to sanction </pre> The UN Security Council has imposed sanctions against leaders of the M23 rebel movement in DR Congo. UN Anquarn Liishihhuih zhihcair DR Congo M23 zaohfaan yuhndohng d liingxiuhmen. <pre> UN Anquarn Liishihhuih zhihcair DR Congo M23 zaohfaan yuhndohng d liingxiuhmen. UN Security Council to sanction DR Congo M23 rebel movement 's leaders. </pre> ===Firework displays welcome 2013=== fahng yanhua yirngjie 2013 <pre> fahng yanhua yirngjie 2013 set off fireworks welcome 2013 </pre> Celebrations are being held around the world to welcome in the New Year. shihjieh gehdih qihngzhuh Xinniarn daohlair. <pre> shihjieh gehdih qihngzhuh Xinniarn daohlair. world everywhere celebrate New Year arrive. </pre> {{BookCat}} [[Category:Pinyin/Journalism]] 5qzmzuulx2d5mr1etuc60vzm8k1mjr7 2 392990 4678727 4678610 2026-10-28T15:23:35Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678727 wikitext text/x-wiki <b>teater</b> <i>vt.</i> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see :<b>teater engalay</b> to see double :<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black :<b>teater mari</b> to see stars :<b>teater ota mep :<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing :<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing :: <b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. :<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen ::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical :::<b>teata drursiyn tyeen</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi<b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive :<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece :<b>teataxdrer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to videotape ::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video :<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually :<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight ::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted :::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to show ::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible :::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity :::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. :::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder mtxy92g21ynzme4cghlmev5n44pineq 4678733 4678727 2026-10-28T16:52:59Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678733 wikitext text/x-wiki <b>teater</b> <i>vt.</i> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view :<b>teater engalay</b> to see double :<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black :<b>teater mari</b> to see stars :<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to :<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses :<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light :<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose :<b>teater za at</b> to see before me :<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing :<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing :: <b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. :<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen ::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical :::<b>teata drursiyn tyeen</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive :<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece :<b>teataxdrer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to videotape ::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video :<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually :<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight ::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted :::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to enable to see ::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible :::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity :::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. :::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing <b>teatier</b> <i>v.t.</i> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice : <b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception : <b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception : <b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived : <b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive : <b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible ::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility ::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively : <b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive : <b>teatyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :: <b>teatyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :: <b>teatyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly : <b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern 8yhy5f7y8m7oh5w9xrkx56ywso4i9rb 4678739 4678733 2026-10-28T17:31:02Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678739 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teater</b> <i>vt.</i> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical :::<b>teata drursiyn tyeen</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing :<b>teatier</b> <i>v.t.</i> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> <i>v.t.</i> to lose sight of ::<br>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist bmq401zvfxbcje3b2ilmej10105a9uw 4678743 4678739 2026-10-28T17:58:39Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678743 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teater</b> <i>vt.</i> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing :<b>teatier</b> <i>v.t.</i> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> <i>v.t.</i> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist hedzylmke0bpzjzzhrbz6xz9zzd3gsb 4678751 4678743 2026-10-28T19:53:44Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678751 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> <i>v.t.</i> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing :<b>teatier</b> <i>v.t.</i> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> <i>v.t.</i> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.<i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to survey, to look over, to overview :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>oteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look back ::<b>zayteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to watch, to keep looking ::<b>yubteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to glance at ::<b>yagteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to gaze at ::<b>kuteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to observe ::<b>ibteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to reconsider b9x6ungtm75f2knorh3zemrpopv7v86 4678756 4678751 2026-10-28T20:49:42Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678756 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</u> Au revoir. :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue (''' ''' = ) ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan (''' ''' = ) ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down (''' ''' = ) ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far (''' ''' = ) ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right (''' ''' = ) ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth (''' ''' = ) ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) he2tng1us75a2o4t63k21ny9gsuy4pk 4678758 4678756 2026-10-28T21:37:56Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678758 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''baxer''' = to bat) ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) 3ju267d011r8aqtg1fi7ljpx08qsmyv 4678759 4678758 2026-10-28T21:44:51Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678759 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''baxer''' = to bat) ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ai1kl9wmemiducn48qxl2w80i9at9so 4 396216 4678816 4678663 2026-10-29T08:11:02Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 75 days) to [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive 5]] 4678816 wikitext text/x-wiki __NONEWSECTIONLINK__ __NOINDEX__ {{Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Header}} {{shortcut|WB:EFFP}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(75d) |counter = 5 |maxarchivesize = 150K |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 3 }} == ~2026-49041-81 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-49041-81|~2026-49041-81]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-49041-81|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-49041-81|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-49041-81|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-49041-81}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Danish]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Danish&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-49041-81}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Tried to add this link to my-danish-tutor.com This one has a ton of free resources and interactive materials for learning Danish. Reading, listening, conversations, grammar, word lists, flashcards and much more. ;Date and time : 17:50, 10 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : It says I added a "large amount of content" to this page. Even though I did copy paste the Introduction, the rest was me typing. ;Date and time : 08:49, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == ActStuffOGWiki == ;Username : [[:b:User:ActStuffOGWiki|ActStuffOGWiki]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:ActStuffOGWiki|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/ActStuffOGWiki|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/ActStuffOGWiki|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:ActStuffOGWiki}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Indian Railways/History]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Indian+Railways%2FHistory&wpSearchUser=ActStuffOGWiki}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : ''Note: This page is not published yet. '' I tried to make this page normally, but the [[Wikibooks:edit filter|edit filter]] told that there has been a '''large amount of content''' added. I did it again but copy-pasted sentence by sentence because I didn't want to type the whole thing again. It still says the same warning. ;Date and time : 09:02, 18 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> == Benson Benjamin. M == ;Username : [[:b:User:Benson Benjamin. M|Benson Benjamin. M]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Benson Benjamin. M|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Benson Benjamin. M|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Benson Benjamin. M|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Benson Benjamin. M}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Benson+Benjamin.+M}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 13:19, 28 September 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:12, 21 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-56325-65 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-56325-65|~2026-56325-65]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-56325-65|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-56325-65|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-56325-65|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-56325-65}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-56325-65}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-56325-65}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Funding_and_Finance_of_Transportation_Projects_in_the_United_States_of_America]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FFunding_and_Finance_of_Transportation_Projects_in_the_United_States_of_America}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FFunding_and_Finance_of_Transportation_Projects_in_the_United_States_of_America&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-56325-65}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : i was told to divide my page into chapters which I did and after that i wanted to delete the actual material from the Table of Contents page but the system thought I was deleting a lot of material. ;Date and time : 10:01, 21 October 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|fixed}} by myself. {{ping|~2026-56325-65}} Feel free to retry your edit(s) again. I included an exemption for the filter. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:12, 21 October 2026 (UTC) 3ssj8vsfbxar08all0bfn985b562vjk 0 396414 4678819 4536257 2026-10-29T10:17:57Z JCrue 2226064 4678819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Nimzowitsch attack |eco=[[Chess/ECOC|C42]] |parent=[[Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...e5/2. Nf3/2...Nf6|Russian game]] → [[../|4...Nxe4]]}} == 5. Nc3 · Nimzowitsch attack == This move is played if White wants to imbalance the position in the otherwise dull and symmetrical Petrov. White offers a knight trade. Taking it, [[/5...Nxc3|'''5...Nxc3''']], is the main move, and after 6. dxc3 White has open lines but doubled pawns. '''5...Nf6''' is an alternative. [[w:Viswanathan Anand|Viswanathan Anand]] once played '''5...Bf5??''' in this position, and resigned after 6. Qe2: the knight is pinned and there is no saving it.<ref>[https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1018015 Zapata v Anand, 1988. Chessgames.com]</ref> == Theory table == {| class="wikitable" |+ !5 !6 !7 ! |- |... Nxc3 |dxc3 Be7 |Be3 O-O |= |- |... Nf6 |d4 d5 |Bd3 Bd6 | +/= |} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Petrov's Defence}} {{ChessFooter}} 3x0n8msrikcwsaj7kvyd5diraxqw70v 0 396742 4678793 3597042 2026-10-29T01:52:20Z Qaung 3627696 Expand Unicode string processing, normalization, segmentation and programming examples; preserve existing tables. COI: I maintain the linked supplementary resource. 4678793 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string.<ref>[[w:Comparison of programming languages (string functions)|Comparison of programming languages (string functions)]]</ref> Common operations include comparing, searching, joining, splitting, replacing, and extracting text. In applications that process [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] text, the results of some operations also depend on how a language represents strings and where it considers character boundaries to occur. == Discussion == Most current programming languages include built-in or library functions to process strings. Common examples include case conversion, comparison, concatenation, find, join, length, reverse, split, substring, and trim. The following tables summarize familiar functions and methods. They are introductory examples rather than interchangeable equivalents: some languages use functions, others use methods, and the behavior of string indexing, length, and case conversion can differ substantially between languages. Library versions and supported Unicode operations may also vary. {| class="wikitable" !Function !C++ !C# !Java |- |case |<code>tolower()</code>, <code>toupper()</code>, etc. |<code>ToLower()</code>, <code>ToUpper()</code>, etc. |<code>toLowerCase()</code>, <code>toUpperCase()</code>, etc. |- |comparison |<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>==</code>, etc. |<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>==</code>, etc. |<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>==</code>, etc. |- |concatenation |<code>+</code>, <code>+=</code> |<code>+</code>, <code>+=</code> |<code>+</code>, <code>+=</code> |- |find |<code>find()</code> |<code>IndexOf()</code> |<code>indexOf()</code> |- |join |N/A |<code>Join()</code> |<code>join()</code> |- |length |<code>length()</code> |<code>Length</code> |<code>length()</code> |- |replace |<code>replace()</code> |<code>Replace()</code> |<code>replace()</code> |- |reverse |<code>reverse()</code> |<code>Reverse()</code> |N/A |- |split |<code>strtok()</code> |<code>Split()</code> |<code>split()</code> |- |substring |<code>substr()</code> |<code>Substring()</code> |<code>substring()</code> |- |trim |N/A |<code>Trim()</code> |<code>trim()</code> |} {| class="wikitable" !Function !JavaScript !Python !Swift |- |case |<code>toLowerCase()</code>, <code>toUpperCase()</code>, etc. |<code>lower()</code>, <code>upper()</code>, etc. |<code>lowercased()</code>, <code>uppercased()</code> |- |comparison |<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>==</code>, etc. |<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>==</code>, etc. |<code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>==</code>, etc. |- |concatenation |<code>+</code>, <code>+=</code> |<code>+</code>, <code>+=</code> |<code>+</code>, <code>+=</code> |- |find |<code>indexOf()</code> |<code>find()</code> |<code>firstIndex()</code> |- |join |<code>join()</code> |<code>join()</code> |<code>joined()</code> |- |length |<code>length</code> |<code>len()</code> |<code>count</code> |- |replace |<code>replace()</code> |<code>replace()</code> |<code>replacingOccurrences()</code> |- |reverse |N/A |<code>string[::-1]</code> |<code>reversed()</code> |- |split |<code>split()</code> |<code>split()</code> |<code>split()</code> |- |substring |<code>substring()</code> |<code>string[start:end]</code> |<code>string[start...end]</code> |- |trim |<code>trim()</code> |<code>strip()</code> |<code>trimmingCharacters()</code> |} === Unicode and units of string length === The term ''character'' is ambiguous in string-processing APIs. A programmer may need to distinguish four different measurements:<ref name="uax29">[https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/ Unicode Standard Annex #29: Unicode Text Segmentation], Unicode Consortium.</ref><ref name="mdnlength">[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/length String: length], MDN Web Docs.</ref> * '''Bytes''' are the storage or encoded transmission units. A UTF-8 string can require one to four bytes per Unicode scalar value. * '''UTF-16 code units''' are 16-bit units. A character outside the [[w:Basic Multilingual Plane|Basic Multilingual Plane]] generally uses two UTF-16 code units (a surrogate pair). * '''Unicode code points''' are numerical positions in the Unicode codespace. Some text elements comprise more than one code point. * '''Extended grapheme clusters''' are sequences segmented according to rules in Unicode Standard Annex #29. They are often useful as an approximation of user-perceived characters, although not every user-perceived unit can be modeled perfectly by a default segmentation algorithm. {| class="wikitable" |+ Illustrative lengths of Unicode text ! Text ! UTF-8 bytes ! UTF-16 code units ! Unicode code points ! Extended grapheme clusters |- | <code>A</code> (Latin capital A) | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | <code>é</code> (U+00E9, precomposed) | 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 |- | <code>e</code> + U+0301 (combining acute accent) | 3 || 2 || 2 || 1 |- | <code>𝐀</code> (U+1D400, mathematical bold capital A) | 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 |- | <code>🙂</code> (U+1F642, slightly smiling face) | 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 |} The two spellings of ''é'' in the table may look the same yet have different code-point and byte counts. Similarly, a supplementary mathematical symbol such as <code>𝐀</code> occupies two UTF-16 code units, even though it is a single code point and a single extended grapheme cluster. Common language APIs use different units: * In '''JavaScript''', <code>String.length</code> and many string-indexing methods operate on UTF-16 code units. Iteration with <code>for...of</code> or the string iterator uses Unicode code points; neither necessarily counts grapheme clusters.<ref name="mdnlength" /> * In '''Java''', <code>String.length()</code> counts UTF-16 code units, while <code>codePointCount()</code> can count Unicode code points within a range.<ref>[https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/25/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/String.html Java Platform, String class], Oracle.</ref> * In '''Python 3''', <code>len()</code> on a string counts Unicode code points, whereas <code>len(text.encode('utf-8'))</code> counts encoded UTF-8 bytes. Neither expression directly counts extended grapheme clusters.<ref>[https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str Python Standard Library: Text Sequence Type — str], Python Software Foundation.</ref> * In '''Swift''', <code>String.count</code> counts <code>Character</code> values, which represent extended grapheme clusters, while UTF-8 and UTF-16 views expose corresponding encoding units.<ref>[https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/documentation/the-swift-programming-language/stringsandcharacters/ Strings and Characters], ''The Swift Programming Language''.</ref> * In '''C++''', <code>std::string::size()</code> counts <code>char</code> elements, which in a UTF-8 string are UTF-8 code units (bytes), not necessarily Unicode characters. Unicode-aware segmentation requires additional processing or libraries. === Example: counting a string in Python === The next example uses a letter followed by a combining accent. The visible text resembles a single accented letter, but its Unicode representation contains two code points. <syntaxhighlight lang="python"> import unicodedata text = "e\u0301" # e followed by COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT print(len(text)) # 2 code points print(len(text.encode("utf-8"))) # 3 bytes print(len(unicodedata.normalize("NFC", text))) # 1 code point </syntaxhighlight> The final expression uses NFC to compose the sequence into U+00E9 where the Unicode composition rules permit it. It is not a general grapheme-counting algorithm: an extended grapheme cluster may consist of multiple code points even after NFC normalization.<ref name="uax15">[https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/ Unicode Standard Annex #15: Unicode Normalization Forms], Unicode Consortium.</ref> === Example: counting a supplementary symbol in JavaScript === In JavaScript, a mathematical bold letter illustrates why UTF-16 code-unit counts differ from Unicode code-point counts: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> const text = "𝐀"; // U+1D400 MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL A console.log(text.length); // 2 UTF-16 units console.log([...text].length); // 1 code point console.log(new TextEncoder().encode(text).length); // 4 UTF-8 bytes const segmenter = new Intl.Segmenter("en", { granularity: "grapheme" }); console.log([...segmenter.segment(text)].length); // 1 grapheme cluster </syntaxhighlight> <code>Intl.Segmenter</code> provides locale-sensitive segmentation facilities, including grapheme segmentation, in supporting JavaScript environments.<ref>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/Segmenter Intl.Segmenter], MDN Web Docs.</ref> Applications should consider runtime support and Unicode-version differences when choosing a segmentation implementation. === Unicode normalization and string comparison === Two Unicode strings can represent canonically equivalent text using different code-point sequences. For example, U+00E9 and the sequence U+0065 U+0301 are canonically equivalent; direct code-point or code-unit comparison may nevertheless treat the unnormalized strings as different. Unicode defines four normalization forms:<ref name="uax15" /> * '''NFD''' produces canonical decomposition. * '''NFC''' applies canonical decomposition followed by canonical composition. * '''NFKD''' produces compatibility decomposition. * '''NFKC''' applies compatibility decomposition followed by canonical composition. The ''K'' forms can change distinctions that matter in some applications. For example, NFKC maps U+1D400 MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL A (<code>𝐀</code>) to ordinary Latin capital <code>A</code>. Such transformations may be useful for certain searches but may be inappropriate when the original mathematical letter identity is significant. When comparing text, programmers should first decide what counts as equivalent for the application. Normalization, case-insensitive comparison, locale-aware collation, and security-oriented confusable detection are separate operations; no single conversion provides every form of equivalence. Unicode normalization alone is also not a complete solution to spoofing or identifier-security problems.<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr39/ Unicode Technical Standard #39: Unicode Security Mechanisms], Unicode Consortium.</ref> === Substrings, reversal, and safe text boundaries === Substring and reverse operations must be interpreted in the same units as the underlying API: * Cutting a UTF-16 string at an arbitrary code-unit offset can separate a high surrogate from its low surrogate, leaving an unpaired surrogate. * Reversing a sequence by individual code points can separate combining marks from their base letters or disrupt a multi-code-point emoji sequence. * A grapheme-aware cursor, deletion operation, or user-facing substring function should use an appropriate segmentation algorithm when the task is to operate on extended grapheme clusters.<ref name="uax29" /> Code-point-safe iteration prevents splitting a surrogate pair but does not, by itself, preserve grapheme clusters. Applications for editing, displaying or truncating user-visible text may also need to account for font rendering, script-specific behavior and available display width. === Exercises === # In Python, compare the lengths of <code>"é"</code> and <code>"e\u0301"</code>. Explain why their <code>len()</code> results differ even though they can look identical. # In JavaScript, compare <code>"𝐀".length</code> with <code>[..."𝐀"].length</code>. Identify the units counted by each expression. # Normalize the strings <code>"𝐀"</code> and <code>"A"</code> using NFC and NFKC. Which normalization form preserves their distinct identities? # Describe why reversing a string one Unicode code point at a time is not always suitable for user-visible text. == Key Terms == ; case : A function that changes the case of letters where applicable. Case conversion is language- and Unicode-dependent; it is not always a one-to-one transformation. ; comparison : Determines an ordering or equality relationship between two values. For text, the comparison rules may be based on code units, code points, or locale-sensitive collation. ; [[w:Concatenation|concatenate]] : Join character strings end-to-end.<ref>[[w:Concatenation|Concatenation]]</ref> ; find : Searches a string for a specified character sequence or pattern and, if found, usually returns its position. ; join : Combines a sequence of strings, optionally placing a separator between adjacent strings. ; length : Reports the size of a string using the unit defined by its API, such as bytes, code units, code points, or grapheme clusters. ; replace : Substitutes specified text or matches within a string with replacement text. ; reverse : Reorders a sequence of elements in reverse order. Reversal by bytes or code points can be inappropriate for Unicode grapheme clusters. ; split : Divides a string into parts using a delimiter or pattern. ; substring : Extracts a portion of a string according to an API's indexing and boundary rules.<ref>[[w:Substring|Substring]]</ref> ; trim : Removes specified characters, commonly leading and trailing whitespace.<ref>[[w:Trimming (computer programming)|Trimming (computer programming)]]</ref> ; code point : A numerical position in the Unicode codespace; a single visible text element may contain more than one code point. ; code unit : An element of a character encoding form, such as an 8-bit UTF-8 unit or a 16-bit UTF-16 unit. ; extended grapheme cluster : A text segment defined by the Unicode default extended grapheme cluster rules, often corresponding approximately to a user-perceived character.<ref name="uax29" /> ; normalization : Conversion of Unicode text to a specified normalized form for consistent representation under defined equivalence rules.<ref name="uax15" /> == Further reading == * [https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/ Unicode Standard Annex #15: Unicode Normalization Forms] — canonical and compatibility equivalence. * [https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/ Unicode Standard Annex #29: Unicode Text Segmentation] — grapheme, word and sentence boundary algorithms. * [https://letrasdiferentess.github.io/us/string-length-bytes-units-codepoints-graphemes/ Unicode string length: bytes, code units, code points and grapheme clusters] — supplementary examples and comparisons. <!-- Contributor disclosure: the editor adding this link maintains the linked site. See the edit summary and/or discussion page. --> == References == {{reflist}} {{subpage navbar}} {{BookCat}} 8s4dxbtvszb2vl0ap9n8fuw3ddafc0e 110 410694 4678768 4678619 2026-10-28T22:50:27Z How hardy 3627644 /* Where is it found? */ Added information. 4678768 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[File:Kr-TableImage.svg|thumb|left|500px|Shows the position of Krypton on the periodic chart.]] [[File:Krypton.svg|thumb|55px|Krypton's symbol on the Periodic Table]] {{clear}} ==What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. In the gaseous state, krypton sometimes emits green and yellow light. In the solid state it is white. Since krypton is a gas under normal conditions, it has no tactile texture or feel. If inhaled, it would feel heavier than air. It has no smell. Krypton has no taste because it does not react with taste receptors on the tongue. ==How was it discovered?== It was discovered on May 30, 1898, by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist. They discovered it by boiling liquified air and some of the liquid that was left was krypton. Due to krypton's (relatively) high boiling point at -153.415 C, the more abundant gases or low boiling point gases evaporated and what was left was krypton. The method they used was called fractional distillation. Components were removed one-by-one from the evaporated liquid air. A tiny residue remained after oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases were removed. The residue was krypton, a previously unknown noble gas. [[File:Electron shell 036 Krypton.svg|thumb|Krypton element form]] ==Where did its name come from?== The name comes from the Greek word ''kryptos'', which translates to English as hidden. ==Where is it found?== The only source for Krypton is the Earth’s atmosphere. It is believed that the Earth’s atmosphere is around 0.0001% Krypton gas. This means for every one-million molecules of air there is only one molecule of krypton. Krypton was present in our solar system before the planets formed 4.6 million years ago. It is found in the atmospheres of Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Earth. Krypton is trapped there by gravity. It also exists in other space bodies such as ancient meteorites and comets. Krypton has been detected in the outer layers of gas and plasma in the Sun's atmosphere. Scientists know this from observing krypton's special wavelengths called "spectral lines". ==What are its uses?== [[File:KrTube.jpg|thumb|left|Krypton gas discharge tube]] Krypton is used as a filling gas in fluorescent light. It is also used for flash lamps and high speed photography. It can also be used for lasers and was also used in the Cold War to measure Soviet nuclear production. ==Is it dangerous?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. Since it is a [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Elements#Noble Gases|noble gas]], it is inactive. Noble gases barely react to anything, so they are not considered dangerous. The only gas Krypton reacts to is Fluorine which creates Krypton Difluoride. == References == Beyond The Elements. (2023). '''Krypton: This gas powered both lasers and spacecraft''' [Video]. YouTube. <code><nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0Gw6-xMLlo</nowiki></code> (youtube.com in Bing){{BookCat}} pjna27t83y2f4kuw2bpomu6cw6vwnzw 0 450184 4678740 4652746 2026-10-28T17:49:37Z Alexey Vazhnov 120729 {{copyvio|https://sourceware.org/glibc/manual/latest/html_node/Argp.html}} by [[User:נתנאל_שטרן]] 4678740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{copyvio|https://sourceware.org/glibc/manual/latest/html_node/Argp.html}} Next: Parsing of Suboptions, Previous: Parsing program options using <code>getopt</code>, Up: Parsing Program Arguments   [Contents][Index] ---- === Parsing Program Options with Argp === ''Argp'' is an interface for parsing unix-style argument vectors. See Program Arguments. Argp provides features unavailable in the more commonly used <code>getopt</code> interface. These features include automatically producing output in response to the ‘<samp>--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’ options, as described in the GNU coding standards. Using argp makes it less likely that programmers will neglect to implement these additional options or keep them up to date. Argp also provides the ability to merge several independently defined option parsers into one, mediating conflicts between them and making the result appear seamless. A library can export an argp option parser that user programs might employ in conjunction with their own option parsers, resulting in less work for the user programs. Some programs may use only argument parsers exported by libraries, thereby achieving consistent and efficient option-parsing for abstractions implemented by the libraries. The header file <samp><argp.h></samp> should be included to use argp. * The <code>argp_parse</code> Function * Argp Global Variables * Specifying Argp Parsers * Specifying Options in an Argp Parser * Argp Parser Functions * Combining Multiple Argp Parsers * Flags for <code>argp_parse</code> * Customizing Argp Help Output * The <code>argp_help</code> Function * Flags for the <code>argp_help</code> Function * Argp Examples * Argp User Customization * Parsing of Suboptions Example ==== 25.3.1 The <code>argp_parse</code> Function ==== The main interface to argp is the <code>argp_parse</code> function. In many cases, calling <code>argp_parse</code> is the only argument-parsing code needed in <code>main</code>. See Program Arguments. ; <nowiki>Function: </nowiki>''error_t'' '''argp_parse''' ''(const struct argp *<var>argp</var>, int <var>argc</var>, char **<var>argv</var>, unsigned <var>flags</var>, int *<var>arg_index</var>, void *<var>input</var>)'' : Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:argpbuf locale env | AS-Unsafe heap i18n lock corrupt | AC-Unsafe mem lock corrupt | See POSIX Safety Concepts. The <code>argp_parse</code> function parses the arguments in <var>argv</var>, of length <var>argc</var>, using the argp parser <var>argp</var>. See Specifying Argp Parsers. Passing a null pointer for <var>argp</var> is the same as using a <code>struct argp</code> containing all zeros. <var>flags</var> is a set of flag bits that modify the parsing behavior. See Flags for <code>argp_parse</code>. <var>input</var> is passed through to the argp parser <var>argp</var>, and has meaning defined by <var>argp</var>. A typical usage is to pass a pointer to a structure which is used for specifying parameters to the parser and passing back the results. Unless the <code>ARGP_NO_EXIT</code> or <code>ARGP_NO_HELP</code> flags are included in <var>flags</var>, calling <code>argp_parse</code> may result in the program exiting. This behavior is true if an error is detected, or when an unknown option is encountered. See Program Termination. If <var>arg_index</var> is non-null, the index of the first unparsed option in <var>argv</var> is returned as a value. The return value is zero for successful parsing, or an error code (see Error Codes) if an error is detected. Different argp parsers may return arbitrary error codes, but the standard error codes are: <code>ENOMEM</code> if a memory allocation error occurred, or <code>EINVAL</code> if an unknown option or option argument is encountered. ----Next: Parsing of Suboptions, Previous: Parsing program options using <code>getopt</code>, Up: Parsing Program Arguments   [Contents][Index] {{BookCat}} 7irxge8a50ywx5qlap6qocyiqz0xjx8 4 464822 4678797 4678451 2026-10-29T04:37:58Z Guda Rishi 3626627 4678797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} == పల్స్ కోడ్ మాడ్యులేషన్ (Pulse Code Modulation – PCM) == 5taghul5sy13anvwwojvd0n8igf2pal 2 464892 4678831 4475234 2026-10-29T11:52:43Z DutchTreat 485157 /* Projects */ opportunity to enhance an existing chapter 4678831 wikitext text/x-wiki == Projects == * ''[[/sandbox/practical engineering|Practical Engineering]]'' * [[OC Photography Program/Digital Darkroom]] == About me == See [[w:User:DutchTreat]] for my main user page. * [[/journal]] o9nxcp7i2ozv45y7mrf6ccjkw51zo1t 0 472248 4678701 4473420 2026-10-28T12:57:34Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 desing > design 4678701 wikitext text/x-wiki In this section we will design and measure [[Short introduction to the use of sewing machines/Sewing labs/Dreamo|dreamo pillow]] in its back sleeper version. For beginners is recommended to review the [[Short introduction to the use of sewing machines|short introduction to the use of sewing machines]]. For this pillow we are going to measure the user, calculate the areas for the pillow, draw the lines, cut the fabrics to produce: * 2 big sides of the pillow, the upper and lower side. * 3 sides for the pillow: Two lateral sides and one side at the bottom of the pillow. == Making the sides and external frames of the pillow == === Pillow lower side === The measures will be taking and the piece will be cut. ==== Taking the user measures for the pillow's lower side ==== In order to measure the user body areas (or your body areas) first we need to know the following three parts of human anatomy: The Calvaria or the top part of the skull. Occipital bone: The occipital bone is the part where the back sleeper pillow users first touches the pillow, is the prominent bone that expand towards the back of our head.This area is one of the main focus of the pillow, to give cushion and reduce pressure. Vertebra_prominens (C7)]: This bone is the prominent bone located at the end of our neck, therefore it will be used as reference. These three human body parts are as reference to mark the spots and make the measures needed for the dreamo design. To take the user measures, the following options are can be done: A.- Let the user (or yourself) be in a sleep position and take the following measures and mark the distance between the areas of the body, either writing them down or marking the areas and calculating the distance between the marked lines. B. In a sitting or standing position use a long piece of flat and hard material to use marks of the body positions, and measure this lines. ==== Drawing the lines for the the pillow's lower side ==== We are going to measure the following distances: {| class="wikitable" |+ Measures to take |- ! Starting point !! Ending point !! Example distance !! Your measure |- | Starting point || Example || Example || Example |- | Top of your head || Vertebra_prominens (C7) || 20 inche || __ inches |- | Left extreme of your left arm || Right extreme of your right arm 24 inches || 24 inches || __ inches |} This fabric area is the biggest area of the pillow, we will add 3 towards the four sides of the pillow, giving us a total of 26 inches by 30 inches. This will allow expansion and reduce pressure in the top of the head and down the neck. Area in the example: 30 inches wide by 26 inches long. Area in your measures: ____ inches wide by ___ inches long. The support and pressure reduction by the pillow will be based in the following areas. {| class="wikitable" |+ Supported areas |- ! Starting point !! Ending point !! Example distance !! Your measure |- | Upper part of the pillow || The Calvaria or top of the head 2 inches || 2 inche || __ inches |- | The Calvaria || Occipital bone || 4 inches || __ inches |- | Occipital bone || Upper start of the neck || 3 inches || __ inches |- | Upper start of the neck || Vertebra_prominens (C7) || 3 inches || __ inches |- | Vertebra_prominens (C7) || Lower part of the pillow || 2 inches || __ inches |} Total size: 2 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 2 = 14 inches long. We are going to add 3 inches to each of the previous measures, to each one of this distances or segments you will add 2 inches, this will allow 1.5 inches up and down freedom degree: 4 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 4 = 24 inches long. In the example is 14 inches from the lower part of the pillow towards the start of the neck and 10 inches from the upper part of the neck to the top of the pillow. ==== Cutting the pillow lower side ==== The pillow lower side measure is 30 inches wide by 26 inches long, we are going to use a chalk to mark this areas, but we are not cutting an square, the square is just a reference, since the upper area of the pillow will be rounded as an arc. To cut this area of the pillow follow the next steps: 1.- Mark a line in the center of this area from side to side. 2.- Mark a line with chalk in the center of this area, from top to bottom. 3.- The central point will be used as reference: Use the measuring tape to see the distance from one of the lateral sides to the center of the pillow: In the example: 15 inches. Use the measuring tape to see the distance from top the top to the center of the area. In the example: 13 inches. The difference from both distances is 2 inches. Add 2 inches toward the upper position of the center of the area, and draw an arc from the top bottom towards the sides of the pillow using the measuring tape in number 0 inches in the center of the pillow and 13 in the extreme for the top of the head and mark with chalk an arc towards bod sides until reaching bot extremes. Cut the square 32x26 inches and the upper arc, this arc will ends one inch before of the center of the pillow, due the fact that the shape was not an square, but a rectangle. The semi-circle in the top of the pillow be the supporting area for the head, it will give the pillow a tongue shape (instead of a rectangular shape), while at the same time will allow us to eliminate unnecessary material and eliminate any heat excess. === Pillow upper side === ==== Measuring and calculation of the pillow's upper side ==== This will be the same area than the previous measure, but we will take a one inch toward each side in order to have an inclined frame towards the center of the pillow, this will be 2 inches less in length and 2 inches less in width. Area to be cut: 28 inches by 24 inches. ==== Cutting the pillow upper side ==== Follow the same steps that were follow with the lower side, but this time will be done with the measures: 28x24 in the example (instead 30X26) . In your case: ___ inches by ___ inches. Mark the area of the pillow with chalk, will be a 28x24 inches rectangle. To cut this area of the pillow follow the next steps: 1.- Mark a line in the center of this area from side to side. 2.- Mark a line with chalk in the center of this area, from top to bottom. 3.- The central point will be used as reference: Use the measuring tape to see the distance from one of the lateral sides to the center of the pillow: In the example: 14 inches. Use the measuring tape to see the distance from top the top to the center of the area. In the example: 12 inches. The difference from both distances is 2 inches. Add one inch up of the center of the area, and draw an arc from the top bottom towards the upper position of the center of the area, and draw an arc from the top bottom towards the sides of the pillow using the measuring tape in number 0 inches for the center of the pillow and 12 in the extreme for the top of the head and mark with chalk an arc towards bod sides until reaching bot extremes. In the example, cut the square 28x24 inches and the upper arc, this arc will end one inch before of the center of the pillow, due the fact that the shape was not an square, but a rectangle. Your measures: ___ inches x ___ inches. Note: After cutting the pillow lower side and upper side (30x26 and 28x24 there will be an excess of fabric in the other part of the fabric since the fabric wide 40 or 44 inches we will have around 14 inches that can be use to cut the lateral frames of of the pillows, these will connect the top and the bottom of the pillow and will allow the reduction of the pressure when people uses the pillows. === Pillow's lateral frames === Three sides will be used as lateral frames for the pillow: * 2 identical lateral left sides that will be used to connect and sew the upper and lower sides of the pillow from bottom of the pillow to the upper center at level or the top of the head: Those sides will be a lateral right side from the bottom of the pillow to the upper center, and a left lateral side from the bottom of the pillow to the top center of the pillow. These sides will be sewed, the excess of material will be scissored and they will be reversed to allow the rest of excess material be in the internal side of the pillow, after this the filling material will be added to the pillow * A third lateral side will be used the third side to seal or close the pillow, and the excess material will be scissored. ==== Initial measures ==== Use a measuring tape to see the distance from the upper central top of the pillow to one of the lateral lower levels of the pillow. In this case: 38 inches. In your case: __ inches. Draw with chalk a 38 inches (or in your case __ inches) long and 3 inches tall rectangle, this will be the initial shape of the lateral pillow frames, this long rectangles will connect the top of the pillow with its bottom, it will be their intermediate area that connect both sides, and will allow the infill to be dispersed towards the sides. The initial shape of these 2 long side pieces will be a rectangle, in this case 38x3 inches... the length can be changed, this will be the distance from the bottom of the pillow to the top of the pillow. ==== Marking the height of the sections of the pillow sides ==== Now we will modify these long rectangles in some areas to give them a high of 3 inches or a lower part of 1 inches, this will allow the infill to be dispersed towards the sides rather than keep it pushing towards the head, neck and back, according the anatomy of our body. It will give the pillow a height of 1 inches in the areas that we want to increase material or pressure and 3 inches in the area that we want to reduces material or pressure in order to give more cushion when is needed or reduce pressure in areas of the body closer to the bed. The use of this will allow the proper distribution of material, reducing pressure and increasing comfort and cushion, for this we will mark dots in this rectangles that are 38 inches by 3 inches tall, in these rectangles the sections with 3 inches will allow pressure reduction and the sections 1 inches tall will allow to increase the pressure in the areas that need more support, this will be the following: ==== Height of side sections in the pillow ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Height of side sections in the pillow |- ! Area !! Height |- | Area from the top of the pillow to the upper neck || 3 inches |- | Area from the upper part of the neck to the lower part of the neck || 1 inch |- | Area from C7 to the lower part of the pillow || 3 inches |} Notes: * Mark a dot at 3 inches height at the upper neck level. * Mark a dot at 1 inches level at the center of the neck. * Mark a dot at 3 inches at C7 level. ==== Calculation of the length of the sections of the pillow lateral frames ==== The big sides of the fabrics to make the pillow or another pillow can be used to calculate at what height will be located the occipital bone, the upper neck, the center of the neck and the lower neck in this case a measuring tape will be used around the areas of the pillow, in this case are the following: {| class="wikitable" |+ Measures for the height of the lateral frames |- ! Area !! Height !! Example distance !! Your distance |- | Superior top center toward the upper neck || 3 inches || 0 inches to 20 inches || __ inches |- | Upper neck || 3 inches || 20 inches || __ inches |- | Central neck || 1 inch || 23 inches || __ inches |- | Lower neck|| 3 inches || 26 inches || __ inches |- | Lower level of the pillow || 3 inches || 38 inches || __ inches |} For these measures can be used 2 measuring tapes, one at the center of the pillow to measuring the height (not really necessary) and another flexible measuring tape to measuring the borders or lateral sides of the pillow. Both lateral frames will have a height of 3 inches except in the section that goes beside the upper neck, neck and C7, this section will be reduced at 1 inches in the neck section in a curve that goes from 3 inches height in the upper neck, 1 inch height in the center of the neck and 3 inches height at C7, this is in the lateral sides of the pillow. ==== Drawing the lines of the lateral frames ==== Draw with chalk a line that will be the area to cut will be a rectangle 38x3, except in the area from the upper neck level to the center of the neck, this section will have a curve that starts in the upper neck level at 3 inches and will reach 1 inch at the center of the neck level, from this dot will increase again to level of 3 inches at C7 level, this are the area for the side of the pillow. Both sides of the pillow will have 3 inches tall square in all the sections that a reduction of volume or pressure is needed, except in the areas from the upper part of the neck and C7, mark a dot at 1 inch high in this 2 positions and reduce the height form 3 to 1 in this section. This rectangle is between 38 inches long and 3 inches tall (in your case __ inches long x 3 inches tall), both extremes will be 3 inches, and now we will connect the marked dots with curves or lines, connect them freely, it does not need to be perfect. Finally cut the rectangle following the marked line, This long rectangle will connect the upper part of the pillow with the lower part of the pillow in the left side of the pillow. Repeat the previous steps to or can be done this steps at the same time in the other 38x3 inches rectangle. Once we have our measures calculated and written, for drawing the lines we are going to use chalk, measuring tape and an wide table, surface or even the floor could be used. In some cases the fabric could be damaged for around one inch close to its border, cut that area first in order to not use a damaged section. Place the fabric to be cut (if feathers are used, ticking fabric) on a flat surface and proceed to draw the lines for cutting or sewing. Mark a dot at the height of 3 inches, and a dot at the length of 60 inches. Mark 2 more 3 inches dots in between the initial part and 60 inches, and draw a rectangle (60x3 inches). Notes: Now draw points in the sections were we want more material or pressure (top of the neck) and points in the areas were we want less material or pressure (crown): The dots used as reference (with the 3 extra inches) are __ inches for the bottom of the neck, or your shoulders or upper back. __ for the start of you neck or your chin 25 for the top of the head. We are going to mark the previous dots in the 60x3 sections at the height of 3 inches. If we want to eliminate cushion in the lungs area to allow their normal function, we could just use the area from the top of the head to the start of you upper back, and not make a pillow from the buttocks to the middle or lower back area. This will also allow a smaller pillow and the use of material. Now we will add a dot at the height of 1 inch in the sections where we want to have less material or pressure: Middle of the head or crown: At 54 inches height, mark this point as 1/2 inch. Middle of the back: 29 inches height, mark this point as 1/2 inch. Now draw a curve that connects the rest of the dots with these 3 dots, and where is the head position and where the lower position. ==== Second lateral frame ==== Repeat this step to make the second rectangle or side, andd draw curves to connect these dots, this lines are not drawn to be cut, are drawn to be sewed. Both lateral frames are identical, the first can be the left or right and the second can be left or right, it does not matter which is drawn or cut they are identical. For the second identical piece or lateral side, can be used the piece next to the first fabric was used, a ruler can be used to draw with chalk a straight line, 38 inches in my case, in your case __ inches, 38 x 3 inches long. Note: If this was a straight line the measures would be shorter: 7 inches for top of the pillow to upper neck (4 inches for upper head to occipital and 3 for occipital bone to upper neck) and 3 inches for upper neck to C7. 7 + 3 inches +3 in the top of the head and 3 after C7 would be 16 inches, to this inches were added 3 inches for the expansion of to that will be occupied by the infill. But this is not a straight line, it moves 12 inches toward the sides, that is why the length in this case is 38 inches, that does not need to be calculated, just be measured with the measuring tape. === Pillow lower frame === A third long rectangle can be added for the lower part, this will be the long of your shoulders, in this example 24 inches x 3 inches, we can cut a 30x3 segment in order to not be short of material during the sewing of the segment. Do not worry of mistakes, even the cut or shapes are not perfect, the 3 inches will allow or compensate the mistakes of the design. For lower side or frame of the pillow well be 3 inches height on the lateral sides only, from the arm levels toward the center of the body will be reduced (including the scapula or shoulder blade level and the spine) to 1 inch. In order to measure this parts can be used a ruler and pen and writing down the length in this example: {| class="wikitable" |+ Lower frame |- ! Area !! Length example !! Your length !! Height |- | Left side || 0 inch || 0 inch || 3 inches |- | Left scapula || 7 inches || __ inches || 1 inch |- | Spine || 12 inches || __ inches || 1 inch |- | Right scapula || 17 inches || __ inches || 1 inch |- | Right side of the pillow || 24 inches || __ inches || 3 inches |} A ruler can be used to mark with chalk the 25x3 inches rectangle and the reduction curve that will go from the borders to the scapula(s), this height will be maintain in the internal section and be raised in a curve again from the other scapula to the other lateral frame of the pillow. === Tension release changing the height of the borders of the pillow === In the pillow the pressure or tension will be reduced changing the height of the pillow in the lateral frames: The areas of the body that are closed to the bed will correspond to the areas of the rectangle 3 inches tall, this will allow the movement of the infill from the center toward the sides, reducing pressure from the head and giving space to the body in these areas: Crown of the head, occipital bone, sides of the head, and upper back area, while at the same time will align or level all parts of the body. The infill displacement toward the sides reduce material and pressure in the center of the crown of the head, and upper back area. The areas of the body that are far from the bed will correspond to the areas of the rectangle with 1 inches tall, this will force the material to stay on this position and increase the area for infill, allowing the expansion of this areas and giving more support and cushion this areas: upper neck, neck and C7, while at the same time will align or level all parts of the body. This will increase material and cushion approaching and when reaching space of necks curvature. == Sewing of the pillow == === Initial Sewing of the pillow === The threading will try to follow the lines (with chalk) as reference, although are only references (do not need to be over the line), the pieces will done in the following order: 1.- Sew the lower border with the left frame in the left extreme going to the center of the piece. In this step yo will sew one of the long segments starting with the upper part of one of the pillows sides, and use this long 3 inches wide piece as your guide until you reach its end. Notes: The concave part (curved towards inside) of the frame will be located in the lower or extreme section in both sides. This will allow to have the same distance from bottom to top of the pillow. The excess will be cut with scissors. Hold both sides with the right hand (or left if left handed). If desired, do a second sewing in the sew areas, to assure that the pillow is sealed properly, then cut the excess material of border of the pillow out of the sewed area or unnecessary fabric, but leaving some, around half inch of from the thread to prevent cutting the tread. Remember to use the reverse sewing at the beginning and end of the segments to tangle the threads. 2.- Sew the lower border from the center of the pillow to the right extreme. Or also the right extreme to the center. In this step you will Repeat the step one, with the other long segment in the same pillow side. Now yo will have the both 3 inches long sides attached to one of the pillows, and will repeat the same with the other side of the pillow Once this part is completed, flip the side, that sewing part will be located inside the pillow. There will be around 1 inches of intersection, could be overlapped to seal this space. Cut that excess of material or borders outside the sewed parts. 3.- Sew the frames now to the down side or bigger side, first the left side to center, then the center to the right. In this step you will sewing the center of the side with the pillow (the one not sewed yet) from the upper part of the head area towards the end of one side of the intermediate of the pillow... then go to its center again and sew towards the other end. It is important to leave an extra space when preparing this lower frame to easy this sewing part. A chalk was used to draw the frames of this lower part. But now use the chalk to mark the lines to sew with the lateral frames of the pillow. 4.- Sew bot lateral frames of the borders and bottom (around 1 or 2 inches), this does not need to be perfect, if necessary, just sew this section to make a squared corner or 1 or 2 inches line, repeat the same in the other side. ===Filling the pillow=== In the previous step were sew the big lower part of the pillow to the lateral frames of the pillow, and the lateral frames to the big upper part of the pillow, and the lower bottom frame to the big lower section of the pillow, and the sides to the frame to the lateral frames of the pillow as square or making a square in this section if the lines were not perfect. In this step, fill the pillow with the filling material, it could be new material or from a reused pillow, material such cotton can be fill easily. If other materials are used such Kapok or feathers, it is recommended to do this step outdoors or outside the working room, and place the cover of the pillow in a receptacle bigger than the pillow, this will will allow to have a more organized work area and preventing dispersing the infill in the room. Fill the pillow with its infill (cotton, kapok, etc), press the infill to bottom of the pillow, you can press the infill towards the bottom of the pillow, this will facilitate the sewing of the last part of the pillow, add more infill if necessary. It does not matter that the pillow is not completely full, this will reduce pressure and allow the distribution of infill and change the shape according your weight, even half of the pillow with infill will be enough, it will also allow us to change the pillow shape to our preference. === Final Sewing of the pillow === In this step, the lower frame of the pillow will be sewed to the upper side of the pillow, starting from the lateral extremes upper corners that were sew earlier, sewing of the pillow using the upper corners sewed as reference, staring from the left corner going down all the way to the right side corner. Since we do not put excessive material or pressure to the pillow, it is easy to sew this section, just sew from the upper left corner of the frame to the upper right corner of the frame. Cut the excess of fabric material. A cover for the pillow with the same shape but bigger can be sew or made if desired. == Also see == [[Short introduction to the use of cutting plotter machines]] {{BookCat}} diq0uv5i4qokw16uji7hmqu1mjw3bie 0 480277 4678700 4604166 2026-10-28T12:57:08Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 desing > design 4678700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zoning''' in [[perma|permaculture]] design refers to a method of ensuring that elements are correctly placed. Zoning is about correct placement- positioning things in ways that are the most appropriate; Zones are numbered from 0 to 5, and can be thought of as a series of concentric rings moving out from a centre point, where human activity and need for attention is most concentrated, to where there is no need for intervention at all... =Zones (Permaculture)= '''Zoning''' in permaculture design refers to a method of ensuring that elements are correctly placed. Zoning is about correct placement- positioning things in ways that are the most appropriate; Zones are numbered from 0 to 5, and can be thought of as a series of concentric rings moving out from a centre point, where human activity and need for attention is most concentrated, to where there is no need for intervention at all... <span style="font-size:18px;">Summary of Permacultural Zones</span> *[[Perma/ARCH/ZONE 0|ZONE 0]]<span style="line-height:20px;"> </span>&mdash;<span style="line-height:20px;"> The house, or home centre. Here </span>[[permaculture principles]]<span style="line-height:20px;"> would be applied in terms of aiming to reduce </span>[[energy]]<span style="line-height:20px;"> and water needs, harnessing natural resources such as sunlight, and generally creating a harmonious, sustainable environment in which to live, work and relax.</span> *[[Perma/ARCH/ZONE 1|ZONE 1]] &mdash; Is the zone nearest to the house, the location for those elements in the system that require frequent attention, or that need to be visited often, e.g., salad crops, herb plants, soft fruit like strawberries or raspberries, greenhouse and cold frames, propagation area, worm compost bin for kitchen waste, etc. *[[Perma/ARCH/ZONE 2|ZONE 2]] &mdash; This area is used for siting perennial plants that require less frequent maintenance, such as occasional weed control (preferably through natural methods such as spot-mulching) or pruning, including currant bushes and orchards. This would also be a good place for [[beehive (beekeeping)|beehives]], larger scale [[compost]] bins, etc. *[[Perma/ARCH/ZONE 3|ZONE 3]] &mdash; Is the area where maincrops are grown, both for domestic use and for trade purposes. After establishment, care and maintenance required is fairly minimal provided [[mulch]]es, etc. are used, e.g., watering or weed control once a week or so. *[[Perma/ARCH/ZONE 4|ZONE 4]] &mdash; Is semi-wild. This zone is mainly used for forage and collecting wild food as well as timber production. An example might be [[Perma/LAND/Coppicing|coppice managed woodland]]. *[[Perma/ARCH/ZONE 5||ZONE 5]] &mdash; The [[Perma/LAND/wilderness|wilderness]]. There is no human intervention in zone 5 apart from the observation of natural eco-systems and cycles. Here is where we learn the most important lessons of the first permaculture principle of working with nature, not against. In the design of zones 4 and 5 [[Perma/BASE/David Holmgren|Holmgren's]] permacultural model makes use of Yeoman's [[Keyline Design]] principle in the design of sustainable human settlements and [[Perma/LAND/organic farming|organic farms]]. These simple concepts have led to complex theoretical work which nonetheless is important in underpinning the design proccess. In the context of zone analysis, Holmgren based much of his design system around the concept of a sequentially nested distribution of zones whereby geographically zone 0 &sub; zone 1 &sub; zone 2 &sub; zone 3 &sub; zone 4 &sub; zone 5. Some groups extended this with [[Zone 00]], the self as an attempt to place people at the heart of the system [http://www.konsk.co.uk/resource/zone00.htm]. Others have also included [[Zone 6]] indicating the wider world in which a permaculture system must exist. ==Sectors in Permaculture Design== [[Perma/ARCH/Sectors|Sectors]] are a way of considering the external energies that move through a system such as prevailing wind direction, site orientation and aspect (north, south, east, west, etc.), winter/summer sun paths, underlying geological make up (bed rock causing clay or sandy soil types, etc.), frost pockets and so on; and how we might best take steps to either utilise or counter such factors. ==See also== * [[Perma/ARCH/Tat found in different permaculture zones]] (humour)]] ==External links== * [http://www.self-willed-land.org.uk/permaculture/zones.htm Zonal analysis article by Mark Fisher]] {{Bookcat}} mrfdj73hr3n3xpbnsb1w2y5cgemo0j2 2 480750 4678818 4678026 2026-10-29T10:13:46Z Dom walden 3209423 /* Thom's isotopy lemma */ 4678818 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points. The "Morse data" tells us the topology at each critical point. Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M. This space is a "cell complex", which has an easy to calculate homology. Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math>.<ref>This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.</ref> Proof: # <math display="inline">X</math> is our entire domain, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> our variety # Project our entire domain to complex projective space <math display="inline">Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H</math> [define H] # Define a linear subspace <math display="inline">G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n</math> of dimension <math display="inline">d - 1</math> # Define a Morse function on <math display="inline">f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R</math> which approximates the distance from <math display="inline">G</math> and such that <math display="inline">f^{-1}(0) = G</math> and <math display="inline">f^{-1}(1) = H</math> # We "build" <math display="inline">X - \mathcal{V}</math> from <math display="inline">\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})</math> by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math> # At a critical point, the normal Morse data is <math display="inline">(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)</math> and the relative complex link is <math display="inline">\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x</math> # We show that the quotient <math display="inline">J_x/K_x</math> is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension <math display="inline">\leq 2n - d - 1</math> # The neighbourhood of <math display="inline">x</math> in <math display="inline">J_x</math> is homeomorphic to the cone in <math display="inline">L_x(X - \mathcal{V})</math>, and removing the point <math display="inline">x</math> increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of <math display="inline">L_x</math> # <math display="inline">(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)</math> is homotopic to <math display="inline">(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)</math> # <math display="inline">\mathcal{L}_x</math> is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math> # The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair <math display="inline">(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)</math> # Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math>. Theorem: If <math display="inline">X</math> is the complement in <math display="inline">\C^n</math> of a complex variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> of dimension <math display="inline">d</math> then <math display="inline">X</math> is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.</ref> Proof: # We build <math display="inline">X</math> by attaching cells of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math> at each critical point. ## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?) ## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points. # Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data. ## Normal data: <math display="inline">(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)</math> [GM pp. 18] ## Tangential data: <math display="inline">(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))</math> for <math display="inline">f</math> restricted to <math display="inline">X</math> (or <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>?) [GM pp. 63-64] # If <math display="inline">k</math> is the dimension of the strata, then ## If <math display="inline">k = d</math> then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of <math display="inline">S^{2(n-d)-1}</math> and the tangential data is dimension at most <math display="inline">d</math>. ## If <math display="inline">k < d</math>, ... <ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.</ref> == Example in one dimension == Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i Define our height function f... Start with our entire domain X Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract == Thom's isotopy lemma == We present a modified version of Thom's (first) isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation. === Theorem === Suppose <math display="inline">Z</math> is a closed subset of a smooth manifold <math display="inline">M</math> which admits a Whitney stratification and <math display="inline">h : M \to \R</math> is a proper[?] Morse function which has no critical values on <math display="inline">Z</math>. Then, the level sets of <math display="inline">Z</math> are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of <math display="inline">Z</math>.<ref>For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.</ref> === Proof === # Construct '''control data''' for <math display="inline">Z</math> compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>. # The control data makes <math display="inline">Z</math> an '''abstract stratified set''' and <math display="inline">h</math> a '''controlled submersion'''. # A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on <math display="inline">\R</math>, a controlled vector field on <math display="inline">Z</math> (a "lift"?)<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> # A controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of <math display="inline">Z</math> which commute with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 496.</ref> # This makes <math display="inline">h</math> a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 499.</ref> ==== Step 1: Construct control data ==== A system of '''control data''' for <math display="inline">Z</math> consists of, for each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, * a '''tubular neighbourhood''' <math display="inline">T_X</math> of <math display="inline">X</math> * a '''tubular projection function''' <math display="inline">\pi_X: T_X \to X</math>, and * a '''tubular distance function''' <math display="inline">\rho_X: T_X \to \R</math> such that <math display="inline">\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X</math><ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.</ref> [illustration] such that if <math display="inline">X < Y</math> are strata in <math display="inline">Z</math>, then <math display="block">\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),</math> <math display="block">\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)</math> for all <math display="inline">m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|</math> such that <math display="inline">\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|</math>. If, for all strata <math display="inline">X</math> and all <math display="inline">m \in |T_X|</math>, we have <math display="inline">h \pi_X(m) = h(m)</math>, then this control data will be said to be compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 488.</ref> We prove that if <math display="inline">h</math> is smooth on <math display="inline">Z</math> and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for <math display="inline">Z</math> compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.</ref> Let <math display="inline">Z_k</math> be the union of strata of <math display="inline">Z</math> of dimension less than <math display="inline">k</math>. We prove by induction on <math display="inline">k</math>. To construct the tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T_X</math> of a stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of dimension less than <math display="inline">k</math>. For <math display="inline">l \leq k</math>, let <math display="inline">U_l</math> denote the union of all <math display="inline">|T_Y|</math> for <math display="inline">Y < X</math> and <math display="inline">\dim Y \geq l</math>. Let <math display="inline">X_l = U_l \cap X</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489.</ref> For <math display="inline">l = k</math>, <math display="inline">X_k = \empty</math>. Assume by induction that <math display="inline">T_{l+1}</math> has been constructed and that if <math display="inline">Y < X</math>, <math display="inline">\dim Y \geq l + 1</math>, <math display="inline">m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|</math> (<math display="inline">\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}</math>) then<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.</ref> <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> of <math display="inline">|T_Y| \cap X</math> whose restriction to <math display="inline">|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}</math> is isomorphic to the restriction of <math display="inline">T_{l+1}</math> such that if <math display="inline">m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|</math> (<math display="inline">\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}</math>) then <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> By shrinking <math display="inline">|T_Y|</math> if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if <math display="inline">m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|</math> with <math display="inline">T_{l+1}</math> in place of <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}</math> in place of <math display="inline">\pi_{X,Y}</math>. By the definition, if <math display="inline">m \in |T_{l+1}|</math> then there exists <math display="inline">Z < X</math> with <math display="inline">\dim Z > l</math>, <math display="inline">m \in |T_Z|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|</math>. We have that <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|</math> and therefore <math display="inline">Y < Z</math>. Therefore<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 490.</ref> <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> We can prove that, by shrinking <math display="inline">|T_Y|</math>, <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y</math> is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> is compatible with <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)</math>(?). To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)</math> there exists a smooth positive function <math display="inline">\epsilon'</math> such that <math display="block">(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,</math> where <math display="inline">|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})</math>, is a submersion. If <math display="inline">\Sigma</math> is the set <math display="inline">y \in |T|</math> such that the rank of <math display="block">(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X</math> at <math display="inline">y</math> is less than <math display="inline">\dim(\R \times X)</math>. We need to prove that for any <math display="inline">x \in X</math> there exists a neighbourhood of <math display="inline">x</math> which does not intersect with <math display="inline">\Sigma</math>, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for <math display="inline">M = \R^m</math>, <math display="inline">X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c</math> and <math display="inline">T</math> is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489.</ref> By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base <math display="inline">\R^{m-c}</math> and fibre <math display="inline">\R^c</math> where <math display="inline">\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}</math>...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 488.</ref> For <math display="inline">y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}</math>, the kernal of the differential of <math display="inline">(\pi_T, \rho_T)</math> at <math display="inline">y</math> is the orthogonal complement of <math display="inline">(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}</math> in <math display="inline">\R^m</math>. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for <math display="inline">y</math> near <math display="inline">\R^{m-c}</math>, <math display="inline">(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}</math> is close to the set of <math display="inline">m - c + 1</math> planes in <math display="inline">m-</math>space to an <math display="inline">m - c + 1</math> plane in <math display="inline">TY_y</math>. Therefore, for <math display="inline">y</math> near enough to <math display="inline">\R^{m-c}</math>, <math display="inline">TY_y</math> is transverse to the kernal of the differential of <math display="inline">(\pi_T, \rho_T)</math> and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to <math display="inline">Y</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489.</ref> To prove that <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> is compatible with <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y</math>...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 490.</ref> Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T_0</math> of <math display="inline">X_0</math> satisfying <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> From this we can prove that <math display="inline">T_0</math> is compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>. Replacing <math display="inline">T_0</math> with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume <math display="inline">m \in |T_0|</math> such that for some <math display="inline">Y < X</math>, <math display="inline">m \in |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|</math>, then<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 490.</ref> <math display="block">h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).</math> By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace <math display="inline">T_0</math> with a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T</math> of <math display="inline">X</math> compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>. This completes the construction of <math display="inline">T_X</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 491.</ref> This makes <math display="inline">Z</math> an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.</ref> This also makes <math display="inline">h</math> a '''controlled submersion''' because # <math display="inline">h|X: X \to \R</math> is a smooth submersion on each strata <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, and # for each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> there is a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T'_X</math> such that <math display="inline">h(v) = h \pi_X(v)</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in T'_X</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point <math display="inline">p</math> in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Henle 1979, pp. 33.</ref> [picture] Imagine we have a vector field <math display="inline">v(x)</math> defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This "flows" the entire line along the vectors. [picture] We define a '''stratified vector field''' <math display="inline">\eta</math> on <math display="inline">Z</math> to be a family of smooth vector fields <math display="inline">\eta_X</math>, one for each strata <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> We define a '''controlled vector field''' <math display="inline">\eta</math> on <math display="inline">Z</math> to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata <math display="inline">Y</math> there exists a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T'_Y</math> such that for any <math display="inline">X > Y</math> and any <math display="inline">v \in T'_X \cap X</math><ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> <math display="block">\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,</math> <math display="block">(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).</math> We prove that if <math display="inline">h</math> is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field <math display="inline">\zeta</math> on <math display="inline">\R</math> there is a controlled vector field <math display="inline">\eta</math> on <math display="inline">Z</math> such that <math display="inline">h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of <math display="inline">Z</math>, we define <math display="inline">Z_k</math> to be the union of strata of <math display="inline">Z</math> of dimension at most <math display="inline">k</math>. The tubular neighbourhood of <math display="inline">Z_k</math> is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in <math display="inline">Z_k</math> with <math display="inline">Z</math>. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of <math display="inline">Z</math>. It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in <math display="inline">Z</math> is zero. Assume it is true for <math display="inline">k</math> and construct each <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> separately for each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of dimension <math display="inline">k + 1</math>. By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata <math display="inline">Y</math> of dimension at most <math display="inline">k</math>, we have the two control conditions defined above for any <math display="inline">X > Y</math> and that there is a neighbourhood <math display="inline">T^1_Y</math> such that <math display="inline">h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)</math> for <math display="inline">v \in T^1_Y</math>. We want to prove that for all <math display="inline">Y < X</math>, the control conditions are satisfied for all <math display="inline">v \in T^2_Y</math> and that <math display="inline">h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in X</math>. Take a point <math display="inline">x \in X</math> and define the set <math display="inline">S_v</math> of strata <math display="inline">Y < X</math> such that <math display="inline">v \in T^2_Y</math>. <math display="inline">S_v</math> is totally ordered since if <math display="inline">Y_1</math> and <math display="inline">Y_2</math> are not comparable then <math display="inline">T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty</math>. Therefore, there is a largest member <math display="inline">Y = Y_v</math>. Assume the control conditions hold for <math display="inline">Y = Y_v</math>. Then they hold for all <math display="inline">Y_i \in S_v</math>. For, either <math display="inline">Y_i = Y</math> or <math display="inline">Y_i < Y</math>. In the latter case, <math display="inline">\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}</math> (by the choice of <math display="inline">T^2_Y</math>'s [is this why?]. Then <math display="block">\begin{align} \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\ &= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\ &= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\ &= 0 \end{align}</math> and <math display="block">\begin{align} (\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\ &= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\ &= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\ &= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v)) \end{align}</math> and, therefore, condition holds for all <math display="inline">Y_i \in S_v</math>. Also, <math display="block">\begin{align} h_* \eta_X(v) &= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\ &= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\ &= \zeta(f(v)) \end{align}</math> and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at <math display="inline">v</math>. This shows we can construct <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> satisfying the control conditions when <math display="inline">S_v</math> is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when <math display="inline">S_v</math> is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in <math display="inline">TX_v</math>, and so we construct <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> globally via a partition of unity.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.</ref> Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of <math display="inline">Z</math> which commute with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.</ref> For each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group <math display="inline">(J_X, \alpha_X)</math> of diffeomorphisms of <math display="inline">X</math> (by standard results of differential geometry), such that <math display="inline">\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)</math>, <math display="inline">J_X</math> is an open subset of <math display="inline">\R \times Z</math>, ... If we define <math display="inline">(J, \alpha)</math> by <math display="block">J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X</math> <math display="block">\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X</math> we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 496.</ref> Firstly, it is clear that # <math display="inline">0 \times Z \subseteq J</math> and <math display="inline">\alpha(0, v) = v</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>. # If <math display="inline">v \in Z</math> then <math display="inline">J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R</math> is an open interval <math display="inline">(a_v, b_v)</math>, possibly infinite at one or both ends. # If <math display="inline">v \in Z</math> and <math display="inline">t, s, t + s</math> are in <math display="inline">(a_v, b_v)</math> then <math display="inline">\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 495.</ref> Secondly, it is clear that <math display="inline">\eta</math> generates <math display="inline">\alpha</math> because # Each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math> is invariant under <math display="inline">\alpha</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X</math>. # For each <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>, the map <math display="inline">t \to \alpha(t, v)</math> of <math display="inline">(a_v, b_v)</math> into the stratum which contains <math display="inline">v</math> is <math display="inline">C^1</math>. # For any <math display="inline">(t, v) \in Z</math>(?) we have <math display="inline">d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 495.</ref> It is unique because each <math display="inline">(J_X, \alpha_X)</math> is unique. We just need to prove that <math display="inline">J</math> is open, <math display="inline">\alpha</math> is continuous, and for any <math display="inline">v \in Z</math> and any compact set <math display="inline">K \subseteq Z</math> there exists <math display="inline">\epsilon > 0</math> such that <math display="inline">\alpha(t, v) \notin K</math> if <math display="inline">t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 495.</ref> For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.</ref> We prove there is a homeomorphism <math display="inline">f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R</math> such that <math display="inline">\pi \circ f = h</math>, where <math display="inline">\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R</math> is projection to the second factor. For the coordinate vector field <math display="inline">\partial</math> on <math display="inline">\R</math>, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field <math display="inline">\tilde\partial</math> such that <math display="inline">f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))</math> for <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>. By [prop 10.1], <math display="inline">\tilde\partial</math> generates a local one-parameter group <math display="inline">(J, \alpha)</math> such that <math display="block">h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t</math> <math display="inline">h</math> is proper and [d] holds, so <math display="inline">J = \R \times Z</math>. If we define <math display="inline">f</math> as <math display="block">f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))</math> then <math display="inline">f</math> maps <math display="inline">Z</math> into <math display="inline">h^{-1}(0) \times \R</math> and <math display="inline">\pi \circ f = h</math>. If we define <math display="inline">\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z</math> as <math display="block">\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)</math> then <math display="inline">f \bar f = \bar f f = Id</math> and <math display="inline">f</math> is a homeomorphism.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 497.</ref> == Topology at critical points == Theorem: If there is a critical point <math display="inline">p</math> in the singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> with critical value <math display="inline">v \in (a, b)</math> then the space <math display="inline">X_{\leq b}</math> is homotopic to<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.</ref> <math display="block">X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].</math> Proof:<ref>Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.</ref> # <math display="inline">(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})</math> is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})</math>. We can prove this by "moving wall" or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.</ref> # <math display="inline">X_{\leq v + \epsilon}</math> is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)</math>, where the latter is the local Morse data for <math display="inline">h</math> at <math display="inline">p</math>. We do this by moving the wall...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.</ref> # <math display="inline">(J, K)</math> is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)</math> (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.</ref> # The normal Morse data depends only on the differential <math display="inline">df(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.</ref> # The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of <math display="inline">(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.</ref> === Step 1 === We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma. === Step 2 === <ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.</ref> Step 1 works because <math display="inline">h</math> is a submersion at each point of the regions we are homeomorphing. This is not the case at critical points. We need some way by which a homeomorphism can pass through a critical point. To prove a homeomorphism between two subsets <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, we project <math display="inline">Z</math> to some other space <math display="inline">N</math> (in our case <math display="inline">\R^n</math>) using some function <math display="inline">F</math>. We take subsets <math display="inline">Y_0</math> and <math display="inline">Y_1</math> of <math display="inline">N</math> such that <math display="inline">A = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0)</math> and <math display="inline">B = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)</math>. We need to prove <math display="inline">Y_0</math> and <math display="inline">Y_1</math> are connected by a one-parameter family of regions <math display="inline">Y_t</math> [explain one-parameter family]. The criterion for such a family to exist is that the '''characteristic covectors''' of <math display="inline">F</math> are all nonzero on each stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 70.</ref> At each point <math display="inline">x \in M</math> and <math display="inline">y \in N</math> there are '''tangent spaces''' <math display="inline">T_xM</math> and <math display="inline">T_yN</math>, a vector space whose zero is at the point <math display="inline">x</math> or <math display="inline">y</math> (resp.) [picture of various tangent spaces] In the case the <math display="inline">N = \R</math>, the tangent space <math display="inline">T_x\R</math> is just <math display="inline">\R</math> but whose origin is at <math display="inline">x</math>. [picture of T_x\R] Say <math display="inline">F(x) = y</math>, then the differential of the map <math display="inline">F</math> can be seen as a function whose input is a vector in the tangent space <math display="inline">T_xM</math> and whose output is a vector in the tangent space <math display="inline">T_yM</math>. [If I move this far on the tangent space of M how do I move in the tangent space of N?] [picture] [example for M = \R and N = \R?] A function which takes as input a vector in the tangent space <math display="inline">T_xM</math> (say) and outputs a scalar (usually <math display="inline">\R</math>) is called a '''covector'''. The set of all covectors on <math display="inline">T_xM</math> is called the dual space of <math display="inline">T_xM</math> and is denoted <math display="inline">T^*_xM</math>. There are only a limited number of ways to express a covectors. For example, if our tangent space is two-dimensional then all covectors are of the form <math display="inline">ax + by</math> where <math display="inline">(x, y) \in T_xM</math>. We take our space <math display="inline">M</math> and map it onto <math display="inline">\R^2</math> with the map <math display="inline">F(z) = (r(z), h(z))</math>, where <math display="inline">z \in M</math> and <math display="inline">r</math> is the square of the distance of <math display="inline">z</math> to the critical point <math display="inline">p</math>. [graph of mapping] In this case, the covectors on the tangent space <math display="inline">T_xM</math> are of the form <math display="inline">adf(x) + bdr(x)</math> (in this case <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">dr</math> are maps to <math display="inline">\R</math>) and on <math display="inline">T_y\R^2</math> are of the form <math display="inline">cu + dv</math> (for <math display="inline">(u, v) \in \R^2</math>). A covector <math display="inline">cu + dv \in T^*_{(u, v)}\R^2</math> is called a '''characteristic covector''' of <math display="inline">F</math> if <math display="inline">F(x) = (u, v)</math> and <math display="inline">cdf(x) + ddr(x) = 0</math> for all vectors in the tangent space of the stratum containing <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.</ref> [explain adf(x) + bdr(x) in terms of this being a function which takes a vector input] [example of where covectors do and do not vanish on a stratified space, pp. 71?] What we want is a homeomorphism in <math display="inline">M</math> between the space <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon}</math> and <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B</math>, where <math display="inline">B</math> is a small region of the critical point <math display="inline">p</math>. The '''local Morse data''' is <math display="block">((B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}[v-\epsilon, v+\epsilon], (B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}(v-\epsilon))</math> where <math display="inline">B_\delta</math> is a closed disc in <math display="inline">M</math> of radius <math display="inline">\delta</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 63-64.</ref> Observe that this is the pair <math display="inline">(F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon)), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon)))</math><ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 91.</ref> [explain Box, Bottom, etc.] [picture of the two subspaces of Z in M] We use our map <math display="inline">F</math> to convert these two subspaces to subspaces of <math display="inline">\R^2</math> which are of the form <math display="inline">Y_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq \epsilon\}</math> and <math display="inline">Y_0 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq -\epsilon\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | x \leq \delta, y \leq \epsilon\}</math>, such that <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon} = F^{-1}(Y_1)</math> and <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B = F^{-1}(Y_0)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96.</ref> We use a homeomorphism between <math display="inline">Y_1</math> and <math display="inline">Y_0</math> using the technique of "moving the wall" and Thom's Isotopy Lemma. Such a homeomorphism exists when the characteristic covectors of <math display="inline">F</math> are all nonzero on each stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, chapter 4, particularly pp. 71-72.</ref> Given a smooth mapping between manifolds <math display="inline">F: M \to N</math> (for example, in our case we could have <math display="inline">N = \R^2</math>) and that <math display="inline">F|Z: Z \to N</math> is proper. Let <math display="inline">Y \subset N \times \R</math> be a closed Whitney stratified subset such that the projection to the second factor <math display="inline">\pi: Y \to \R</math> is a proper stratified submersion.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 71.</ref> Suppose for each <math display="inline">t \in \R</math>, for each <math display="inline">p \in F(Z) \cap Y_t</math>, and for each nonzero characteristic covector <math display="inline">\lambda \in T^*_pN</math> of <math display="inline">F|Z</math>, the restriction of <math display="inline">\lambda</math> to the subspace <math display="inline">T_pS_t = \ker(d\pi(p)) \cap T_pS</math> is nonzero, where <math display="inline">S</math> is a stratum of <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">(p, t)</math> and <math display="inline">S_t = \pi^{-1}(t) \cap S</math> is the stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t = \pi^{-1}(t) \cap Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">p</math>. This is equivalent to the statement that, for each <math display="inline">t \in \R</math>, the restriction <math display="inline">F|Z</math> is transverse to <math display="inline">Y_t</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 71-72.</ref> This means that, for each <math display="inline">t \in \R</math>, <math display="inline">Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_t)</math> is stratified by its intersection with the strata of <math display="inline">Z</math>... We finally prove there is a homeomorphism between <math display="inline">Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0) \cong Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)</math> which preserves the Whitney stratification of both sides and is smooth on each stratum. For the composition <math display="block">Z \times \R \subset M \times \R \to_{F \times I} Y \subset \R^2 \times \R \to_{\pi} \R</math> where <math display="inline">Y(t, z) = Y_t(z)</math>, <math display="inline">I</math> is the identity and <math display="inline">\pi</math> is projection to the second factor. <math display="inline">Z \times \R</math> is transverse to <math display="inline">(F \times I)^{-1}(Y)</math>... The composition <math display="inline">\pi \circ (F \times I): Z \times \R \cap (F \times I)^{-1}(Y) \to \R</math> is a stratified submersion because * The input domain is stratified as above..., * We have defined <math display="inline">F|Z</math> to be transverse to <math display="inline">Y</math>, and therefore it preserves the stratification (unless <math display="inline">F(Z) \cap Y = \empty</math>), and * We defined above the projection on <math display="inline">Y</math> to be a stratified submersion, meaning it is a submersion on each stratum of <math display="inline">F(Z) \cap Y</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 43.</ref> Therefore, we can apply Thom's Isotopy Lemma which says there is a homeomorphism between the level sets of <math display="inline">Z \times \R</math>...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 72.</ref> === Step 3 === ==== Characteristic covectors ==== ==== Fringed sets ==== When manipulating our domain of integration[?], we need to make sure we are doing this in regions with no characteristic covectors. The introduce the concept of a fringed set, a subset of <math display="inline">R^2</math>, and construct a series of fringed sets which contain no characteristic covectors. A '''fringed set''' <math display="inline">A \subset \R \times \R^+</math> is an open subset of the first quadrant of <math display="inline">\R^2</math>. <math display="inline">A</math> is fringed over <math display="inline">0 < y \ll x</math> if for some interval <math display="inline">S = (0, x)</math> # the projection of <math display="inline">A</math> to the first factor is equal to <math display="inline">S</math>, # <math display="inline">A</math> is open in <math display="inline">S \times \R^+</math>, # if <math display="inline">(s, y) \in A</math> and <math display="inline">0 < y' \leq y</math> then <math display="inline">(s, y') \in A</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 77.</ref> [picture] The fringed set <math display="inline">A^\flat</math> is the set <math display="inline">A</math> plus its reflection about the <math display="inline">x</math> axis.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.</ref> [picture] We build a series of fringed sets which do not contain characteristic covectors, which will be used later in our proof. There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_1</math> such that <math display="inline">(r, f): Z \to \R^2</math> has no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">A^\flat_1</math>. Given that the set of points <math display="inline">(u, v) \in \R^2</math> which have a nonzero characteristic covector is closed, then it is enough to prove it for points <math display="inline">(u, 0) \in \R^2</math>. Proof by contradiction. Assume it is false and that there is a sequence of points <math display="inline">p_i \in Z \cap f^{-1}(0)</math> converging to <math display="inline">p</math> such that <math display="inline">df(p_i)</math> and <math display="inline">dr(p_i)</math> are linearly dependent when restricted to the stratum <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">p_i</math>. This would mean that <math display="inline">f</math> has a critical point on <math display="inline">Y \cap \partial B_{\rho(p_i)}(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82-83.</ref> By restricting to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume the points <math display="inline">p_i</math> are all contained in the same stratum <math display="inline">Y</math>, that the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{p_i}Y</math> converge to some plane <math display="inline">Q</math> and the secant lines <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}_i = \overline{p_i p}</math> converge to some line <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>. By the Whitney conditions [how?], <math display="inline">Q = \lim_{i \to \infty} \mathcal{l}_i \oplus T_{p_i}(Y \cap \partial B_\delta(p))</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 83.</ref> For each <math display="inline">i</math>, <math display="inline">f(p_i) = f(p) = v</math>, this means[?] <math display="inline">df(p)(Q) = 0</math>. On the assumption that <math display="inline">df(p)</math> is nondegenerate, we may assume <math display="inline">Y = X</math>, so <math display="inline">\ker d(f|X)(p_i) = T_{p_i}(X \cap \partial B_\delta(p)) = T_{p_i}(X \cap f^{-1}(v))</math>, which converges to a subspace <math display="inline">\tau</math> of <math display="inline">Q = T_pX</math>, perpendicular to <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>. However, as <math display="inline">f^{-1}(v) \cap X</math> satisfies Whitney's conditions, <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset \tau</math>, a contradiction.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 83.</ref> There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_2</math> of type <math display="inline">0 < v \ll u</math> such that for any <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> such that <math display="inline">r\pi(z) \leq r_2</math>, the map <math display="inline">(\rho, f - f\pi)|\pi^{-1}(\pi(z)): \pi^{-1}(\pi(z)) \to \R^2</math> has no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">A^\flat_2</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 84.</ref> The proof is exactly the same as for <math display="inline">A_1</math>, but we assume for the contradiction that <math display="inline">d\rho</math>, <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are linearly dependent. If <math display="inline">df(p)</math> is a nondegenerate characteristic covector for <math display="inline">Z</math> then it is also a nondegenerate characteristic covector for <math display="inline">Z \cap \pi^{-1}(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 84.</ref> For any <math display="inline">a > 0</math> and <math display="inline">b > 0</math> there exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_3</math> such that whenever <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> satisfies # <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in A^\flat_3</math>, # <math display="inline">(r\pi(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_3</math>, # <math display="inline">z \notin X</math>, and # <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math> then the covectors <math display="inline">ad\rho(z) + bdr\pi(z)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z)</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi(z)</math> are linearly independent when restricted to the stratum <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">z</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 85.</ref> Proof by contradiction. If we assume not, then by the Whitney conditions the points <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> such that <math display="inline">ad\rho(z) + bdr\pi(z)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z)</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi(z)</math> are linearly dependent form a close subset of <math display="inline">Z</math>. By Cauchy[?], this means there is a sequence <math display="inline">z_i \in Z</math> which converge to the critical point <math display="inline">p</math> such that <math display="inline">f(z_i) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">f\pi(z_i) = 0</math> and the covectors <math display="inline">ad\rho(z_i) + bdr\pi(z_i)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z_i)</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi(z_i)</math> are linearly dependent for all <math display="inline">i</math>. By choosing a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that all <math display="inline">z_i</math> lie in the same stratum <math display="inline">Y</math>, that the secant lines <math display="inline">\overline{p z_i}</math> converge to a line <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>, that the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{z_i}Y</math> converge to some plane <math display="inline">\tau</math>, and that the subspaces <math display="inline">\ker(ad\rho(z_i) + bdr\pi(z_i))</math>, <math display="inline">\ker(df(z_i))</math>, and <math display="inline">\ker(df\pi(z_i))</math> converge to subspaces <math display="inline">A</math>, <math display="inline">B</math>, and <math display="inline">C</math> of <math display="inline">\tau</math>, respectively.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 85.</ref> [Necessity of Riemannian metric?] <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math> is perpendicular to <math display="inline">A</math>, so <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \nsubseteq A</math>. But, on the assumption of linear dependence of the covectors, <math display="inline">B + C \subset A</math>, and we show that <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset B</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset C</math> to prove a contradiction. Let <math display="inline">w = \lim \frac{z_i - p}{|z_i - p|}</math> denote the unit vector in <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>. <math display="inline">df(p)(w) = \lim \frac{f(z_i) - f(p)}{|z_i - p|} = 0</math> [prove this], meaning <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset B</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 85.</ref> <math display="block">\begin{align} C &= \lim \ker(df\pi(z_i)) \\ &= \lim d\pi^{-1}(z_i)(\ker(df(\pi(z_i))) \cap T_{\pi(z_i)}X) \\ &= \lim d\pi^{-1}(p)(B \cap T_pX) \end{align}</math> and <math display="block">\ker(d\pi(p)) \cup (B \cap T_pX) \subset \lim d\pi^{-1}(p)(B \cap T_pX).</math> If <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}_A = \lim \overline{z_i \pi(z_i)} \subset A</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}_B = \lim \overline{\pi(z_i)p} \subset B \cap T_pX</math>, then <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset \mathcal{l}_A \cup \mathcal{l}_B</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset A \cup (B \cap T_pX) \subset C</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 86.</ref> There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_4</math> such that for any <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> which satisfies # <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math> # <math display="inline">(r(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math> # <math display="inline">z \notin X</math> # <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math> then the covectors <math display="inline">df</math>, <math display="inline">df\pi</math>, and <math display="inline">dr</math> are linearly independent when restricted to the stratum <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">z</math>. Moreover, there exists an <math display="inline">r_1 > 0</math> such that for <math display="inline">\delta \leq r_1</math> the projection <math display="inline">(f\pi, f): Z \cap B_\delta(p) \to \R^2</math> has no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">|f| \leq \epsilon</math>, <math display="inline">|f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math> except for # covectors where <math display="inline">u = v = 0</math>, # where <math display="inline">u = v</math> and <math display="inline">a = b</math>, and # where <math display="inline">u = 0</math> and <math display="inline">du = 0</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 86-87.</ref> Given fringed sets <math display="inline">A_2</math> and <math display="inline">A_3</math> (<math display="inline">a = b = 1</math>), fix <math display="inline">v_0 > 0</math> such that <math display="inline">(0, v_0) \in A_2 \cap A_3</math>. For each <math display="inline">v_0 \geq \delta > 0</math> choose <math display="inline">M(\delta)</math> such that <math display="inline">B(\delta) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 : \delta/2 \leq u \leq \delta, |v| \leq 2M(\delta) \} \subset A^\flat_2 \cap A^\flat_3</math>. If we define <math display="inline">A_4 = \{ (\delta, \epsilon) \in \R^+ \times \R^+ : \delta \leq v_0, \epsilon \leq M(\delta) \}</math> then it has the desired properties. If <math display="inline">\rho(z) \leq r(z)/2</math>, then <math display="inline">r\pi(z) = r(z) - \rho(z) \geq r(z)/2</math>, <math display="inline">(r\pi(z), f\pi(z)) \in B(r(z)) \subset A^\flat_3</math> and <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in B(r(z)) \subset A^\flat_3</math>. We have proven above this means the covectors are linearly independent. If <math display="inline">\rho(z) \geq r(z)/2</math> then <math display="inline">(\rho(z), f - f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_2</math> which also means they are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 86.</ref> Let <math display="inline">Y</math> denote the stratum of <math display="inline">Z \cap B_\delta(p)</math> that contains <math display="inline">z</math>. Suppose first that <math display="inline">z</math> is not on the boundary of <math display="inline">B_\delta(p)</math> and it is not in <math display="inline">X</math>. Then, being that <math display="inline">p</math> is an isolated critical point and <math display="inline">df(p)</math> is nondegenerate (meaning it is nonzero on any limit of tangent spaces to strata <math display="inline">Y > X</math>), there is a neighbourhood of <math display="inline">p</math> with the same property. This also implies that <math display="inline">d(f\pi)(z)</math> and <math display="inline">df(z)</math> are also independent provided <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 87.</ref> For points on the boundary of <math display="inline">B_\delta(p)</math> (if they exist), they satisfy condition 1 and 2 of the fringed set <math display="inline">A_4</math> and, assuming the other two conditions are also true, this means <math display="inline">df(z)</math>, <math display="inline">d(f\pi)(z)</math> and <math display="inline">dr(z)</math> are linearly independent. This means they are also independent when restricted to the tangent space of <math display="inline">B_\delta(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 87.</ref> There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_6</math> such that, assuming # for fixed <math display="inline">(\delta, \epsilon) \in A_6</math>, # a point <math display="inline">z \in Z</math>, <math display="inline">z \notin X</math> and <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math>, # <math display="inline">\rho(z) = \delta</math>, # <math display="inline">r\pi(z) = \delta</math>, # <math display="inline">|f(z)| \leq \epsilon</math>, and # <math display="inline">|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon</math>, then <math display="inline">d\rho</math>, <math display="inline">dr\pi</math>, <math display="inline">df</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are linearly independent when restricted to <math display="inline">T_zY</math> where <math display="inline">Y</math> is the stratum that contains <math display="inline">z</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.</ref> <math display="inline">A_6 = A_1 \cap A_2</math> has the desired properties. For <math display="inline">z</math> satisfying the assumptions, <math display="inline">(\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_2</math> which implies <math display="inline">d\rho</math>, <math display="inline">df</math>, and <math display="inline">d\pi</math> are independent. <math display="inline">(r\pi(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_1</math> which implies <math display="inline">dr\pi</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.</ref> ==== Homeomorphism ==== We prove there is a stratum preserving homeomorphism between<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65.</ref> <math display="block">\text{Local Morse Data} \cong (\text{Tangential Morse Data}) \times (\text{Normal Morse Data})</math> We first prove that there is a homeomorphism between the product of the normal and tangential Morse data and the '''realisation''' of the following diagram [diagram from pp. 102] where realisation means <math display="block">Z \cap (g_1, h_1)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (g_2, h_2)^{-1}(P_b)</math> where all the intersections of strata (of <math display="inline">Z</math>?) are transverse.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-102.</ref> The realisation of the above diagram is equal to <math display="block">(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2) = (V_1 \cap W_1, V_1 \cap W_2 \cup V_2 \cap W_1)</math> where <math display="block">V_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f(z) - f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}</math> <math display="block">V_2 = \{ z \in Z : f(z) - f\pi(z) = -\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}</math> <math display="block">W_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f\pi(z)| \leq 3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}</math> <math display="block">W_1 = \{ z \in Z : f\pi(z) = -3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}</math> where <math display="inline">\pi</math> is the projection from the tubular neighbourhood to <math display="inline">Z</math>, <math display="inline">r(z)</math> is the square of the distance between <math display="inline">z</math> and the critical point <math display="inline">p</math> and <math display="inline">\rho(z)</math> is the square of the distance between <math display="inline">z</math> and <math display="inline">\pi(z)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-101.</ref> <math display="inline">\epsilon \ll \delta</math> are chosen so that <math display="inline">(\delta, \epsilon)</math> is in the set <math display="inline">A^\flat_6</math> which consists of <math display="inline">A_6 \subset \R^+ \times \R^+</math> with the properties that for <math display="inline">(\epsilon, \delta) \in A_6</math> and <math display="inline">z</math> such that <math display="inline">\rho(z) = \delta</math>, <math display="inline">r\pi(z) = \delta</math>, <math display="inline">|f(z)| \leq \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon</math> then the covectors <math display="inline">d\rho(z)</math>, <math display="inline">dr\pi(z)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z)</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi(z)</math> are linearly independent when restricted to <math display="inline">T_zY</math> (where <math display="inline">Y</math> is the stratum containing <math display="inline">z</math>). We can prove such a set exists.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.</ref> <math display="inline">A^\flat_6</math> is this plus its reflection about the <math display="inline">x</math> axis.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.</ref> Let <math display="inline">D = \{ x \in X | r(x) \leq \delta \}</math> for stratum <math display="inline">X</math>. We will show there is a local trivial fibration of the configuration: <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2)</math> fibres over <math display="inline">D</math> and is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">D \times (\text{normal Morse data})</math> (V_1, V_2) -> D \times (normal Morse data) | / --> D <--- and that <math display="inline">(W_1, W_2)</math> fibres over the tangential Morse data and is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">(\text{tangential Morse data}) \times (\text{normal slice})</math>. For <math display="inline">Z_1 = \{ z \in Z : r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}</math>, the map <math display="inline">F(z): Z_1 \to \R^2 = (\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z))</math> is transverse to each stratum of <math display="inline">\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)</math>, [list], [by lemma 6.5]. <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2) = F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math>. For each stratum <math display="inline">S</math> of Box and each <math display="inline">x \in D</math>, we have transverse intersection <math display="inline">F^{-1}(S) \pitchfork \pi^{-1}(x)</math>. Therefore, <math display="inline">\pi|F^{-1}(S)</math> is a submersion and by Thom's isotopy lemma the projection <math display="inline">\pi|F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4): F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)) \to X</math> is a stratified fibre bundle over <math display="inline">D</math>. The fibre over the critical point <math display="inline">p</math> is <math display="inline">\pi^{-1}(p) \cap (F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math> and is equal to the normal Morse data...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101.</ref> Take <math display="inline">G: X \to \R^2 = (r(x), f(x))</math>. <math display="inline">\delta</math> and <math display="inline">\epsilon</math> have been chosen so that <math display="inline">(G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), G^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math> is the tangential Morse data for <math display="inline">f</math> and is contained in the region <math display="inline">D</math> over which <math display="inline">\pi|(V_1, V_2)</math> is a stratified fibre bundle. Therefore, <math display="inline">(W_1, W_2) = \pi^{-1} G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math> is transverse to <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101-102.</ref> Finally, this means that <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2)</math> is homeomorphic (by stratum preserving homeomorphism) to <math display="inline">(\pi^{-1}(p), \cap (V_1, V_2)) \times \pi(W_1, W_2)</math>, the product of normal and tangential Morse data.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 102.</ref> We use a succession of such diagrams to interpolate between the box diagram which defines local Morse data [explain] and the above diagram whose realisation we have just proven is <math display="inline">(\text{normal Morse data}) \times (\text{tangential Morse data})</math>. [diagram_d0.py] The realisation is the local Morse data. This is equal to the realisation of the diagram below.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 103, 106.</ref> [diagram_d11.py] The realisation of the first diagram [d0] is equivalent to the realisation of the below diagram. [diagram_d1.py] In the right-hand picture of the above diagram, we have put a dotted outline around the region <math display="inline">A^{\flat}_1</math>. We prove that there are no characteristic covectors for <math display="inline">(r, f): Z \to \R^2</math> in this region and can, therefore, move the wall in this region...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82-83.</ref> By adding a zero-dimensional stratum at the top right corner of the right-hand picture. A one-parameter family of pictures <math display="inline">P_b(t)</math> gives rise to a stratified space <math display="inline">Y \subset M \times \R</math> such that <math display="block">Y = \{ (z, t) \in M \times \R : (r, f)(z) \in P_b(t) \}.</math> <math display="inline">(r, f)</math> takes each stratum of <math display="inline">Z</math> transversally to each stratum of each <math display="inline">Y_t</math>. <math display="inline">(f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) = f^{-1}[-\epsilon, \infty)</math> is transverse to each stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t \cap Z</math>. Therefore, there is a homeomorphism between<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107.</ref> <math display="block">Z(D_1) = Z \cap (f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(0))</math> and <math display="block">Z(D_1) = Z \cap (f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(1)).</math> To go from D_2 to D_3 we find the characteristic covectors of <math display="inline">(f\pi, f): V \to \R^2</math> where <math display="inline">V = (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(1))</math>. We stratify <math display="inline">P_b(1)</math> by its interior <math display="inline">P</math> and boundary <math display="inline">\partial P</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107.</ref> The strata of <math display="inline">V</math> come in four types: # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(P) \cap X</math> # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(P) \cap Y</math> # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(\partial P) \cap X</math> # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(\partial P) \cap Y</math> where <math display="inline">X</math> is the strata that contains the critical point and <math display="inline">Y</math> is any other strata such that <math display="inline">Y > X</math>. All characteristic covectors are of the form <math display="inline">\lambda = (u, v, adu + bdv) \in T^*\R^2</math>. For strata 1 and 3, the image of <math display="inline">X</math> under <math display="inline">(f\pi, f)</math> is the diagonal <math display="inline">f\pi = f</math> (dotted outline). Therefore, the characteristic covectors of any point <math display="inline">z</math> in <math display="inline">X</math> are either where <math display="inline">z = p</math>, in which case the covector is zero(?), or where <math display="inline">z \neq p</math>, in which case <math display="inline">u = v</math> and <math display="inline">a = b</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107-108.</ref> For strata 2, being that the critical point is isolated and non-degenerate, which means it, and any neighbourhood, is not zero on any limit of tangent spaces in strata <math display="inline">Y > X</math>. Therefore, <math display="inline">f</math> and <math display="inline">f\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 84.</ref> Unless <math display="inline">\pi(z) = p</math>, in which case <math display="inline">d(f\pi)(z) = f\pi(z) = 0</math>, so they are covectors where <math display="inline">u = 0</math> and <math display="inline">b = 0</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 108.</ref> For strata 4, we can use implicit function theorem to generate local coordinates <math display="inline">y_1, \cdots y_{r-s-1}</math> in <math display="inline">Y > X</math> and define the Riemannian metric <math display="inline">r(z) = r\pi(z) + (f(z) - f\pi(z))^2 + g(y)</math> for some <math display="inline">g</math> depending only on <math display="inline">y</math>. There are no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">|u| \leq \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|v| < \epsilon</math>. By [lemma 6.7 and 6.8 and 8.1(d)] <math display="inline">df</math>, <math display="inline">df\pi</math> and <math display="inline">dr</math> are linearly independent in this region.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 109.</ref> Given <math display="inline">|f| \leq \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math>, a fringed set <math display="inline">A^\flat_4</math> of type <math display="inline">0 < \epsilon \ll \delta</math> and assume that <math display="inline">\pi \neq p</math> and <math display="inline">z \notin X</math> then <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math> and <math display="inline">(r(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 87.</ref> Outside of these points, the slope of <math display="inline">\ker(\lambda)</math> for any characteristic covector <math display="inline">\lambda</math> is <math display="block">\frac{-a}{b} = \frac{f(z) - f\pi(z) - M}{\frac{\alpha}{\beta} + (f(z) - f\pi(z))}</math> where <math display="inline">\alpha df + \beta dr = 0</math> and<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 108-109.</ref> <math display="block">\frac{1}{M} = \left(\frac{1}{x_i}\right) \left(\frac{\partial F(x)}{\partial x_i}\right).</math> Suppose that <math display="inline"><\alpha df + \beta dr></math> is the subspace of <math display="inline">T^*_pZ</math> spanned by <math display="inline">\alpha df + \beta dr</math>, then we can construct the exact sequence <math display="block">0 \to <\alpha df + \beta dr> \to T^*_pZ \to T^*_pX \to 0</math> where the injection is inclusion[?] and the surjection is restriction. The kernel of the latter is equal to the image of the former. <math display="inline">r(adf + bdf\pi) = 0</math>, which means <math display="inline"><\alpha df + \beta dr> = adf + bdf\pi</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 46.</ref> This means <math display="inline">\alpha df + \beta dr</math> is a multiple of <math display="inline">adf + bdf\pi</math>, which we can take to be 1 [how?]. Therefore, <math display="block">\alpha df + \beta (\sum x_i dx_i + (f - f\pi)(df - df\pi) + dg) = adf + bdf\pi.</math> <math display="inline">df\pi = \sum \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} dx_i</math> and equating coefficients of <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">dx_i</math> <math display="block">\begin{align} dg &= 0 \\ \alpha + \beta (f - f\pi) &= b \\ \beta x_i - \beta (f - f\pi) \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} &= a \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i}. \end{align}</math> Dividing the third by the second gives us the theorem.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 109.</ref> We consruct a one-parameter family of stratified spaces <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | v \geq -\epsilon, (v + \epsilon) \geq (u + 3\epsilon/4) t/(1 - t) \}</math> [picture] This is allowable because <math display="inline">(-3\epsilon/4, -\epsilon)</math> is not a characteristic point and we can prove <math display="inline">M < 0</math> so the slope of the kernel is always positive, whereas our slope is negative.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 110.</ref> In local coordinates, <math display="inline">adF(z) + bdr(z) = 0</math> becomes <math display="block">\sum \left( a \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i}(z) + b \frac{x_i}{r} \right) dx_i = 0.</math> For each <math display="inline">i</math>, <math display="block">\frac{1}{x_i} \left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} \right)(z) = \frac{-b}{ar}</math> which is negative when <math display="inline">a</math> and <math display="inline">b</math> have the same sign.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 57-58.</ref> From <math display="inline">Z(D_3)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_4)</math>. Given this one-parameter family of pictures<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 110.</ref> <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | u \geq -3\epsilon/4, u \geq t(u + 3\epsilon/4) - \epsilon \}.</math> [picture] Again, there are no characteristic covectors in the region <math display="inline">|f| < \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math>. Since <math display="inline">\alpha \geq 0, \beta \geq 0, f - f\pi < 0, f\pi > 0, M > 0</math>, then the slope of <math display="inline">\ker(\lambda)</math> is negative and, therefore, not in the interval <math display="inline">(0, 1]</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 111.</ref> We get from <math display="inline">Z(D_4)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_5)</math> by unrounding the corner using the same argument above. <math display="inline">Z(D_5)</math> is identical to <math display="inline">Z(D_6)</math>. For <math display="inline">Z(D_6)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_7)</math>, we construct a one-parameter family pictured below [picture] Given <math display="inline">V = (r, f)^{-1}(P_a) = \{ z \in Z | r(z) \leq 2\delta \}</math>, since this is in the region <math display="inline">A_4</math>, there are no characteristic covectors of the map <math display="inline">(f\pi, f): V \to \R^2</math> in the region <math display="inline">|f| \leq \epsilon, |f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 111.</ref> For <math display="inline">Z(D_7)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_8)</math>, we use the one-parameter family <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | u \geq -3\epsilon/4, u - \epsilon/4 \leq v \leq u, u (v - \epsilon)(t - 1)/t + 3\epsilon/4 \}.</math> As above, <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are linearly independent [link this]. As it is in the region <math display="inline">A_4</math>, then <math display="inline">dr, df, df\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 112.</ref> Since <math display="inline">r = \rho + r\pi</math>, <math display="inline">Z(D_8)</math> is identical to <math display="inline">Z(D_9)</math>. For <math display="inline">Z(D_9)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_10)</math>, add a fake zero-dimensional stratum <math display="inline">(\delta, \delta) \in \R</math> to the second picture of <math display="inline">D_9</math>. This is in the region <math display="inline">A_6</math>, so <math display="inline">df, df\pi, d\rho</math> are linearly independent. Construct the one-parameter family <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | v \leq 2\delta - u, v \leq (t - 1)(u - \delta) + \delta \}.</math> [picture] This is also in the region <math display="inline">A_6</math>, so <math display="inline">df, df\pi, ad\rho + bdr\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 112.</ref> For <math display="inline">Z(D_10)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_11)</math>, the one-parameter family <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | v \leq \delta/2, u \leq (t - 1)(v - \delta/2) + \delta/2 \}</math> [picture] This is in the region <math display="inline">A_5</math>, so <math display="inline">df, df\pi, ad\rho + bdr\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 112-113.</ref> == Morse theory == Steps(?) * Explain topology * Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42] ** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?) * Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542] === Homotopy === We want to replace our domain of convergence <math display="inline">M</math>, which is the complement of our singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>, with an "equivalent" space <math display="inline">M'</math> which has better understood properties. We say "equivalent" because there are several different things we could mean by "equivalent" in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''. Imagine two subspaces <math display="inline">\gamma_0</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma_1</math> of a space <math display="inline">Y</math> which are defined respectively by smooth functions <math display="inline">f, g: X \to Y</math>. If there exists a smooth function <math display="inline">h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y</math>, called a homotopy, such that <math display="inline">h_0 = f</math>, <math display="inline">h_1 = g</math> and for any <math display="inline">\epsilon > 0</math> there exists a <math display="inline">\delta_a</math> and <math display="inline">\delta_b</math> such that when <math display="inline">|s - s_0| < \delta_a</math> and <math display="inline">|x - x_0| < \delta_b</math> we have <math display="inline">|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| < \epsilon</math>, then we say <math display="inline">\gamma_0</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma_1</math> are '''homotopic'''.<ref>Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.</ref> Below is an example where <math display="inline">\gamma_0</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma_1</math> are one-dimensional curves and <math display="inline">H(t, s) = h_s(t)</math>. [[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]] In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space <math display="inline">M'</math>. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space <math display="inline">M'</math> in terms of local cycles around critical points. === Motivating example === Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point. [[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]] It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (<math display="inline">p_1, p_4</math>) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (<math display="inline">p_2, p_3</math>). [picture] When the height is between the <math display="inline">p_1</math> and <math display="inline">p_2</math>, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point. [picture] When the height is between <math display="inline">p_2</math> and <math display="inline">p_3</math>, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached. [[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]] When the height is between <math display="inline">p_3</math> and <math display="inline">p_4</math>, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached. [[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]] When the height is greater than <math display="inline">p_4</math>, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell. [Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?] === Morse data and quasi-local cycles === As in the above example, we start at the "bottom" of <math display="inline">M</math> and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point <math display="inline">p</math>. ;Smooth points :This is a tube around a <math display="inline">(d-1)</math>-chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math> where the height function <math display="inline">h</math> is maximised at <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.</ref> :For example, if <math display="inline">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}</math> then <math display="inline">\lambda = 1</math> and <math display="inline">B^\lambda</math> is an arc reaching its highest point at <math display="inline">p</math>. :The normal plane <math display="inline">N</math> at <math display="inline">p</math> is a plane orthogonal to <math display="inline">B^1</math>(?). :Its normal link <math display="inline">L(S)</math> is a circle with two points missing where it intersects <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. :We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to <math display="inline">M_-</math> at points below <math display="inline">M_-</math>. :With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...<ref>e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.</ref> ;Transverse multiple points :This is the product of a <math display="inline">k</math>-torus and a <math display="inline">(d-k)</math>-chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math>. The torus is the product of circles about <math display="inline">p</math> in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects <math display="inline">p</math>. The chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math> is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at <math display="inline">p</math>, and achieves its maximum height at <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.</ref> ;Arrangement multiple point :This is the product of a <math display="inline">(d-k)</math>-chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math> and several <math display="inline">k</math>-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about <math display="inline">p</math> in each sheet.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.</ref> ;Cone point :A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no <math display="inline">\gamma</math>, just a <math display="inline">d</math>-torus about <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.</ref> == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }} * {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }} * {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}. * {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }} bcvetriy65t6q37cocla9rxrctxkpkb 4678821 4678818 2026-10-29T10:26:02Z Dom walden 3209423 /* Thom's isotopy lemma */ 4678821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points. The "Morse data" tells us the topology at each critical point. Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M. This space is a "cell complex", which has an easy to calculate homology. Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math>.<ref>This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.</ref> Proof: # <math display="inline">X</math> is our entire domain, <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> our variety # Project our entire domain to complex projective space <math display="inline">Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H</math> [define H] # Define a linear subspace <math display="inline">G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n</math> of dimension <math display="inline">d - 1</math> # Define a Morse function on <math display="inline">f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R</math> which approximates the distance from <math display="inline">G</math> and such that <math display="inline">f^{-1}(0) = G</math> and <math display="inline">f^{-1}(1) = H</math> # We "build" <math display="inline">X - \mathcal{V}</math> from <math display="inline">\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})</math> by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math> # At a critical point, the normal Morse data is <math display="inline">(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)</math> and the relative complex link is <math display="inline">\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x</math> # We show that the quotient <math display="inline">J_x/K_x</math> is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension <math display="inline">\leq 2n - d - 1</math> # The neighbourhood of <math display="inline">x</math> in <math display="inline">J_x</math> is homeomorphic to the cone in <math display="inline">L_x(X - \mathcal{V})</math>, and removing the point <math display="inline">x</math> increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of <math display="inline">L_x</math> # <math display="inline">(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)</math> is homotopic to <math display="inline">(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)</math> # <math display="inline">\mathcal{L}_x</math> is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math> # The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair <math display="inline">(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)</math> # Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math>. Theorem: If <math display="inline">X</math> is the complement in <math display="inline">\C^n</math> of a complex variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> of dimension <math display="inline">d</math> then <math display="inline">X</math> is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.</ref> Proof: # We build <math display="inline">X</math> by attaching cells of dimension at most <math display="inline">2n - d - 1</math> at each critical point. ## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?) ## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points. # Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data. ## Normal data: <math display="inline">(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)</math> [GM pp. 18] ## Tangential data: <math display="inline">(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))</math> for <math display="inline">f</math> restricted to <math display="inline">X</math> (or <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>?) [GM pp. 63-64] # If <math display="inline">k</math> is the dimension of the strata, then ## If <math display="inline">k = d</math> then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of <math display="inline">S^{2(n-d)-1}</math> and the tangential data is dimension at most <math display="inline">d</math>. ## If <math display="inline">k < d</math>, ... <ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.</ref> == Example in one dimension == Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i Define our height function f... Start with our entire domain X Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract == Thom's isotopy lemma == We present a modified version of Thom's first isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation. === Theorem === Suppose <math display="inline">Z</math> is a closed subset of a smooth manifold <math display="inline">M</math> which admits a Whitney stratification and <math display="inline">h : M \to \R</math> is a proper[?] Morse function which has no critical values on <math display="inline">Z</math>. Then, the level sets of <math display="inline">Z</math> are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of <math display="inline">Z</math>.<ref>For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.</ref> === Proof === # Construct '''control data''' for <math display="inline">Z</math> compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>. # The control data makes <math display="inline">Z</math> an '''abstract stratified set''' and <math display="inline">h</math> a '''controlled submersion'''. # A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on <math display="inline">\R</math>, a '''controlled vector field''' on <math display="inline">Z</math>. # A controlled vector field has a unique '''one-parameter family of homeomorphisms''' of <math display="inline">Z</math> which commute with <math display="inline">h</math>. # This makes <math display="inline">h</math> a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 499.</ref> ==== Step 1: Construct control data ==== A system of '''control data''' for <math display="inline">Z</math> consists of, for each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, * a '''tubular neighbourhood''' <math display="inline">T_X</math> of <math display="inline">X</math> * a '''tubular projection function''' <math display="inline">\pi_X: T_X \to X</math>, and * a '''tubular distance function''' <math display="inline">\rho_X: T_X \to \R</math> such that <math display="inline">\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X</math><ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.</ref> [illustration] such that if <math display="inline">X < Y</math> are strata in <math display="inline">Z</math>, then <math display="block">\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),</math> <math display="block">\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)</math> for all <math display="inline">m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|</math> such that <math display="inline">\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|</math>. If, for all strata <math display="inline">X</math> and all <math display="inline">m \in |T_X|</math>, we have <math display="inline">h \pi_X(m) = h(m)</math>, then this control data will be said to be compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 488.</ref> We prove that if <math display="inline">h</math> is smooth on <math display="inline">Z</math> and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for <math display="inline">Z</math> compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.</ref> Let <math display="inline">Z_k</math> be the union of strata of <math display="inline">Z</math> of dimension less than <math display="inline">k</math>. We prove by induction on <math display="inline">k</math>. To construct the tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T_X</math> of a stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of dimension less than <math display="inline">k</math>. For <math display="inline">l \leq k</math>, let <math display="inline">U_l</math> denote the union of all <math display="inline">|T_Y|</math> for <math display="inline">Y < X</math> and <math display="inline">\dim Y \geq l</math>. Let <math display="inline">X_l = U_l \cap X</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489.</ref> For <math display="inline">l = k</math>, <math display="inline">X_k = \empty</math>. Assume by induction that <math display="inline">T_{l+1}</math> has been constructed and that if <math display="inline">Y < X</math>, <math display="inline">\dim Y \geq l + 1</math>, <math display="inline">m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|</math> (<math display="inline">\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}</math>) then<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.</ref> <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> of <math display="inline">|T_Y| \cap X</math> whose restriction to <math display="inline">|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}</math> is isomorphic to the restriction of <math display="inline">T_{l+1}</math> such that if <math display="inline">m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|</math> (<math display="inline">\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}</math>) then <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> By shrinking <math display="inline">|T_Y|</math> if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if <math display="inline">m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|</math> with <math display="inline">T_{l+1}</math> in place of <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}</math> in place of <math display="inline">\pi_{X,Y}</math>. By the definition, if <math display="inline">m \in |T_{l+1}|</math> then there exists <math display="inline">Z < X</math> with <math display="inline">\dim Z > l</math>, <math display="inline">m \in |T_Z|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|</math>. We have that <math display="inline">\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|</math> and therefore <math display="inline">Y < Z</math>. Therefore<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 490.</ref> <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> We can prove that, by shrinking <math display="inline">|T_Y|</math>, <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y</math> is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> is compatible with <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)</math>(?). To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)</math> there exists a smooth positive function <math display="inline">\epsilon'</math> such that <math display="block">(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,</math> where <math display="inline">|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})</math>, is a submersion. If <math display="inline">\Sigma</math> is the set <math display="inline">y \in |T|</math> such that the rank of <math display="block">(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X</math> at <math display="inline">y</math> is less than <math display="inline">\dim(\R \times X)</math>. We need to prove that for any <math display="inline">x \in X</math> there exists a neighbourhood of <math display="inline">x</math> which does not intersect with <math display="inline">\Sigma</math>, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for <math display="inline">M = \R^m</math>, <math display="inline">X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c</math> and <math display="inline">T</math> is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489.</ref> By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base <math display="inline">\R^{m-c}</math> and fibre <math display="inline">\R^c</math> where <math display="inline">\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}</math>...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 488.</ref> For <math display="inline">y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}</math>, the kernal of the differential of <math display="inline">(\pi_T, \rho_T)</math> at <math display="inline">y</math> is the orthogonal complement of <math display="inline">(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}</math> in <math display="inline">\R^m</math>. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for <math display="inline">y</math> near <math display="inline">\R^{m-c}</math>, <math display="inline">(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}</math> is close to the set of <math display="inline">m - c + 1</math> planes in <math display="inline">m-</math>space to an <math display="inline">m - c + 1</math> plane in <math display="inline">TY_y</math>. Therefore, for <math display="inline">y</math> near enough to <math display="inline">\R^{m-c}</math>, <math display="inline">TY_y</math> is transverse to the kernal of the differential of <math display="inline">(\pi_T, \rho_T)</math> and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to <math display="inline">Y</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 489.</ref> To prove that <math display="inline">T_{X,Y}</math> is compatible with <math display="inline">(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y</math>...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 490.</ref> Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T_0</math> of <math display="inline">X_0</math> satisfying <math display="block">\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),</math> <math display="block">\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).</math> From this we can prove that <math display="inline">T_0</math> is compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>. Replacing <math display="inline">T_0</math> with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume <math display="inline">m \in |T_0|</math> such that for some <math display="inline">Y < X</math>, <math display="inline">m \in |T_Y|</math> and <math display="inline">\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|</math>, then<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 490.</ref> <math display="block">h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).</math> By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace <math display="inline">T_0</math> with a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T</math> of <math display="inline">X</math> compatible with <math display="inline">h</math>. This completes the construction of <math display="inline">T_X</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 491.</ref> This makes <math display="inline">Z</math> an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.</ref> This also makes <math display="inline">h</math> a '''controlled submersion''' because # <math display="inline">h|X: X \to \R</math> is a smooth submersion on each strata <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, and # for each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> there is a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T'_X</math> such that <math display="inline">h(v) = h \pi_X(v)</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in T'_X</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point <math display="inline">p</math> in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Henle 1979, pp. 33.</ref> [picture] Imagine we have a vector field <math display="inline">v(x)</math> defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This "flows" the entire line along the vectors. [picture] We define a '''stratified vector field''' <math display="inline">\eta</math> on <math display="inline">Z</math> to be a family of smooth vector fields <math display="inline">\eta_X</math>, one for each strata <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> We define a '''controlled vector field''' <math display="inline">\eta</math> on <math display="inline">Z</math> to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata <math display="inline">Y</math> there exists a tubular neighbourhood <math display="inline">T'_Y</math> such that for any <math display="inline">X > Y</math> and any <math display="inline">v \in T'_X \cap X</math><ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> <math display="block">\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,</math> <math display="block">(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).</math> We prove that if <math display="inline">h</math> is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field <math display="inline">\zeta</math> on <math display="inline">\R</math> there is a controlled vector field <math display="inline">\eta</math> on <math display="inline">Z</math> such that <math display="inline">h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493.</ref> Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of <math display="inline">Z</math>, we define <math display="inline">Z_k</math> to be the union of strata of <math display="inline">Z</math> of dimension at most <math display="inline">k</math>. The tubular neighbourhood of <math display="inline">Z_k</math> is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in <math display="inline">Z_k</math> with <math display="inline">Z</math>. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of <math display="inline">Z</math>. It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in <math display="inline">Z</math> is zero. Assume it is true for <math display="inline">k</math> and construct each <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> separately for each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of dimension <math display="inline">k + 1</math>. By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata <math display="inline">Y</math> of dimension at most <math display="inline">k</math>, we have the two control conditions defined above for any <math display="inline">X > Y</math> and that there is a neighbourhood <math display="inline">T^1_Y</math> such that <math display="inline">h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)</math> for <math display="inline">v \in T^1_Y</math>. We want to prove that for all <math display="inline">Y < X</math>, the control conditions are satisfied for all <math display="inline">v \in T^2_Y</math> and that <math display="inline">h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in X</math>. Take a point <math display="inline">x \in X</math> and define the set <math display="inline">S_v</math> of strata <math display="inline">Y < X</math> such that <math display="inline">v \in T^2_Y</math>. <math display="inline">S_v</math> is totally ordered since if <math display="inline">Y_1</math> and <math display="inline">Y_2</math> are not comparable then <math display="inline">T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty</math>. Therefore, there is a largest member <math display="inline">Y = Y_v</math>. Assume the control conditions hold for <math display="inline">Y = Y_v</math>. Then they hold for all <math display="inline">Y_i \in S_v</math>. For, either <math display="inline">Y_i = Y</math> or <math display="inline">Y_i < Y</math>. In the latter case, <math display="inline">\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}</math> (by the choice of <math display="inline">T^2_Y</math>'s [is this why?]. Then <math display="block">\begin{align} \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\ &= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\ &= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\ &= 0 \end{align}</math> and <math display="block">\begin{align} (\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\ &= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\ &= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\ &= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v)) \end{align}</math> and, therefore, condition holds for all <math display="inline">Y_i \in S_v</math>. Also, <math display="block">\begin{align} h_* \eta_X(v) &= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\ &= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\ &= \zeta(f(v)) \end{align}</math> and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at <math display="inline">v</math>. This shows we can construct <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> satisfying the control conditions when <math display="inline">S_v</math> is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when <math display="inline">S_v</math> is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in <math display="inline">TX_v</math>, and so we construct <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> globally via a partition of unity.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.</ref> Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of <math display="inline">Z</math> which commute with <math display="inline">h</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.</ref> For each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, <math display="inline">\eta_X</math> generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group <math display="inline">(J_X, \alpha_X)</math> of diffeomorphisms of <math display="inline">X</math> (by standard results of differential geometry), such that <math display="inline">\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)</math>, <math display="inline">J_X</math> is an open subset of <math display="inline">\R \times Z</math>, ... If we define <math display="inline">(J, \alpha)</math> by <math display="block">J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X</math> <math display="block">\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X</math> we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 496.</ref> Firstly, it is clear that # <math display="inline">0 \times Z \subseteq J</math> and <math display="inline">\alpha(0, v) = v</math> for all <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>. # If <math display="inline">v \in Z</math> then <math display="inline">J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R</math> is an open interval <math display="inline">(a_v, b_v)</math>, possibly infinite at one or both ends. # If <math display="inline">v \in Z</math> and <math display="inline">t, s, t + s</math> are in <math display="inline">(a_v, b_v)</math> then <math display="inline">\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 495.</ref> Secondly, it is clear that <math display="inline">\eta</math> generates <math display="inline">\alpha</math> because # Each stratum <math display="inline">X</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math> is invariant under <math display="inline">\alpha</math>, i.e. <math display="inline">\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X</math>. # For each <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>, the map <math display="inline">t \to \alpha(t, v)</math> of <math display="inline">(a_v, b_v)</math> into the stratum which contains <math display="inline">v</math> is <math display="inline">C^1</math>. # For any <math display="inline">(t, v) \in Z</math>(?) we have <math display="inline">d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 495.</ref> It is unique because each <math display="inline">(J_X, \alpha_X)</math> is unique. We just need to prove that <math display="inline">J</math> is open, <math display="inline">\alpha</math> is continuous, and for any <math display="inline">v \in Z</math> and any compact set <math display="inline">K \subseteq Z</math> there exists <math display="inline">\epsilon > 0</math> such that <math display="inline">\alpha(t, v) \notin K</math> if <math display="inline">t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)</math>.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 495.</ref> For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.</ref> We prove there is a homeomorphism <math display="inline">f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R</math> such that <math display="inline">\pi \circ f = h</math>, where <math display="inline">\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R</math> is projection to the second factor. For the coordinate vector field <math display="inline">\partial</math> on <math display="inline">\R</math>, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field <math display="inline">\tilde\partial</math> such that <math display="inline">f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))</math> for <math display="inline">v \in Z</math>. By [prop 10.1], <math display="inline">\tilde\partial</math> generates a local one-parameter group <math display="inline">(J, \alpha)</math> such that <math display="block">h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t</math> <math display="inline">h</math> is proper and [d] holds, so <math display="inline">J = \R \times Z</math>. If we define <math display="inline">f</math> as <math display="block">f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))</math> then <math display="inline">f</math> maps <math display="inline">Z</math> into <math display="inline">h^{-1}(0) \times \R</math> and <math display="inline">\pi \circ f = h</math>. If we define <math display="inline">\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z</math> as <math display="block">\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)</math> then <math display="inline">f \bar f = \bar f f = Id</math> and <math display="inline">f</math> is a homeomorphism.<ref>Mather 2012, pp. 497.</ref> == Topology at critical points == Theorem: If there is a critical point <math display="inline">p</math> in the singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math> with critical value <math display="inline">v \in (a, b)</math> then the space <math display="inline">X_{\leq b}</math> is homotopic to<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.</ref> <math display="block">X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].</math> Proof:<ref>Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.</ref> # <math display="inline">(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})</math> is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})</math>. We can prove this by "moving wall" or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.</ref> # <math display="inline">X_{\leq v + \epsilon}</math> is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)</math>, where the latter is the local Morse data for <math display="inline">h</math> at <math display="inline">p</math>. We do this by moving the wall...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.</ref> # <math display="inline">(J, K)</math> is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)</math> (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.</ref> # The normal Morse data depends only on the differential <math display="inline">df(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.</ref> # The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of <math display="inline">(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.</ref> === Step 1 === We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma. === Step 2 === <ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.</ref> Step 1 works because <math display="inline">h</math> is a submersion at each point of the regions we are homeomorphing. This is not the case at critical points. We need some way by which a homeomorphism can pass through a critical point. To prove a homeomorphism between two subsets <math display="inline">A</math> and <math display="inline">B</math> of <math display="inline">Z</math>, we project <math display="inline">Z</math> to some other space <math display="inline">N</math> (in our case <math display="inline">\R^n</math>) using some function <math display="inline">F</math>. We take subsets <math display="inline">Y_0</math> and <math display="inline">Y_1</math> of <math display="inline">N</math> such that <math display="inline">A = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0)</math> and <math display="inline">B = Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)</math>. We need to prove <math display="inline">Y_0</math> and <math display="inline">Y_1</math> are connected by a one-parameter family of regions <math display="inline">Y_t</math> [explain one-parameter family]. The criterion for such a family to exist is that the '''characteristic covectors''' of <math display="inline">F</math> are all nonzero on each stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 70.</ref> At each point <math display="inline">x \in M</math> and <math display="inline">y \in N</math> there are '''tangent spaces''' <math display="inline">T_xM</math> and <math display="inline">T_yN</math>, a vector space whose zero is at the point <math display="inline">x</math> or <math display="inline">y</math> (resp.) [picture of various tangent spaces] In the case the <math display="inline">N = \R</math>, the tangent space <math display="inline">T_x\R</math> is just <math display="inline">\R</math> but whose origin is at <math display="inline">x</math>. [picture of T_x\R] Say <math display="inline">F(x) = y</math>, then the differential of the map <math display="inline">F</math> can be seen as a function whose input is a vector in the tangent space <math display="inline">T_xM</math> and whose output is a vector in the tangent space <math display="inline">T_yM</math>. [If I move this far on the tangent space of M how do I move in the tangent space of N?] [picture] [example for M = \R and N = \R?] A function which takes as input a vector in the tangent space <math display="inline">T_xM</math> (say) and outputs a scalar (usually <math display="inline">\R</math>) is called a '''covector'''. The set of all covectors on <math display="inline">T_xM</math> is called the dual space of <math display="inline">T_xM</math> and is denoted <math display="inline">T^*_xM</math>. There are only a limited number of ways to express a covectors. For example, if our tangent space is two-dimensional then all covectors are of the form <math display="inline">ax + by</math> where <math display="inline">(x, y) \in T_xM</math>. We take our space <math display="inline">M</math> and map it onto <math display="inline">\R^2</math> with the map <math display="inline">F(z) = (r(z), h(z))</math>, where <math display="inline">z \in M</math> and <math display="inline">r</math> is the square of the distance of <math display="inline">z</math> to the critical point <math display="inline">p</math>. [graph of mapping] In this case, the covectors on the tangent space <math display="inline">T_xM</math> are of the form <math display="inline">adf(x) + bdr(x)</math> (in this case <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">dr</math> are maps to <math display="inline">\R</math>) and on <math display="inline">T_y\R^2</math> are of the form <math display="inline">cu + dv</math> (for <math display="inline">(u, v) \in \R^2</math>). A covector <math display="inline">cu + dv \in T^*_{(u, v)}\R^2</math> is called a '''characteristic covector''' of <math display="inline">F</math> if <math display="inline">F(x) = (u, v)</math> and <math display="inline">cdf(x) + ddr(x) = 0</math> for all vectors in the tangent space of the stratum containing <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.</ref> [explain adf(x) + bdr(x) in terms of this being a function which takes a vector input] [example of where covectors do and do not vanish on a stratified space, pp. 71?] What we want is a homeomorphism in <math display="inline">M</math> between the space <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon}</math> and <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B</math>, where <math display="inline">B</math> is a small region of the critical point <math display="inline">p</math>. The '''local Morse data''' is <math display="block">((B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}[v-\epsilon, v+\epsilon], (B_\delta \cap Z) \cap f^{-1}(v-\epsilon))</math> where <math display="inline">B_\delta</math> is a closed disc in <math display="inline">M</math> of radius <math display="inline">\delta</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 63-64.</ref> Observe that this is the pair <math display="inline">(F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon)), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon)))</math><ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 91.</ref> [explain Box, Bottom, etc.] [picture of the two subspaces of Z in M] We use our map <math display="inline">F</math> to convert these two subspaces to subspaces of <math display="inline">\R^2</math> which are of the form <math display="inline">Y_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq \epsilon\}</math> and <math display="inline">Y_0 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq -\epsilon\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | x \leq \delta, y \leq \epsilon\}</math>, such that <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon} = F^{-1}(Y_1)</math> and <math display="inline">Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B = F^{-1}(Y_0)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96.</ref> We use a homeomorphism between <math display="inline">Y_1</math> and <math display="inline">Y_0</math> using the technique of "moving the wall" and Thom's Isotopy Lemma. Such a homeomorphism exists when the characteristic covectors of <math display="inline">F</math> are all nonzero on each stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, chapter 4, particularly pp. 71-72.</ref> Given a smooth mapping between manifolds <math display="inline">F: M \to N</math> (for example, in our case we could have <math display="inline">N = \R^2</math>) and that <math display="inline">F|Z: Z \to N</math> is proper. Let <math display="inline">Y \subset N \times \R</math> be a closed Whitney stratified subset such that the projection to the second factor <math display="inline">\pi: Y \to \R</math> is a proper stratified submersion.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 71.</ref> Suppose for each <math display="inline">t \in \R</math>, for each <math display="inline">p \in F(Z) \cap Y_t</math>, and for each nonzero characteristic covector <math display="inline">\lambda \in T^*_pN</math> of <math display="inline">F|Z</math>, the restriction of <math display="inline">\lambda</math> to the subspace <math display="inline">T_pS_t = \ker(d\pi(p)) \cap T_pS</math> is nonzero, where <math display="inline">S</math> is a stratum of <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">(p, t)</math> and <math display="inline">S_t = \pi^{-1}(t) \cap S</math> is the stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t = \pi^{-1}(t) \cap Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">p</math>. This is equivalent to the statement that, for each <math display="inline">t \in \R</math>, the restriction <math display="inline">F|Z</math> is transverse to <math display="inline">Y_t</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 71-72.</ref> This means that, for each <math display="inline">t \in \R</math>, <math display="inline">Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_t)</math> is stratified by its intersection with the strata of <math display="inline">Z</math>... We finally prove there is a homeomorphism between <math display="inline">Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_0) \cong Z \cap F^{-1}(Y_1)</math> which preserves the Whitney stratification of both sides and is smooth on each stratum. For the composition <math display="block">Z \times \R \subset M \times \R \to_{F \times I} Y \subset \R^2 \times \R \to_{\pi} \R</math> where <math display="inline">Y(t, z) = Y_t(z)</math>, <math display="inline">I</math> is the identity and <math display="inline">\pi</math> is projection to the second factor. <math display="inline">Z \times \R</math> is transverse to <math display="inline">(F \times I)^{-1}(Y)</math>... The composition <math display="inline">\pi \circ (F \times I): Z \times \R \cap (F \times I)^{-1}(Y) \to \R</math> is a stratified submersion because * The input domain is stratified as above..., * We have defined <math display="inline">F|Z</math> to be transverse to <math display="inline">Y</math>, and therefore it preserves the stratification (unless <math display="inline">F(Z) \cap Y = \empty</math>), and * We defined above the projection on <math display="inline">Y</math> to be a stratified submersion, meaning it is a submersion on each stratum of <math display="inline">F(Z) \cap Y</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 43.</ref> Therefore, we can apply Thom's Isotopy Lemma which says there is a homeomorphism between the level sets of <math display="inline">Z \times \R</math>...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 72.</ref> === Step 3 === ==== Characteristic covectors ==== ==== Fringed sets ==== When manipulating our domain of integration[?], we need to make sure we are doing this in regions with no characteristic covectors. The introduce the concept of a fringed set, a subset of <math display="inline">R^2</math>, and construct a series of fringed sets which contain no characteristic covectors. A '''fringed set''' <math display="inline">A \subset \R \times \R^+</math> is an open subset of the first quadrant of <math display="inline">\R^2</math>. <math display="inline">A</math> is fringed over <math display="inline">0 < y \ll x</math> if for some interval <math display="inline">S = (0, x)</math> # the projection of <math display="inline">A</math> to the first factor is equal to <math display="inline">S</math>, # <math display="inline">A</math> is open in <math display="inline">S \times \R^+</math>, # if <math display="inline">(s, y) \in A</math> and <math display="inline">0 < y' \leq y</math> then <math display="inline">(s, y') \in A</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 77.</ref> [picture] The fringed set <math display="inline">A^\flat</math> is the set <math display="inline">A</math> plus its reflection about the <math display="inline">x</math> axis.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.</ref> [picture] We build a series of fringed sets which do not contain characteristic covectors, which will be used later in our proof. There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_1</math> such that <math display="inline">(r, f): Z \to \R^2</math> has no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">A^\flat_1</math>. Given that the set of points <math display="inline">(u, v) \in \R^2</math> which have a nonzero characteristic covector is closed, then it is enough to prove it for points <math display="inline">(u, 0) \in \R^2</math>. Proof by contradiction. Assume it is false and that there is a sequence of points <math display="inline">p_i \in Z \cap f^{-1}(0)</math> converging to <math display="inline">p</math> such that <math display="inline">df(p_i)</math> and <math display="inline">dr(p_i)</math> are linearly dependent when restricted to the stratum <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">p_i</math>. This would mean that <math display="inline">f</math> has a critical point on <math display="inline">Y \cap \partial B_{\rho(p_i)}(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82-83.</ref> By restricting to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume the points <math display="inline">p_i</math> are all contained in the same stratum <math display="inline">Y</math>, that the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{p_i}Y</math> converge to some plane <math display="inline">Q</math> and the secant lines <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}_i = \overline{p_i p}</math> converge to some line <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>. By the Whitney conditions [how?], <math display="inline">Q = \lim_{i \to \infty} \mathcal{l}_i \oplus T_{p_i}(Y \cap \partial B_\delta(p))</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 83.</ref> For each <math display="inline">i</math>, <math display="inline">f(p_i) = f(p) = v</math>, this means[?] <math display="inline">df(p)(Q) = 0</math>. On the assumption that <math display="inline">df(p)</math> is nondegenerate, we may assume <math display="inline">Y = X</math>, so <math display="inline">\ker d(f|X)(p_i) = T_{p_i}(X \cap \partial B_\delta(p)) = T_{p_i}(X \cap f^{-1}(v))</math>, which converges to a subspace <math display="inline">\tau</math> of <math display="inline">Q = T_pX</math>, perpendicular to <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>. However, as <math display="inline">f^{-1}(v) \cap X</math> satisfies Whitney's conditions, <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset \tau</math>, a contradiction.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 83.</ref> There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_2</math> of type <math display="inline">0 < v \ll u</math> such that for any <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> such that <math display="inline">r\pi(z) \leq r_2</math>, the map <math display="inline">(\rho, f - f\pi)|\pi^{-1}(\pi(z)): \pi^{-1}(\pi(z)) \to \R^2</math> has no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">A^\flat_2</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 84.</ref> The proof is exactly the same as for <math display="inline">A_1</math>, but we assume for the contradiction that <math display="inline">d\rho</math>, <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are linearly dependent. If <math display="inline">df(p)</math> is a nondegenerate characteristic covector for <math display="inline">Z</math> then it is also a nondegenerate characteristic covector for <math display="inline">Z \cap \pi^{-1}(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 84.</ref> For any <math display="inline">a > 0</math> and <math display="inline">b > 0</math> there exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_3</math> such that whenever <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> satisfies # <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in A^\flat_3</math>, # <math display="inline">(r\pi(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_3</math>, # <math display="inline">z \notin X</math>, and # <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math> then the covectors <math display="inline">ad\rho(z) + bdr\pi(z)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z)</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi(z)</math> are linearly independent when restricted to the stratum <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">z</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 85.</ref> Proof by contradiction. If we assume not, then by the Whitney conditions the points <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> such that <math display="inline">ad\rho(z) + bdr\pi(z)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z)</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi(z)</math> are linearly dependent form a close subset of <math display="inline">Z</math>. By Cauchy[?], this means there is a sequence <math display="inline">z_i \in Z</math> which converge to the critical point <math display="inline">p</math> such that <math display="inline">f(z_i) = 0</math> and <math display="inline">f\pi(z_i) = 0</math> and the covectors <math display="inline">ad\rho(z_i) + bdr\pi(z_i)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z_i)</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi(z_i)</math> are linearly dependent for all <math display="inline">i</math>. By choosing a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that all <math display="inline">z_i</math> lie in the same stratum <math display="inline">Y</math>, that the secant lines <math display="inline">\overline{p z_i}</math> converge to a line <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>, that the tangent planes <math display="inline">T_{z_i}Y</math> converge to some plane <math display="inline">\tau</math>, and that the subspaces <math display="inline">\ker(ad\rho(z_i) + bdr\pi(z_i))</math>, <math display="inline">\ker(df(z_i))</math>, and <math display="inline">\ker(df\pi(z_i))</math> converge to subspaces <math display="inline">A</math>, <math display="inline">B</math>, and <math display="inline">C</math> of <math display="inline">\tau</math>, respectively.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 85.</ref> [Necessity of Riemannian metric?] <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math> is perpendicular to <math display="inline">A</math>, so <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \nsubseteq A</math>. But, on the assumption of linear dependence of the covectors, <math display="inline">B + C \subset A</math>, and we show that <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset B</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset C</math> to prove a contradiction. Let <math display="inline">w = \lim \frac{z_i - p}{|z_i - p|}</math> denote the unit vector in <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}</math>. <math display="inline">df(p)(w) = \lim \frac{f(z_i) - f(p)}{|z_i - p|} = 0</math> [prove this], meaning <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset B</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 85.</ref> <math display="block">\begin{align} C &= \lim \ker(df\pi(z_i)) \\ &= \lim d\pi^{-1}(z_i)(\ker(df(\pi(z_i))) \cap T_{\pi(z_i)}X) \\ &= \lim d\pi^{-1}(p)(B \cap T_pX) \end{align}</math> and <math display="block">\ker(d\pi(p)) \cup (B \cap T_pX) \subset \lim d\pi^{-1}(p)(B \cap T_pX).</math> If <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}_A = \lim \overline{z_i \pi(z_i)} \subset A</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{l}_B = \lim \overline{\pi(z_i)p} \subset B \cap T_pX</math>, then <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset \mathcal{l}_A \cup \mathcal{l}_B</math> and <math display="inline">\mathcal{l} \subset A \cup (B \cap T_pX) \subset C</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 86.</ref> There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_4</math> such that for any <math display="inline">z \in Z</math> which satisfies # <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math> # <math display="inline">(r(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math> # <math display="inline">z \notin X</math> # <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math> then the covectors <math display="inline">df</math>, <math display="inline">df\pi</math>, and <math display="inline">dr</math> are linearly independent when restricted to the stratum <math display="inline">Y</math> which contains <math display="inline">z</math>. Moreover, there exists an <math display="inline">r_1 > 0</math> such that for <math display="inline">\delta \leq r_1</math> the projection <math display="inline">(f\pi, f): Z \cap B_\delta(p) \to \R^2</math> has no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">|f| \leq \epsilon</math>, <math display="inline">|f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math> except for # covectors where <math display="inline">u = v = 0</math>, # where <math display="inline">u = v</math> and <math display="inline">a = b</math>, and # where <math display="inline">u = 0</math> and <math display="inline">du = 0</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 86-87.</ref> Given fringed sets <math display="inline">A_2</math> and <math display="inline">A_3</math> (<math display="inline">a = b = 1</math>), fix <math display="inline">v_0 > 0</math> such that <math display="inline">(0, v_0) \in A_2 \cap A_3</math>. For each <math display="inline">v_0 \geq \delta > 0</math> choose <math display="inline">M(\delta)</math> such that <math display="inline">B(\delta) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 : \delta/2 \leq u \leq \delta, |v| \leq 2M(\delta) \} \subset A^\flat_2 \cap A^\flat_3</math>. If we define <math display="inline">A_4 = \{ (\delta, \epsilon) \in \R^+ \times \R^+ : \delta \leq v_0, \epsilon \leq M(\delta) \}</math> then it has the desired properties. If <math display="inline">\rho(z) \leq r(z)/2</math>, then <math display="inline">r\pi(z) = r(z) - \rho(z) \geq r(z)/2</math>, <math display="inline">(r\pi(z), f\pi(z)) \in B(r(z)) \subset A^\flat_3</math> and <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in B(r(z)) \subset A^\flat_3</math>. We have proven above this means the covectors are linearly independent. If <math display="inline">\rho(z) \geq r(z)/2</math> then <math display="inline">(\rho(z), f - f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_2</math> which also means they are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 86.</ref> Let <math display="inline">Y</math> denote the stratum of <math display="inline">Z \cap B_\delta(p)</math> that contains <math display="inline">z</math>. Suppose first that <math display="inline">z</math> is not on the boundary of <math display="inline">B_\delta(p)</math> and it is not in <math display="inline">X</math>. Then, being that <math display="inline">p</math> is an isolated critical point and <math display="inline">df(p)</math> is nondegenerate (meaning it is nonzero on any limit of tangent spaces to strata <math display="inline">Y > X</math>), there is a neighbourhood of <math display="inline">p</math> with the same property. This also implies that <math display="inline">d(f\pi)(z)</math> and <math display="inline">df(z)</math> are also independent provided <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 87.</ref> For points on the boundary of <math display="inline">B_\delta(p)</math> (if they exist), they satisfy condition 1 and 2 of the fringed set <math display="inline">A_4</math> and, assuming the other two conditions are also true, this means <math display="inline">df(z)</math>, <math display="inline">d(f\pi)(z)</math> and <math display="inline">dr(z)</math> are linearly independent. This means they are also independent when restricted to the tangent space of <math display="inline">B_\delta(p)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 87.</ref> There exists a fringed set <math display="inline">A_6</math> such that, assuming # for fixed <math display="inline">(\delta, \epsilon) \in A_6</math>, # a point <math display="inline">z \in Z</math>, <math display="inline">z \notin X</math> and <math display="inline">\pi(z) \neq p</math>, # <math display="inline">\rho(z) = \delta</math>, # <math display="inline">r\pi(z) = \delta</math>, # <math display="inline">|f(z)| \leq \epsilon</math>, and # <math display="inline">|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon</math>, then <math display="inline">d\rho</math>, <math display="inline">dr\pi</math>, <math display="inline">df</math>, and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are linearly independent when restricted to <math display="inline">T_zY</math> where <math display="inline">Y</math> is the stratum that contains <math display="inline">z</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.</ref> <math display="inline">A_6 = A_1 \cap A_2</math> has the desired properties. For <math display="inline">z</math> satisfying the assumptions, <math display="inline">(\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_2</math> which implies <math display="inline">d\rho</math>, <math display="inline">df</math>, and <math display="inline">d\pi</math> are independent. <math display="inline">(r\pi(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_1</math> which implies <math display="inline">dr\pi</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.</ref> ==== Homeomorphism ==== We prove there is a stratum preserving homeomorphism between<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65.</ref> <math display="block">\text{Local Morse Data} \cong (\text{Tangential Morse Data}) \times (\text{Normal Morse Data})</math> We first prove that there is a homeomorphism between the product of the normal and tangential Morse data and the '''realisation''' of the following diagram [diagram from pp. 102] where realisation means <math display="block">Z \cap (g_1, h_1)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (g_2, h_2)^{-1}(P_b)</math> where all the intersections of strata (of <math display="inline">Z</math>?) are transverse.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-102.</ref> The realisation of the above diagram is equal to <math display="block">(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2) = (V_1 \cap W_1, V_1 \cap W_2 \cup V_2 \cap W_1)</math> where <math display="block">V_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f(z) - f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}</math> <math display="block">V_2 = \{ z \in Z : f(z) - f\pi(z) = -\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta, \rho(z) \leq \delta \}</math> <math display="block">W_1 = \{ z \in Z : |f\pi(z)| \leq 3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}</math> <math display="block">W_1 = \{ z \in Z : f\pi(z) = -3\epsilon/4, r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}</math> where <math display="inline">\pi</math> is the projection from the tubular neighbourhood to <math display="inline">Z</math>, <math display="inline">r(z)</math> is the square of the distance between <math display="inline">z</math> and the critical point <math display="inline">p</math> and <math display="inline">\rho(z)</math> is the square of the distance between <math display="inline">z</math> and <math display="inline">\pi(z)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 100-101.</ref> <math display="inline">\epsilon \ll \delta</math> are chosen so that <math display="inline">(\delta, \epsilon)</math> is in the set <math display="inline">A^\flat_6</math> which consists of <math display="inline">A_6 \subset \R^+ \times \R^+</math> with the properties that for <math display="inline">(\epsilon, \delta) \in A_6</math> and <math display="inline">z</math> such that <math display="inline">\rho(z) = \delta</math>, <math display="inline">r\pi(z) = \delta</math>, <math display="inline">|f(z)| \leq \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|f\pi(z)| \leq \epsilon</math> then the covectors <math display="inline">d\rho(z)</math>, <math display="inline">dr\pi(z)</math>, <math display="inline">df(z)</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi(z)</math> are linearly independent when restricted to <math display="inline">T_zY</math> (where <math display="inline">Y</math> is the stratum containing <math display="inline">z</math>). We can prove such a set exists.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 89.</ref> <math display="inline">A^\flat_6</math> is this plus its reflection about the <math display="inline">x</math> axis.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82.</ref> Let <math display="inline">D = \{ x \in X | r(x) \leq \delta \}</math> for stratum <math display="inline">X</math>. We will show there is a local trivial fibration of the configuration: <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2)</math> fibres over <math display="inline">D</math> and is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">D \times (\text{normal Morse data})</math> (V_1, V_2) -> D \times (normal Morse data) | / --> D <--- and that <math display="inline">(W_1, W_2)</math> fibres over the tangential Morse data and is homeomorphic to <math display="inline">(\text{tangential Morse data}) \times (\text{normal slice})</math>. For <math display="inline">Z_1 = \{ z \in Z : r\pi(z) \leq \delta \}</math>, the map <math display="inline">F(z): Z_1 \to \R^2 = (\rho(z), f(z) - f\pi(z))</math> is transverse to each stratum of <math display="inline">\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)</math>, [list], [by lemma 6.5]. <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2) = F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math>. For each stratum <math display="inline">S</math> of Box and each <math display="inline">x \in D</math>, we have transverse intersection <math display="inline">F^{-1}(S) \pitchfork \pi^{-1}(x)</math>. Therefore, <math display="inline">\pi|F^{-1}(S)</math> is a submersion and by Thom's isotopy lemma the projection <math display="inline">\pi|F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4): F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4)) \to X</math> is a stratified fibre bundle over <math display="inline">D</math>. The fibre over the critical point <math display="inline">p</math> is <math display="inline">\pi^{-1}(p) \cap (F^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), F^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math> and is equal to the normal Morse data...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101.</ref> Take <math display="inline">G: X \to \R^2 = (r(x), f(x))</math>. <math display="inline">\delta</math> and <math display="inline">\epsilon</math> have been chosen so that <math display="inline">(G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), G^{-1}(\text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math> is the tangential Morse data for <math display="inline">f</math> and is contained in the region <math display="inline">D</math> over which <math display="inline">\pi|(V_1, V_2)</math> is a stratified fibre bundle. Therefore, <math display="inline">(W_1, W_2) = \pi^{-1} G^{-1}(\text{Box}(\delta, \epsilon/4), \text{Bottom}(\delta, \epsilon/4))</math> is transverse to <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2)</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 101-102.</ref> Finally, this means that <math display="inline">(V_1, V_2) \cap (W_1, W_2)</math> is homeomorphic (by stratum preserving homeomorphism) to <math display="inline">(\pi^{-1}(p), \cap (V_1, V_2)) \times \pi(W_1, W_2)</math>, the product of normal and tangential Morse data.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 102.</ref> We use a succession of such diagrams to interpolate between the box diagram which defines local Morse data [explain] and the above diagram whose realisation we have just proven is <math display="inline">(\text{normal Morse data}) \times (\text{tangential Morse data})</math>. [diagram_d0.py] The realisation is the local Morse data. This is equal to the realisation of the diagram below.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 103, 106.</ref> [diagram_d11.py] The realisation of the first diagram [d0] is equivalent to the realisation of the below diagram. [diagram_d1.py] In the right-hand picture of the above diagram, we have put a dotted outline around the region <math display="inline">A^{\flat}_1</math>. We prove that there are no characteristic covectors for <math display="inline">(r, f): Z \to \R^2</math> in this region and can, therefore, move the wall in this region...<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 82-83.</ref> By adding a zero-dimensional stratum at the top right corner of the right-hand picture. A one-parameter family of pictures <math display="inline">P_b(t)</math> gives rise to a stratified space <math display="inline">Y \subset M \times \R</math> such that <math display="block">Y = \{ (z, t) \in M \times \R : (r, f)(z) \in P_b(t) \}.</math> <math display="inline">(r, f)</math> takes each stratum of <math display="inline">Z</math> transversally to each stratum of each <math display="inline">Y_t</math>. <math display="inline">(f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) = f^{-1}[-\epsilon, \infty)</math> is transverse to each stratum of <math display="inline">Y_t \cap Z</math>. Therefore, there is a homeomorphism between<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107.</ref> <math display="block">Z(D_1) = Z \cap (f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(0))</math> and <math display="block">Z(D_1) = Z \cap (f \circ \pi, f)^{-1}(P_a) \cap (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(1)).</math> To go from D_2 to D_3 we find the characteristic covectors of <math display="inline">(f\pi, f): V \to \R^2</math> where <math display="inline">V = (r, f)^{-1}(P_b(1))</math>. We stratify <math display="inline">P_b(1)</math> by its interior <math display="inline">P</math> and boundary <math display="inline">\partial P</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107.</ref> The strata of <math display="inline">V</math> come in four types: # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(P) \cap X</math> # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(P) \cap Y</math> # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(\partial P) \cap X</math> # <math display="inline">(r, f)^{-1}(\partial P) \cap Y</math> where <math display="inline">X</math> is the strata that contains the critical point and <math display="inline">Y</math> is any other strata such that <math display="inline">Y > X</math>. All characteristic covectors are of the form <math display="inline">\lambda = (u, v, adu + bdv) \in T^*\R^2</math>. For strata 1 and 3, the image of <math display="inline">X</math> under <math display="inline">(f\pi, f)</math> is the diagonal <math display="inline">f\pi = f</math> (dotted outline). Therefore, the characteristic covectors of any point <math display="inline">z</math> in <math display="inline">X</math> are either where <math display="inline">z = p</math>, in which case the covector is zero(?), or where <math display="inline">z \neq p</math>, in which case <math display="inline">u = v</math> and <math display="inline">a = b</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 107-108.</ref> For strata 2, being that the critical point is isolated and non-degenerate, which means it, and any neighbourhood, is not zero on any limit of tangent spaces in strata <math display="inline">Y > X</math>. Therefore, <math display="inline">f</math> and <math display="inline">f\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 84.</ref> Unless <math display="inline">\pi(z) = p</math>, in which case <math display="inline">d(f\pi)(z) = f\pi(z) = 0</math>, so they are covectors where <math display="inline">u = 0</math> and <math display="inline">b = 0</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 108.</ref> For strata 4, we can use implicit function theorem to generate local coordinates <math display="inline">y_1, \cdots y_{r-s-1}</math> in <math display="inline">Y > X</math> and define the Riemannian metric <math display="inline">r(z) = r\pi(z) + (f(z) - f\pi(z))^2 + g(y)</math> for some <math display="inline">g</math> depending only on <math display="inline">y</math>. There are no characteristic covectors in <math display="inline">|u| \leq \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|v| < \epsilon</math>. By [lemma 6.7 and 6.8 and 8.1(d)] <math display="inline">df</math>, <math display="inline">df\pi</math> and <math display="inline">dr</math> are linearly independent in this region.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 109.</ref> Given <math display="inline">|f| \leq \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math>, a fringed set <math display="inline">A^\flat_4</math> of type <math display="inline">0 < \epsilon \ll \delta</math> and assume that <math display="inline">\pi \neq p</math> and <math display="inline">z \notin X</math> then <math display="inline">(r(z), f(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math> and <math display="inline">(r(z), f\pi(z)) \in A^\flat_4</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 87.</ref> Outside of these points, the slope of <math display="inline">\ker(\lambda)</math> for any characteristic covector <math display="inline">\lambda</math> is <math display="block">\frac{-a}{b} = \frac{f(z) - f\pi(z) - M}{\frac{\alpha}{\beta} + (f(z) - f\pi(z))}</math> where <math display="inline">\alpha df + \beta dr = 0</math> and<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 108-109.</ref> <math display="block">\frac{1}{M} = \left(\frac{1}{x_i}\right) \left(\frac{\partial F(x)}{\partial x_i}\right).</math> Suppose that <math display="inline"><\alpha df + \beta dr></math> is the subspace of <math display="inline">T^*_pZ</math> spanned by <math display="inline">\alpha df + \beta dr</math>, then we can construct the exact sequence <math display="block">0 \to <\alpha df + \beta dr> \to T^*_pZ \to T^*_pX \to 0</math> where the injection is inclusion[?] and the surjection is restriction. The kernel of the latter is equal to the image of the former. <math display="inline">r(adf + bdf\pi) = 0</math>, which means <math display="inline"><\alpha df + \beta dr> = adf + bdf\pi</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 46.</ref> This means <math display="inline">\alpha df + \beta dr</math> is a multiple of <math display="inline">adf + bdf\pi</math>, which we can take to be 1 [how?]. Therefore, <math display="block">\alpha df + \beta (\sum x_i dx_i + (f - f\pi)(df - df\pi) + dg) = adf + bdf\pi.</math> <math display="inline">df\pi = \sum \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} dx_i</math> and equating coefficients of <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">dx_i</math> <math display="block">\begin{align} dg &= 0 \\ \alpha + \beta (f - f\pi) &= b \\ \beta x_i - \beta (f - f\pi) \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} &= a \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i}. \end{align}</math> Dividing the third by the second gives us the theorem.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 109.</ref> We consruct a one-parameter family of stratified spaces <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | v \geq -\epsilon, (v + \epsilon) \geq (u + 3\epsilon/4) t/(1 - t) \}</math> [picture] This is allowable because <math display="inline">(-3\epsilon/4, -\epsilon)</math> is not a characteristic point and we can prove <math display="inline">M < 0</math> so the slope of the kernel is always positive, whereas our slope is negative.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 110.</ref> In local coordinates, <math display="inline">adF(z) + bdr(z) = 0</math> becomes <math display="block">\sum \left( a \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i}(z) + b \frac{x_i}{r} \right) dx_i = 0.</math> For each <math display="inline">i</math>, <math display="block">\frac{1}{x_i} \left( \frac{\partial F}{\partial x_i} \right)(z) = \frac{-b}{ar}</math> which is negative when <math display="inline">a</math> and <math display="inline">b</math> have the same sign.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 57-58.</ref> From <math display="inline">Z(D_3)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_4)</math>. Given this one-parameter family of pictures<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 110.</ref> <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | u \geq -3\epsilon/4, u \geq t(u + 3\epsilon/4) - \epsilon \}.</math> [picture] Again, there are no characteristic covectors in the region <math display="inline">|f| < \epsilon</math> and <math display="inline">|f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math>. Since <math display="inline">\alpha \geq 0, \beta \geq 0, f - f\pi < 0, f\pi > 0, M > 0</math>, then the slope of <math display="inline">\ker(\lambda)</math> is negative and, therefore, not in the interval <math display="inline">(0, 1]</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 111.</ref> We get from <math display="inline">Z(D_4)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_5)</math> by unrounding the corner using the same argument above. <math display="inline">Z(D_5)</math> is identical to <math display="inline">Z(D_6)</math>. For <math display="inline">Z(D_6)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_7)</math>, we construct a one-parameter family pictured below [picture] Given <math display="inline">V = (r, f)^{-1}(P_a) = \{ z \in Z | r(z) \leq 2\delta \}</math>, since this is in the region <math display="inline">A_4</math>, there are no characteristic covectors of the map <math display="inline">(f\pi, f): V \to \R^2</math> in the region <math display="inline">|f| \leq \epsilon, |f\pi| \leq \epsilon</math>.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 111.</ref> For <math display="inline">Z(D_7)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_8)</math>, we use the one-parameter family <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | u \geq -3\epsilon/4, u - \epsilon/4 \leq v \leq u, u (v - \epsilon)(t - 1)/t + 3\epsilon/4 \}.</math> As above, <math display="inline">df</math> and <math display="inline">df\pi</math> are linearly independent [link this]. As it is in the region <math display="inline">A_4</math>, then <math display="inline">dr, df, df\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 112.</ref> Since <math display="inline">r = \rho + r\pi</math>, <math display="inline">Z(D_8)</math> is identical to <math display="inline">Z(D_9)</math>. For <math display="inline">Z(D_9)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_10)</math>, add a fake zero-dimensional stratum <math display="inline">(\delta, \delta) \in \R</math> to the second picture of <math display="inline">D_9</math>. This is in the region <math display="inline">A_6</math>, so <math display="inline">df, df\pi, d\rho</math> are linearly independent. Construct the one-parameter family <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | v \leq 2\delta - u, v \leq (t - 1)(u - \delta) + \delta \}.</math> [picture] This is also in the region <math display="inline">A_6</math>, so <math display="inline">df, df\pi, ad\rho + bdr\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 112.</ref> For <math display="inline">Z(D_10)</math> to <math display="inline">Z(D_11)</math>, the one-parameter family <math display="block">P_a(t) = \{ (u, v) \in \R^2 | v \leq \delta/2, u \leq (t - 1)(v - \delta/2) + \delta/2 \}</math> [picture] This is in the region <math display="inline">A_5</math>, so <math display="inline">df, df\pi, ad\rho + bdr\pi</math> are linearly independent.<ref>Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 112-113.</ref> == Morse theory == Steps(?) * Explain topology * Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42] ** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?) * Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542] === Homotopy === We want to replace our domain of convergence <math display="inline">M</math>, which is the complement of our singular variety <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>, with an "equivalent" space <math display="inline">M'</math> which has better understood properties. We say "equivalent" because there are several different things we could mean by "equivalent" in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''. Imagine two subspaces <math display="inline">\gamma_0</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma_1</math> of a space <math display="inline">Y</math> which are defined respectively by smooth functions <math display="inline">f, g: X \to Y</math>. If there exists a smooth function <math display="inline">h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y</math>, called a homotopy, such that <math display="inline">h_0 = f</math>, <math display="inline">h_1 = g</math> and for any <math display="inline">\epsilon > 0</math> there exists a <math display="inline">\delta_a</math> and <math display="inline">\delta_b</math> such that when <math display="inline">|s - s_0| < \delta_a</math> and <math display="inline">|x - x_0| < \delta_b</math> we have <math display="inline">|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| < \epsilon</math>, then we say <math display="inline">\gamma_0</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma_1</math> are '''homotopic'''.<ref>Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.</ref> Below is an example where <math display="inline">\gamma_0</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma_1</math> are one-dimensional curves and <math display="inline">H(t, s) = h_s(t)</math>. [[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]] In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space <math display="inline">M'</math>. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space <math display="inline">M'</math> in terms of local cycles around critical points. === Motivating example === Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point. [[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]] It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (<math display="inline">p_1, p_4</math>) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (<math display="inline">p_2, p_3</math>). [picture] When the height is between the <math display="inline">p_1</math> and <math display="inline">p_2</math>, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point. [picture] When the height is between <math display="inline">p_2</math> and <math display="inline">p_3</math>, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached. [[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]] When the height is between <math display="inline">p_3</math> and <math display="inline">p_4</math>, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached. [[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]] When the height is greater than <math display="inline">p_4</math>, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell. [Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?] === Morse data and quasi-local cycles === As in the above example, we start at the "bottom" of <math display="inline">M</math> and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point <math display="inline">p</math>. ;Smooth points :This is a tube around a <math display="inline">(d-1)</math>-chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math> where the height function <math display="inline">h</math> is maximised at <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.</ref> :For example, if <math display="inline">F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}</math> then <math display="inline">\lambda = 1</math> and <math display="inline">B^\lambda</math> is an arc reaching its highest point at <math display="inline">p</math>. :The normal plane <math display="inline">N</math> at <math display="inline">p</math> is a plane orthogonal to <math display="inline">B^1</math>(?). :Its normal link <math display="inline">L(S)</math> is a circle with two points missing where it intersects <math display="inline">\mathcal{V}</math>. :We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to <math display="inline">M_-</math> at points below <math display="inline">M_-</math>. :With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...<ref>e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.</ref> ;Transverse multiple points :This is the product of a <math display="inline">k</math>-torus and a <math display="inline">(d-k)</math>-chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math>. The torus is the product of circles about <math display="inline">p</math> in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects <math display="inline">p</math>. The chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math> is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at <math display="inline">p</math>, and achieves its maximum height at <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.</ref> ;Arrangement multiple point :This is the product of a <math display="inline">(d-k)</math>-chain <math display="inline">\gamma</math> and several <math display="inline">k</math>-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about <math display="inline">p</math> in each sheet.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.</ref> ;Cone point :A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no <math display="inline">\gamma</math>, just a <math display="inline">d</math>-torus about <math display="inline">p</math>.<ref>Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.</ref> == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }} * {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }} * {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}. * {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }} jthriyes84dhxwutvhfepbhy875tv56 2 483147 4678715 4638388 2026-10-28T14:33:44Z User97104 3562800 4678715 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, world! {{Print version}}Wikibook on Conway's Game of Life? 9nmrn8j1b9t39i9xenmhtf5j6ug58f3 4678716 4678715 2026-10-28T14:35:46Z User97104 3562800 4678716 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, world! {{Print version}}Wikibook on Conway's Game of Life? I'd probably be the only one to contribute to it. 89t9ywmjss2rqwxeflpgijz2cgafwj7 4678718 4678716 2026-10-28T14:40:17Z User97104 3562800 4678718 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, world! {{Print version}}[[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction|Wikibook on Conway's Game of Life?]] I'd probably be the only one to contribute to it. ss7cpfa5ty91etuy3yodx8g7ww44p09 3 485838 4678741 4676415 2026-10-28T17:55:04Z Alexey Vazhnov 120729 /* Possible Copyright violation in C programming/GNU C library reference/argp.h */ new section 4678741 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''נתנאל שטרן, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing|Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:32, 24 September 2026 (UTC)}} == Generative LLM use == Hi @[[User:נתנאל שטרן|נתנאל שטרן]]. I had to delete some of your contributions due to evidence of generative LLM use, and I suspect many of your other contributions will have to be deleted for the same reasons. Please note that using LLMs in this way is [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|prohibited by WB policy]]—you are welcome to continue contributing without using generative AI. Let me know if you have any questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:42, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing/Part 2 - ADPenTest Framework]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Active Directory Security and Penetration Testing/Part 2 - ADPenTest Framework|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:24, 30 September 2026 (UTC) ==[[:Talmudic aramic]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''נתנאל שטרן, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Talmudic aramic|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Talmudic aramic|Talmudic aramic]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 03:29, 30 September 2026 (UTC)}} == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm EggRoll97, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Active Directory Penetration Testing]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Active Directory Penetration Testing|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:EggRoll97|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 01:57, 17 October 2026 (UTC) == Possible Copyright violation in [[C programming/GNU C library reference/argp.h]] == It looks like you've copied someones text into Wikibooks. Oh… Please read [[Wikibooks:COPYVIO]]. <q>The user who submitted the work has one week from this date to prove that they had permission to post the work, otherwise it will be deleted.</q> [[User:Alexey Vazhnov|Alexey Vazhnov]] ([[User talk:Alexey Vazhnov|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexey Vazhnov|contribs]]) 17:55, 28 October 2026 (UTC) 536q06qoi7ya1trwbni2e8b5l230vcq 4 485937 4678815 4678662 2026-10-29T08:10:52Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Edit filter/False positives]] 4678815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Earthinators == ;Username : [[:b:User:Earthinators|Earthinators]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Earthinators|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Earthinators|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Earthinators|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Earthinators}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Earthinators}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[Earthinators]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=Earthinators&wpSearchUser=Earthinators}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to replace the main page of [[Earthinators]] with a neutral, instructional textbook version ([[Talk:Earthinators|the new text is on the talk page]]). The edit filter blocked me, saying the edit was "potentially unconstructive". The new version follows Wikibooks guidelines – it’s a textbook, not a promotional page. Please allow the edit or make the change for me. ;Date and time : 06:56, 11 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|rf}} [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:48, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:26, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-40102-72 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-40102-72|~2026-40102-72]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-40102-72|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-40102-72|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-40102-72|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-40102-72}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-40102-72}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 20:27, 15 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :{{EFFP|nft}} [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ternera|contribs]]) 16:39, 16 July 2026 (UTC) == Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje == ;Username : [[:b:User:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:Madan Bibhishan Nagargoje}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=Madan+Bibhishan+Nagargoje}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : Page not specified ;Description : ;Date and time : 06:15, 22 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :This was correctly prevented because you were trying to add a link to a Google Drive file as a "reference". If you are genuinely trying to add a reference, do this to a publicly available source and not a private Drive file. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:52, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-44191-83 == ;Username : [[:b:User:~2026-44191-83|~2026-44191-83]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:~2026-44191-83|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/~2026-44191-83|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/~2026-44191-83|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:~2026-44191-83}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[An_Introduction_to_Dragon]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=An_Introduction_to_Dragon&wpSearchUser=%7E2026-44191-83}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : Adding/expanding book content (introduction, table of contents, and lesson pages) for the Dragon programming language wikibook, based on the project's own source code and documentation. No spam or promotional intent. ;Date and time : 08:15, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> :The edit was flagged as it deleted a large amount of content in one go, a typical fingerprint of non-constructive editing. I can see your edit was constructive and I recommend you make your changes using smaller edits initially. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 11:50, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == LoveElectronicLiterature == ;Username : [[:b:User:LoveElectronicLiterature|LoveElectronicLiterature]]<span class="noprint"> {{toolbar|separator=dot |[[:b:User talk:LoveElectronicLiterature|discuss]] |[[:b:Special:Emailuser/LoveElectronicLiterature|email]] |[[:b:Special:Contributions/LoveElectronicLiterature|contribs]] |[{{fullurl:b:Special:Log|user={{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}}}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">logs</span>] |[//tools.wmflabs.org/xtools/pcount/index.php?lang{{=}}en&wiki{{=}}wikibooks&name{{=}}{{urlencode:LoveElectronicLiterature}} <span style{{=}}"color:#002bb8">count</span>] }}</span> (<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} filter log]</span>) ;Page you were editing : [[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_Multiple_Exostoses&veaction=edit&section=7]] <span class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7}} filter log]) ([{{fullurl:Special:AbuseLog|wpSearchTitle=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHereditary_Multiple_Exostoses%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7&wpSearchUser=LoveElectronicLiterature}} user filter log])</span> ;Description : I was trying to copy the references and abstracts that I have been maintaining for over 20 years at http COLON SLASH SLASH tinyurl DOT com SLASH MHETalk. I copied a bunch of references, and then I shortened the description and put the citations in. But I got flagged for copying. Is there any way to fix this? thanks! ;Date and time : 16:23, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ;Comments <!-- Please leave this area blank for now, but be prepared to answer questions left by reviewing editors. Thanks! --> : {{EFFP|notdone}} You attempted to add a large edit to a book, so please try doing this in smaller edits. – [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:52, 15 August 2026 (UTC) rlbntjborcr13c6pk0pe776p7r4g8hq 2 485945 4678812 4678479 2026-10-29T08:00:06Z ILYA125467 3627024 4678812 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face=Cooper Black><font size=4>This is my user page. (Other pages: [[User_talk:ILYA125467|discuss]] | [[Special:Contributions/ILYA125467|contributions]])</font> =About me= Hi! I'm somebody named Ilya and I try to make pages for these books better.<br>Basic info: * Gender: masculine (he/him) * Country: Ukraine * Favorite color: <font color=#ff7000>Orange</font> * Like learning something new ===My signature=== ⸻[[User:ILYA125467|'''''ILYA125467''''']] ([[User_talk:ILYA125467|discuss]] | [[Special:Contributions/ILYA125467|contribs]]) ==Languages== {{Babel|uk|ru|en-4|de-1}} Since I live in Ukraine, my native language is Ukrainian.<br>'''Тому що я живу в Україні, моя рідна мова - це українська'''.<br>But also Russian, most likely because of soviet influence.<br>'''Но русский тоже, самое вероятное - из-за советского влияния'''.<br>I speak English fluently.<br><br>I'm also learning German because learning languages is fun! =My contributions= So far I've contributed to only 1 book: * [[Unicode]] </font> 6lwxevhi7tjju2f870mhyynnvznrhwj 2 486217 4678728 4674933 2026-10-28T16:26:22Z FinnDalyyy 3531542 4678728 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a user page for '''FinnDalyyy.''' I like writing a lot, and I love books. I also have an account on [[wikipedia:User:FinnDalyyy|Wikipedia]]. Thank you Wikibooks.org and good morning! 7qkxldyei3pr1r61r2aoezkhfv78oim 4678753 4678728 2026-10-28T20:16:59Z FinnDalyyy 3531542 4678753 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a user page for '''[[wikipedia:User:FinnDalyyy/Wikimedia_portal|FinnDalyyy]].''' I like writing a lot, and I love books. I also have an account on [[wikipedia:User:FinnDalyyy|Wikipedia]]. Thank you Wikibooks.org and good morning! 71g69jess9eoyttvjsyh8r6louh45vb 4 486385 4678813 4678136 2026-10-29T08:10:32Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 2 threads from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4678813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Tunde akinlabi reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tunde akinlabi}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tunde akinlabi/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:18, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : Page was deleted by another admin. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:11, 2 October 2026 (UTC) == Barakat isiaka reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Barakat isiaka}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Barakat isiaka/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : Page was deleted by another admin. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:11, 2 October 2026 (UTC) == Roconpaas01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Roconpaas01}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315913]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Roconpaas01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:19, 2 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:10, 2 October 2026 (UTC) == Diiminstitute reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Diiminstitute}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/315963]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Diiminstitute/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 02:34, 4 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 02:58, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-51118-27 reported by EggRoll97 == * {{anonlinks|~2026-51118-27}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-51118-27/ --> [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 07:28, 4 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}} by NDG (GS). [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 13:13, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-53393-86 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-53393-86}} Vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-53393-86/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:37, 5 October 2026 (UTC) :Various contributions deleted—watching to see how this develops. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 5 October 2026 (UTC) == [[CustomChessTheory]] == Reason for reporting: Wrong title, renaming needed. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:45, 5 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:21, 8 October 2026 (UTC) == Siddhgiritubes reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Siddhgiritubes}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Siddhgiritubes/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:31, 7 October 2026 (UTC) : Page deleted by JJPMaster. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:09, 8 October 2026 (UTC) == Editbots reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Editbots}} Link spam ([[Special:AbuseLog/316068]], [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54143-79]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Editbots/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:13, 8 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:10, 8 October 2026 (UTC) == Lenawalker1 reported by TechVindicator == * {{userlinks|Lenawalker1}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Lenawalker1/ --> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 04:07, 10 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Dealt with}} by SHB —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:31, 11 October 2026 (UTC) == Cleanwipes reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Cleanwipes}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316154]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Cleanwipes/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:20, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Suniluv2026 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Suniluv2026}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316149]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Suniluv2026/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:22, 14 October 2026 (UTC) : {{done}}. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) rhqnk0a0uwdf25sld7cilsz7037dnt2 3 486432 4678807 4677180 2026-10-29T07:19:38Z ILYA125467 3627024 Added welcoming at the top 4678807 wikitext text/x-wiki <font face=Cooper Black><font size=5>'''Welcome to my discussion page! If you have somothing to tell me, this is the place to do it.'''</font>⸻[[User:ILYA125467|'''''ILYA125467''''']] ([[User_talk:ILYA125467|discuss]] | [[Special:Contributions/ILYA125467|contribs]])</font> ==Welcome!== {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:45, 19 October 2026 (UTC) 9b428b7k72aadpwf4ky4v3lzsww4380 2 486459 4678798 4677563 2026-10-29T05:25:28Z Guda Rishi 3626627 Replaced content with "{{delete|requested by owner}}" 4678798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|requested by owner}} 0yi520dhcdbcl5s0uucxpyhs164nnnh 2 486531 4678712 4678629 2026-10-28T14:02:27Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 4678712 wikitext text/x-wiki Beef and Sausage Ragù {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. It omits wine but includes carrots and celery. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] with a lid *a large pot for cooing pasta in boiling water *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and add the raw Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours with the pot lid on, leaving it slightly ajar. Stir approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. 4udfpwg6inywhcn21c3lyc14u3kqxm9 0 486557 4678787 4678209 2026-10-29T01:00:45Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4678787 wikitext text/x-wiki mw.loader.load( '//www.mediawiki.org/w/load.php?modules=ext.gadget.Global-Subpages' ); {{BookCat}} 3z1txggz2d99qdq90s7gsyd94306pgh 0 486588 4678699 4678571 2026-10-28T12:47:19Z MathXplore 3097823 Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]] 4678699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saudi names for character''' '''اسماء سعودية للشخصيات''' == Boys names (اسامي الاولاد) == '''English/انجليزي''' '''Naming Convention and Daily Usage:''' A boy's full name in daily conversation consists of his first name, followed by his father's name, and then his family title (tribe). '''Official Documents (ID Cards and Passports):''' '''First Name:''' The boy's first name consists of a single name only, with no multiple given names. '''Father's Name:''' The father's name is essential and is used in formal forms of address, such as teachers addressing a student by his first name and his father's name. '''Grandfather's Name:''' The grandfather's name is important for official paperwork, but holds little to no significance in daily life. '''Family Title (Surname/Tribe):''' The title is extremely important and is heavily used in daily life. A boy is often addressed by his first name combined with his title, or solely by his title if his first name is unknown. '''Arabic/عربي''' '''طريقة تسمية الأبناء والاستخدام اليومي:''' يتكون الاسم الكامل للولد في المحادثات اليومية من اسمه الأول، يليه اسم الأب، ثم اسم العائلة (القبيلة). '''​الأوراق الرسمية (بطاقات الهوية وجوازات السفر):''' بالنسبة للمستندات الرسمية مثل بطاقات الهوية وجوازات السفر، يجب أن يُكتب الاسم كاملاً بالشكل التقليدي المعتمد: اسم الولد + "بن" + اسم الأب + "بن" + اسم الجد + لقب العائلة. (ملاحظة: قد يتكون لقب العائلة من اسم واحد أو اسمين بحسب العائلة). ويُضاف حرف أو لفظ "بن" (الذي يعني "ابن فلان") بوضوح للدلالة على نسب الشخص. '''​الاسم الأول:''' يتكون اسم الولد من اسم واحد فقط، دون وجود أسماء متعددة. '''​اسم الأب:''' يعتبر اسم الأب مهمًا للغاية ويُستخدم في أساليب المخاطبة الرسمية؛ مثل قيام المعلمين بمناداة الطالب باسمه الأول متبوعاً باسم أبيه. '''​اسم الجد:''' يحظى اسم الجد بأهمية في المعاملات والأوراق الرسمية، ولكنه يكاد لا يمثل أي أهمية في الحياة اليومية. '''​لقب العائلة (اسم العائلة أو القبيلة):''' يُعد اللقب في غاية الأهمية ويُستخدم بكثرة في الحياة اليومية؛ وغالبًا ما يُنادى الولد بقرن اسمه الأول مع لقبه، أو يُنادى باللقب منفردًا إذا كان اسم الولد مجهولاً. ===Male names (أسماء الذكور)=== ... ====Contemporary Names (أسماء معاصرة)==== ---- *Mohammed (محمد) *Abdullah (عبدالله) *Faisal (فيصل) *Khaled (خالد) *Abdulaziz (عبدالعزيز) *Abdulrahman (عبدالرحمن) *Fahd (فهد) *Saud (سعود) *Salman (سلمان) *Turki (تركي) *Sultan (سلطان) *Badr (بدر) *Nayef (نايف) *Meshari (مشاري) *Bandar (بندر) *Sattam (سطام) *Waleed (وليد) *Talal (طلال) *Sanad (سند) *Rakan (راكان) *Yazeed (يزيد) *Firas (فراس) *Tamim (تميم) *Saif (سيف) *Rayan (ريان) *Eyad (إياد) *Yosif (يوسف) == Girls names (اسامي البنات) == == Surname (القبيلة) == {{BookCat}} g3iyw54vayserpbz5te3rsrea3s00b6 0 486589 4678734 4678614 2026-10-28T17:20:25Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678734 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel of Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, The Naked Witch (1961); Joan Stapleton, The Devil's Mistress (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, Draculita (1969); and Gina Romand, La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro (1969). <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 31k006oezla3ntiu5fdrpi6zrx4us1g 4678735 4678734 2026-10-28T17:21:16Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678735 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, The Naked Witch (1961); Joan Stapleton, The Devil's Mistress (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, Draculita (1969); and Gina Romand, La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro (1969). <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 9nr9skhsouuyugdqknvo7472t3yj60f 4678736 4678735 2026-10-28T17:23:00Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} smc8lmdntnt7e8vxof5eznix9qpq4v1 4678737 4678736 2026-10-28T17:24:51Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678737 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 909c9kif9w6ce1o97y926q9cqjq51vm 4678738 4678737 2026-10-28T17:25:51Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678738 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 0dof2qxluuyx8ndhp627izq11wkrhzd 102 486592 4678702 4678683 2026-10-28T13:21:01Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot or a [[wikipeda: Dutch oven| Dutch oven]] *large tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. dr54e4uw84oav4qorus959rzexcanbe 4678703 4678702 2026-10-28T13:22:49Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot or a [[wikipeda:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *large tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. au7bhafcyqlp984fgu9n3m1muz8gjub 4678704 4678703 2026-10-28T13:25:01Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]] *large tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. 2n0terr9wc9tcoxs7a9tfjq3znf45e1 4678705 4678704 2026-10-28T13:25:48Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *large tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. mykah0upfqtkq4b2g2vhyemj4vuz3yh 4678706 4678705 2026-10-28T13:32:46Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. sn7zho6k6bm2p20h1h2tjmrwm1yov4h 4678707 4678706 2026-10-28T13:34:31Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. nrukilto45wvk7ycu5alfbiyf43ybff 4678708 4678707 2026-10-28T13:50:13Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 4678708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. It omits wine but includes carrots and celery. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck and whole Italian sausages together. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust and the sausages are browned on all sides, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef and sausages from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. h0pv0gxens5qhj1b68s0iyu27xn3187 4678709 4678708 2026-10-28T13:54:24Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Procedure */ 4678709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. It omits wine but includes carrots and celery. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and add the raw Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours, stirring approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. 1i3q3huqidu1kutvk9go84rrn1nu9k5 4678710 4678709 2026-10-28T13:56:50Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Procedure */ 4678710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. It omits wine but includes carrots and celery. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and add the raw Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours with the pot lid on, leaving it slightly ajar. Stir approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. 174f4u3y3muf5yz10av3blw22w6qj9q 4678711 4678710 2026-10-28T13:57:59Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 /* Equipment */ 4678711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy because it's often made on Sundays. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. It omits wine but includes carrots and celery. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] with a lid *a large pot for cooing pasta in boiling water *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and add the raw Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours with the pot lid on, leaving it slightly ajar. Stir approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. 9nzkg3qy4p9qup90hbnv3z62agmxs59 0 486593 4678696 4678648 2026-10-28T12:46:44Z MathXplore 3097823 Adding {{qr-em}} tag 4678696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qr-em|1=}} This book introduces birthday greeting customs around the world, with attention to the words, gifts, and gestures people use to mark another year of life. == Contents == * [[Birthday Greeting Customs/Flowers in Birthday Traditions|Flowers in Birthday Traditions]] Birthday greetings are not only messages. They are social acts that show attention, respect, and affection, and they change with place, family, and occasion. 1vgicroe86z5vwmzfxqx8g3ahi4oz90 4678786 4678696 2026-10-29T01:00:44Z JackBot 396820 Formatting, [[Special:UncategorizedPages]] 4678786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{qr-em|1=}} This book introduces birthday greeting customs around the world, with attention to the words, gifts, and gestures people use to mark another year of life. == Contents == * [[Birthday Greeting Customs/Flowers in Birthday Traditions|Flowers in Birthday Traditions]] Birthday greetings are not only messages. They are social acts that show attention, respect, and affection, and they change with place, family, and occasion. {{shelves}} d7qsuc50g6fgpj5vpo1s3i7p07rzvxb 5 486595 4678729 4678659 2026-10-28T16:46:49Z Koavf 16549 /* */ Reply 4678729 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) ilpdayci8xx07v54urge1wjm97mhgvu 4678730 4678729 2026-10-28T16:47:08Z Koavf 16549 /* */ Reply 4678730 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) 5u3iya8rw2r185uwkszse99xx6ikkjl 4678731 4678730 2026-10-28T16:47:41Z Koavf 16549 /* */ Reply 4678731 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Interviews, overviews of projects (WikiJunior, Cookbook). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) 8k51t8cuniobot9a00vhk90ch0cxlgq 4678732 4678731 2026-10-28T16:47:49Z Koavf 16549 /* */ Reply 4678732 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Interviews, overviews of projects (WikiJunior, Cookbook). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Spotlight on featured content. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) 2amcalr2fo06zrsmwerzemrl295so5h 4678766 4678732 2026-10-28T22:20:28Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Rollback 4 edits by [[Special:Contributions/Koavf|Koavf]]: Vandalism 4678659 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) swp7na53nlhs90tn1vpfwbciqro00j5 4678767 4678766 2026-10-28T22:21:08Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4678766|4678766]] by [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]]) // mis-click, apologies 4678767 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Interviews, overviews of projects (WikiJunior, Cookbook). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Spotlight on featured content. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) 2amcalr2fo06zrsmwerzemrl295so5h 4678771 4678767 2026-10-28T23:26:14Z Codename Noreste 3441010 reply to MathsScienceNerd1 ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4678771 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Interviews, overviews of projects (WikiJunior, Cookbook). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Spotlight on featured content. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) : Maybe we can encourage active, highly trusted patrollers to become administrators? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:26, 28 October 2026 (UTC) lbdyk3z4g32ku2ildhnk8fjfzpv2uf1 4678828 4678771 2026-10-29T11:44:19Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 /* */ Reply 4678828 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Interviews, overviews of projects (WikiJunior, Cookbook). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Spotlight on featured content. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) : Maybe we can encourage active, highly trusted patrollers to become administrators? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:26, 28 October 2026 (UTC) ::That could be added! Are you willing to write a piece about it? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 11:44, 29 October 2026 (UTC) pw7fk34xdvud0w70op0r89dop4sbzq3 3 486603 4678698 2026-10-28T12:47:03Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4678698 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Alternative Socioeconomics/Why look at alternative systems?/Energy.]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Alternative Socioeconomics/Why look at alternative systems?/Energy.|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) dvcgq2mijysozcxbimlsdus01100hif 2 486604 4678717 2026-10-28T14:39:43Z User97104 3562800 I will 4678717 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a Wikibook on [[w:Conway's_Game_of_Life|Conway's Game of Life]], the [[w:cellular_automaton|cellular automaton]] created by John Conway. It is currently in development, you are welcome to contribute. == Contents == == Authors == * [[User:User97104|user97104]], main author 46m2mtzq7w6r1qbhgyarflfn4om9p98 4678719 4678717 2026-10-28T14:50:16Z User97104 3562800 4678719 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a Wikibook on [[w:Conway's_Game_of_Life|Conway's Game of Life]], the [[w:cellular_automaton|cellular automaton]] created by John Conway. It is currently in development, you are welcome to contribute. == Contents == * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Introduction|Chapter 1: Introduction]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Evolving Small Patterns|Chapter 2: Evolving Small Patterns]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Still Lifes|Chapter 3: Still Lifes]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Oscillators|Chapter 4: Oscillators]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 5: Spaceships]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 6: Infinite Growth]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 7: Syntheses]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 8: Conduits]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 9: Other Cellular Automata]] == Authors == * [[User:User97104|user97104]], main author j4qf5roul5lcr16g97dw4s3y0h0mwv9 4678720 4678719 2026-10-28T14:52:44Z User97104 3562800 4678720 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a Wikibook on [[w:Conway's_Game_of_Life|Conway's Game of Life]], the [[w:cellular_automaton|cellular automaton]] created by John Conway. It is currently in development, you are welcome to contribute. == Contents == * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Introduction|Chapter 1: Introduction]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Evolving Small Patterns|Chapter 2: Evolving Small Patterns]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Still Lifes|Chapter 3: Still Lifes]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Oscillators|Chapter 4: Oscillators]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 5: Spaceships]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 6: Infinite Growth]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 7: Syntheses]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 8: Conduits]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Spaceships|Chapter 9: Other Cellular Automata]] * [[User:User97104/Conway's Game of Life: An Introduction/Further Reading|Further Reading]] == Authors == * [[User:User97104|user97104]], main author ah4ht97aj5trsytchx0hii3ef5y41yx 2 486605 4678722 2026-10-28T15:00:58Z User97104 3562800 Created page with "[[wikipedia:Conway's Game of Life|'''Conway's Game of Life at Wikipedia''']] The Wikipedia article for Conway's Game of Life. [https://conwaylife.com '''ConwayLife'''] ConwayLife is a website about CGoL including a wiki for Conway's Game of Life ([[w:LifeWiki|LifeWiki]]) and forums for discussing it. [https://catagolue.hatsya.com '''Catagolue'''] Catagolue, created by Adam P. Goucher, contains many patterns found through searching random soups with apgsearch in diff..." 4678722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[wikipedia:Conway's Game of Life|'''Conway's Game of Life at Wikipedia''']] The Wikipedia article for Conway's Game of Life. [https://conwaylife.com '''ConwayLife'''] ConwayLife is a website about CGoL including a wiki for Conway's Game of Life ([[w:LifeWiki|LifeWiki]]) and forums for discussing it. [https://catagolue.hatsya.com '''Catagolue'''] Catagolue, created by Adam P. Goucher, contains many patterns found through searching random soups with apgsearch in different rules. [https://golly.sourceforge.io '''Golly'''] Golly is likely the most used CA simulator. It uses the [[w:HashLife|HashLife]] algorithm to run repetitive very large patterns. ppirxelyw16vz0cufx7rl0e6ukpqyp9 2 486606 4678723 2026-10-28T15:02:16Z User97104 3562800 Created page with "This will be an introduction to the rules of Conway's Game of Life." 4678723 wikitext text/x-wiki This will be an introduction to the rules of Conway's Game of Life. dgo601cll3a0imhrzqly4ovrgjnslph 2 486607 4678724 2026-10-28T15:07:40Z User97104 3562800 Created page with "This will show the evolution of small patterns. <includeonly><div class="Vivarium" data-autoplay = "{{{autoplay|}}}" data-width = "{{{width|}}}" data-height = "{{{height|}}}" data-zoom = "{{{zoom|}}}" data-grid = "{{{grid|}}}" data-cells = "{{{cells|0,0; 0,1; 0,-1; -1,0; 1,1}}}" >{{{fallback|[[File:Gospers glider gun.gif]]}}}</div>" 4678724 wikitext text/x-wiki This will show the evolution of small patterns. <includeonly><div class="Vivarium" data-autoplay = "{{{autoplay|}}}" data-width = "{{{width|}}}" data-height = "{{{height|}}}" data-zoom = "{{{zoom|}}}" data-grid = "{{{grid|}}}" data-cells = "{{{cells|0,0; 0,1; 0,-1; -1,0; 1,1}}}" >{{{fallback|[[File:Gospers glider gun.gif]]}}}</div> to7luubk5qzunoqnclns0y1y2209oih 4678725 4678724 2026-10-28T15:08:28Z User97104 3562800 4678725 wikitext text/x-wiki This will show the evolution of small patterns.<includeonly><div class="Vivarium" data-autoplay="{{{autoplay|}}}" data-width="{{{width|}}}" data-height="{{{height|}}}" data-zoom="{{{zoom|}}}" data-grid="{{{grid|}}}" data-cells="{{{cells|0,0; 0,1; 0,-1; -1,0; 1,1}}}">{{{fallback|[[File:Gospers glider gun.gif]]}}}</div> 9t0squmk6rdluv6uxyrfjfw2nnbdj1n 4678726 4678725 2026-10-28T15:08:38Z User97104 3562800 4678726 wikitext text/x-wiki This will show the evolution of small patterns. 0j3tb238nhrsdjwgw165ejttppsm6l7 0 486610 4678752 2026-10-28T20:06:29Z Greenman 7490 start 4678752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position|= |Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation, Botvinnik-Carls Defence }} =4...Nc6 · Caro-Kann Defence - Advance Variation, Botvinnik-Carls Defence= White is a pawn up, but their pawn structure is now weak and there are two pawns to potentially target. 4...Nc6 immediately targets the e5 pawn. White usually defends e5 directly, with 5. Bb5 pinning the knight, 5. f4 defending with the f pawn, or 5. Nf3 defending with the knight. White can also play 5, Nc3 ignoring the e pawn and instead challenging the d pawn, or 5. a3 giving the pawn back while continuing development. ==Theory table== {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1= |line1=5. Bb5 |eval1= |name2= |line2=5. Nf3 |eval2= |name3= |line3=5. f4 |eval3= |name4= |line4=5. a3 |eval4= |name5= |line5=5. Nc3 |eval5= }} {{ChessMid}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Wikipedia|Caro-Kann}} * Opening Repertiore: The Caro-Kann. 2015. Jovanka Houska {{ISBN|9781781942109}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} a6ihy1ko8wzayufohmyzyg2hdsugpnc 0 486611 4678754 2026-10-28T20:31:03Z Atiedebee 3523910 Created page with "{{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Queen's Gambit Accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOD|D26-D29]] }} == 6. O-O == White castles their king to safety. Black's main response is '''[[/6...a6/]]''', looking to develop the light-squared bishop with ...b5 while gaining a tempo on Whites bishop. '''[[/6...Nc6/]]''' is a sideline, where Black postpones development of their light-squared bishop. The knight may go to a5 in the future to harass Whites bishop. '''[[/6...cxd4/]]''', the '..." 4678754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Queen's Gambit Accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOD|D26-D29]] }} == 6. O-O == White castles their king to safety. Black's main response is '''[[/6...a6/]]''', looking to develop the light-squared bishop with ...b5 while gaining a tempo on Whites bishop. '''[[/6...Nc6/]]''' is a sideline, where Black postpones development of their light-squared bishop. The knight may go to a5 in the future to harass Whites bishop. '''[[/6...cxd4/]]''', the '''Steinitz variation''' results in an isolated queens pawn position. It is still too early to resolve the central tension, since this allows White to develop their pieces fairly comfortably. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |line1=6. ... a6 |line2=6. ... Nc6 |name3=Steinitz variation |line3=6. ... cxd4 }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Queen's Gambit Accepted|anchor1=Late_deviations_from_the_classical_line}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} kh9nrx5oprah263nkqfatn5mvzv6e3l 3 486612 4678763 2026-10-28T22:12:20Z MathXplore 3097823 Notifying author about page tagging 4678763 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathXplore, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Archived Books/Real Estate/1998 Edition]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>has some problems that need to be looked at.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathXplore|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 22:12, 28 October 2026 (UTC) 0o6er9p3p14j22z115d8ozfkq02jfr3 0 486613 4678765 2026-10-28T22:17:35Z Atiedebee 3523910 Some move descriptions can definitely be improved, though for now I wanted to have all the relevant responses listed. 4678765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chess Opening Theory/Position |name=Queen's Gambit Accepted |eco=[[Chess/ECOD|D26-D29]] |parent=[[../|Queen's Gambit Accepted]] }} == 6...a6 == This is the main line of the Queens gambit accepted. With their latest move, Black prepares ...b5 to develop their light-squared bishop. This position is very theoretical, with White having many different ways to respond. === Retreat the bishop === By retreating the light-squared bishop before Black can play ...b5, White can be more flexible in their response to ...b5. The modern main line continues in this fashion: '''[[/7. Bb3/]]''' keeps the bishop on the a2-g8 diagonal and allows White to immediately attack 7...b5 with 8. a4. Similarly, the sideline '''[[/7. Bd3/]]''' allows the same response to 7...b5, but positions the bishop on the b1-h7 diagonal instead. === Prevent 7...b5 === The move '''[[/7. a4/]]''' has a simple goal: completely prevent 7...b5. This does leave a hole on b4, which Black can look to exploit with 7...Nc6, aiming for ...Nb4. It is most popular among amateur players, as it allows fairly natural development with Qe2, Rd1 and Nc3. === Open up the centre === '''[[/7. dxc5/]]''' exchanges the d-pawn for Blacks c-pawn. This opens up the queens' view of each other, leading to either Black exchanging queens with 7...Qxd1 8. Rxd1 Bxc5, or White initiating the trade after 7...Bxc5 8. Qxd8 Kxd8. This line has by far the most draws out of any of Whites responses, so it is not very ambitious. '''[[/7. e4/]]''' is the '''Russian gambit'''. White gambits the e-pawn with the idea of using the open e-file to attack Blacks king, which is still stuck in the centre. This gambit is completely sound, although the unprepared shouldn't venture into the complications after 7...Nxe4. Instead, Black can deny the gambit with 7...b5, which is also the most popular continuation in the masters database. === Support the centre === '''[[/7. Qe2/]]''' is the old main line. It positions the queen to support the e-pawn to advance, while opening up the d1-square for the rook. It has dropped in popularity over time, and Black equalizes just fine nowadays. The critical continuation begins with the thematic 7...b5, and after 8. Bb3 Bb7 9. Rd1 Nbd7 10. Nc3{{Chess/not|=}} the masters database shows Black scoring better than White. In the resulting position, Black has many ways to continue, with White usually following up with either 11. d5 or 11. e4. '''[[/7. Nc3/]]''' is a sideline that also prepares e4, and often transposes into the previous line with 7...b5 8. Bb3 Bb7 9. Qe2. A more independent variation arises after 9. e4 cxd4 10. Nxd4, where the players can once again enter a queenless middlegame after 10...Nc6 11. Nxc6 Qxd1 12. Rxd1 Bxc6. '''[[/7. b3/]]''' is a sideline where White tries to fianchetto the dark-squared bishop. While a bishop on c4 and b2 sound great on paper, these majestic bishops get dumbed down after ...b5 is played, forcing the light-squared bishop to the more passive e2-square. This line also results in a draw quite often after 7...cxd4, where White usually recaptures with 8. Nxd4 to keep the a1-h8 diagonal open for the dark-squared bishop. == Theory table == {{ChessTable}} {{Chess/theory table |name1=Main line |line1=7. Bb3 b5 8. a4 b4 9. Nbd2 Bb7 10. e4 Be7 11. e5 Nfd7 12. Nc4 O-O |line2=7. ... Nc6 8. Nc3 cxd4 9. exd4 Be7 10. Bg5 |name3=Rubinstein variation |line3=7. a4 Nc6 8. Qe2 cxd4 9. Rd1 Be7 10. exd4 O-O 11. Nc3 Nb4 12. Ne5 Bd7 |line4=7. dxc5 Qxd1 8. Rxd1 Bxc5 9. Be2 Nbd7 |eval4={{Chess/not|=}} |name5=Alekhine system |line5=7. Qe2 b5 8. Bb3 Bb7 9. Rd1 Nbd7 10. Nc3 |eval5={{Chess/not|=}} |line6=7. Bd3 Nc6 8. Nc3 cxd4 9. exd4 Be7 10. Bg5 O-O |name7=Russian gambit |line7=7. e4 b5 7. Bd3 Bb7 8. e5 Nd5 |eval7={{Chess/not|=}} |line8=7. Nc3 b5 8. Bb3 Bb7 9. e4c xd4 10. Nxd4 Nc6 11. Nxc6 Qxd1 12. Rxd1 Bxc6 |line9=7. b3 cxd4 8. Nxd4 Be7 9. Bb2 O-O 10. Nd2 b5 11. Be2 Bb7 }} {{ChessMid}} == References == {{reflist}} {{BCO2}} === See also === {{Wikipedia|Queen's Gambit Accepted|anchor1=Classical_Variation:_3...Nf6_4.e3_e6_5.Bxc4_c5_6.0-0_a6}} {{Chess Opening Theory/Footer}} dvil8e37hsirezj1ryz9f0llysfnnoc 3 486615 4678791 2026-10-29T01:35:28Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4678791 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathsScienceNerd1, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Kevin Prudente]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Kevin Prudente|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 01:35, 29 October 2026 (UTC) blgs16oui5xuvfv3cx452xdxugwvvkb 3 486616 4678800 2026-10-29T05:30:14Z Yerpo 96844 Yerpo moved page [[User talk:Mrt doulaty]] to [[User talk:Mdoulaty]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mrt doulaty|Mrt doulaty]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mdoulaty|Mdoulaty]]" 4678800 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Mdoulaty]] 8qq397uj5ann4gylwqlyv23y8m1iflj 3 486619 4678809 2026-10-29T07:28:28Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination 4678809 wikitext text/x-wiki == I have added a tag to a page you created == Hi! I'm MathsScienceNerd1, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:User:Ruchichuahan]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it <strong>may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].</strong> This means that it can be deleted at any time. If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[User talk:Ruchichuahan|the page's talk page]] explaining why. <strong>If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.</strong> If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|let me know]]. Thank you! <!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:28, 29 October 2026 (UTC) 5tosmv4wb2yj47eqxy6izz31jktib6k