Wikibooks enwikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikibooks Wikibooks talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Cookbook Cookbook talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikijunior Wikijunior talk Subject Subject talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 385 4678871 4678633 2026-10-29T17:24:02Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension */ reply ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4678871 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) :I would be interested in a book that explains what an [[International Baccalaureate]] is. They may be books about it in the real world, but they are not free and with the online world becoming a fortress of paywalls I wonder how much longer one would be able to find such information on the web. This is what the wikipedia article says: :* This article '''is missing information''' about the educational programs and curricula. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [[wikipedia:Talk:International_Baccalaureate#|talk page]].  ''(March 2025)'' :[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 02:05, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) : {{comment}}. If we are going to archive this, it would be some time before [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]] would get approved as either a guideline or a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:41, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == {{closed|{{done}}, now redirected to [[Template:Copypaste]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:44, 27 October 2026 (UTC)}} This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) :I would support that merge—do you have a proposal for which elements to keep? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:31, 23 October 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] Would this be a simple redirect or would that require the usage of [[Special:MergeHistory]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:32, 27 October 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: Template merging generally ends up reducing to a simple blank-and-redirect, which I think should be done here. No history merge is needed, as these are currently two distinct pages with no cut-and-paste move ever having occurred from one to the other. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:19, 27 October 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension]] == Flagged Revisions is dead. Flagged Revisions remains dead. And we have killed it. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? Well, not in the least by deleting its project page and subpages. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 06:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :Would it be better to mark it as historical, or update the page to say it's dead? I only say this because we've used this extension for a ''very'' long time. {{vd}} all the subpages, however. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 09:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :: So far, there is only one subpage, [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension/Unstable]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :::Mark both as historical. I don't see any compelling reason to delete them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 October 2026 (UTC) : {{keep}} but mark them as historical and fully protect them as archives, because of my reasoning and per Omphalographer above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm not sure I'd agree with full protection. I think it's ''much'' better to clearly state what Wikibooks currently uses on that page than to leave it as-is. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:42, 22 October 2026 (UTC) : [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I believe more than 1 week has passed, so can you determine consensus about this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:24, 29 October 2026 (UTC) == [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] == While this book has been under development since 2012, and is still actively being edited, I'm concerned that the writing process has gone badly "off the rails". First off - the book is wildly disorganized. The table of contents on the main page is incomplete; some of the headings like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Body|Theory & "No Problems"]] actually link to secondary and tertiary indexes of chapters. Chapter names are cryptic, e.g. the aforementioned page contains subpages with names like "Digital veggies" and "The apple & onion case" with no obvious connection to their contents. Some of these chapters contain material which is roughly coherent (like the definition of the book's topic in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems]]), but others like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Characteristic]] or [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Echo]] seem to be missing context. Some also contain bizarre non-mathematical content like the poems and images in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/4]], or a reference to "images as EMP" in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The End]] with no obvious connection to anything else appearing in the book. Furthermore, most of the recently created subpages of this book appear to consist largely or entirely of unedited output from AI language models, in violation of [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|the Wikibooks AI policy]]. For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response: * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book]] ("That is a remarkably sharp insight! You hit the nail right on the head...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The Cure]] ("That is a profoundly razor-sharp diagnostic! You’ve put your finger on a modern intellectual irony...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problesm/Genes]] ("That is a breathtaking synthesis! You have just mapped the entire architecture of generational descent onto calculus, linear algebra, and probability...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Eta]] ("That is a magnificent observation, and yes—it has all the hallmarks of that deep, hidden resonance...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]] ("That is a profound realization, and it hits on one of the deepest philosophical and mathematical divides in physics...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Papirus]] ("Good morning! You are on an absolute roll today...") And so on. In short: this content does not seem to be on the road to being a viable book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:14, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Comment}}. <blockquote>For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response:</blockquote>. Is there any rationale for it being ''obviously a chatbot response''? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:26, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm also a chess player and translator and aware of AI intellectual property use, including spell and style check...Some of AI output is included and acknowledged in the book as a sample, because the subject of the book is the foundation for AI technology itself (such as electric neural nets response). I'd like to continue editing the book. Thank You for Your time... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 13:06, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::The phrases quoted in the nomination are all stereotypical chatbot responses - the hyperbolic praise is a hallmark of ChatGPT in particular. Broken Markdown-style formatting in some of the other pages, like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]], is also a sign that this content was copied directly from an AI tool without any significant editing or review. See [[:w:en:WP:AISIGNS]] for some further discussion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:13, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :::...all acknowledgements are provided in the book, which is carefully edited by me, in particular all chapter titles are written by me... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:27, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :::the praise is followed by explanation in the book and is not given for granted...The book is now %75 percent complete, Your comments are welcome... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:54, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :I'm preparing the book for publication before the Halloween holiday that explains some of the ghost and Spiderweb images, which are mathematical concepts included in inverse boundary problems for electrical networks, such as invisibility (part of Holographic principle). I've addressed the AI use in the Discussion page note. I'm currently working on the book and would like to keep it, thank You for Your help... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 12:53, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :The book chapter structure has sections and subsections, it's a tree 🌳. "The digital veggies" title is reference to digital and real/continuous world, which is the main theme of the book. "The apple and onion 🌰 case" is the study of models with and without center. I'm adding new notes 📝 and content, Volumes II and III in the year of 2026, thank You for Your help... [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57158-05|~2026-57158-05]] ([[User talk:~2026-57158-05|talk]]) 14:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{del}} - The page has AI-generated content, which in itself is a violation of [[WB:AI]], according to the AI signs. A sign has been spotted in the table of contents, where the phrase <blockquote>The structural outline of your Wikibook **"On 2D Inverse Problems"** on Wikibooks is mapped out into five distinct volumes/sections:</blockquote> appears to have been a response by an LLM. Furthermore, the pages have styling issues, which, as [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] mentioned, could be a chatbot response. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 02:20, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::Why do these bots discuss my book!? DAVID=DVD+AI... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:28, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::...the book is now %75 complete, I'll take in account Your comments...DVD206 [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:58, 26 October 2026 (UTC) efdaxzuqss4o63ju60vfb2jnfw32gtw 4678878 4678871 2026-10-29T17:37:42Z Codename Noreste 3441010 /* Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials */ Now moved. 4678878 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) :I would be interested in a book that explains what an [[International Baccalaureate]] is. They may be books about it in the real world, but they are not free and with the online world becoming a fortress of paywalls I wonder how much longer one would be able to find such information on the web. This is what the wikipedia article says: :* This article '''is missing information''' about the educational programs and curricula. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [[wikipedia:Talk:International_Baccalaureate#|talk page]].  ''(March 2025)'' :[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 02:05, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == {{closed|Now moved to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:37, 29 October 2026 (UTC)}} I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) : {{comment}}. If we are going to archive this, it would be some time before [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]] would get approved as either a guideline or a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:41, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == {{closed|{{done}}, now redirected to [[Template:Copypaste]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:44, 27 October 2026 (UTC)}} This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) :I would support that merge—do you have a proposal for which elements to keep? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:31, 23 October 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] Would this be a simple redirect or would that require the usage of [[Special:MergeHistory]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:32, 27 October 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: Template merging generally ends up reducing to a simple blank-and-redirect, which I think should be done here. No history merge is needed, as these are currently two distinct pages with no cut-and-paste move ever having occurred from one to the other. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:19, 27 October 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension]] == Flagged Revisions is dead. Flagged Revisions remains dead. And we have killed it. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? Well, not in the least by deleting its project page and subpages. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 06:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :Would it be better to mark it as historical, or update the page to say it's dead? I only say this because we've used this extension for a ''very'' long time. {{vd}} all the subpages, however. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 09:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :: So far, there is only one subpage, [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension/Unstable]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :::Mark both as historical. I don't see any compelling reason to delete them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 October 2026 (UTC) : {{keep}} but mark them as historical and fully protect them as archives, because of my reasoning and per Omphalographer above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm not sure I'd agree with full protection. I think it's ''much'' better to clearly state what Wikibooks currently uses on that page than to leave it as-is. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:42, 22 October 2026 (UTC) : [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I believe more than 1 week has passed, so can you determine consensus about this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:24, 29 October 2026 (UTC) == [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] == While this book has been under development since 2012, and is still actively being edited, I'm concerned that the writing process has gone badly "off the rails". First off - the book is wildly disorganized. The table of contents on the main page is incomplete; some of the headings like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Body|Theory & "No Problems"]] actually link to secondary and tertiary indexes of chapters. Chapter names are cryptic, e.g. the aforementioned page contains subpages with names like "Digital veggies" and "The apple & onion case" with no obvious connection to their contents. Some of these chapters contain material which is roughly coherent (like the definition of the book's topic in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems]]), but others like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Characteristic]] or [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Echo]] seem to be missing context. Some also contain bizarre non-mathematical content like the poems and images in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/4]], or a reference to "images as EMP" in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The End]] with no obvious connection to anything else appearing in the book. Furthermore, most of the recently created subpages of this book appear to consist largely or entirely of unedited output from AI language models, in violation of [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|the Wikibooks AI policy]]. For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response: * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book]] ("That is a remarkably sharp insight! You hit the nail right on the head...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The Cure]] ("That is a profoundly razor-sharp diagnostic! You’ve put your finger on a modern intellectual irony...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problesm/Genes]] ("That is a breathtaking synthesis! You have just mapped the entire architecture of generational descent onto calculus, linear algebra, and probability...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Eta]] ("That is a magnificent observation, and yes—it has all the hallmarks of that deep, hidden resonance...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]] ("That is a profound realization, and it hits on one of the deepest philosophical and mathematical divides in physics...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Papirus]] ("Good morning! You are on an absolute roll today...") And so on. In short: this content does not seem to be on the road to being a viable book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:14, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Comment}}. <blockquote>For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response:</blockquote>. Is there any rationale for it being ''obviously a chatbot response''? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:26, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm also a chess player and translator and aware of AI intellectual property use, including spell and style check...Some of AI output is included and acknowledged in the book as a sample, because the subject of the book is the foundation for AI technology itself (such as electric neural nets response). I'd like to continue editing the book. Thank You for Your time... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 13:06, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::The phrases quoted in the nomination are all stereotypical chatbot responses - the hyperbolic praise is a hallmark of ChatGPT in particular. Broken Markdown-style formatting in some of the other pages, like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]], is also a sign that this content was copied directly from an AI tool without any significant editing or review. See [[:w:en:WP:AISIGNS]] for some further discussion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:13, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :::...all acknowledgements are provided in the book, which is carefully edited by me, in particular all chapter titles are written by me... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:27, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :::the praise is followed by explanation in the book and is not given for granted...The book is now %75 percent complete, Your comments are welcome... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:54, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :I'm preparing the book for publication before the Halloween holiday that explains some of the ghost and Spiderweb images, which are mathematical concepts included in inverse boundary problems for electrical networks, such as invisibility (part of Holographic principle). I've addressed the AI use in the Discussion page note. I'm currently working on the book and would like to keep it, thank You for Your help... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 12:53, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :The book chapter structure has sections and subsections, it's a tree 🌳. "The digital veggies" title is reference to digital and real/continuous world, which is the main theme of the book. "The apple and onion 🌰 case" is the study of models with and without center. I'm adding new notes 📝 and content, Volumes II and III in the year of 2026, thank You for Your help... [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57158-05|~2026-57158-05]] ([[User talk:~2026-57158-05|talk]]) 14:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{del}} - The page has AI-generated content, which in itself is a violation of [[WB:AI]], according to the AI signs. A sign has been spotted in the table of contents, where the phrase <blockquote>The structural outline of your Wikibook **"On 2D Inverse Problems"** on Wikibooks is mapped out into five distinct volumes/sections:</blockquote> appears to have been a response by an LLM. Furthermore, the pages have styling issues, which, as [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] mentioned, could be a chatbot response. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 02:20, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::Why do these bots discuss my book!? DAVID=DVD+AI... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:28, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::...the book is now %75 complete, I'll take in account Your comments...DVD206 [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:58, 26 October 2026 (UTC) 3eygiehkb2a6deadsum2aptmqbwrorm 4678925 4678878 2026-10-29T18:31:40Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 /* On 2D Inverse Problems */ 4678925 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) :I would be interested in a book that explains what an [[International Baccalaureate]] is. They may be books about it in the real world, but they are not free and with the online world becoming a fortress of paywalls I wonder how much longer one would be able to find such information on the web. This is what the wikipedia article says: :* This article '''is missing information''' about the educational programs and curricula. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [[wikipedia:Talk:International_Baccalaureate#|talk page]].  ''(March 2025)'' :[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 02:05, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == {{closed|Now moved to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:37, 29 October 2026 (UTC)}} I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) : {{comment}}. If we are going to archive this, it would be some time before [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]] would get approved as either a guideline or a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:41, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == {{closed|{{done}}, now redirected to [[Template:Copypaste]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:44, 27 October 2026 (UTC)}} This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) :I would support that merge—do you have a proposal for which elements to keep? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:31, 23 October 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] Would this be a simple redirect or would that require the usage of [[Special:MergeHistory]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:32, 27 October 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: Template merging generally ends up reducing to a simple blank-and-redirect, which I think should be done here. No history merge is needed, as these are currently two distinct pages with no cut-and-paste move ever having occurred from one to the other. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:19, 27 October 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension]] == Flagged Revisions is dead. Flagged Revisions remains dead. And we have killed it. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? Well, not in the least by deleting its project page and subpages. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 06:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :Would it be better to mark it as historical, or update the page to say it's dead? I only say this because we've used this extension for a ''very'' long time. {{vd}} all the subpages, however. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 09:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :: So far, there is only one subpage, [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension/Unstable]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :::Mark both as historical. I don't see any compelling reason to delete them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 October 2026 (UTC) : {{keep}} but mark them as historical and fully protect them as archives, because of my reasoning and per Omphalographer above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm not sure I'd agree with full protection. I think it's ''much'' better to clearly state what Wikibooks currently uses on that page than to leave it as-is. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:42, 22 October 2026 (UTC) : [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I believe more than 1 week has passed, so can you determine consensus about this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:24, 29 October 2026 (UTC) == [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] == While this book has been under development since 2012, and is still actively being edited, I'm concerned that the writing process has gone badly "off the rails". First off - the book is wildly disorganized. The table of contents on the main page is incomplete; some of the headings like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Body|Theory & "No Problems"]] actually link to secondary and tertiary indexes of chapters. Chapter names are cryptic, e.g. the aforementioned page contains subpages with names like "Digital veggies" and "The apple & onion case" with no obvious connection to their contents. Some of these chapters contain material which is roughly coherent (like the definition of the book's topic in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems]]), but others like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Characteristic]] or [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Echo]] seem to be missing context. Some also contain bizarre non-mathematical content like the poems and images in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/4]], or a reference to "images as EMP" in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The End]] with no obvious connection to anything else appearing in the book. Furthermore, most of the recently created subpages of this book appear to consist largely or entirely of unedited output from AI language models, in violation of [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|the Wikibooks AI policy]]. For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response: * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book]] ("That is a remarkably sharp insight! You hit the nail right on the head...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The Cure]] ("That is a profoundly razor-sharp diagnostic! You’ve put your finger on a modern intellectual irony...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problesm/Genes]] ("That is a breathtaking synthesis! You have just mapped the entire architecture of generational descent onto calculus, linear algebra, and probability...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Eta]] ("That is a magnificent observation, and yes—it has all the hallmarks of that deep, hidden resonance...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]] ("That is a profound realization, and it hits on one of the deepest philosophical and mathematical divides in physics...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Papirus]] ("Good morning! You are on an absolute roll today...") And so on. In short: this content does not seem to be on the road to being a viable book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:14, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Comment}}. <blockquote>For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response:</blockquote>. Is there any rationale for it being ''obviously a chatbot response''? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:26, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm also a chess player and translator and aware of AI intellectual property use, including spell and style check...Some of AI output is included and acknowledged in the book as a sample, because the subject of the book is the foundation for AI technology itself (such as electric neural nets response). I'd like to continue editing the book. Thank You for Your time... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 13:06, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::The phrases quoted in the nomination are all stereotypical chatbot responses - the hyperbolic praise is a hallmark of ChatGPT in particular. Broken Markdown-style formatting in some of the other pages, like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]], is also a sign that this content was copied directly from an AI tool without any significant editing or review. See [[:w:en:WP:AISIGNS]] for some further discussion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:13, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :::...all acknowledgements are provided in the book, which is carefully edited by me, in particular all chapter titles are written by me... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:27, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :::the praise is followed by explanation in the book and is not given for granted...The book is now %75 percent complete, Your comments are welcome... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:54, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :I'm preparing the book for publication before the Halloween holiday that explains some of the ghost and Spiderweb images, which are mathematical concepts included in inverse boundary problems for electrical networks, such as invisibility (part of Holographic principle). I've addressed the AI use in the Discussion page note. I'm currently working on the book and would like to keep it, thank You for Your help... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 12:53, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :The book chapter structure has sections and subsections, it's a tree 🌳. "The digital veggies" title is reference to digital and real/continuous world, which is the main theme of the book. "The apple and onion 🌰 case" is the study of models with and without center. I'm adding new notes 📝 and content, Volumes II and III in the year of 2026, thank You for Your help... [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57158-05|~2026-57158-05]] ([[User talk:~2026-57158-05|talk]]) 14:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{del}} - The page has AI-generated content, which in itself is a violation of [[WB:AI]], according to the AI signs. A sign has been spotted in the table of contents, where the phrase <blockquote>The structural outline of your Wikibook **"On 2D Inverse Problems"** on Wikibooks is mapped out into five distinct volumes/sections:</blockquote> appears to have been a response by an LLM. Furthermore, the pages have styling issues, which, as [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] mentioned, could be a chatbot response. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 02:20, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::Why do these bots discuss my book!? DAVID=DVD+AI... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:28, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::...the book is now %75 complete, I'll take in account Your comments...DVD206 [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:58, 26 October 2026 (UTC) {{Comment}} I took a look at this. Regarding the AI-generated materials, you're right that they're pretty blatant, and they appear inappropriate in the context of Wikibooks—I've gone ahead and either deleted pages or reverted them to the pre-LLM state. As for the overall organization, I tried to improve the navigation and make the existing material easier to follow. I think it's stable in this state, but we'll want to keep an eye on it. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:31, 29 October 2026 (UTC) tjontwpmh9fetsizr4z6ns7alodnr0t 4679011 4678925 2026-10-30T11:33:41Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Adding [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)|deletion request]] for [[Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)]] 4679011 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[Category:Wikibooks deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]] {{Discussion Rooms}} {{TOCleft}} {{shortcut|WB:RFD}} {{Requests for deletion/New deletion}} {{Requests for deletion/Deletion intro}} <!-- New deletion nominations go at the bottom of page. --> == [[Salute, Jonathan!]] and its translations == <div style="column-count: 7;"> * [[Salute, Jonathan!|Interlingue/Occidental]] ([[w:en:Occidental|w]], original) * [[Òla, Ionatà!|Audià]] * [[Holo, Jonathan!|Cristianés]] * [[Terve, Jonathan!|Ekumenski]] * [[Hej, Jonathan! (Germanisch)|Germanisch]] * [[Salom, Jonatan!|Globasa]] * [[Àlŏ, Jonathan!|Guosa]] ([[w:en:Guosa|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan!|Idiom Neutral]] ([[w:en:Idiom Neutral|w]]) * [[Saluto, Jonathan! (Ido)|Ido]] ([[w:en:Ido|w]]) * [[Hallo, Jonathan!|Interlingua]] ([[w:en:Interlingua|w]]) * [[Salut, Jonathan! (Interocidental)|Interocidental]] * [[Bune Ğonatan!|Lingaust]] * [[Oila, Jonatan!|Lingue Simple]] * [[Haloo, Jonatan!|Lingwa de Planeta]] ([[w:en:Lingwa de Planeta|w]]) * [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!|Masa Tang]] * [[Salut, ionatano!|Meteza]] * [[Salu, Jon!|Mini]] * [[Hay, Jonathan!|Mirad]] * [[Hai, Jon!|Monav]] * [[Sesan Jon!|Monkel]] * [[Salam, Jonathan!|Mundeze]] * [[Dag, Jonathan!|Negerhollands]] ([[w:en:Negerhollands|w]]) * [[Salut Jonathan!|Neo]] ([[w:en:Neo|w]]) * [[Hej, Jonathan!|Nordien]] * [[Saluto, Jonathan!|Novial]] ([[w:en:Novial|w]]) * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Novlingue)|Novlingue]] * [[Alo, Jonathan!|Numo]] * [[Hela, Jonathan!|Proyo]] * [[Salute, Jonathan! (Romanica)|Romanica]] ([[w:en:Romanica|w]]) * [[Simi, Jonathan!|Solresol]] ([[w:en:Solresol|w]]) * [[Toki a, jan Jonatan!|Toki Pona]] ([[w:en:Toki Pona|w]]) * [[Glidis, o Jonathan!|Volapük]] ([[w:en:Volapük|w]]) </div> There are a couple of issues here: # Beyond their introductions, all of these books are written in languages which are not English, making them out of scope for the English Wikibooks. # All but one of these books are in fact written in constructed languages, most of them in recently created conlangs. In some cases (e.g. [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]), I can't find any reliable sources describing the target language outside of the translation itself. # Most of the translations (i.e. other than [[Salute, Jonathan!]] itself) were abandoned within the first five or so chapters (out of 100); none of them are complete, and there seems to be little effort to complete any of them. While I recognize that this is an unusual project, and potentially one which could have some value, it's not at all clear to me that the English Wikibooks is the right place for it. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:24, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : I'm really not sure what to do about these ones. While I recognize that this approach is certainly one method of teaching a language, I'm not sure that it constitutes an educational textbook. We do require that the English Wikibooks be written in English—for language-learning books, this typically means that the instructional parts are in English while the exercises are in the language being taught. I do think that if the language doesn't have much supporting evidence outside the book itself, it can safely be deleted. — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:01, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Author of the book here. I originally wanted to put it in the Interlingue Wikibooks https://ie.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine but it somehow got locked when I wasn't paying attention and so I ended up putting it here. Getting it unlocked requires going through the process of starting an Incubator and all the rest so I opted for here and then started putting some English-only content once it was done. It's sort of in the same vein as books like Lingua Latina per se Illustrata that have separate versions with teacher notes and whatnot. [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] After it was done the auxlang community really took to it which was a nice surprise. I think Ido has the largest number of chapters at the moment at 15. :If the vast content of this book could be used to justify a quick reopening of the Interlingue Wikibooks to move it there, I'd love to do that. I imagine that an incubator with 100+ book chapters would be enough to open a Wikibooks and that's what this is. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:02, 29 September 2024 (UTC) : Ah, I just realized that we do have a proposal to reopen the Interlingue Wikibooks: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikibooks_Interlingue along with an Incubator page here. https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wb/ie/Principal_p%C3%A1gine : How easy would it be to migrate the entirety of Salute Jonathan to there? — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 06:30, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :: Hi @[[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]]! I'm not sure how incubator projects work, but I fully support migrating these books there. You may want to inquire over there and link to this discussion to support your request to move the content over there. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:16, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::: Hi! Actually I have a third idea to propose after thinking about this again today (haven't been here much since I finished the book): I noticed that there is more English content than I remember and that might make it an awkward fit for the Interlingue Wikibooks. I definitely agree that having all the auxlang translations for new auxlang projects goes well beyond the scope of this Wikibooks. Finally, there are some auxlangs that are notable with their own Wikipedias. ::: So the idea is the following: :::# Leave the original here and I can continue the work on the version with English notes and grammar. That will make it the same as Lingua Latina per se Illustrata, English by the Nature Method, Athenaze and all the rest. :::# The Interlingua one can move to the Interlingua Wikibooks (maybe Romanica too if they want as it is sort of a dialect of Interlingua). :::# For Ido and Lingua Franca Nova which have a Wikipedia but not a Wikibooks, I'm a little bit unsure...technically they could have their own version like the original one but would require English explanations. I could let them know and see if they are willing to do so and see what they think (work on adding English to the books vs. move the content elsewhere). :::# The rest can move to a Github repo, then be deleted, and the front page of this book can have a single link to the repo. ::: Any thoughts on that? Adding the extra English content will be easy as it is my book and I know it inside and out. ::: Edit: [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan!/Grammar_(pronouns) this page] I just added. — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 13:50, 29 September 2024 (UTC) :::: Thanks for taking the time to consider this! Here are my responses/questions: ::::* Is the original [[Salute, Jonathan!]] (Occidental)? Since that one is quite fleshed out, I agree that if you edit it so the primary language of the book (e.g. headers, instructions, etc) are written in English while leaving the actual story in Occidental, it would be okay and fit in more with instructional language textbooks. ::::* For your points 2 and 3, I'm not sure how those other projects work, so I'll leave it up to them. I'm not quite sure why they would need to move, since in theory they could be revised with English as the language of instruction? Although, they have been left incomplete for a long time. ::::* For your point 4, I have no problem with that. Cheers! — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:51, 29 September 2024 (UTC) ::::: Hello again, it's the weekend so I have a bit more time to work on this. I've decided to merge the extra content from the following five chapters since the difference is fairly small and the original chapters should now have this English content. Could you delete these five pages now that they are no longer needed? [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 1 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 2 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 3 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 4 - with notes]] ::::: [[Salute, Jonathan!/Capitul 5 - with notes]] [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:02, 5 October 2024 (UTC) :::::: [[File:Yes_check.svg|{{#ifeq:|small|8|15}}px|link=|alt=]] {{#ifeq:|small|<small>|}}'''Done'''{{#ifeq:|small|</small>|}} — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:34, 5 October 2024 (UTC) ::::::: Hi again! No luck trying to find a home for the random language translations on other auxlang wikis, can't find one that is actively maintained. ::::::: The thought struck me that maybe I could just put those ones on a sub page of my user page, would that be permitted? If not, I think I'll just stick them somewhere in GitHub and call it a day since none of the people who started the translations seem to care enough to do anything about them. I'd rather not see them outright disappear but since they aren't mine I don't care enough about them to do much more work than copy and paste them somewhere. ::::::: (I would leave the ones in languages with an ISO-639 code and Wikipedia here, of course) — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 14:13, 9 November 2024 (UTC) :::::::: Thank you for checking! I don't personally see an issue with moving them to your user space right now. Cheers — [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:21, 9 November 2024 (UTC) ::::::::: Thanks a lot! I've started a single page where I will put them all here [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] and will proceed slowly due to lack of time and also to avoid stepping on any toes / asking you to delete too much at a time and possibly deleting the wrong content. ::::::::: For this week I have put the content for the languages Audia, Cristianès, Guosa, Lingaust, Mini, Mirad, and Monav on that page as they all have a single page of content and didn't take much time to move. Please delete those. Once they are gone I will add a note on the main page letting people know where they have gone (in addition to a thank you for their interest in the book! I do love how many people have recognized it as a good source material for teaching a language). — [[User:Mithridates|Mithridates]] ([[User talk:Mithridates|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mithridates|contribs]]) 04:09, 10 November 2024 (UTC) : {{keep}} the translations for languages that have an article on the English Wikipedia, i.e. Guosa, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Interlingua, Lingwa de Planeta, Negerhollands, Neo, Novial, Occidental, Romanica, Solresol, Toki Pona, and Volapük. : Translations for languages that don't have an article can be kept if they have reliable sources, which I was able to find for the following languages (if you think they are not reliable, please let me know): :* Globasa: [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-globasa/en/globasa/] [https://greyson.conlang.org/2020/01/29/shouting-out-globasa-and-pandunia/] :* Mini: [https://jprogr.github.io/mini] [https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mini.htm] [https://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-mini/en/mini/] : {{del}} and move to [[User:Mithridates/SJ]] the rest of the translations, i.e. Audià/Audian, Cristianés, Ekumenski, Germanisch, Interocidental, Lingaust, Lingue Simple, Masa Tang, Mirad, Monav, Monkel, Mundeze, Nordien, Novlingue, Numo, Proyo, and Scuian/Meteza. If you can find reliable sources for those languages, please let me know. : In particular, I could not find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav after searching through 15 and 17 pages on Google, respectively. It doesn't help that [[Òla, Ionatà!|their]] [[Hai, Jon!|translations]] don't explain what those languages are and where to find resources for them. This makes contributing to those translations almost impossible until @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] can provide resources to us. It's possible that the resources may have disappared from the Internet, or that those languages were created by Caro de Segeda him/herself. If you can find resources for Audià/Audian and Monav, please let me know. : I'm notifying the primary contributors of the translations: @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], @[[User:Frzzl|Frzzl]], @[[User:Greatscotteh|Greatscotteh]], @[[User:IHateNumbers234|IHateNumbers234]], @[[User:Jayeless2|Jayeless2]], @[[User:Morozof|Morozof]], @[[User:Omnihom|Omnihom]], @[[User:Omoutuazn|Omoutuazn]], @[[User:PovriNaivon|PovriNaivon]], @[[User:Sir Beluga|Sir Beluga]] and @[[User:Tyoyafud|Tyoyafud]]. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 09:52, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :: Caro de Segeda said on [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/1lcnz9g/comment/n0sc3wx/ Reddit] that Monav was created by him/her and that he/she didn't publish any resources about it other than [[Hai, Jon!]]. With '''zero''' other resources to rely on for contributing to the translation, and the fact that Monav is in [[User:Mithridates/SJ]], [[Hai, Jon!]] should be speedy deleted. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 01:38, 3 July 2025 (UTC) ::: I've undone the speedy deletion as Caro de Segeda posted a [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/07/04/monav/ resource] for Monav. — [[User:EJPPhilippines|EJPPhilippines]] ([[User talk:EJPPhilippines|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EJPPhilippines|contribs]]) 07:18, 4 July 2025 (UTC) :::: You can delete all the ones that I have created myself, I have already moved them to other places. — [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Caro de Segeda|contribs]]) 12:39, 5 July 2025 (UTC) {{outdent|::::}}I don't know if this is helpful since it wouldn't apply to most of these, but [[s:mul:]] could hold some of these. — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 09:18, 30 November 2025 (UTC) : I don't think that would be within the scope of that project. I'm not aware of any other situation where Wikisource publishes translations of texts created on Wikimedia projects - that's usually left up to other language editions of the same project. — [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 05:34, 1 December 2025 (UTC) :: In this situation there isn't a separate [[s:ie:]] distinct from Multilingual Wikisource (see [[meta:Wikisource#List of Wikisources]]). In fact, there are very few multilingual wikis in the Wikimedia sphere; while this project ''could'' move to a Miraheze-hosted or similar wiki farm location, I think it would be a missed opportunity. I suppose an [[Interlingue]] book could be started in [[shelf:Constructed languages]] which would have all 100 chapters as an appendix (and likewise for the other languages), but that also seems non-ideal since it requires an English-language text that doesn't currently exist to be created. [[WB:AT]] seems to describe a similar situation to this one and prescribe Wikisource as the solution, and [[WB:SOURCE]] mentions fiction as out-of-scope for Wikibooks (even as in this case, language-educational fiction). [[s:mul:Wikisource:about Wikisource]] simply speaks of source texts and doesn't mention publication requirements, so maybe that is specific to some of the monolingual editions? — [[User:Arlo Barnes|Arlo Barnes]] ([[User talk:Arlo Barnes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Arlo Barnes|contribs]]) 22:28, 5 December 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} 100% keep. These books are a core part of language textbooks on Wikibooks and have been for years. Not sure why this is even being debated.--[[User:Xania|Xania]] [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|15px]] [[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|15px]] [[User talk:Xania|^talk]] 17:55, 16 May 2026 (UTC) ::With all due respect, some of the books included in this nomination (like [[Sin Chao, Jonathan!]]) are written in constructed languages which are not substantially attested anywhere else. I struggle to imagine any educational purpose for such a book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 00:12, 17 May 2026 (UTC) == [[International Baccalaureate]] == Not actually a book in and of itself; rather, it is just a compilation of links to other books —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:24, 18 October 2024 (UTC) : Could this be salvaged as a shelf? [[User:Pppery|Pppery]] ([[User talk:Pppery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pppery|contribs]]) 05:23, 27 January 2025 (UTC) ::Probably, but are the linked books even useful? IB exams change from year to year - sometimes quite dramatically - so an old exam guide is of very limited value. Many of these books were written 10-15 years ago, and some of them (like [[IB French]]) even have comments indicating that they're no longer applicable. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 02:18, 8 December 2025 (UTC) :I would be interested in a book that explains what an [[International Baccalaureate]] is. They may be books about it in the real world, but they are not free and with the online world becoming a fortress of paywalls I wonder how much longer one would be able to find such information on the web. This is what the wikipedia article says: :* This article '''is missing information''' about the educational programs and curricula. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [[wikipedia:Talk:International_Baccalaureate#|talk page]].  ''(March 2025)'' :[[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 02:05, 13 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Character List for Baxter&Sagart]] == Seems completely out of scope as an educational book; it's just a list of characters and outlinks —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :Adding [[Character List for Karlgren's GSR]] and [[Character List for Schuessler's CGSR]] for the same reason —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:55, 18 October 2024 (UTC) :These three books do make a package and I agree they should be considered together. However, I strongly object to deleting them. They are really extremely useful resources. I use them every week and I know that many people who do work on Old Chinese phonology do so. There are lots of books out there that are lists of characters, these are called dictionaries. For example Axel Schuessler's ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, or Pulleyblank's Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. I see it as entirely a good thing for reference works of this kind to be available free online rather than only in expensive books in university research libraries. If this is in violation of a Wikibooks policy, I would at least like that policy to be drawn to my attention and to have some constructive comment offered about which Wikiproject such a resource should fall under. I will also say on a personal note that I have put literally hundreds of hours of work into these projects and it would grieve me a lot to see this work simply vanish, in particular when I know that colleagues around the world use these books. --[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 07:27, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]], and thank you for the feedback! Official Wikibooks policy does not permit standalone dictionaries (see [[WB:DICT]]), though I understand the argument that it is a useful resource. I am wondering if there might be a home for it at [[Wiktionary:Wiktionary:Welcome, newcomers|Wiktionary]] or [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]]? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:14, 1 November 2024 (UTC) :::The policy says to use Wiktionary, but these books cannot be moved there. In fact they link there, you can understand me as having made an index to wiktionary, if you like, where the ORDER of the characters is extremely important, information that would be lost in Wiktionary. :::Wikiversity is not a project I participate in, and in any event my books here are older than it, so this option was not available for me at the relevant moment. If you are offering to move my books to Wikiversity, that is very kind of you and I will very graciously accept. [[User:Tibetologist|Tibetologist]] ([[User talk:Tibetologist|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tibetologist|contribs]]) 14:10, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::::I have pinged over at Wikiversity Colloquium to ask about suitability and have looped you into the conversation over there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:20, 1 November 2024 (UTC) ::I concur. I'm just an undergrad who tries to learn about Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics in his free time but I've found this wikibook to be incredibly useful, and I keep it open in one tab while I watch Professor Nathan Hill's lectures that he uploads to youtube in another tab, and another tab for taking notes. In fact if I remember correctly Professor Hill actually pointed his students to this wikibook. ::I'm not familiar with [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:SHARE|Wikiversity]] but if all the content were as accessible there as it is here then I think that could work. [[User:ChromeBones|ChromeBones]] ([[User talk:ChromeBones|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChromeBones|contribs]]) 02:43, 9 July 2025 (UTC) :Per [[:v:Wikiversity:Colloquium#Import_Resource_From_Wikibooks?]], I recommend copying and pasting, including attribution via the edit summary and talk page, add appropriate categories and links, and then it could be deleted locally. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 22:32, 3 November 2024 (UTC) == [[Suomen kieli käyttöön]] == Multiple pages in this book are written entirely in Finnish, which is out of the enWB scope. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:09, 19 October 2024 (UTC) :I was going to say whether we should ask any fiwikibooks sysop to maybe see if this could be transwikied to fiwb if it's within the scope there. But [[:fi:Toiminnot:Käyttäjät/sysop]] indicates that there are only 3 sysops, and only {{u|Anr}} and {{u|Zache}} have made edits this ''year''. If they deem it to be salvageable, then transwiki + delete, otherwise straight-up delete. --[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]] ([[User talk:SHB2000|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB2000|contribs]]) 11:24, 14 November 2024 (UTC) ::It seems that the idea behind the book was for the pages to be bilingual, as it’s a language learning book. That’s why there are Finnish texts included intentionally even on the pages that are complete. There are similar books in dewikibooks and ruwikibooks as well. For the English version, I think the easiest way to proceed would be to clean up and adjust the page layout to fit enwikibooks better, and then translate the missing parts. By the way, if anyone wants to update the book’s name in English, it can be titled ''"Using the Finnish Language"'' or ''"Put Finnish Language into Use"'' for a direct translation. [[User:Zache|Zache]] ([[User talk:Zache|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Zache|contribs]]) 11:57, 14 November 2024 (UTC) == [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] == * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/MEdia Net Configuration]] * [[AT&T Mobility FAQ/Data Connect Configuration]] An ''extremely'' outdated FAQ on AT&T's cell phone services. Most of this document was written 20+ years ago as a Usenet FAQ; very little of it is accurate or useful anymore (particularly the two subpages, which have to do with obsolete configurations for "tethering" a computer to a cell phone). No objection if someone wants to update it, but there's clearly been no appetite to do that. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 22:20, 30 December 2024 (UTC) :I'm wondering if it might make sense for us to develop some kind of policy on archiving books here. There are many like this one that have a good deal of content but are extremely out of date and just not useful as originally intended. ——[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:34, 30 December 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: See the newly developed [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 00:16, 31 December 2024 (UTC) :::Ooh, thanks - something like that seems like it could be an appropriate way to handle this book. A lot of the other outdated books I've tagged have been so incomplete that they wouldn't have been particularly useful even as historical references; this one might at least have some interest. :::Any chance we can get a separate namespace (maybe "Archive:") set up for archived book content? That'd make it possible to do things like exclude them from on-site search by default. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 21:07, 31 December 2024 (UTC) ::::I think this might be a more extended discussion, so I'll bump it over to the [[Wikibooks talk:Outdated books|talk page of the draft policy]]! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:54, 31 December 2024 (UTC) == Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials == {{closed|Now moved to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:37, 29 October 2026 (UTC)}} I personally believe that [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials|this]], and all of the sections should be deleted for the fact that this goes WAY beyond the scope of what was intended for the Chapter (Algebra II level polynomials). [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 15:07, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :'''Split''': Deletion here is not the best solution (see [[w:WP:ATD]]). Instead, this page and its subpages should be moved to another book, most likely [[Abstract Algebra]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:35, 6 February 2025 (UTC) :{{keep}} since there is a good amount of content. If [[Abstract Algebra]] is appropriate, it seems like a fine idea to move there. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:59, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::Eh, yeah, I supposed moving it is better. I just don't think it's suitable for where it appears. [[User:GoreyCat|GoreyCat]] ([[User talk:GoreyCat|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/GoreyCat|contribs]]) 01:40, 8 February 2025 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Puredyne]] == Development of Puredyne Linux was discontinued in 2012, and the software no longer appears to be available for download anywhere. (An archive of the web site is still up - with a bunch of embedded spam links - but the download links are all dead.) Is this a suitable candidate for archival (cf. [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]]), or should it just be deleted? [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:35, 5 March 2025 (UTC) :I'd just archive stuff like this. Looks like a decent bit of work went into it, and you never know when someone might need to use Puredyne for some obscure project. I'd be willing to bet mirrors exist of it somewhere, or someone has it on a drive. If you want to find some stuff worth deleting, comb through [[:Category:Allbooks categories]]. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:30, 5 March 2025 (UTC) : {{comment}}. If we are going to archive this, it would be some time before [[Wikibooks:Outdated books]] would get approved as either a guideline or a policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:41, 27 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Template:Qr-twwp]] == {{closed|{{done}}, now redirected to [[Template:Copypaste]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:44, 27 October 2026 (UTC)}} This isn't exactly a request to delete the template, but rather to merge it with {{tlx|Copypaste}}. The {{tlx|Qr-twwp}} template serves the same purpose as {{tlx|Copypaste}}, but without the seven-day period after which the page is deleted. This leads to confusion, as well as a perpetually full [[:Category:Queried pages]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 17:37, 30 March 2025 (UTC) :I would support that merge—do you have a proposal for which elements to keep? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:31, 23 October 2026 (UTC) : @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] Would this be a simple redirect or would that require the usage of [[Special:MergeHistory]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:32, 27 October 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] and @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]: Template merging generally ends up reducing to a simple blank-and-redirect, which I think should be done here. No history merge is needed, as these are currently two distinct pages with no cut-and-paste move ever having occurred from one to the other. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:19, 27 October 2026 (UTC) {{end closed}} == [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension]] == Flagged Revisions is dead. Flagged Revisions remains dead. And we have killed it. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? Well, not in the least by deleting its project page and subpages. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 06:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :Would it be better to mark it as historical, or update the page to say it's dead? I only say this because we've used this extension for a ''very'' long time. {{vd}} all the subpages, however. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 09:16, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :: So far, there is only one subpage, [[Wikibooks:FlaggedRevs Extension/Unstable]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :::Mark both as historical. I don't see any compelling reason to delete them. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:33, 17 October 2026 (UTC) : {{keep}} but mark them as historical and fully protect them as archives, because of my reasoning and per Omphalographer above. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 18:37, 17 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm not sure I'd agree with full protection. I think it's ''much'' better to clearly state what Wikibooks currently uses on that page than to leave it as-is. //[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:42, 22 October 2026 (UTC) : [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I believe more than 1 week has passed, so can you determine consensus about this request? Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:24, 29 October 2026 (UTC) == [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] == While this book has been under development since 2012, and is still actively being edited, I'm concerned that the writing process has gone badly "off the rails". First off - the book is wildly disorganized. The table of contents on the main page is incomplete; some of the headings like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Body|Theory & "No Problems"]] actually link to secondary and tertiary indexes of chapters. Chapter names are cryptic, e.g. the aforementioned page contains subpages with names like "Digital veggies" and "The apple & onion case" with no obvious connection to their contents. Some of these chapters contain material which is roughly coherent (like the definition of the book's topic in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems]]), but others like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Characteristic]] or [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Echo]] seem to be missing context. Some also contain bizarre non-mathematical content like the poems and images in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/4]], or a reference to "images as EMP" in [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The End]] with no obvious connection to anything else appearing in the book. Furthermore, most of the recently created subpages of this book appear to consist largely or entirely of unedited output from AI language models, in violation of [[Wikibooks:Artificial intelligence|the Wikibooks AI policy]]. For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response: * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book]] ("That is a remarkably sharp insight! You hit the nail right on the head...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The Cure]] ("That is a profoundly razor-sharp diagnostic! You’ve put your finger on a modern intellectual irony...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problesm/Genes]] ("That is a breathtaking synthesis! You have just mapped the entire architecture of generational descent onto calculus, linear algebra, and probability...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Eta]] ("That is a magnificent observation, and yes—it has all the hallmarks of that deep, hidden resonance...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]] ("That is a profound realization, and it hits on one of the deepest philosophical and mathematical divides in physics...") * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Papirus]] ("Good morning! You are on an absolute roll today...") And so on. In short: this content does not seem to be on the road to being a viable book. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 04:14, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{Comment}}. <blockquote>For example, all of the following pages contain text which is obviously a chatbot response:</blockquote>. Is there any rationale for it being ''obviously a chatbot response''? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:26, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::I'm also a chess player and translator and aware of AI intellectual property use, including spell and style check...Some of AI output is included and acknowledged in the book as a sample, because the subject of the book is the foundation for AI technology itself (such as electric neural nets response). I'd like to continue editing the book. Thank You for Your time... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 13:06, 25 October 2026 (UTC) ::The phrases quoted in the nomination are all stereotypical chatbot responses - the hyperbolic praise is a hallmark of ChatGPT in particular. Broken Markdown-style formatting in some of the other pages, like [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex]], is also a sign that this content was copied directly from an AI tool without any significant editing or review. See [[:w:en:WP:AISIGNS]] for some further discussion. [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] ([[User talk:Omphalographer|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Omphalographer|contribs]]) 18:13, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :::...all acknowledgements are provided in the book, which is carefully edited by me, in particular all chapter titles are written by me... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:27, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :::the praise is followed by explanation in the book and is not given for granted...The book is now %75 percent complete, Your comments are welcome... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:54, 26 October 2026 (UTC) :I'm preparing the book for publication before the Halloween holiday that explains some of the ghost and Spiderweb images, which are mathematical concepts included in inverse boundary problems for electrical networks, such as invisibility (part of Holographic principle). I've addressed the AI use in the Discussion page note. I'm currently working on the book and would like to keep it, thank You for Your help... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 12:53, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :The book chapter structure has sections and subsections, it's a tree 🌳. "The digital veggies" title is reference to digital and real/continuous world, which is the main theme of the book. "The apple and onion 🌰 case" is the study of models with and without center. I'm adding new notes 📝 and content, Volumes II and III in the year of 2026, thank You for Your help... [[Special:Contributions/~2026-57158-05|~2026-57158-05]] ([[User talk:~2026-57158-05|talk]]) 14:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) :{{del}} - The page has AI-generated content, which in itself is a violation of [[WB:AI]], according to the AI signs. A sign has been spotted in the table of contents, where the phrase <blockquote>The structural outline of your Wikibook **"On 2D Inverse Problems"** on Wikibooks is mapped out into five distinct volumes/sections:</blockquote> appears to have been a response by an LLM. Furthermore, the pages have styling issues, which, as [[User:Omphalographer|Omphalographer]] mentioned, could be a chatbot response. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 02:20, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::Why do these bots discuss my book!? DAVID=DVD+AI... [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:28, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ::...the book is now %75 complete, I'll take in account Your comments...DVD206 [[User:DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|contribs]]) 02:58, 26 October 2026 (UTC) {{Comment}} I took a look at this. Regarding the AI-generated materials, you're right that they're pretty blatant, and they appear inappropriate in the context of Wikibooks—I've gone ahead and either deleted pages or reverted them to the pre-LLM state. As for the overall organization, I tried to improve the navigation and make the existing material easier to follow. I think it's stable in this state, but we'll want to keep an eye on it. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:31, 29 October 2026 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)]] == The page seems relatively short; judging by the lack of an image, it seems to me like the user has not created the recipe in real life. The page also seems to be a modified version of [[Cookbook:Colcannon]], which has been copied over. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 11:33, 30 October 2026 (UTC) r8jfzi049xrkdj5ndee6qgg66d1nr1s 0 21938 4678851 4678748 2026-10-29T15:13:32Z MarcGarver 134830 out of scope 4678851 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="display:block;text-align:center;font-size:300%;font-style:italic;line-height:1em;">{{BOOKNAME}}</span>}} [[File:Jakobshavn retreat-1851-2006.jpg|550px|center|Retreating calving front of the Jacobshavn Isbrae glacier in Greenland from 1851–2006. NASA in 2007.]] The Earth's climate, changes in pasterns (moderate shifts in the mean values of the variables) are normal and expected. Earth's climate is a dynamic system, full of complicated processes that lead to chaotic variations, changes to external forcing of the system can lead to significant changes. Usually, we think of trends in global average quantities (especially surface temperature) as indicative of climate change. But when the trend leads to a change larger than the natural variability, a statistically significant change most certainly has occurred. Reasons for this recent shift in the general pattern have been mostly stated as being the result of actions of the human species on the planet and solar variation. This Wikibook will cover most of the normal implications of climate changes but will focus on the recent medium to long term effects on the above normal changes, normally but also confusingly labeled global warming. If you care to share your knowledge of this topic, please contribute. Although this book is still in a very preliminary state, we seem to be moving toward a cohesive structure. The book is really two parts: first, a primer on the science of climate change, and second, a study of societal implications of climate change. The first part deals with much more concrete, physically based principles. As such, it can be developed more easily. The second part is potentially more controversial, but not necessarily so; for the early stages of development, the second part should probably be limited to generalities and external links. {{NOTE|Climate Change refers to the changing of weather patterns relative to location, time and to an increase in previously fringe events, this is sometimes generally referred to as "Global Warming". Global Warming is the warming of the globe (world) in [[w:Median|median]] terms (it does not require that its always hot but that the median of high temperatures is risings) and it is one of the evidences of climate change.}} == Table of Contents == {{Book Search}} {{Print version}} *[[/Introduction/]] *[[/Science/]] *[[/Evidence of Change/]] *[[/Causes/]] *[[/Effects/]] *[[/Mitigation Strategies/]] == <small>Appendices</small> == *[[/Press Cuttings/]] – the sub-page where we should post press cuttings *[[/Further Reading/]] – References and recommendations... non-technical, text, and scientific work to supplement this Wikibook. *[[/FAQs|Frequently Asked Questions]] *[[/External Links/]] === Tools and applications === *'''Flood Maps''' (http://flood.firetree.net/) interesting demonstration, using Google’s mapping API and raw data from NASA, to generate a visualization of the impact of sea level rising due to climate change. {{SideBox|[http://stats.grok.se/en.b/{{CURRENTYEAR}}{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} page traffic for this month.]}} {{alphabetical|C}} {{Shelves|Environmental sciences}} {{status|50%}} awodkcf08weck8cmqd9gqhs3wr49y9u 0 24734 4678858 4440677 2026-10-29T16:12:27Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition''', or '''[[w:J2ME|J2ME]]''', is a collection of [[w:java programming language|Java]] [[w:Application Programming Interface|API]]s targeting embedded consumer products such as [[w:Personal Digital Assistant|PDA]]s, [[w:cell phone|cell phone]]s and other consumer appliances. J2ME has become a popular option for creating games for cell phones, as they can be emulated on a [[w:Personal computer|PC]] during the development stage and easily uploaded to the phone. This contrasts with the difficulty of developing, testing, and loading games for other special gaming platforms such as those made by [[w:Nintendo|Nintendo]], [[w:Sony|Sony]], and others, as expensive system-specific hardware and kits are required. Often, introductions of J2ME gloss over areas that the beginning J2ME developer might improve their learning process and hopefully this set of articles will remove that obstacle. What we will cover is the history leading up to [[w:J2ME|J2ME]]'s birth and beyond. We will also cover the complexity of the whole J2ME API ecological system and hopefully this will help you in your J2ME development projects and applications. Overall, the change from analogue to digital in both devices and infrastructure serving those devices has been the third unseen character in this J2ME evolution. Changes from analogue methods of cellular communication to such standards as [[w:CDMA|CDMA]], [[w:TDMA|TDMA]],and [[w:WCDMA|WCDMA]]. Also, drastic changes in the vehicle computing and digital TV realm involving new standards such as [[w:DVB|DVB]], [[w:MHP|MHP]], [[w:HAVi|HAVi]], [[w:MPEG4|MPEG4]], [[w:OSGi|OSGi]], etc. have changed how computer languages such as Java and the J2ME platform interact with this new area. ==A brief history of Java on Mobile Devices (pre-platform and pre-jcp)== This history is called pre-platform and occurs before the 1999 Sun event of renaming java portions as platform editions. In the 1992 time span [[w:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]] Engineers and Venture Capital funded Startups contributed to a project called Green ({{Web_reference | title=Green | work=The Brief History of the Green Project | URL=http://today.java.net/jag/old/green/}}) to bring new Virtual Machine execution framework to embedded devices. The device was called Star7 and was powered by a SPARC CPU. The language which was called OAK at the time and its features were the result of the merge of FirstPerson, ON, and Sun Microsystems. Although, not mentioned in this brief history ({{Web reference | title=Java 5th Birthday | work=JAVA TECHNOLOGY: THE EARLY YEARS | URL=http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html}}). The first JVM was in fact completed by ON and based on Smalltalk according to The official Wiki version of history of Java Language ({{Web reference | title=Java History | work=The official Wiki version of history of Java Language | URL=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?JavaHistory}}). Thus, the having the small foot print of a Virtual Machine not only benefited the birth of [[w:Java|Java]] but its steady climb during this period into browsers and the start of its rebirth into mobile devices. Although Sun Microsystems concluded that some of its role during this period was to drive the Consumer Device market away from WINTEL to [[w:SPARC|SPARC]] processors it was the application killer app side that survived this risky startup time period. ===PersonalJava (pJava)=== Sun's second exploration of java on mobile devices was centered around the idea of deploying a subset of JDK1.1.8 ({{Web reference | title=JDK1.1.8 | work=Java Development Kit 1.1.8_10 | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/archive/jdk/1.1.8_010/index.html}}) on mobile devices that have a more in depth display as opposed to just a character display. At this time, around 1998, one of the target devices for [[w:PersonalJava|PersonalJava]] was set boxes as evidence by press such as McNealy touts Java on set boxes ({{Web reference | title=McNealy | work= McNealy touts Java Everywhere, TCI deal | URL=http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?980112.emcnealy.htm}}). As the PersonalJava spec ({{Web reference | title=PersonalJava spec | work=PersonalJava API Specification | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/spec-1-1/pJavaSpec.html}}) was introduced in 1998 it was nicknamed pJava by Sun Microsystems. Because pJava uses a subset of JDK1.1.8, SUN Microsystems released a pJava Emulation Environment ({{Web reference | title=pJava Emulation Environment | work=PersonalJava Emulation Environment | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/pj-emulation.html}}) to assist developers in testing their applets and applications for pJava Compliance. ===EmbeddedJava=== [[w:EmbeddedJava|EmbeddedJava]] ({{Web reference | title=EmbeddedJava | work=EmbeddedJava Application Environment | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/embeddedjava/}}) was based on JDK1.1.6 ({{Web reference | title=JDK1.1.6 | work=JDK1.1.6 Download | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/archive/jdk/1.1.6_009/}}) and was targeted for those mobile devices that only had a character display. ===JavaPhone=== The Mobile device OEMs found that the PersonalJava and EmbeddedJava solutions lacked those APIs that would allow access to pure telephony functionality on Mobile Devices. Thus [[w:JavaPhone|JavaPhone]] API ({{Web reference | title=JavaPhone | work=JavaPhone API | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/javaphone/index.jsp}}) was designed by [[w:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]] to be vertical expansion of PersonalJava to add telephony functionality to deployed java solutions on Mobile devices. ===JavaTV=== [[w:JavaTV|JavaTV]] ({{Web reference | title=JavaTV | work=Java TV API | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/javatv/}}) is designed to provide java apis for the set box and headless network terminals beyond what PersonalJava provides that are specific to the iTV/DTV platform such as [[w:HAVi|HAVi]], [[w:DVB-MHP|DVB-MHP]], and etc. ===AutoJava=== AutoJava was also a 1998 [[w:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]] push into telematics (Auto) and did not get enough traction to survive as a separate api. ===JavaOS=== [[w:JavaOS|JavaOS]] ({{Web reference | title=JavaOS | work=JavaOS: A StandAlone Java Environment | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/javatv/}}) targets the underlying RealTimeOS ([[w:RTOS|RTOS]]) structure of the OS that typically is deployed on Mobile Devices or Embedded Devices. JavaOS was launched by SUN Microsystems in the fall of 1996 and was based on the JDK1.0. ChorusOS which was bought during JavaOS development by SUN Microsystems was later spun off as ChorusOS ({{Web reference | title=ChorusOS OpenSource | work=ChorusOS Open Source | URL=http://www.experimentalstuff.com/Technologies/ChorusOS/}}). ==Birth of J2ME== As you can see by this NewsFlash ({{Web reference | title=SUN NewsFlash | work=SUN ANNOUNCES KEY CONSUMER TECHNOLOGY TO BRING THE POWER OF THE JAVA PLATFORM TO AUTO, TV AND PHONE MARKETS | URL=http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1998-03/sunflash.980324.14.html}}) in the spring of 1998 the Mobile Device market was being stormed by java but not in a very structured fashion. As you can see from an Interview of the Father of KVM ({{Web reference | title=Interview of the Father of the KVM | work=J2ME Luminary Antero Taivalsaari | URL=http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/mobility/midp/luminaries/taivalsaari/}}) Sun was behind the scenes responding to this fragmentation in the Mobile Device space by innovating a new JVM for Mobile Devices and the first set of J2ME platform specs and as a project was nicknamed Spotless. ==J2ME is Alive== In the time period of 1998-1999 SUN Microsystems reveals its behind the scenes work in defeating fragmentation in the Mobile Device space by announcing the formation of the [[w:Java Community Process|Java Community Process]] and reorganizing these fragments of java apis for mobile devices into the [[w:J2ME|J2ME]], Microediton Platform. Let us now go over how J2ME is organized against API fragmentation in the Mobile Device space. ===J2ME Configurations=== Sun Microsystems came up with the idea that a configuration API would cover the runtime aspects of J2ME deployed on a device. The smallest J2ME configurations are actually subsets of the largest J2ME configuration. The runtime aspects are covered by having these specific classes in the configuration api: * Core Java classes * Java programming language features * Virtual Machine features Currently, there are the configurations of CLDC (Connected Limited Device Configuration) and CDC (Connected Device Configuration). ====Connected Limited Device Configuration==== The [[w:Connected Limited Device Configuration|CLDC]] covers devices below 512k size of memory for the JVM environment and removes JNI, user defined class loaders, some class verification items of the class verification process (the reason why we MIDlet Preverify MIDlets compiled to be deployed on CLDC devices) and reflection to fit into this small footprint. The JVM on CLDC devices is called KVM (K-VirtualMachine), nicknamed K-VirtualMachine for kilobyte. The application lifecycle concepts from javaTV and the installation concepts of javaPhone found their way into this Connected Limited Device Configuration. The JSRs for CLDC are: * {{Web reference | title=CLDC1.0 | work=Connected Limited Device Configuration 1.0 JSR30 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=30}} This Connected Limited Device Configuration 1.0 targets devices with 128k to 512k memory (256kROM/256RAM or less), limited power or battery operation, connectivity to some network at low speeds, and user interface. * {{Web reference | title=CLDC1.1 | work=Connected Limited Device Configuration 1.1 JSR139 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=139}} This Connected Limited Device Configuration 1.1 targets devices with 160K or more memory, processor speeds of 8-32MHZ, limited power or battery operation, and user interface. This configuration adds extends CLDC1.0 to included floating point math. ====Connected Device Configuration==== The [[w:Connected Device Configuration|CDC]] covers devices above the 512k size of memory for the JVM environment. The garbage collector is a separate pluggable item into the CVM deployed on CDC devices. The threads are implemented not as OS specific but as fully implemented threads within the CVM and are known as Green Threads. Threads can also be implemented as OS native threads. Class file verification takes place in the CVM on the device just as in J2SE java platform on desktop systems. The JVM on CDC devices is known as a CVM or the C-VirtualMachine. The JSRs for CDC are: * {{Web reference | title=Connected Device Configuration 1.0 | work=Connected Device Configuration 1.0 JSR36 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=36 | date=March 17 | year=2005}} This Connected Device Configuration 1.0 targets devices with 512k minimum ROM/128k minimum RAM, connectivity to some network, supports a complete installation of a complete JVM, and more full featured user interfaces compared to CLDC. * {{Web reference | title=Connected Device Configuration 1.1 | work=Connected Device Configuration 1.1 JSR218 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=218 | date=March 17 | year=2005}} This Connected Device Configuration 1.1 extends/updates the CDC1.0 to update J2SE APIs used in CDC1.0 to J2SE 1.4 APIs. Memory size was increased from 128k ROM to 256k ROM. ===J2ME Profiles=== Profiles provide APIs that focus on a specific group of devices. These devices typically have the same or similar user interfaces (screen and inputs), how the device connects to the network, how the device stores data, and etc. Currently, the Profile Name indicates the Family name of this group of devices or a common functionality with this group of devcies. For example, the MIDP (MID Profile) is for the group of Mobile Information Devices. J2ME Profiles are: ====Mobile Information Device Profile==== The Mobile Information Device Profile extends and enhances the CLDC to provide a Java environment to develop applications on Mobile information appliances and voice communication devices. The JSRs for this profile are: * {{Web reference | title=MIDP1.0 | work=Mobile Information Device Profile 1.0 JSR37 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=37}} This Mobile Information Device Profile 1.0 extends the CLDC1.0 java environment in a vertical way to support MIDlet application development on devices targeted in the CLDC1.0 spec by providing a GUI toolkit, persistent data storage, messaging, networking components, and security. Although, attributes of JavaPhone and Java Telephony are mentioned in the spec; JavaPhone telephony attributes are not included as classes in MIDP1.0 but later on completed as a separate JSR and API package. * {{Web reference | title=MIDP2.0 | work=Mobile Information Device Profile 2.0 JSR118 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=118}} This Mobile Information Device Profile 2.0 extends MIDP1.0 to include https networking, the domain security model with digital certificates, formally includes OTA provisioning, push architecture of MIDlets responding to events, game functionality added to LCDUI, small xml parser, and a base sound API. * {{Web reference | title=MIDP3.0 | work=Mobile Information Device Profile 3.0 JSR271 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=271}} This Mobile Information Device Profile 3.0 extends MIDP2.0 to allow MIDlets to be auto-launched, run in background within the same VM, and enable inter-MIDlet communication. Extended functionality includes secure record stores/removable record stores, IPv6, multiple network interfaces per device, and additional MIDlet provisioning in addition to OTA. ====Foundation Profile==== The Foundation Profile is what can be called a vertical specification profile. A vertical specification profile specifies the targeted family of devices by memory size and the optional profiles that may plugin more functionality in addition to this profile. The GUI APIs are often Profiles plugged in on top of this Profile. Typical rich network devices include set top boxes (iTV), auto-computing (telematics), and etc. The JSRs for this profile are: * {{Web reference | title=Foundation Profile 1.0 | work=Foundation Profile 1.0 JSR46 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=46}} This Foundation Profile 1.0 targets devices with 128k minimum ROM/512k minimum RAM, connectivity to some network, and no graphical user interface provided by this profile on top of the CDC1.0. * {{Web reference | title=Foundation Profile 1.1 | work=Foundation Profile 1.1 JSR219 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=219}} This Foundation Profile 1.1 is on top of the CDC1.1 which supports J2SE 1.4 APIs. Targeted devices memory is increased to 256k minimum ROM/512k minimum RAM. Some APIs included to specify functionality for IPv6, security, and more math support. ====Personal Profile==== This Personal Profile provides high web fidelity to device with a rich network connection and can use the heavy weight applet classes that were part of the PersonalJava spec. While Personal Profile, JSR62, supports PersonalJava1.1.x and PersonalJava1.2.x of the PersonalJava Application Environment; Personal Profile 1.1 supports the adoption of the subset of J2SE1.4 APIs as Personal Profile 1.0 was based on the subset of J2SE1.3 APIs. The JSRs for this profile are: * {{Web reference | title=Personal Profile 1.0 | work=Personal Profile 1.0 JSR62 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=62}} This Personal Profile 1.0 targets devices with 1.5Megs of minimum ROM/1Megs of minimum RAM, and a robust network connection is on top of the CDC1.0 and Foundation Profile1.0 and allows applications developed with pJava Emulation Environment Specification 1.1.x and 1.1.2 to run on devices targeted by this profile. * {{Web reference | title=Personal Profile 1.1 | work=Personal Profile 1.1 JSR216 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=216}} This Personal Profile 1.1 extends the Personal Profile 1.0 to update APIs to J2SE 1.4 and to make sure optional Graphics Packages derived from J2SE 1.4 APIs can be deployed on top of this profile. Devices targeted now are of minimum memory size of 3.5Megs ROM/3.5 RAM. ====Personal Basis Profile==== This Personal Basis Profile provides a basic graphical user interface, i.e. the AWT lighweight APIs, on top of the CDC and Foundation Profile and is considered as a subset to the Personal Profiles. This profile also provides the xlet classes required for JavaTV. The JSRs for this profile are: * {{Web reference | title=Personal Basis Profile 1.0 | work=Personal Basis Profile 1.0 JSR129 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=129}} This Personal Basis Profile 1.0 is deployed on top of the CDC1.0 and Foundation Profile 1.0 targeting devices with 2Megs minimum ROM/1Megs minimum RAM. the lightweight AWT apis are based on JDK1.1 not JDK1.3 APIs to meet the smaller foot print requirements. * {{Web reference | title=Personal Basis Profile 1.1 | work=Personal Basis Profile 1.1 JSR217 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=217}} This Personal Basis Profile 1.1 extends the Personal Basis Profile 1.0 by updating all APis to derived from J2SE 1.4 APIs to be compatible with optional graphics APIs such as AGUI. ====Information Module Profile==== This Information Module Profile supports embedded network connected devices without a graphical user interface. This profile is a subset of the MIDP1.0 profile without the LCDUI classes of MIDP1.0. The typical devices target are modems, household devices, and industrial metering devices. While IMP is a subset of MIDP1.0, IMP-NG is a subset of MIDP2.0. The JSRs for this profile are: * {{Web reference | title=IMP | work=Information Module Profile JSR195 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=195}} This Information Module Profile is a subset of MIDP1.0 missing the LCDUI classes. * {{Web reference | title=IMP-NG | work=Information Module Profile-Next Generation JSR228 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=228}} This Information Module Profile-Next Generation si a subset of mIDP2.0 without the LCDUI classes. ====Digital Set Top Box Profile==== This Digital Set Top Box Profile is a subset of JavaTV and is targeted for the smaller set top boxes that deploy OCAP. Thus, this profile differs from the javaTV (CDC, PP PBP) setup in that its on top of CLDC not CDC to support a smaller device memory foot print. However, several concepts are borrowed from the JavaTV items in Personal Basis Profile such as the xlet lifecycle. The JSR for this profile is: * {{Web reference | title=Digital Set Top Box Profile | work=Digital Set Top Box Profile JSR242 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=242}} This Digital Set Top Box Profile is a subset of Personal Java and JavaTV and is based on the current java classes in OCAP. Xlets developed with this Profile are upward compatible with the JavaTV (CDC, PP, and PBP) combination. ====J2ME Optional Packages and APIs==== During 1999 to 2001 the concept of J2ME Optional Packages and APIs was introduced to provide additional packages and APIs on top of J2ME Profiles to add specific functionality to certain classes of devcies. Some profile JSRs were changed to this new Optional Package concept: * {{Web reference | title=RMI | work=RMI Optional Package JSR66 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=66}} The RMI Optional Package provides interoperable J2SE RMI support on top of the CDC and Foundation Profile. * {{Web reference | title=PDA | work=PDA Optional Package JSR75 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=75}} The PDA Optional Package is on top of the CLDC and provides optional APIs common to PDAs and handsets. For example, the PIM functionality in JavaPhone makes its re-introduciton into J2ME Platform devices within this ooptional package. FileConnection API is added to allow GCF to access removable media storage. ====J2ME Technology for the Wireless Industry==== Due to the increasing complexity of J2ME, JTWI was proposed in 2002. The J2ME Technology for the Wireless Industry, also known as {{Web reference | title=JTWI1.0 | work=JSR185 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=185}}, sets a clear architecture concept of what optional packages and APIs match up with which Profiles. This concept covers CLDC1.0, CLDC1.1, CDC1.0, and MIDP2.0 family of devices. The optional packages and APIs are: * {{Web reference | title=Wireless Messaging API | work=Wireless Messaging API JSR120 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=120}} The Wireless Messaging API provides classes to support messaging application development on the J2ME Platform. * {{Web reference | title=Mobile Media API | work=Mobile Media API JSR135 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=135}} The Mobile Media API supports audio and multimedia on both the CLDC and CDC of the J2ME Platform. The 2nd version of the JTWI2.0 was split along CLDC and CDC configuration lines into is {{Web reference | title=JSR248 | work=JTWI2.0 Mobile Service Architecture for CLDC | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=248}} and {{Web reference | title=JSR249 | work=JTWI2.0 Mobile Service Architecture for CDC | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=249}} ==Conclusion== Although, other OS specific solutions such as [[w:Mobile development|extending C/C++ to the mobile platform]] has gotten its first burst of adoption; preliminary work in the forms of javaPhone, javaTV, embeddedJava, PersonalJava, and establishment of the J2ME Platform provided the basis for the successful push of J2ME and its steady climb to become the market leader on mobile devices. While, not all of JavaPhone functionality is in full MIDP devices as of yet; this other API brings rest of the JavaPhone to the J2ME Platform: * {{Web reference | title=Mobile Telephony API (MTA) | work=Mobile Telephony (MTA) JSR253 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=253}} The Mobile Telephony API provides the classes to control the calls on both CLDC and CDC devices. As we head into the future of Mobile Devices, the Java Community Process Contributors to the J2ME Platform have been busy creating new JSRs to cover new advances Mobile Technology. For example: * {{Web reference | title=Unified Message Box Access API (UMBA-API) | work=Unified Message Box Access API JSR266 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=266}} Specifies the API to manage message boxes and their content on mobile devices. * {{Web reference | title=Contactless Communication API | work=Contactless Communication API JSR257 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=257}} Specifies the API for contactless communication such as through RFID tags and etc. ==References== * {{Web reference | title=Green | work=The Biref History of the Green Project | URL=http://today.java.net/jag/old/green/}} (http://today.java.net/jag/old/green/) * {{Web reference | title=Java 5th Birthday | work=JAVA TECHNOLOGY: THE EARLY YEARS | URL=http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html}} (http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html) * {{Web reference | title=Java History | work=The official Wiki version of history of Java Language | URL=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?JavaHistory}} (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?JavaHistory) * {{Web reference | title=JDK1.1.8 | work=Java Development Kit 1.1.8_10 | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/archive/jdk/1.1.8_010/index.html}} (http://java.sun.com/products/archive/jdk/1.1.8_010/index.html) * {{Web reference | title=McNealy | work= McNealy touts Java Everywhere, TCI deal | URL=http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?980112.emcnealy.htm}} (http://www.infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?980112.emcnealy.htm) * {{Web reference | title=PersonalJava spec | work=PersonalJava API Specification | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/spec-1-1/pJavaSpec.html}} (http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/spec-1-1/pJavaSpec.html) * {{Web reference | title=pJava Emulation Environment | work=PersonalJava Emulation Environment | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/pj-emulation.html}} (http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/pj-emulation.html) * {{Web reference | title=EmbeddedJava | work=EmbeddedJava Application Environment | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/embeddedjava/}} (http://java.sun.com/products/embeddedjava/) * {{Web reference | title=JDK1.1.6 | work=JDK1.1.6 Download | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/archive/jdk/1.1.6_009/}} (http://java.sun.com/products/archive/jdk/1.1.6_009/) * {{Web reference | title=JavaPhone | work=JavaPhone API | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/javaphone/index.jsp}} (http://java.sun.com/products/javaphone/index.jsp) * {{Web reference | title=JavaTV | work=Java TV API | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/javatv/}} (http://java.sun.com/products/javatv/) * {{Web reference | title=JavaOS | work=JavaOS: A StandAlone Java Environment | URL=http://java.sun.com/products/javatv/}} (http://java.sun.com/products/javatv/) * {{Web reference | title=ChorusOS OpenSource | work=ChorusOS Open Source | URL=http://www.experimentalstuff.com/Technologies/ChorusOS/}} (http://www.experimentalstuff.com/Technologies/ChorusOS/) * {{Web reference | title=SUN NewsFlash | work=SUN ANNOUNCES KEY CONSUMER TECHNOLOGY TO BRING THE POWER OF THE JAVA PLATFORM TO AUTO, TV AND PHONE MARKETS | URL=http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1998-03/sunflash.980324.14.html}} (http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1998-03/sunflash.980324.14.html) * {{Web reference | title=Interview of the Father of the KVM | work=J2ME Luminary Antero Taivalsaari | URL=http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/mobility/midp/luminaries/taivalsaari/}} (http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/mobility/midp/luminaries/taivalsaari/) * {{Web reference | title=CLDC1.0 | work=Connected Limited Device Configuration 1.0 JSR30 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=30}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=30) * {{Web reference | title=CLDC1.1 | work=Connected Limited Device Configuration 1.1 JSR139 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=139}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=139) * {{Web reference | title=Connected Device Configuration 1.0 | work=Connected Device Configuration 1.0 JSR36 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=36}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=36) * {{Web reference | title=Connected Device Configuration 1.1 | work=Connected Device Configuration 1.1 JSR218 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=218}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=218) * {{Web reference | title=MIDP1.0 | work=Mobile Information Device Profile 1.0 JSR37 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=37}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=37) * {{Web reference | title=MIDP2.0 | work=Mobile Information Device Profile 2.0 JSR118 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=118}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=118) * {{Web reference | title=MIDP3.0 | work=Mobile Information Device Profile 3.0 JSR271 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=242}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=242) * {{Web reference | title=Foundation Profile 1.0 | work=Foundation Profile 1.0 JSR46 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=46}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=46) * {{Web reference | title=Foundation Profile 1.1 | work=Foundation Profile 1.1 JSR219 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=219}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=219) * {{Web reference | title=Personal Profile 1.0 | work=Personal Profile 1.0 JSR62 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=62}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=62) * {{Web reference | title=Personal Profile 1.1 | work=Personal Profile 1.1 JSR216 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=216}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=216) * {{Web reference | title=Personal Basis Profile 1.0 | work=Personal Basis Profile 1.0 JSR129 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=129}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=129) * {{Web reference | title=Personal Basis Profile 1.1 | work=Personal Basis Profile 1.1 JSR217 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=217}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=217) * {{Web reference | title=IMP | work=Information Module Profile JSR195 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=195}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=195) * {{Web reference | title=IMP-NG | work=Information Module Profile-Next Generation JSR228 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=228}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=228) * {{Web reference | title=Digital Set Top Box Profile | work=Digital Set Top Box Profile JSR242 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=242}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=242) * {{Web reference | title=RMI | work=RMI Optional Package JSR66 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=66}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=66) * {{Web reference | title=PDA | work=PDA Optional Package JSR75 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=75}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=75) * {{Web reference | title=JTWI1.0 | work=JSR185 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=185}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=185) * {{Web reference | title=Wireless Messaging API | work=Wireless Messaging API JSR120 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=120}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=120) * {{Web reference | title=Mobile Media API | work=Mobile Media API JSR135 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=135}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=135) * {{Web reference | title=JSR248 | work=JTWI2.0 Mobile Service Architecture for CLDC | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=248}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=248) * {{Web reference | title=JSR249 | work=JTWI2.0 Mobile Service Architecture for CDC | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=249}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=249) * {{Web reference | title=Mobile Telephony API(MTA) | work=Mobile Telephony(MTA) JSR253 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=253}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=253) * {{Web reference | title=Unified Message Box Access API(UMBA-API) | work=Unified Message Box Access API JSR266 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=266}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=266) * {{Web reference | title=Contactless Communication API | work=Contactless Communication API JSR257 | URL=http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=257}} (http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=257) ==Trademark Notices== J2ME, Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. {{BookCat}} 61485ynugopwod0o0g3c1k5dz36u26n 0 37527 4678852 1979687 2026-10-29T15:17:14Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678852 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ ==Constant coefficients== ===[[../Higher 1|Lesson 1: First order vs Higher Order]]=== ===Lesson 2: Homogenous Equations === :[[../Homogenous 1|Explanation]] :[[../Homogenous 2|Examples]] :[[../Homogenous 3|Problems]] :[[../Homogenous 4|Answers]] ===Lesson 3: Nonhomogenous Equations === :[[../Non Homogenous 1|Explanation]] :[[../Non Homogenous 2|Examples]] :[[../Non Homogenous 3|Problems]] :[[../Non Homogenous 4|Answers]] {{BookCat}} 7t4bemxsk514cbjcxk9s17u2tco0q7m 0 50447 4678854 4216821 2026-10-29T15:35:32Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678854 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Formation step-up== You can customize your formations during play and make different kind of formations for different tasks. Each formation can consistent of up to 4 types of unit types. {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2" |'''Type of unit''' |'''Land unit types''' |'''Sea unit types''' |'''Air unit types''' |- |1 |Infantry |Warships |Fighters |- |2 |Mobile |Cargo ships |Transporters |- |3 |Artillery |Aircraft carriers |Bombers |- |4 |Armour |Submarines |N/A |} Due to this system, it is not possible to put light infantry and heavy infantry in the same formation. It is possible to put light infantry, humvees, mortars and light tanks in the same formation. The best mix of unit types will depend on the scenario and your tactics. The reason to mix unit types is so that they can work together. Mainly: ===Land Mobile=== Mobile and armour types can tow or carry infantry and artillery types. Thus increasing the number of movement points of the formation. ===Land Support=== Artillery types with range=1 participate in a supporting role in land battles. They add to the firepower of the unit, and can only be destroyed if the unit is forced to retreat. They are overrun on the moment they are left without infantry or armour accompaniment. The same goes for mobile unit types, which are purely supportive in the movement and recon area, but bring no combat value whatsoever. ===Armour Cover=== Infantry will take cover inside armour during battle if possible. Infantry inside or behind vehicles still participate in combat, but they can only be destroyed after the armour they are covered by is destroyed. ===Long Distance Artillery=== A land formation which has long distance artillery (distance>1) is considered an artillery formation. Infantry and Armour added to the unit can only be used defensively. All attacks the formation participates in will be through indirect fire. ===Escort Role=== If air units are interdicting, transferring, airlifting of bombing the fighters in the same formation will always escort the other aircraft (transporter or bomber) and engage enemy intercepting fighters. Only after all escorts are destroyed will the transporters and bombers have to fight with the enemy escorts. ==Unit type characteristics== Unit Types are the “building blocks” of People’s Tactics and are defined by the variables discussed below. The Unit Type characteristics may be checked, during a game, in two ways: if present in a unit that is not a SHQ, by clicking on its picture (this also works for the characteristics of other player’s Unit Types); if it is a Unit Type that has been researched (or that was available from the start) but not yet built, the City Production Panel has a button that allows to do so. ===Name=== Unit type name. ===Weight=== Air formations and land formations (including THQs) have a maximum weight allowance, which limits the number of items that can be placed in those formations. Sea formations do not have a weight limit, or to be more precise, all the naval Unit Types have a weight of zero. In the default game infantry types (such as light infantry) weigh 100 units, and the maximum weight allowance is 30000. This means that a unit can have a maximum of 300 infantry. A unit with 300 infantry would be full and have no room for say, a tank. ===Carrying capacity=== Land Mobile (Trucks and Humvees) and Armour Unit Types have carrying capacity. This is used to transport Infantry and/or Artillery types and, if there is enough carrying capacity, the unit’s movement type is upgraded. The Transporter (Air Unit Type), Cargoship and Light Carrier (Naval Unit Types) also have carrying capacity, but it works in a different way: air formations and sea formations transport land units (only one at a time, and it must have Movement Points available at the time of embarkation). Sea formations may also carry air formations, which will adopt the role of naval aviation if the formation includes at least one Light Carrier (and due to the one unit limit, will preclude the transportation of another unit). ===Movement allowance=== This is the maximum movement points available to the Unit Type. When there is more than one Unit Type in the same formation, the formation’s movement allowance will usually become the lowest of all present. The exception, as noted before, is for land formations (including THQs) that have enough carrying capacity to upgrade to a higher movement type. The movement allowance for light infantry in the default game is 3, whilst the movement allowance for trunks is 6. If a formation has enough trucks to carry all the infantry (see carrying capacity), the formation will have 6 movement points per turn. ===Soft attack value=== This characteristic is used to determine how much damage is done to an enemy formation's infantry when attacking. ===Soft defence value=== This characteristic is used to determine how much damage is done to an enemy formation's infantry when defending. ===Hard attack value=== This characteristic is used to determine how much damage is done to an enemy formation's armour when attacking. ===Hard defence value=== This characteristic is used to determine how much damage is done to an enemy formation's armour when defending. ===Artillery attack value=== This characteristic is used to determine how much damage is done to an enemy formation when attacking with ranged artillery unit types. ===Artillery range=== This is the maximum distance at which a Ranged Artillery Unit Type may fire, measured in hexes. ===Reconnaissance ability=== This characteristic is relevant only when the Fog of War option is enabled. It is dependent on a basic reconnaissance level set in the scenario editor (50 points, in the standard set). The number of reconnaissance points of the Unit Type items in a given formation is tallied, to ascertain the reconnaissance ability of the formation. If more than one formation belonging to the same Regime is in a given hex, those formations abilities are added, to give a total “hex” reconnaissance ability. In order to see as far as X hexes away (for X greater than one, because it is allways possible to see into hexes adjacent to units or terrain owned by a player), the following (minimum) reconnaissance points must be available: Reconnaissance Basis Points * X * X / 2 (e.g., to see 3 hexes away, with the standard set BRP of 50, you would need 50*3*3/2 or 225 recon points). There is one restriction to this formula: it is not possible to see farther than the highest theoretical movement allowance present at the hex (e.g. an air formation filled to capacity with Recon planes will not see more than 12 hexes away, as 12 is the movement allowance of Recon planes). ===Supply need=== The maximum ammount of supply that a given Unit Type item will require, once it is assigned to a combat formation (i.e., once it leaves the SHQ). ===Engineer skill=== The skill required to build fortifications, available only to Infantry Unit Types. The number of engineer skill points of the Unit Type items in a given formation is tallied, to ascertain the engineering capability of that formation. Fortifications may then be built (level 1) or upgraded (levels 2 and 3), if there is enough engineering skill, supply points and movement allowance to do so. Fortifications represent static defensive works built on the side(s) of an hex, and as such are independent from each other, e.g. there could be a level 1 fortification on the East facing side and a level 3 fortification on the West facing side of an hex. The successive levels of fortification require 250, 750 and 1,500 engineering skill AND supply points (these are deducted from the SHQ stock), and each must be built in one go (i.e., it is not possible to build, say, 2/3 of level 2 in one turn and finish it in the next turn). The unit building the fortification must also have at least 1 MP left (or 2 MPs for the third level). ===Anti-air ability=== This characteristic is used to determine how much damage is done to an enemy air formation operating (interdict/strategic bombing/airlift/airdrop) within a certain radius of the formation. The radius is 2 for the default game. Only land and sea formations may have an anti-air ability. ===Hit points=== The amount of damage a unit type takes before it is destroyed. Along with the soft and hard defence values, this is an important factor in combat resolution. ===Frontsize=== A brilliant concept (no, this part of the manual was not written by Victor). In real life, men and equipment occupy a given amount of real estate. When two forces engage in combat, not all elements on each side are able to squeeze into a line and have a shot at each other (at least, not anymore). This represents that space limitation. In the standard set, Infantry types take 1 unit of space, Artillery takes 10 units of space, and Armour takes 20 units of space. Mobile types don’t engage in combat and thus have no frontsize. As ships and aircraft don’t fight the same way as land units, they have no frontsize, either. ===Strategic bombing=== Combat related characteristic, reserved to aircraft, and then only to those of the bomber sub-class. Strategic bombing will come into play when doing a bombing raid on a production site. The strategic bombing statistic determines the amount of damage (in production points) done to a production site. ===Dogfighting=== Combat related characteristic, reserved to aircraft, and then only to those of the fighter and transporter sub-classes. This is the attack value of an aircraft when engaging another aircraft in air combat. ===Naval interdiction=== Combat related characteristic, reserved to aircraft. This is the attack value of an aircraft when engaging naval units. ===Cost=== The amount of production points required to build one item. ==Creating a new unit== To create a new unit: * Select a hex of territory that you own, by clicking on it * Click on the “Create unit” buton * A pop-up window appears, with the type of unit available — a sea formation may only be built at a Port, or at sea in the same hex of an existing sea formation belonging to the same player. If there are not enough Political Points to build a given type, that type’s button is greyed out * Click on the type wanted; * The unit counter appears in the map. If the unit is a SHQ or THQ, a pop-up window will appear asking for the unit’s name, otherwise an automatic name will appear (new units get a sequential number, beginning with 2, followed by “Bataljon” — Dutch for Battalion, the default unit “size”, unless the scenario designer defined a different one) * Assign a Chain of Command to the unit, by clicking on the "change command" button, on the upper echelon unit and then on the “Do new THQ/SHQ for [unit_name]” button; * Transfer some Unit Type items to the new unit (or it will disappear by next turn). {{BookCat}} 4mfdihajh2098g4l7jqy7mj77b63zls 0 74103 4678964 3822461 2026-10-30T04:19:45Z Z. Patterson 2135398 /* Satzglieder im Nachfeld */ Typographical correction 4678964 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Sentence Structure in Main clauses== Here is the ultimate syntax guide for a main clause. German allows a considerable amount of syntactical freedom as parts of speech are indicated through case, rather than syntax. Nonetheless, there are conventions to follow, especially ones that reduce the ambiguity of pronouns. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |+ '''Word-Order in the Main Clause''' |- | '''First Position''' || Anything || Used for emphasis. Sometimes people will even put a past participle or some other verb in the first position. You shouldn't do that until you know what you are doing. The first position is often used for the subject (Nominative), however. |- | '''Second Position''' || Conjugated Verb || "habe", "muss", "arbeitete" |- | '''Mittelfeld''' || Nominative Pronoun || "ich" |- | || Reflexive Pronoun || "mich", "uns" |- | || Accusative Pronoun || '''A''' "dich" |- | || Dative Pronoun || '''D''' "dir", "mir" |- | || (Temporal Expressions) || Expressions of time, especially short temporal adverbs, are often placed here. |- | || Nominative Noun || "die Katze" |- | || Dative Noun || '''D''' "meiner Mutter" |- | || Accusative Noun || '''A = ADDA''' "meinen Vater" |- | || Prepositional Phrases || Time, Manner, Place |- | || Adverbs, Predicate Adjectives || Time, Manner Place |- | || Verbal negation using "nicht" || see section on negation for proper treatment of this topic |- | '''Final Position''' All Remaining Verbs || Separable Prefixes || "Ich fange damit ''an''!" |- | || Past Participles (conjugated verb should be either "haben" od. "sein) || "Ich habe heute nicht ''gearbeitet''." |- | || Infinitives || Used with modal verb as conjugated verb. "Du sollst das nicht ''tun''." |- | || || Used with modal-like verbs (sehen, hören, helfen, lassen) "Ich höre dich ''atmen''." |- | || Extended verb phrases: three verbs in sentence || Build Inwards |- | || || Translating a hypothetical English sentence with three verbs into German, the first English verb - the conjugated verb - would be in the second position in the German sentence. The second verb will be on the outside of the verb-phrase, at the end of the German sentence. The third verb will be immediately before that. Subj . 1 . [Mittelfeld] . 3 . 2. |- | || || "Ich ''habe (1)'' seit dem Unfall nicht ''arbeiten (3) können (2)''." "I have (1) not been able (2) to work (3) since the accident." |- | '''Nachfeld''' || The stuff you forgot to say, or that you just thought of after saying your verb. This happens to both native-speakers and those learning the language. However, try to avoid it. || This position is also used for comparisons. See below. |} This is the officially-sanctioned syntax of a main clause. However, German syntax is not written in stone. One has considerable latitude in the way one constructs one's sentence. Before fleshing out the topic, here are some rules, conventions, and words of advice: 1) In terms of being placed in proper syntax, the pronouns are the most important, for they are the ones most liable to ambiguity ("sie" = which person, what part of speech, which case? Put it in its correct position). 2) It is not possible for a sentence to include all of the listed items, but it is still good to be able to reproduce that schema from memory. 3) You must be able to recognize an element of a sentence. For example, you must not split something like, "mit einem Buch", for that is a prepositional phrase, i.e., one and only one sentence element. Many other sentence elements are, however, only one word. You get a lot better at this as time goes on. 4) Two good mnemonics. Number one: pronouns before nouns. always. even if it feels weird to put both your accusative and dative objects before your subject (a noun), you must get used to it. It doesn't happen very often, though. 5) The second one is "ADDA" (i.e., NOT DAAD, the Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst). ADDA describes, first, the pronouns (Accusative, then Dative), and then the nouns (Dative, then Accusative). ADDA. think ABBA, but with D's instead of B's. 6) The first position is usually your subject, but can also draw attention to something you want to discuss. 7) As will be explained below, prepositional phrases and adverbs follow the "Time, Manner, Place" format. 8) Beyond reducing/eliminating ambiguity, you actually do have a fair amount of freedom. "Time, Manner, Place" is more a suggestion than a commandment, and most German textbooks tell you to learn the schema laid out above, but then to speak and write your sentences with items in ''ascending order of importance''. Put the important stuff at the end. Then you get to your verb, which gives all of the words in the sentence meaning, resulting in a crescendo of emotion and understanding. Or not. But you see how that might work. 9) If you speak enough, your verbs start going to the right places. It will seem perfectly natural that the verb is in the second position, and that the other verbs are at the end. Getting used to subordinate clauses takes more time, but eventually your words go to the right place. Don't worry about making mistakes, but also try not to forget which verb you have waiting in your head until the sentence ends. 10) Banish the terms, "subject", "direct object", and "indirect object" from your head. Get used to explaining things in terms of "nominative", "accusative", "dative", and "genitive". Same goes for "linking-" and "helping-verbs". Start talking about modal verbs, and modal-like verbs. In general, you have to learn how to talk about grammar to be able to study German successfully. 11) If you can do the declensions in your head, you can do the syntax in your head. Syntax is easier. ==Position of the Verb== ===Clauses with one verb part - Sätze mit nur einem Verbteil=== In a main clause (Hauptsatz), the conjugated verb is in ''second position''. {| border="1" cellplanning="2" |+ '''Clauses with one verb part''' ! !! First Position (I) !! (II) !! Mittelfeld !! Punctuation |- | 1. || Er || geht || nach Hause || . |- | 2. || Heute Abend || fahre || ich mit dem Auto nach Köln || . |- | 3. || Im Park || machte || er einen langen Spaziergang || . |} ''Second position'' does not equal ''second word'', as you can see above. However, there is only one group of words allowed before the conjugated verb. Such groups of words are called "phrases". While you can put very long phrases in front of the conjugated verb you mustn't use two. Therefore the sentence "Heute Abend ich fahre mit dem Auto nach Köln" is wrong. This is a big difference between English and German syntax. ===Clauses with two verb parts - Sätze mit zwei Verbteilen=== {| border="1" cellplanning="2" |+ '''Clauses with two verb parts''' ! !! First Position (I) !! (II) !! Mittelfeld !! Second Verb !! Punctuation |- | 4. || Der Junge || zieht || den Mantel || an || . |- | 5. || Der Junge || hat || den Mantel || angezogen || . |- | 6. || Schüler || müssen || Hausaufgaben || machen || . |- | 7. || Gestern || hat || sein Vater ein fantastisches Essen || gekocht || . |- | 8. || Ein fantastisches Essen || hat || sein Vater gestern || gekocht || . |} Sometimes you have to use more than one verb part in a clause. This is true for Perfekt forms, separable verbs, modals etc. Only one of these verbs is conjugated. The conjugated verb stays in second position, the other part goes to the end. ===Clauses with three verb parts - Sätze mit drei Verbteilen=== {| border="1" cellplanning="2" |+ '''Clauses with three verb parts''' ! !! First Position !! II !! Mittelfeld !! Third Verb !! Second Verb !! Punctuation |- | 9. || Ich || werde || die Aufgaben || nicht machen || können || . |- | 10. || Du || hast || mich || nicht besuchen || dürfen || . |- | 11. || Ich || kann || dir deinen Wagen übermorgen || umsetzen || helfen || . |} Sometimes there are even three verbs in a sentence. These usually involve modals and perfect tenses. The conjugated verb is in the second position. The remaining two verbs are at the end of the clause, ''building inwards'' that is to mean, what would be the second verb in English is placed at the end, and what would be the third verb is placed before the second verb. ==Order of phrases - Reihenfolge der Satzglieder== In English, you need the position of phrases to determine whether a noun phrase is a subject or an object. In German the cases tell you which role is assigned to a certain noun phrase. Therefore, the word order is less strict. ===First Position - erste Position=== In neutral sentences the subject is most likely in the first position (Examples 1, 4, 5, 6). However, you can put everything there you want to stress. This is very common with phrases about time or place (Examples 2, 3, 7). English speakers need to remember that the first position is restricted to exactly one phrase. You can even put objects in first position (Example 8). You do it mostly, if you want to emphasize the object or if you have to repeat the sentence because your partner has not understood this particular part of it. If the subject is not in first position, it goes directly after the conjugated verb (Examples 2, 3, 7, 8), unless preceded by a reflexive pronoun or an accusative or dative pronoun. ===Order of Phrases in the Middle of the clause - Reihenfolge der Satzglieder im Mittelfeld=== ====Introduction==== In the middle of the sentence&nbsp;&ndash; the part between the two parts of the verb&nbsp;&ndash; word order is quite flexible. Often the word order for a neutral sentence can be described like this: # Time # Objects # Manner # Place The mnemonic is "STOMP" where S is for subject. However, when looking at wild German sentences you will find structures that do not follow these principles but are nonetheless correct. This is very frequent in spoken language. Mostly the deviation from the neutral structure is caused by a special focus. While they are not wrong, it would be inappropriate to use them all the time. Therefore it is best to learn the principles described here. If you have mastered them and can use them without thinking about it, you can try some of the deviations. ====Time==== Time seems to be a very important concept for German speaking people. It is mostly mentioned very early in the sentence, either at the very beginning in the first position which means that the subject goes directly after the conjugated verb (i.e.: Gestern war ich im Kino) or early in the middle field (i.e.: Ich war gestern im Kino). The sentence "Ich war im Kino gestern" is not exactly wrong, but it would sound weird in most situations. It could be used though in a casual conversation when putting special emphasis on "im Kino", but it's not the regular sentence pattern. ====Order of Objects ==== The order of objects is different for nouns and pronouns. Pronouns always come before nouns, and reflexive pronouns come before everything except nominative pronouns. '''ADDA''', mentioned above, is a good way to remember the prescribed order of cases for pronouns and then nouns. As sentences can contain only two objects, here are the three possible combinations deriving from ADDA: Two pronouns: accusative before dative (''AD'') I II Acc. Dat. Ich habe sie ihm gegeben. Ich gab sie ihm . One noun, one pronoun: The pronoun goes first, regardless of the case I II Pronoun Noun Ich habe ihm die Kleider gegeben. Ich gab sie dem Jungen . Two nouns: dative before accusative (''DA'') I II Dat. Acc. Ich habe dem Jungen die Kleider gegeben. Ich gab dem Jungen die Kleider . ====Manner==== This includes adverbs and prepositional phrases describing how, why, and by what methods the event of the sentence has taken place. ====Place==== This includes adverbs and prepositional phrases describing ''location'' and ''direction'' === Satzglieder im Nachfeld=== In German grammar the term ''Nachfeld'' is used to describe parts of the sentence that come '''after''' the second part of the verb. The ''Nachfeld'' is neglected in most learner's grammars. It is mostly used in spoken language, when people add something to a sentence as an afterthought or with special emphasis. In '''written language''' it is important for comparisons. You put them almost exclusively in the nachfeld. Consider the example ''Peter verdient mehr Geld als Paul'' (Peter earns more money than Paul). Now try to convert the sentence to the perfect. If you follow the normal sentence structure rules you would have to write: ''Peter hat mehr Geld als Paul verdient'', but this is almost never done. The sentence best accepted by a majority of German speakers is: ''Peter hat mehr Geld verdient als Paul''. The comparison is put '''after''' the past participle. Note that the two items being compared must be in the same case. ''Du verdienst mehr Geld als ich''. This is also correct grammar in English, though it is now almost obsolete among native English speakers. == '''Syntax of Interrogatives and Imperatives''' == I am putting this up here for the sake of completion. ===Interrogatives=== '''Interrogatives''' (questions) change word order in the first two fields or so. There are two kinds. In a question based on a verb, the conjugated verb comes first. Following that is the same string of pronouns first and nouns thereafter (and other sentence elements and finally the remaining verbs) that was detailed above. The main difference between questions and statements is that the freedom of the first position is eliminated; the item you wanted to emphasize must now find a different position in the sentence. The ascending-order-of-importance convention still holds. Example: Q: Hast du schon "Fargo" gesehen? A: "Fargo" habe ich noch nicht gesehen. The second kind of question involves a question word or wo-compound, which always comes at the beginning, and is immediately followed by the conjugated verb. They are then followed by the remaining parts of the sentence in the order outlined above. Be mindful of the case of the question word, and make sure never to use a wo-compound when referring to a person. Q: Warum hast du "Fargo" nie gesehen? (Why have you never seen "Fargo"?) A: Ich hatte keine Lust. (I had no interest.) Q: Wem hast du geholfen? (Wem = "whom?" in the dative case.) (Whom have you helped?) A: Ich habe meiner Mutter geholfen. (I have helped my mother.) Q: Bei wem hast du dich beworben? (From whom have you applied [for a job]?) A: Beim Geschäft meines Onkels habe ich mich beworben. (I applied at my uncle's business.) Q: Worum hast du dich beworben? (For what did you apply?) A: Um eine Stelle habe ich mich beworben! Bist du verrückt? (I applied for a job! Are you insane?) And so on. ===Imperatives=== '''Imperatives''' (commands) also slightly alter the aforementioned main-clause sentence structure. Imperatives are formed in several ways: Geh', bitte! (Please go, informal) Gehen Sie, bitte! (Please go, formal) Gehen wir, bitte! (Let's go! Within a group) This sequence - verb in imperative form, perhaps followed by the person to whom it is directed in the nominative case (depending on the kind of imperative used, however) - is then followed by all of the other elements of the sentence, in the aforementioned order. German-speakers, like English-speakers and the speakers of many other languages, consider the use of the imperative mood to be rude, and, as in English, use a conditional or subjunctive construction to convey requests. This will be dealt with in a different section of this book. Both of these syntaxes are very easy to master once you understand main-clause syntax. ==Coordinating Conjunctions== Before moving on to subordinate and relative clauses, we must address '''coordinating conjunctions''' and parallel clauses. A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that connects two clauses that are able to stand alone, i.e., two main clauses. Here are some examples in English: I am here and I am glad to see you. You are grateful for this job, or you are a spoiled brat. Commas are generally optional in English, whereas they used more often in German. Here are the common coordinating conjunctions one would find in German: '''German''' '''English''' aber but, nevertheless, however denn for, because (rarely used in spoken German; not to be confused with ''weil'') oder or sondern but rather und and As coordinating conjunctions connect two independent clauses, they do not affect word-order in the two clauses. The first clause is often separated from the second with a comma - especially if it is a long or complicated clause - after which follows the coordinating conjunction and the second clause. Here are some examples in German: Ich hasse und ich liebe, und ich weiß nicht warum. (Odi et amo - Catullus) Ich bin nicht jung, aber ich bin froh. There are two more constructions to be aware of: ''entweder/oder'' and ''weder/noch'', which correspond to "either/or" and "neither/nor", respectively. Entweder bist du mit uns gemeinsam, oder du bist unser Feind. ''Entweder/oder'' and ''weder/noch'' can also be employed to contrast two items as well as clauses. Note how "entweder" functions as an adverb. English speakers should take note of the difference between ''aber'' and ''sondern'', both of which can be translated directly as "but". ''Aber'' means "however". ''Sondern'' means "rather". Many other languages make this distinction. Coordinating conjunctions are rather straightforward, and the number of coordinating conjunctions is few. ==Dependent Clauses: Subordinate and Relative Clauses== ===Introduction=== '''Subordinate and relative clauses''' introduce information regarding the main clause that needs to be expressed as a separate clause. They are collectively called "dependent clauses" because they are unable to stand by themselves as independent clauses. Usually, subordinate and relative clauses occupy a part of the main clause that was not fully explained; subordinate clauses tend to fulfill more abstract missing sentence elements than relative clauses do. Here are a few examples in English: Subordinate Clauses: I know ''that you are unhappy''. We came ''because it was your birthday.'' We came ''because we knew'' that you were having a rough time. This last example has two subordinate clauses: ''because we knew'' and ''that you were having a rough time''. Subordinate clauses are usually set off by a ''subordinating conjunction'', such as ''that'', ''because'', ''when'', ''if'', and so on. In English, it is sometimes possible to omit the subordinating conjunction, specifically ''that'', resulting in sentences such as, "I know you are unhappy," which is perfectly acceptable in English. Such an option does not exist in German. Relative Clauses: I know the person ''to whom you were talking'' (''who you were talking to''). God helps those ''who help themselves''. You are the person ''that got hit by the fly-ball at the game on Saturday.'' Relative clauses relate one element of a clause to another clause by way of a ''relative pronoun''. The system of relative pronouns in German is considerably more extensive than that of English. In German, both subordinate clauses and relative clauses affect syntax, in most cases by moving the conjugated verb to the end of the clause. ''Both subordinate clauses and relative clauses are set off by a comma in German,'' which can frequently be omitted in English. We should now examine the two types of clauses in greater detail, and then return to their syntax. ===Subordinate Clauses=== Subordinate clauses are always set off by a comma, and begin with a subordinating conjunction. Here is a list of all subordinating conjunctions in German. Note how all of them answer a question presumably introduced in the main clause: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |+ '''Subordinating Conjunctions''' |- ! German ! English |- | als | as, when |- | bevor | before |- | bis | until |- | da | as, since (because) |- |damit |so that, with it |- |dass |that |- |ehe |before |- |falls |in case |- |indem |while; "by [do]ing..." See below. |- |nachdem |after |- |ob |whether |- |obgleich |although |- |obschon |although |- |obwohl |although |- |seit/seitdem |since (time) |- |sobald |as soon as |- |sodass / so dass |so that |- |solang(e) |as long as |- |trotzdem |despite the fact that |- |während |while, whereas |- |weil |because |- |wenn |if, when, whenever |} Furthermore, all interrogative (question) words, such as ''wie'', ''wann'', ''wer'', and ''wo'', and wo-compounds, may be used as subordinating conjunctions. For example: Ich weiß nicht, wohin er gegangen ist. (I don't know where he went.) Ich weiß nicht, wie das Fest sich entwickelt hat. (I don't know how the party turned out) Ich weiß nicht, warum er dir so böse ist. (I don't know why he is so mad at you.) Subordinate clauses provide information missing in the main clause. Consider the previous two examples. In both cases, the subordinate clause answered the question, "what?", or what would have been the accusitive object. Other subordinate clauses provide information that would otherwise have been provided by one of the several parts of speech. Er hat mich geschlagen, als meine Frau im Klo war. (He hit me when my wife was in the bathroom.) In this example, the subordinate clause, set off by the conjunction, "als", answers the question, "when?", which would otherwise be answered adverbially. The syntax regarding subordinate clauses will be discussed later. At this point, a property of subordinate clauses that is not altogether shared with relative clauses should be pointed out. Subordinate clauses are themselves ''parts of speech'' for the main clause, and to a limited extent can be treated as such. Consider the following two sentences, which are equivalent: Ich darf in Kanada bleiben, solange wir noch verheiratet sind. Solange wir noch verheiratet sind, darf ich in Kanada bleiben. Note how, in the second sentence, the subordinate clause occupied the ''first position'', immediately followed by the conjugated verb. In reality, the use of subordinate clauses as parts of speech integrated into the main clause is limited; they are, for aesthetic reasons, restricted to the first position and to following the main clause. At both times they are set off from the main clause by a comma. ''Indem..., ist x passiert.'' This subordinating conjunction accomplishes the same functions as the English construction, "by [do]ing something..., x happened." Indem er die Tür offen gelassen hat, hat er auch die Räuber ins Haus eingelassen. By leaving the door open, he let the robbers into the house. By requiring a subject in the clause, the German construction is less susceptible to ambiguity than English is; consider the sentence, "by leaving the door open, the robbers were able to enter the house," which is lacking an agent for the door being left open, even though such a construction is common in spoken English. This section must make note of the differences between the words, ''als'', ''wenn'', and ''wann'', all of which can mean "when" in English. ''Als'' refers to a single event or condition in the past, usually expressed using the preterite tense. Als du mich anriefst, war ich noch nicht zu Hause. (When you called me, I was not yet home.) ''Wann'' is the interrogative word for "when". It's use as a subordinating conjunction is limited to indirect questions and immediate temporal events. Ich weiß nicht, wann er nach Hause kommen wird. ''Wenn'' is the most versatile of the three, and has several other meanings beyond its temporal meaning. In the temporal space ''wenn'' describes, events are less recognized, or focuses on a condition, rather than an event. Finally, "wenn" has one other principal function. It also means, "if", and is used in conditional and subjunctive statements. Wenn ich einmal reich wär', ... (If i were ever rich...) We will return to syntax later. ===Relative Clauses=== In many ways, a relative clause is a lengthy description of an item in the main clause. Minimally, a relative clause takes a part of speech from the main clause, known as the ''antecedent'' and uses it in the dependent clause. What connects the two is a ''relative pronoun''. As should already be published in this book, the following declension table is provided: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |+ '''Relative Pronoun - Declension Summary''' |- !'''Case''' !'''Masculine''' !'''Neuter''' !'''Feminine''' !'''Plural''' |- |'''Nominative''' |der |das |die |die |- |'''Accusative''' |den |das |die |die |- |'''Dative''' |dem |dem |der |'''denen''' |- |'''Genitive''' |'''dessen''' |'''dessen''' |'''deren''' |'''deren''' |} Relative pronouns are similar to the definite article, with the exceptions of the dative plural and the genitive case being marked in bold. Note that the distinctions between "that" and "which"; and "that" and "who" in English do not exist in German, where everything is described with a standard set of relative pronouns with no regard to how integral the qualities described in the relative clause are to the antecedent. As relative clauses take one item from the main clause and use it in some way in a dependent clause, it is important to consider how relative pronouns work to avoid confusion. All words in German possess gender, number (singular or plural), and case. The ''main clause'', as it relates to the ''antecedent'', determines the ''gender and number'' of the relative pronoun; the ''relative clause'' determines its ''case''. In order to use relative clauses successfully, it is critical that this point be understood. Gender and number are "inherent" to the antecedent; no grammatical agent could conceivably change those properties. The relative pronoun's case is determined by its role in the relative clause, i.e., how it relates to the other parts of speech in the clause. Consider the following examples, all based on "the man", who is masculine and singular, and apparently not well-liked. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |- !'''Case of Relative Pronoun''' !'''Example''' |- |'''Nominative''' |Der Mann, ''der'' nach Hause allein ging, ... |- | |The man, ''who'' went home alone, ... |- |'''Accusitive''' |Der Mann, ''den'' mein Freund während der Hochzeit schlug, ... |- | |The man, ''whom'' my friend punched at the wedding, ... |- |'''Dative''' |Der Mann, ''dem'' meine Mutter kein Weihnachtsgeschenk gegeben hat, ... |- | |The man, ''to whom'' my mother didn't give a Christmas present, ... |- |'''Genitive''' |Der Mann, ''dessen'' Tochter arbeitslos ist, ... |- | |The man, ''whose'' daughter is unemployed, ... |} In each of these examples, the gender and number of the relative pronoun were determined by the antecedent, while the case of the relative pronoun was determined by its role in the relative clause. Note particularly the genitive example, wherein the relative pronoun, meaning ''whose'', modified a feminine noun, without his gender being affected. Whenever you construct a relative clause, be mindful of this rule. Don't confuse yourself with its complexity, especially regarding the genitive case. As discussed in the chapter on personal pronouns, the word "whose", as well as other possessive pronouns such as "my", "your", and so forth, is a ''pronoun'' and not an adjective. The pronoun always expresses the characteristics of its antecedent, viz., gender and number. Relative pronouns offered within prepositional phrases are perfectly acceptable: Der Mann, mit dem meine Mutter wieder gestritten hat, ... The man, with whom my mother argued again, ... However, if the antecedent is not a person, and the relative pronoun falls within a prepositional phrase, a wo-compound is frequently substituted: Das Flugzeug, worin ich nach Seattle geflogen bin, war fast kaputt. The airplane, in which I flew to Seattle, was almost broken. Relative clauses almost invariably ''follow'' the item that they are modifying or the main clause as a whole (with the gender and number of the relative pronoun indicating - to some extent - which potential antecedent it is referring to). Very rarely do they precede the main clause. Exceptions to this come in the form of aphorisms and proverbs: Der (oder Wer) heute abend ruhig einschläft, bekommt morgen Eiskrem und Keks. (He who goes to bed quietly tonight will get ice-cream and cookies tomorrow - something a mother might say to her children.) This usage is relatively unimportant. One final property of relative clauses should be discussed. Relative clauses in some way describe their antecedent. The rules governing attributes in German are considerably more flexible than in English, because the German case system reduces ambiguity. This allows the German speaker to turn a relative clause into an extended attribute, which is essentially a long adjective. Compare the following two sentences, which are equivalent: Der Mann, der jede Woche auf Dienstreise nach Seattle fährt, ist krank. The man, who drives to Seattle every week on business, is sick. Der jede Woche nach Seattle auf Dienstreise fahrende Mann ist krank. The to-Seattle-every-week-on-business driving man is sick. Such a construction is ludicrous in English, but not-uncommon in German. The experienced reader of German will, with practice, be able to read through such an item without difficulty. It would be best to review what we have learned about subordinate and relative pronouns before discussing their syntax. Dependent clauses - both subordinating and relative clauses - modify or in some other way describe the antecedent clause upon which they are based. Subordinating clauses provide a variety of ways in which new information can relate to the main clause, many of which are adverbial in nature (e.g., "weil/because", but not "dass/that", which, in the examples above, replaced the accusitive object). Relative clauses modify and describe entities already mentioned in the main clause. Generally speaking, only subordinate clauses have the ability to occupy the first position in a main clause. Format: Main clause, subordinating conjunction + subordinate clause. Subordinating conjunction + subordinate clause, conjugated verb + main clause. Main clause including antecedent, relative pronoun based on antecedent + relative clause. ===Syntax of Dependent Clauses=== Subordinate and relative clauses have similar syntax. Indeed, neglecting the verbs, they have a syntax similar to main clauses. Recall the syntax described at the beginning of this chapter. That syntax will form the basis of the Mittelfeld in dependent clauses. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |+'''Syntax of Dependent Clauses''' |- !'''Field''' !'''Items''' !'''Examples''' |- |'''Comma''' |All dependent clauses are set off with a comma unless occupying the first position of a main clause | , |- |'''Conjunction''' |For subordinate clauses, this is the ''subordinating conjunction''. For relative clauses, this is the ''relative pronoun.'' | "dass", "weil", "obwohl", "denen" |- |'''Mittelfeld''' |The Mittelfeld of a dependent clause follows the same syntax as the Mittelfeld of the main clause. | |- | || Nominative Pronoun || "ich", "wir" |- | || Reflexive Pronoun || "mich", "uns" |- | || Accusative Pronoun || '''A''' "dich" |- | || Dative Pronoun || '''D''' "dir", "mir" |- | || Nominative Noun || "die Katze" |- | || Dative Noun || '''D''' "meiner Mutter" |- | || Accusitive Noun || '''A = ADDA''' "meinen Vater" |- | || Prepositional Phrases || Time, Manner, Place |- | || Adverbs, Predicate Adjectives || Time, Manner, Place |- |'''Verbs''' |Verbs will be dealt with in greater detail below. |They are very complicated. |- | || '''Number of Verbs''' || '''Placement of Verbs''' (always at end of clause} |- | || '''One''' (conjugated) |At end of Clause |- | || '''Two''' (conjugated - modal/-like or auxiliary; infinitive) |Build inwards. Infinitive, then conjugated verb |- | || '''Three''' | |- | |Modal/-like is ''conjugated'' |3.2.1. Build inwards. |- | |Modal/-like is ''not conjugated'' (likely the second verb) |Conjugated verb (1); infinitive verb (3); modal verb (2) |} Once again, no dependent clause will contain each of these elements. But understanding the position of pronouns is critical. The same conventions listed under the main clause schema apply. ====Verbs in Dependent Clauses==== The way the verbs are arranged depends on the number of verbs in the verb-phrase, and the presence of a modal verb. '''Dependent Clauses with One Verb''' This is the simplest case. Such a clause has one verb, conjugated based on the person and number of the subject of the sentence. This conjugated verb is placed at the end of the clause. {| |'''Subordinate Clause''' |Du weißt, dass ich dich ''liebe''. (You know that I love you.) |- |'''Relative Clause''' |Er ist ein Mann, der oft Berlin ''besucht''. (He is a man who often visits Berlin.) |} '''Dependent Clauses with Two Verbs''' A clause with two verbs has one conjugated verb and one verb in the infinitive. Such examples are clauses in a perfect tense (wherein the conjugated verb is the auxiliary verb, either "haben" or "sein"), the future tense ("werden"), ones with modal verbs, and ones with modal-like verbs (sehen, hören, helfen, lassen). In a main clause, the conjugated verb will be in the second position, and the infinitive verb will be at the end of the clause. In a dependent clause, both verbs will be at the end of the clause, with the conjugated verb ''last''. This supports the principle of "building inwards". {| |'''Subordinate Clause''' |Du weißt, dass ich dich nicht ''lieben kann''. (You know that I cannot love you.) |- |'''Relative Clause''' |Er ist ein Mann, der nach seiner absolvierten Prüfung Berlin besuchen wird. (He is a man who will visit Berlin after his graduation exam.) |} '''Dependent Clauses with Three Verbs''' Sentences with three verbs typically involve a modal verb, whose presence complicates matters terribly. Let us think of some examples in English. 1) I am not able to help you move your car. - können - helfen - bewegen 2) I will be able to go to the store with you. - werden - können - gehen 3) I have not been able to afford that. (haben + "sich (dat) etw. leisten können" = to be able to afford sth.) 4) I have not been able to reach you over the phone. - haben - können - erreichen And so on. The problem is, after you've learned how to put your verb at the end of the sentence in a main clause, and after you've learned how to "build inwards" in dependent clauses, and after you've pulled your hair out, night after night, sitting in a cafe in Seattle declining relative pronouns, German grammar throws ''yet another'' rule at you, this one so pointless and downright counter-productive, and it seems like German grammar is simply making fun of you at this point, that you leap out of your seat, scream "woo hoo!", and then get back to work. The modal verb (or the modal-like verb) has to be at the end of the verb phrase, regardless of whether it has been conjugated. In cases where it has not, the conjugated verb moves to the beginning of the verb phrase. Let's look at our examples above. ''Du weißt, dass...'' 1) ...ich dir dein Auto nicht ''bewegen helfen kann''. This one is straightforward, because the modal verb is the conjugated verb, allowing the clause to follow the "build inwards" principle. 2) ...ich zum Markt mit dir nicht ''werde gehen können''. The modal verb must come last. No semantic or logical reason for this. 3) ...ich mir das nicht ''habe leisten können''. The modal verb must come last. Note here that the modal verb does not form a past participle when it has main verb to modify. 4) ...ich dich am Telefon nicht ''habe erreichen können''. Note the somewhat sensible placement of "nicht". And so... {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |+ '''Verb-order in Dependent Clauses''' ! Number of Verbs !! Placement of Verbs (always at end of clause} |- |'''One''' (conjugated) |At end of Clause |- |'''Two''' (conjugated - modal/-like or auxiliary; infinitive) |Build inwards. Infinitive, then conjugated verb |- |'''Three''' | |- |Modal/-like is ''conjugated'' |3.2.1. Build inwards. |- |Modal/-like is ''not conjugated'' (likely the second verb) |Conjugated verb (1); infinitive verb (3); modal verb (2) |} ==Infinitive Clauses== The reader is already familiar with several types of German verbs that require other verbs; these verbs are ''modal'' verbs (''können, dürfen, wollen,'' etc.); ''modal-like'' verbs (''sehen, hören, helfen, lassen''); ''auxiliary'' verbs (''sein'', ''haben''), used for the perfect tenses; and ''werden'', used for future and passive constructions. Another verb that can take another verb without forming an infinitive clause is ''bleiben'' (e.g., ''stehenbleiben'', to remain standing). These verbs never form infinitive clauses, and the verbs that are used with them go at the end of the sentence. '''Infinitive clauses''' are another kind of clause found in German, and are equivalent to infinitive clauses in English. Consider the following examples in English: I am here (in order) to help you clean your house. The car is ready to be driven. I work to be able to afford my car. Infinitive clauses are formed after verbs that do not regularly take other verbs. They indicate purpose, intent, and meaning of the action in the main clause. As such, infinitive clauses have ''no subject'', or no nouns in the nominative case. Here are the above examples in German: Ich bin hier, um dir dein Haus putzen zu helfen. Das Auto ist bereit, gefahren zu werden. Ich arbeite, um mir ein Auto leisten zu können. Infinitive clauses are usually found after a main clause, though it is possible for them to occupy the first position of a main clause. They are always set off by a comma. Of particular interest is the construction, "''um...zu...''"", which corresponds to the English construction, "in order to...". ''Um'' is placed at the beginning of the clause, after which follows a standard infinitive clause. Whereas "in order" is frequently omitted from English infinitive clauses of this sort, "''um''" is always included such clauses in German. The Mittelfeld follows the standard syntax of main clauses, though without nominative nouns and pronouns. At any rate, infinitive tend to be rather short. Verbs (in the infinitive form) always come at the end, immediately preceded by the word ''zu''. In the case of separable-prefix verbs, such a verb is written as one word, with the word ''zu'' between the prefix and the main verb; e.g. ''anzuschlagen'', ''auszugehen'', ''abzunehmen'', and so forth. The syntax of infinitive clauses can thus be summarized as follows: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |+'''Syntax of Infinitive Clauses''' |- ! '''Position''' !! '''Contents''' !! '''Examples''' |- | '''Introduction''' || Comma or Capital Letter (beginning of sentence) || "," "Um" |- | '''Mittelfeld''' || Reflexive Pronoun || "mich", "uns" |- | || Accusative Pronoun || '''A''' "dich" |- | || Dative Pronoun || '''D''' "dir", "mir" |- | || (Temporal Expressions) || Expressions of time, especially short temporal adverbs, are often placed here. |- | || Dative Noun || '''D''' "meiner Mutter" |- | || Accusitive Noun || '''A = ADDA''' "meinen Vater" |- | || Prepositional Phrases || Time, Manner, Place |- | || Adverbs, Predicate Adjectives || Time, Manner Place |- | '''Infinitive Verb Phrase''' || '''Verbs with no separable prefix''' || ''zu'' + Infinitive; e.g., "''zu gehen''" |- | || '''Verbs with separable prefix''' || prefix-''zu''-infinitive, written as one word; e.g., "''anzufangen''" |- | '''End''' || Either a period to end the sentence, or a comma to introduce the main clause || ","; "." |} <noinclude>{{German/Grammar/Footer}} [[pt:Alemão/Gramática/Sentenças]] </noinclude> 5yiaro1d4wnljkdgq3svxlahuozywss 0 96380 4678839 4618424 2026-10-29T13:51:08Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 secion > section 4678839 wikitext text/x-wiki Nanotechnology Demonstration Experiments and Hands-on Activities *For info on nanotechnology, see the [[Nanotechnology|Opensource Wiki Handbook on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology]] *There is a brainstorm for new experiments on the [[:talk:Scienceshow/Nanotechnology| Discussion page]] =Completed Guides= *Under preparation in English, but there are numerous in the [http://da.wikibooks.org/wiki/Scienceshow/Vejledninger danish version] All guides are listed on the [[../Guides|overview page]] =Show sequences= ==Show: Intro to nanotech== This show sequence contains material for easily more than 2 hours of stand-up nanotechnology show with plenty of hands-on activities to keep the audience occupied for much longer. There is a kind of red thread going through the show, but emphasis is on showing the wide variety of nanoscale phenomena people will see in their every day life or that can be demonstrated without complicated setups. ===Why things are white=== This is not really nano, it only shows is that microstructured surfaces can give the white color and is different from the rayleigh scattering in nanoparticles described later. ====Light scattering in transparent materials==== *Large transparent crystals and small white crystals (salt, sand, glass...) pieces are white, bulk is transparent. *Refraction in a prism gives a rainbow, many refractions in disordered materials give white light. *refraction in a droplet of water or a round-bottom bottle of water can make a rainbow [http://faraday.physics.uiowa.edu/optics/6A46.10.htm] *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Making Clouds with Liquid Nitrogen |Making Clouds with Liquid Nitrogen]]. Clouds, make them with liquid nitrogen, could give us a rainbow, but are white because of multiple refractions. ====Index matching==== How to make white things disappear *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Transparent Wool |Transparent Wool]]. Wool and silk, make wool transparent by submerging it in benzyl alcohol that matches the refractive index of the wool. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Invisible Glass |Invisible Glass]]. Invisible glass in an index matching transparent oil. Cooking oil and pyrex glass work well. You can make fun things like taking a pieces of a broken glass and put them in a jar with oil and then pull out a whole glass you have put in there previously to magically repair the broken glass. {|border="1px" cellpadding="5px" |+Index of refraction of transparent materials and liquids ||Material||n||index matching |- style="background:teal; color:white" |colspan="3"|Solid |- ||Pyrex||1.47||Cooking oil |- ||Quartz||1.544-1.553 || |- ||PMMA (Acrylic glass)||1.4893-1.492 || |- ||Nylon||1.53-1.566|| |- ||polystyrene||1.55- 1.60|| |- ||Polycarbonate||1.584-1.586|| |- ||Wool||1.553 ||Benzyl alcohol |- ||Cotton/linen||1.515|| |- ||Paper/cellulose|| || |- ||Cellulose acetate||1.4750|| |- ||Kitchen Salt (NaCl)||1.516-1.544 || |- ||Sugar/Sucrose||1.5376|| |- ||Diamond||2.417|| |- ||Gallium phosphide||3.50|| |- style="background:teal; color:white" |colspan="3"|Liquids |- ||water||1.33 || |- ||ethanol||1.36 || |- ||Paraffin||1.332-1.412 || |- ||Acetonitrile||1.3441|| |- ||Polyunsaturated oils||1.371-1.432|| |- ||Cyclohexane||1.4260 |- ||Ethylene Glycol||1.4318|| || |- ||Glycerol/glycerin||1.4729 || |- ||Sunflower oil||1.474-1.475 || |- ||Sugar solution (80%)||1.49|| |- ||Benzene||1.5010|| |- ||Benzyl alcohol ||1.538-1.540|| |- ||2-Iodoethanol||1.5720|| |- ||Carbon disulfide||1.63|| |- ||Methylene iodide||1.74|| |} Mixing liquids like glycerol and water can make solutions with intermediate refractive indexes. ====Graded index matching==== By gradually changing the index of refraction, reflections can be avoided. This can be done by nanostructuring surfaces. For instance silicon surface etched into small spikes becomes black (silicon black) unlike the silvery shine of the smooth surface. ===The blue sky=== *Small nanoparticles, smaller or about the wavelength of light, scatter light depending on the wavelength to the fourth power - so blue light is scattered very much while red isn't. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Colloidal Sunset |Colloidal Sunset]]. We make sulfur nanoparticles in a vial on a overhead projector, and you can see the red light going through while the blue gets scattered. SO the sunset you see and the blue sky above you are caused by nanoparticles in the air (salt, clay, smoke...). A too dense solution of nanoparticles give white light (ok, slightly yellow because sulfur is yellow). **See the difference in polarization in the blue light **Polarizer film [http://www.edmundoptics.com/onlinecatalog/displayproduct.cfm?productid=1912 NT45-668] 8.5x15" 35 USD *An easy way to make nanoparticles is also to add a couple of sulfur crystals to ethanol and leave it to make a saturated solution (probably a few mg pr ml is enough to saturate it). The add drops of the solution to water and sulfur nanoparticles form instantly. Propylene glycol should make it possible to make more concentrated solutions (Stable Colloidal Sulfur Solutions, M. W. Brenner; Joseph L. Owades, Science, New Series, Vol. 119, No. 3104. (Jun. 25, 1954), p. 911.). Zeta potential of sulfur nanoparticles from isopropanol solution is -50mV. *Its a similar effect you see in some alcoholic drinks like Ouzo, where the anis oil forms oil droplets in the alcohol when too much water is added. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Milk and Nanoparticles |Milk and Nanoparticles]]. Diluted low-fat homogenized milk show the same effect, so here we have nanoparticles of fat that give the white color. [http://www.exo.net/~pauld/activities/lasers/lasermilk.htm Laser scattering in milk] ===Silver nanoparticles=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Silver Mirror Coating | Silver Mirror Coating]]. **Synthesize silver mirror to show how nanoscale metal films are still metallic [http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/demos/main_pages/24.12.html]. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis |Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis]]. Synthesize silver nanoparticles and show how light going through a dilute solution is red while the reflected (backscattered) light is green-blue. These particles have a plasmon resonance in the yellow frequency range, so they scatter blue to yellow light and let the red pass through. *Metal nanoparticles are used for many things - the red color in some pregnancy tests is from gold nanoparticles. ===Gold nanoparticles=== *Simple glucose based synthesis[http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=117&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1], see also [http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayHTMLArticleforfree.cfm?JournalCode=GC&Year=2006&ManuscriptID=b512540e&Iss=1 DOI 10.1039/b512540e] *Detailed information [http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/iecred/2007/46/i10/abs/ie060672j.html Modeling of Formation of Gold Nanoparticles by Citrate Method] Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46 (10), 3128 -3136, 2007. ===Dyes and fluorescent molecules=== *These are not really nanostructures, but chemical compunds that have unique optical properties (but quite a lot of chemistry is being called 'nano' these days) *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Nile Blue Fluorescence | Nile Blue Fluorescence]]. Nile blue in alcohol - show the red fluorescence when you shine a green laser pointer on it. The molecule absorbs green to red light and can also emit red light when it has absorbed green. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Fluorescent Dyes | Fluorescent Dyes]]. Rhodamin dyes and other fluorescent dyes ([[w:Quinine| Quinine in tonic water]]) ===Spectrometers and diffraction=== *We need a method to distinguish all these strange optical phenomena, and luckily nanostructured surfaces can be used to do so. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Compact Disc Spectrometer| Compact Disc Spectrometer]]. Compact discs - the diffraction in the 'morse-code' bit pattern on the CD surface gives interference of the scattered light that can be seen as bright rainbows. Using the CD you can get an idea about what colors are coming from different light sources. Try looking at a old-fashioned lamp and compare it to a fluorescent tube - the tube has distinct bands from the fluorescent molecules on the inside coating of the tube. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Diffraction Grating Spectrometer | Diffraction Grating Spectrometer]]. Using diffraction gratings it is easier to see the effect, and you can investigate for instance discharge tubes and light enmitting diodes. ===Subwavelength optical elements=== *Monolayers of polystyrene spheres can give nice diffraction patterns. *Liquid crystals and polarization effects ===Tuning the material properties=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Light Emitting Diodes | Light Emitting Diodes]]. The light emitting diodes is an example of a material where the properties have been change by changing the composition. By adding different substances to a crystal that emit light, different wavelengths can be obtained. *Adding fluorescent dyes to a blue emitting diode can give white light. *Activity guide [http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/supplies/ActivityGuides/LED_Guide_2005.pdf] ===Different materials absorption, transmission and reflection properties=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Absorption, Transmission and Reflection of Light and Heat |Absorption, Transmission and Reflection of Light and Heat]]. This is not really about nanostructures, but show how different wavelenghts behave in different materials. Its a good starting point to talk about optical properties of materials and their bandgaps etc. *Using a lamp and an infrared heat source you can see and feel how: **Glass transmits visible light but not heat **Thin silicon and germanium transmit heat but not visible light (sapphire can also do the trick) **A thick silicon wafer absorbs heat and gets quickly hot **A gold coated silicon wafer reflects heat and stays fairly cold. The electromagnetic radiation only reaches a few nanometers into the gold (skin depth) and is reflected very well from sub 100nm gold films. **A thin water film (add some soap) on a metal mesh stops the heat (thats why chicken lamps warms your skin so comfortably, but you don't really get much warmer from them :-) and why toasting bread toasts the surface and not the inner parts. In the section on soap films we will see that such films can be sub 100nm thick (I haven't checked up on how thick it actually needs to be to stop heat radiation so much you can feel it, but its probably about a micrometer). **try out aerogels... ===Photonic Crystals=== *Scientific American article[http://www.ee.ucla.edu/labs/photon/eliy_SCIAM.pdf] *[http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051114/full/051114-11.html butterfly wings] *Compare to Refractive index guiding: Optical fibers [http://www.corning.com/docs/opticalfiber/r3461.pdf] ===Ionization=== *Light emission from ionization - The light emission from the fluorescent lamps, plasma balls and discharge tubes can be used to analyze the gas composition *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Plasma Ball | Plasma Ball]]. ===Field Ionization=== The ionization process can also be used in itself to analyze what gasses are present and it can be made better with nanoscale tips, field ionization is also used to make ions in air purifiers (that actually also produce a lot of ozone that isn't healthy) * Rub balloons and make them stick on the wall. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Van de Graaff Generator| Van de Graaff Generator]]. On a Van de Graaff generator, explain the charging just like rubbing a balloon continuously on your shirt - and demonstrate discharging of cotton pieces the bounce back and forth and stick temporarily by electrostatic forces. *Discuss how the high electrical fields break down molecules *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Van de Graaff Generator| Van de Graaff Generator]]. The show the field emission from a rotator with angled tips and explain how the tip makes huge electrical fields and generate ions and ozone. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Ion Spray | Ion Spray]]. Demonstrate the de-ionization spray gun - smell the ozone and feel the ionized air coming from it. Try using it to detach polystyrene spheres sticking to plastic and other things. They also get charge just like a balloon being rubbed, and stick like the cotton. The ion-spray makes ions go to where there are high charge densities and neutralize it and then the rest of the ions will adhere more or less evenly everywhere and reduce the electrostatic 'dust-attracting' forces. Some hair dryers have 'ion-sprays' built in to reduce the electrostatic feeling in dry hair. *Vizualize the ion motion in air with clouds repelled and attracted by VdG [http://www.exo.net/~pauld/activities/sweden/electrostaticdryicemist.html] ===Molecular Surface Forces=== *Like the charge differences can make things adhere, differently charge parts of molecules will also attract each other, for instance the H a water molecule H2O like to be near the O of other water molecules. If there is no static charge in the molecule, there will still be a weak attraction because the overall charge neutrality is only there when we look at a time average. At any instant the electrons will be in specific positions and there will be s small polarization, but this will change quickly with time. However two molecules will affect each other because of the quickly varying polarizations and this gives rise to an attractive force, called the van der Waals force. **Paraffin and stearine and wax are examples of materials that are solid because of the VdW forces. **Water is an example of a statically charged molecule. *The charged molecules attract each other so well that they do not like to mix with the weakly attracting VdW substances -oil and water do not mix well. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Capillary Pressure| Capillary Pressure]]. Capillary pressure sucking a colored water into small glass tubes but not as much into plastic/teflon tubes. What about oil and soap water? *Examples **Teflon coatings in the kitchen **Superhydrophobic coatings ***The lotus effect (see below) **Super hydrophilic and self cleaning surfaces (see below) ===Superhydrophilic surfaces=== *Titanium oxide coatings on windows makes them superhydrophilic and self cleaning [http://www.hull.ac.uk/scg/paunov/paunov06547-1.pdf], [http://www.pilkington.com/international+products/activ/usa/english/how+it+works.htm], [http://corporateportal.ppg.com/NA/Glass/ResidentialGlass/Homeowners/ProductInformation/SunClean/] ===Sticktion and Adhesion=== *Gecko hair [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3726.html] ===Oil thin films=== Estimate the size of moleculs from oil droplets spreading on water[http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Collection_85.html?topic_id=4&collection_id=85]. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Oil on Water | Oil on Water]]. oil on water makes a nanometer thin film with interference effects *[http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_633.html?topic_id=4&collection_id=85] ===Soap thin films=== In soap bubbles we can see such effects ([SoapBubbler.com website with soap bubbles]). *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Soap Films | Soap Films]]. In a soap film suspended in a metal wire loop that is held vertically you can see rainbow olors in light reflected in it. The top part eventually turns transparent and that is when the film is thinner than 1/4 of the wavelength -and just before the thin film pops. [http://www.exo.net/~pauld/summer_institute/summer_day8interference/soap_film_in_a_can.html] ===Lipid bilayers=== *The essential part of a living cell [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..387S] ==='Superhydrophobic' coatings=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Superhydrofobic Coatings | Superhydrofobic coatings]]. Superhydrofobic coatings *Lotus leaf effect, discuss how it works. See the [w:Lotus_effect| lotus effect]. *nanotube forest demonstration and video [http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/cnt/movies/movies.htm] *[http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/langd5/2007/23/i18/abs/la701097k.html A Commercially Available Perfectly Hydrophobic Material] ===Coated particles=== *Water coating **Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Non-Newtonian fluid | Non-Newtonian fluid]]. Maize flour or potato flour experiment. Maize starch is usually best. About equal volumes of flour and water gives a good fluid. Typical grain size is 10 microns giving a 5 micron water film coating the particles if 1 g of water is mixed with 1.5 g of maizens (best result). So its not that nano, but more micro. If you boil it, the starch glycose polymer chains will dissolve into the water. **See also [http://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2006/12/stuff-of-dreams.html New Scientist blog] *Surfactants **The silver particles mentioned earlier are coated with a charged film of molecules. ===Brownian Motion=== The motion of matter due to its thermal energy. This is why ferrofluids do not just clump together but stay fluid. *Microscope demonstration using colloidal graphite or just a little milk (add some food coloring to see it better, maybe a hydrophobic colorant like paprika)[http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Experiment_367.html] *(I have not succeeded in making this experiment:)An overhead projector can also be used - here with sulphur particles [http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/demos/main_pages/14.4.html] *Demonstration of gas diffusion through soap film [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=197&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] ===Iron nanoparticles=== ====Combustion==== *iron oxalate based iron nanoparticles for burning fountain in air. Decomposes on heating into ultra fine iron powder and carbon dioxide. The particles ignite spontaneously when poured from the tube into the surrounding air. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v1781576lp0672xx/] **The process of forming the nanoparticles depends on temperature and many different compunds can be formed at different temperatures [http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/JM/article.asp?doi=b514565a] *Another option is Raney Nickel [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=114&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] which can be painted on paper where it burns. ====Ferrofluids==== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Ferrofluid | Ferrofluid]]. A ferrofluid - iron particles coated and dispersed in a fluid **Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Ferrofluid Synthesis| Ferrofluid Synthesis]] **see also[http://www.chem.wisc.edu/courses/801/Spring00/labs/ffexp.html ferrofluid synthesis recipe][http://www.chem.wisc.edu/courses/801/Spring00/labs/F00%20ferrofluid%202.pdf PDF] using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (N(CH3)4OH) surfactant dissolved in water. *[http://www.sci-spot.com/Chemistry/liqimag.htm ferrofluid recipe] using oleic acid surfactant dissolved in kerosene. * and a [http://www.carolina.com/physics/ferrolesson.asp?print=yes simple one] *These particles act just like magnets we see in everyday life - or maybe rather like a box of nails that you can stick your magnet into and pull out long strings of nails attracting each other. *Ferrofluids are for instance used in loudspeakers to ensure good heat dissipation between the magnet and the moving coil and some damping. *The above magnetic experiment shows nanoscale ferromagnetism that was very much like macroscale magnetism (that's just these particles - a lot of research is going into control nanoscale magnetism for data storage on hard disks etc). *Ferrofluids can be used to make the magnetic patches on a hard disk visible under an optical microscope. ===Electrically controllable particles=== Like the magnetic fields that control ferrofluids - electrical fields can be used to control small particles dispersed in liquids. *[[w:Smart_windows| Smart windows]] that can be transparent or blocking by pressing a switch[http://home.howstuffworks.com/smart-window.htm][http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040809/full/040809-2.html][http://smartglass.com/faqs.asp#100007]. *Liquid crystals -see the entry above ===Quantized conductivity=== *When it comes to electrical conductivity, strange things can happen on the nanoscale: Quantized conductivity. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Quantized Conductivity | Quantized Conductivity]]. Experiment in preparation *12K ohm - thats the resistance for one channel for electrons. ===Aerogels, another kind of glass=== *Use it to observe Rayleigh scattering. Talk about the insulation and energy balance when using it in windows. See how capillary forces crush it when its wetted. Examine how much weight it can carry and how 'projectiles' can be caught in it (as in the stardust satellite). ** I guess another way to make a 'gel' is by making a Calcium acetate saturated solution (412g in 1L water, stir for two days to dissolve well), take 10ml of this solution and mix with alcohol (100ml) that gives an amorphous gel in 10 secs looking very much like the aerogel - the aerogel is then made be critical point drying of such a liquid gel to avoid it collapsing because of capillary effects. Capillary effects are also what causes the whitening of the gel if you touch it with your fingers, where water from your skin is absorbed into the fine capillaries of the aerogel which the collapse. ===Mechanical properties of clean surfaces=== *Optical fibers don't break *An HF etched glass rod also can sustain much more strain than an untreated [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=40&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] because the surface is free of microscopic crack initiating fractures. ===The different types of Carbon=== Carbon is a good example of a material that can have numerous different nanostructures: *Graphite - see it in you pen. Both dark and metallic at the same time. Chemically inert (well, it can be burnt) and used for electrodes in batteries. *Graphene sheets - how do they make them? Can it be demonstrated? *Pyrolithic graphite - See the diamagnetic properties below. can also be used to cut ice due to the high thermal conductivity. And its quite strong mechanically. *Highly oriented pyrolithic graphite - HOPG -make an STM image of the ordered stucture *Carbon black -used in ink and as coloring for black rubber. can be used to demonstrate brownian motion. *Diesel Sooth - probably the most abundant nanoparticle source in city areas. Many environmental and safety aspects to talk about (why worry about a little nanoparticles in the lab when its all in the air from the traffic outside?). *Carbon 60 - buckyballs - the football molecule. Any demonstrations? *Carbon nanotubes - rolled up graphene sheets with numerous interesting properties. Can we make a demonstration of actuation of CNT-paper electrodes in water [http://www.isc.fraunhofer.de/german/improfil/presse/publikationen/jb_2005/media/42-45_2005.pdf]? Talk about science fiction space elevators and nanoelectronics. *Diamond -the hardest material. does not conduct electricity but does conduct heat if i remember right... any demonstrations we can do with diamond powder for instance? *Potassium graphite [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=6&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] ===Diamagnetism=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Magnetic Induction in a Tube | Magnetic Induction in a Tube]]. Induction recap by having a magnet fall in a aluminium tube *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Magnetic Induction in Copper Plates | Magnetic Induction in Copper Plates]]. Moving a magnet over a copper plate cooled by liquid nitrogen *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Pyrolithic Graphite | Pyrolithic Graphite]]. Talk about the graphene sheet and how the electrons can move in it. Let people play with pyrolitic graphite hovering over magnets. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Superconductors | Superconductors]]. To show a stronger effect, demonstrate magnets hoovering over superconductors. And while you're at it you can also show how liquid oxygen is paramagnetic (and burns well). *Compare to ferrofluids ===Amorphous materials=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Freezing with Liquid Nitrogen| Freezing with Liquid Nitrogen]]. Quick cooling gives small crystals *LN2 is used in the industry to make small ice crystals that ensure a better taste of food. Its used to store biological samples without cracking due to freezing and thawing *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Freezing with Liquid Nitrogen| Freezing with Liquid Nitrogen]]. Freeze flowers in liquid nitrogen *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Supersaturated Sodium Acetate | Supersaturated Sodium Acetate]]. Demonstrate sodium acetate super saturated solution crystallisation, giving a white crystal (About 650g CH3COONa cab be dissolved in 250 ml water at 100°C, cool very slowly in an undisturbed place). *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Amorphous Metals| Amorphous Metals]]. Demonstrate amorphous metals with unique mechanical properties, see also [http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/IPSE/educators/amMetal.html] *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Liquid Nitrogen Marshmallows | Liquid Nitrogen Marshmallows]]. Serve cryogenic marshmallows *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream | Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream]]. Make ice cream with liquid nitrogen - we are back to the thing we started with, white stuff with small particles! ===Memory metals=== *Memory Metal [http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/SlideShow/slides/contents/NiTi.html] ===Catalysis=== Chemical reaction can often occur at much lower temperatures and more efficiently if catalytic materials are present. For example, various enzymes are used to enhance biochemical processes in detergents and washing powders so you can wash clothes at lower temperatures and with less power and detergent consumption. Catalysts are also heavily used in industrial chemical processes. Often the catalytic material is very expensive and only the small reactive sites on the material surface are actually catalytically active. For these reasons it is much more efficient to use nanostructured catalytic substances that maximize the catalyst area with many reactive sites and a minimal consumption of the material itself. *Car exhaust catalyst *Demonstration of Methanol catalysis with platinum wire (see also Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 71, no.4, pp 325 -327.) **[http://www2.uni-siegen.de/~pci/versuche/english/methanol.html] ***Heat 10ml Methanol in an Erlenmeyer flask (you can color it with methyl blue). Can this be done with ethanol which is less hazardous than methanol? ***Heat a platinum wire until glowing and hang it into the Erlenmeyer flask ***The wire will glow weakly and then more brightly as it is heated by the exothermic catalytic oxidation of the methanol to formaldehydeCH₃OH + 1/2 O₂ =CH₂O + H₂O ***When the wire is hot enough, it will ignites the methanol/air mixture that starts burning with a green flame CH₃OH + 1.5 O₂ =CO₂ + 2 H₂O, until there is no more oxygen in the flask. ***The reaction will oscillate, restarting when fresh oxygen gets into the flask[http://chemlearn.chem.indiana.edu/demos/OscMeth.htm] ***See also [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=104&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] ***The flames can be made brighter green if boric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) are added to the methanol (Forming volatile boric acid trimethyl ester, which burns with a green flame: B₂O₃ + 6 CH₃OH = 2 B(OCH₃)₃ + 3 H₂O *[http://www.chem.umn.edu/services/lecturedemo/info/catalysis_of_ammonia.html] Catalytic oxidation of ammonia (seems to be a more benign reaction than methanol combustion, though it produces NOx, which require good ventilation) **25 mL of concentrated aqueous ammonia solution in an Erlenmeyer flask. Lower the glowing Pt wire down to a couple of cm above the liquid and it will glow bright. You can also try with copper that will melt a drip into the liquid forming cupperoxide and a complex with the ammonia [Cu(NH 3) 4] 2+. [B. Z. Shakhashiri, Chemical Demonstrations, A Handbook for Teachers of Chemistry, Wisconsin, 1989, Vol.2, p.214-215][Gilbert, Alyea, Dutton, Dreisbach, Tested Demonstrations in Chemistry, Published by arrangement with the Journal of Chemical Education, 1994, Vol. I, p.I-35]. See also [http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/Demonstration_14.htm]. *Example of a reaction where the catalyst is temporarily consumed in the reaction by eventually is recovered and ready for a new reaction cycle -When concentrated H2O2 is added to a yellow-orange aqueous solution of Fe3+ [http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0006004/spapers/640221tr.htm]. *[http://chem.lapeer.org/Chem1Docs/ElectChemCat.html] Simple Cu catalyzed Zn+Acid reaction and a discussion about the underlying chemistry... could a nanoscaled catalyst help? ===Polymers=== *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Superabsorbing Polymers | Superabsorbing Polymers]]. Superhydrofile superabsorbents. Luquasorb 3746sx 0.1g absorbs 14ml ordinary before becoming fluid. *[http://chem.lapeer.org/Chem1Docs/SlimeDemo.html] poly vinyl alcohol slime, see also [http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/demos/main_pages/25.4.html] *Alginic acid mixed with food coloring. Add the colored Alginic acid to a solution of Calcium Chloride to form worm-like structures. *Polyurethane foam is made by mixing two polymers that grow when mixed [http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/uresyn.htm] and [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=187&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1]. *Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Elastomer *Sulfur can also be made into a kind of polymer [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=84&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] ===DNA=== *Extract DNA from vegetables [http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/activities/extraction/] *Discuss DNA X-ray diffraction [http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/background/DNA/DNA_OTK.htm] REMOVED *We can show chromosome-1 in a high mag microscope. Can different chromosomes be coloured differently? ===Enzymes=== *catalysis of oxygen from hydrogen perioxide with [[w:peroxidase| peroxidase]] *Enzymes are used in washing powders to **make clothes clean at low temperatures (clothes last longer and it saves energy) **Dishwashing liquids that also remove starch **Leather conditioning with less harsh chemicals **Bio fuel production **Most chemical processes in your body needs various enzymes to run smoothly, prepare reagents and remove the waste efficiently. ===Food=== A wealth of dispersions and nanosize particles can be found in food. See e.g. the milk experiment with Rayleigh scattering. *Review [http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0034-4885/57/11/001 Physics of Foodstuffs] Athene M Donald 1994 Rep. Prog. Phys. 57 1081-1135 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/57/11/001 =Complete dialogue show examples= ==The colors in the sky== This show aims at demonstrating a wide variety of nanoscale phenomena that appears in everyday life or relate to everyday life. It is the intention the audience should get several hands-on experiments during the show and participate to some extent. A different sequence is naturally possible and experiments can easily be added or left out depending on the audience and available materials. Depending on the school level of the audience you will probably want to modify this sequence. 'to show' in this description means to pass the sample around whenever possible. ===White Nanostructures=== Walking around you will actually see a wealth of effects in you daily life that comes from nanoscale phenomena and structures. For instance, you might wonder why things are white. What do you know that's is normally white? Do you know why? Clouds - If you think of the clouds, they can give us both rainbows or be heavy gray rain clouds or white fluffy clouds. Rainbows come from refraction of light in the droplet, just like the good old Pink Floyd cover where a white light beam is split into a rainbow. If the droplets are too dense, the rainbow colours will be scattered in many droplets and eventually we will see a diffuse mixture of all colors which gives us white light. We can make nice clouds by using liquid nitrogen. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Liquid Nitrogen| Liquid Nitrogen]]. In this cup (two plastic single use cups put inside each other to work as a cheap and surprisingly effective dewar) I have liquid nitrogen, probably the substance you know better than anything else in your life because 80% of the air your breathe is nitrogen. If we cool it to -196 C it turns into a liquid, just like water vapor can condense on cold things. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Liquid Nitrogen |Liquid Nitrogen ]]. Pouring it on the floor gives a lot of 'smoke' and leaves no liquid because it boils violently when it reaches something that is 200C over its boiling point. It makes you wonder if nitrogen is grey... but that is a bit strange if 80% of the air is made from it and quite transparent. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Making Clouds with Liquid Nitrogen |Making Clouds with Liquid Nitrogen]]. If I put a plexiglas tube into the liquid nitrogen, you can see it boil and the 'steam' rising up in the tube. The nitrogen in the tube is quite clear; it is only when it reached the surrounding air it turns into an opaque cloud. And that's what it is - condensation of the water vapor in the air gives real clouds right here for us to play with. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Making Clouds with Liquid Nitrogen |Making Clouds with Liquid Nitrogen]]. Making better clouds is easy if we take some boiling water where we have a lot of water vapor. Pouring 1 dL liquid nitrogen into 0.5L boiling water in a electric kettle (that can be opened *completely* to avoid bursts of boiling water and nitrogen) we get a thick and heavy cloud of cold condensed water vapor. Its fun to play with, nice and cold - only be careful not to play too much and spill boiling water over you. So things can be white even if they are clear and transparent as 'bulk' materials, simply because the are cut into small pieces that refract light in all directions. We know that from salt as well, where the individual salt grain can be a nice clear crystal, while a pile of such grains is white. The refraction of light in the particles depends on the change in refractive index between the surroundings and the material. Wool is another example of a white material, and here the white color comes from the roughness of the practically transparent wool fibres (when they are from white sheep). *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Transparent Wool |Transparent Wool]]. If we submerge wool intro benzyl alcohol (has a refractive index of 1.540.) which has the same refractive index as the wool fibres, the light will not be refracted at the fiber interface. And as we can see it becomes almost completely transparent. If you put white silk into it, it will not be transparent, because silk has a different index of refraction. You can also see this effect sometimes if you get greasy food in some paper bags, that become almost transparent. So it is probably not a good idea to make swimsuits from textiles that match the refractive index of water :-) The effect does not always have to be nano - salt is white even when the particles are large enough to be visible. (*Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Invisible Glass |Invisible Glass]]. we can also show the indexmatching effect by submerging a glass filled with clear oil or a glass figure in an clear oil bath also kept in transparent glass, and ask people to guess what's in it - its invisible until we pull it up) ===The Blue Sky=== Now we will turn into an effect that does require nanoscale particles and you hopefully see almost every day. Nanoparticles are present in the sky above us - small water droplets, grains of salt from the sea... When the particles become smaller than the wavelength of light the begin to scatter light different than the big water droplets making rainbows. It is called Rayleigh scattering and is very dependent on the wavelength of the light. To illustrate this we will make some sulfur nanoparticles. Sulfur is yellow (show a vial of yellow sulfur crystals), but when made into nanoparticles they can take on many colors. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Colloidal Sunset |Colloidal Sunset]]. In a tall glass on an overhead projector, mix diluted sulfuric acid with sodium thiosulfate 1:1 vol, and wait until a pale shine appears, then dilute 10 times or more with water. (Its also called the tyndall-rayleigh experiment/scattering) [http://www.physics.brown.edu/physics/demopages/Demo/optics/demo/6f4010.htm] another recipe uses 6.75L water, 135g sodium thiosulfate and 5 ml Conc. Acid but I dont like to have conc. acid in class demonstrations) As the particles grow because sulfur is precipitated from the solution and aglomerate to form nanoparticles, you see a change in color. The light coming from the sides of the vial is blue while the light going through it is red - you can see what happens when you look into the sky on a bright day and the blue part of the sunlight passing over you is scattered down towards you while the red continues out towards the people looking at the sunset in the horizon. If there is too much sulfur available, at some point the particles become so dense no light passes through the vial, then you should use less liquid to start the reaction. After some time the particles grow so big that they scatter white light like the white cloud (possibly a slightly yellowish one due to the color of sulfur). The blue sky is definitely a nano-scale phenomena. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Milk and Nanoparticles |Milk and Nanoparticles]]. You actually meet a similar effect every day if you drink milk products. If you take a low fat homogenized milk and pour a little into a large vial with water, you will see the same effect. Milk is white because of the fat in the milk making nanoparticles scattering light. If the fat content is too high or it isnt homogenized it can be difficult to show a clear effect. Not only do we inhale nanoparticles and enjoy their colors in the sunset and blue sky, we drink them very often. ===Silver nanoparticles=== There are of course many types of nanoparticles - harmless, healthy, dangerous, and useful ones, just like there are different materials around us. A quick way to show nanoparticles is to make silver nanoparticles by mixing silver nitrate solution with sodium citrate and boil it reducing the silver to free metallic silver. The citrate stabilizes the silver which assembles in charged thin-film coated nanoparticles. First we will show what happens when you reduce silver without a stabilizing agent. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Silver Mirror Coating | Silver Mirror Coating]]. Before the show: Add one drop 0.4 M NaOH (aq) per ml of 5%wt silver nitrate solution and shake gently. Then add 1M NaOH dropwise while shaking until the precipitate just dissolves. This is Tollen's reagent, a diaminesilver(I) complex. Use it within a couple of hours. Do not store Tollens reagent [http://pubs.acs.org/cen/safety/19960108.html]because it can form silver nitride which is highly explosive if left for longer periods. After use, neutralise it with dilute nitric acid and flush out in drain if permitted. [http://chemlearn.chem.indiana.edu/demos/Tollens.htm Tollens reagent recipe] [http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/~hmc/hsci/chemicals/tollens_reagent.html tollens reagent] We have a silver solution called tollens reagent and we add a droplet of dextrose that will reduce the silver but not protect the silver from assembling in large structures. (Put the test tube in a warm water bath and add dextrose solution by letting a droplet slide down the side of the glass, and do not touch it until the reaction has made a nice silver mirror. (aldehydes give a silver mirror, ketones a yellowish mirror and alkynes with a triple bond in the 1-position give a yellow precipitate of silver carbide.)) And so we get a beautiful silver mirror. *Guide: [[Scienceshow/Guides/Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis |Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis]]. In the case of citrate, the citrate ions form a kind of soap film around the silver as it reacts and the charged part of the citrate molecules will make silver particles repel each other so they do not accumulate and precipitate as metallic film. When we dilute the silver particle solution so we can look through it, we can by holding it in front and behind a lamp see that light coming through it or 'reflected' from it has different colors. Red/orange light pass through while green-blue light is reflected. The silver nano particles scatter light the has short wavelengths and leaves most of the yellow and red light pass through. If you make them with gold you get red nanoparticles instead (but it is more expensive chemicals). The silver and gold nanoparticles are used for many things. Gold nanoparticles is widely used for making chemical reactions -for instance the red color in pregnancy tests often comes from gold nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles can be used to kill bacteria and you can for instance buy socks with silver nanoparticles, and at some point people even believed they should be healthy to drink... I wouldn't try to do that. =Resources= *[http://www.cns.cornell.edu/cipt/labs/lab-index.html institute of physics teachers] *[http://www.nanotek.nu/ nanotek.nu] *[http://ice.chem.wisc.edu/catalog.htm several chemistry related nanoactivities] *[http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/cineplex/index.html] *General Chemistry demonstration exps list [http://www.thecatalyst.org/m05demos.html] *The weird properties of water - not really nano, but has lots of info [http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/index2.html] *Weird water bridge [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/mainpic.html?expnum=181&ismovie=1&picnum=-1&control=0&language=1] {{BookCat}} r21owd4t391ny0u2gpxm053uo4cpdwv 0 99469 4678840 3683354 2026-10-29T13:51:22Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 secion > section 4678840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{honor_header|1|1964|Nature|General Conference}} ==1. Define the characteristics of an orchid. == [[Image:VanillaFlowerLongitudinalSection-en.png|thumb|right|500px|Longitudinal section of a flower of Vanilla planifolia]] Orchids are monocot plants characterised by the presence of three sepals , two petals and the third petal modified as a lip. {{clear}} ==2. What are the two main groupings of orchids? Name and show examples of each from a live plant or picture. == There are five identified groupings of orchids. (Also see [[W:Taxonomy of the Orchid family|Taxonomy of the Orchid family]]) * [[w:Apostasioideae|Apostasioideae]]: 2 group(s) in this sub-family and 16 species, south-western Asia * [[w:Cypripedioideae|Cypripedioideae]]: 5 group(s) in this sub-family and 130 species, mostly from the temperate regions of the world, some in tropical America * [[w:Vanilloideae|Vanilloideae]]: 15 group(s) in this sub-family and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern North America * [[w:Epidendroideae|Epidendroideae]]: more than 500 group(s) in this sub-family and more or less 20 000 species, cosmopolitan * [[w:Orchidoideae|Orchidoideae]]: 208 group(s) in this sub-family and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan The last two, [[w:Epidendroideae|Epidendroideae]] and [[w:Orchidoideae|Orchidoideae]] are the largest subfamilies (main groupings). <gallery> Image:Neuwiedia griffithii.jpg|Neuwiedia griffithii (in the subfamily Apostasioideae) Image:Pinkslipper.jpg|Pink Lady's Slipper (in the subfamily Cypripedioidea) Image:Vanilla fragrans 2.jpg|Vanilla fragrans (in the subfamily Vanilloideae) Image:VandaMissJoaquim.jpg|Vanda Miss Joaquim (in the subfamily Epidendroideae) Image:Orchis conica Mallorca 02.jpg|Neotinea tridentata (in the subfamily Orchidoideae) </gallery> ==3. What are the differences between epiphytic, parasitic, and saprophytic orchids? == ===Epiphytic=== An [[w:epiphytic|epiphytic]] is an organism that grows upon or attached to a living plant. <gallery> Image: Tillandsia multicaulis (epiphyte) and Impatiens in Costa Rica.jpg Image:DirkvdM epiphytes.jpg|Epiphytes on a tree Image:Epiphytes.jpg|Epiphyte assemblage of orchids and bromeliads </gallery> ===Parasitic=== [[W:Parasitic|Parasitic]] is symbiosis or "living together", a phenomenon in which two organisms which are unrelated co-exist over a long period of time, usually the lifetime of one of the individuals. A parasitic relationship does not benefit the host and can, in fact, be detrimental to it. ===Saprophytic=== A [[w:Saprophytic|saprotroph]] (or saprobe) is an organism that obtains its nutrients from non-living organic matter, usually dead and decaying plant or animal matter, by absorbing soluble organic compounds. They cannot make food for themselves. ==4. Discuss the distribution of orchids, making particular reference to the occurrence of these in your area. == ===Distribution=== Orchids are [[W:cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]], occurring in almost every habitat. The great majority are to be found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and Central America. They are found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia and even on [[W:Macquarie Island|Macquarie Island]], close to Antarctica. The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution: * tropical America: 300 to 350 genera * tropical Asia: 250 to 300 genera * tropical Africa: 125 to 150 genera * Oceania: 50 to 70 genera * Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera * North America: 20 to 30 genera ==5. Name the main cultivated genera of orchids. Identify three from plants or picture. What is cultivar? == Most cultivated orchids are tropical or subtropical, but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include: * [[W:Ophrys apifera|Ophrys apifera]] (bee orchid), * [[w:Gymnadenia conopsea|Gymnadenia conopsea]] (fragrant orchid), * [[w:Anacamptis pyramidalis|Anacamptis pyramidalis]] (pyramidal orchid) and * [[W:Dactylorhiza fuchsii|Dactylorhiza fuchsii]] (common spotted orchid). The main cultivated genera of orchids is [[W:Epidendroideae|Epidendroideae]]. <gallery> Image:Anguloa sp.jpg|Tulip Orchid Image:Labiata.jpg|Crimson Cattleya Image:Cymbidium dayanum Orchi 04.jpg|Boat orchids Image:Laelia-anceps.jpg|Laelia anceps Image:Dendrobium-lindleyi.jpg|Dendrobium lindleyi Image:Phalaenopsis-de.jpg|Moon orchid Image:Paph bellatulum.jpg|Paphiopedilum bellatulum Image:Oncidium floridanum.jpg|Florida orchid Image:Wanda blau.JPG|Blue orchid Image:Tziscao-TenamPuente 016.jpg|Epidendrum radicans Image:Brassia arcuigera.jpg|Brassia arcuigera Image:Bulbophyllum_echinolabium.jpg|Bulbophyllum echinolabium Image:Catasetum-saccatum.jpg|Catasetum saccatum Image:Laelia tenebrosa.jpg|Sophronitis tenebrosa Image:Miltonia Aquarius Dscn4019xw.jpg|Miltonia Aquarius Image:Phaius rosellus (1847).jpg|Phaius rosellus </gallery> ==6. Discuss the main essentials to observe in the cultivation of orchids. Grow at least one orchid for at least six months. == * Light - is important in all living things. * Temperature - mature plants need a 15-20 degree F temperature difference between day and night. * Water - seedlings need more moisture, mature plants must dry out between watering. * Humidity - * Fertilizer - remember that these are usually parasitic plants. * Potting - plant in material that allows good aeration and drainage. The Wikipedia article [[w:Hippeastrum|Hippeastrum]] has detailed instructions for growing this orchid throughout the year. Another common houseplant orchid is the [[w:Cymbidium|Cymbidium]]. Another option is to grow your orchids using hydroponics, which satisfies a requirement of the Voyager curriculum. Again Wikipedia has an article called "[[w:Hydroponics for orchid cultivation|Hydroponics for orchid cultivation]]" which is filled with important details. Have a fun time growing your orchid(s). ==7. What are the main uses of orchids? What orchid is used commercially? == === Main Uses of Orchids === * The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids (mainly Orchis mascula) are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage salep or the so-called "fox-testicle ice cream" salepi dondurma. * The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumists (using Gas-liquid chromatography) to identify potential fragrance chemicals. * The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. === What orchid is used commercially? === * [[w:vanilla|Vanilla]] is a flavoring derived from orchids in the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. The name came from the Spanish word ''vainilla'', meaning ''little pod''. ==8. Know the laws in your area (if any) that protect wild orchids. == ===Navasota Ladies'-Tresses=== The '''Navasota Ladies'-Tresses ([[w:Spiranthes parksii|Spiranthes parksii]])''' is on the Federal endangered species list * http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/endang/plants/navasolt.phtml '''Reason for Concern:''' Navasota ladies-tresses is endemic to the Oak Woodlands and Prairies region of east-central Texas. Once thought to be extremely rare, it is now known to be locally common in parts of its range. However, many of the sites are near an active coal stripmining operation. Other sites are within the area of Bryan-College Station and are threatened by the rapid development of this metroplex. * [http://www.nativeorchid.org/howYouCanHelp.htm How YOU Can Help to Protect Wild Orchids] ===Pink Lady's Slipper=== ''Cypripedium acaule'', or Pink Lady's Slipper, is endangered in Nova Scotia, Canada, and in the U.S. States of Georgia, Tennessee, Illinois, and New York. Because of a fungus association needed for growth, and the high acid this plant needs, C. acaule is very difficult to grow in the average garden and is unlikely to survive any attempts at transplantation. It should not be removed or disturbed if found in nature. ===Showy Lady's Slipper=== ''Cypripedium reginae'', or Showy Lady's Slipper is endangered (or extirpated) in the U.S. States of Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. ==References== * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchids * [http://www.aos.org/aos/ American Orchid Society] * [http://www.ocos.net/ Orange County Orchid Society] [[{{BOOKCATEGORY|Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book}}/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] kqdec37eardwjd79os8t1vvqaxuywx0 110 102076 4678931 3575023 2026-10-29T18:59:22Z -wuppertaler 875036 changed one image (better quality) 4678931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color:blue"><center>Wikijunior Europe: {{SUBPAGENAME}}</center></span>}} {{wikipedia|Romania}} [[Image:LocationRomaniaInEurope.png‎ |thumb|250px|right|Map showing the location of Romania (green) in Europe]] '''Romania''' is a large country in south-eastern Europe. It shares borders with [[../Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[../Moldova|Moldova]], [[../Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[../Serbia|Serbia]] and [[../Hungary|Hungary]]. The capital city is '''[[w:Bucharest|Bucharest]]'''. Other big cities are Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara and Iași. Romania joined the [[../EU|European Union]] on 1st January, 2007 and uses the Romanian [[w:Romanian Leu|Leu]] as its currency.. ==Romania's History== [[Image:Flag_of_Romania.svg|thumb|250px|left|The flag of Romania.]] Between 1945 and 1989 Romania was a Communist country and part of the '''Warsaw Pact''' group of central and eastern European countries. In 1947 the country became a Republic and the last king of Romania left the country. Between 1965 and 1989 '''Nicolae Ceaușescu''' ruled over the country as President. Enemies of the government were sent to prison or killed. On 25th December 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu was removed from power and tried to escape from the country but he was captured and executed later. Since 1989 Romania has been a democratic country with a growing economy. The financial crisis of the late 2000s and early 2010s has created problems. ==Romania's Geography== With a surface area of 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi), Romania is the largest country in south-eastern Europe. Romania has the 9th largest territory and the '''7th largest population in the EU'''. Romania's natural landscape is almost evenly divided among mountains, hills, and plains. Spring is pleasant with cool mornings and nights and warm days. Summers are generally very warm to hot. Autumn is dry and cool, with fields and trees producing colorful foliage. Winters tend to be very cold and foggy.<br/> The '''River Danube''' (Europe's longest river) forms part of the borders between Romania and Serbia and Bulgaria and on Romania's Black Sea coast the river flows into the sea. 5% of Romania's territory is protected as part of the National Park system. At 2544 metres, [[w:Moldoveanu Peak|Moldoveanu Peak]] is Romania's highest mountain. [[Image:Bran Castle TB1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Bran Castle, built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle. It was once the home of Vlad III Dracula]] [[File:Pietrosu_Mare.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Pietrosu Peak (2,303 m)]] ==Romania's People== Romania has a population of 20.1 million. Romanians make up 90 percent of the population. The largest ethnic minorities are Hungarians, who make up 7 percent of the population and Roma (Gypsy) who make up 3 percent of the population. The official language of Romania is [[Wikijunior:Languages/Romanian|Romanian]]. Romanian is spoken as a first language by 91% of the population, with [[Wikijunior:Languages/Hungarian|Hungarian]] and Roma, being the most important minority languages. The dominant religious body is the [[Wikijunior:World Religions/Christianity|Romanian Orthodox Church]]. Over 1,000,000 Romanians currently live abroad mainly in Germany, Spain and Italy. ==Romania Sights== Tourism focuses on the country's natural landscapes and its rich history. Some fun things to do in Romania include camping and hiking in the Carpathian Mountains, skiing at Poiana Braşov and on Valea Prahovei, the Black Sea Romanian resorts, the medieval churches and monasteries of Moldavia and Bukovina, the Danube Delta, the best preserved delta of Europe, Sighişoara town and medieval festival, the medieval Castles of Transylvania, the folklore and traditions of Maramureş, rural tourism, spas and health resorts, visiting the cultural cities of Brasov, Iaşi, Timişoara, Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest and Alba Iulia, and museums. There are '''7 [[Wikijunior:World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]''' in Romania. These sites include ''Sighişoara'' in Transylvania and Danube Delta (the area where the mighty Danube river meets the Black Sea). {{Template:WikijuniorEurope}} {{BookCat}} {{Wikivoyage|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} qvrmed47tq8npod5yzeg6esw5r2wuc2 4 121012 4678946 4666657 2026-10-29T23:53:21Z ~2026-56766-53 3629362 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4666657|4666657]] by [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]])+wikinewsisreadonly now 4678946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{useful}} [[File:Wikimedia logo family complete-current.svg|thumb|250px|Wikimedia projects family]] All major projects of the [[foundation:About Wikimedia|Wikimedia Foundation]] are collaboratively developed by its users using the [[#MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] software. All contributions are licensed under the [[:en:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]] (except Wikinews, which is licensed under [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ Creative Commons Attribution 2.5]), meaning that their content may be freely used, freely edited, freely copied and freely redistributed subject to the restrictions of that license. See also our [[Special:SiteMatrix|link to all projects]]. == [[w:|Wikipedia]] == [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-wordmark.svg|right|150px|Wikipedia logo]] Wikipedia is a project to build free encyclopedias in all languages of the world. Virtually anyone with Internet access is free to contribute, by contributing neutral, cited information. Wikipedia started in January 2001, and currently offers more than ten million articles in 250 languages. The largest Wikipedia is in English, with more than two million articles; it's followed by the German and French editions, each of which contain more than half a million articles. Nine other language editions contain 100,000+ articles, and more than 100 other languages contain 1,000+ articles. Wikipedia is also known for its community. In 2004 Wikipedia won the Webby Award for "Community" and the Prix Ars Electronica's Golden Nica for "Digital Communities". Since the start of the project, over 100,000 registered users have made at least ten edits.<ref>It is unknown how many users have registered on multiple projects at once.</ref> The total number of accounts created on the English Wikipedia alone exceeds 3.4 million. However, most edits on that language edition come from around one thousand of the most dedicated users. Some Wikipedias release or plan to release regular snapshots. The German Wikipedia is released twice a year as a DVD, in collaboration with Directmedia Publishing, and the Polish Wikipedia has released one DVD of content. *[http://www.wikipedia.org Multilingual portal] *[http://en.wikipedia.org English Wikipedia] *[http://de.wikipedia.org German Wikipedia] *[http://fr.wikipedia.org French Wikipedia] *[[m:List of Wikipedias|Full list of languages]] <br clear="all"> == [[wikt:|Wiktionary]] == [[Image:Wiktionary.png|right|150px|Wiktionary logo]] Wiktionary is a project to create a multilingual free content dictionary in every language. This means each project seeks to use a particular language to define all words in ''all'' languages. It actually aims to be much more extensive than a typical dictionary, including thesauri, rhymes, translations, audio pronunciations, etymologies, and quotations. The project started in December 2002, and as of January 2008 is available in over 100 languages with over 3,000,000 entries in all. The largest language edition is French, followed by English, Vietnamese and Turkish. All four of them have more than 150,000 entries each, while 8 languages in total have more than 100,000 entries each. 61 other languages have at least 1,000 entries. Wiktionary has been collaborating with the Wikimedia Commons. Many sound files have been uploaded to Commons, to provide Wiktionary and other projects with examples of pronunciation. *[http://www.wiktionary.org Multilingual portal] *[http://fr.wiktionary.org French Wiktionary] *[http://en.wiktionary.org English Wiktionary] *[http://vi.wiktionary.org Vietnamese Wiktionary] *[http://tr.wiktionary.org Turkish Wiktionary] *[[m:Wiktionary|Full list of languages]] <br clear="all"> == [[q:|Wikiquote]] == [[Image:Wikiquote-logo-en.png|right|150px|Wikiquote logo]] Wikiquote is a repository of quotations taken from famous people, books, speeches, films or any intellectually interesting materials. Proverbs, mnemonics or slogans are also included in Wikiquote. The project started in July 2003; As of January 2008, it includes over 75,903 pages in almost 50 languages. The largest Wikiquote is in English with over 15,000 pages. The German, Italian, and Polish, each over 5,000 articles. *[http://www.wikiquote.org Multilingual portal] *[http://en.wikiquote.org English Wikiquote] *[http://de.wikiquote.org German Wikiquote] *[http://it.Wikiquote.org Italian Wikiquote] *[http://pl.Wikiquote.org Polish Wikiquote] *[[m:Wikiquote|Full list of languages]] <br clear="all"> == Wikibooks == [[Image:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg|right|150px|Wikibooks logo]] Wikibooks aims to build a collection of free e-book resources, including textbooks, language courses, manuals, and annotated public domain books. It aims to help both (self-)instruction of students, and teachers in high-schools and universities. As of January 2008, the largest Wikibooks is in the English language, with over 28,000 modules from over 3,000 developing books. The German and Portuguese follow, each has over 5,000 modules. The project started in July 2003 and now has over 84,000 modules from over 5,000 developing books, across over 50 languages. *[http://www.wikibooks.org/ Multilingual portal] *[http://en.wikibooks.org/ English Wikibooks] *[http://de.wikibooks.org/ German Wikibooks] *[http://pt.wikibooks.org/ Portuguese Wikibooks] *[[Main Page|Full list of languages]] <br clear="all"> == [[s:|Wikisource]] == [[Image:Wikisource-newberg-de.png|right|150px|Wikisource logo]] Wikisource is a multilingual project, started in November 2003, to archive a collection of texts that could be distributed as free and open content. It is not only a superior format for storing classics, laws, and other free works as hypertext, but it also serves as base for translating these texts. At the beginning, source texts in all languages (except Hebrew) were all on one wiki. However, Wikisource now has several editions in many individual languages. As of January 2008, Wikisource offers 315,000 source texts in total. The largest is the English Wikisource, with over 104,000 works. *[http://wikisource.org/ Wikisource (multilingual)] *[http://en.wikisource.org English Wikisource] *[http://fr.wikisource.org French Wikisource] *[http://es.wikisource.org Spanish Wikisource] *[[m:Wikisource|Full list of languages]] <br clear="all"> == [[species:|Wikispecies]] == [[Image:Wikispecies-logo-en.png|right|150px|Wikispecies logo]] Wikispecies is an open, wiki-based project to provide a central, more extensive species database for taxonomy. Launched 14 September 2004, Wikispecies is aimed specifically at the needs of scientific users, and as of January 2008, has over 125,000 entries. There are plans to help Wikispecies collaborate with the [[w:Encyclopedia of Life|Encyclopedia of Life]] project when the latter is more fully underway. * [http://species.wikimedia.org/ Wikispecies] <br clear="all"> == [[n:|Wikinews]] == [[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|right|150px|Wikinews logo]] The Wikinews project was launched in December 2004 with the mission to report the news on a wide variety of subjects. In March 2026, the WMF announced that Wikinews would be closed and made read only on May 4 of that year. As of January 2008, 23 language versions of Wikinews have been launched, producing more than 48,000 news articles in total. (Some Wikinews, including the English one, can be subscribed to through RSS feeds.) Contributors from around the world write news articles collaboratively. Reports range from original reporting and interviews to summaries of news from external sources. All of them are required to be written from a neutral point of view. Currently Wikinews has two aims: providing a free content alternative to commercial news sites and making sure that articles are fact-checked and reviewed thoroughly. * [http://www.wikinews.org Multilingual portal] * [http://en.wikinews.org English Wikinews] * [http://de.wikinews.org German Wikinews] * [http://pl.wikinews.org Polish Wikinews] * [http://it.wikinews.org Italian Wikinews] * [[m:Wikinews|Full list of languages]] <br clear="all"> == [[v:|Wikiversity]] == [[Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg|right|150px|Wikiversity logo]] Wikiversity is a project dedicated to learning materials and learning communities, as well as research. It was set up as a Wikimedia project (in "beta" phase), on 15th August, 2006, with the English and German Wikiversities, as well as the multilingual co-ordination hub. Since then, these have been joined by the French, Greek, Italian and Spanish Wikiversities. Despite what its name may suggest, Wikiversity is not limited to university (or tertiary) level materials, but is open to materials and communities of all learner levels. The way it can facilitate learning activities and communities is still being explored, but is centered around the model of 'learning by doing', or 'experiential learning'. * [http://www.wikiversity.org/ Multilingual portal] * [http://en.wikiversity.org/ English Wikiversity] * [http://fr.wikiversity.org/ French Wikiversity] * [http://de.wikiversity.org/ German Wikiversity] * [http://el.wikiversity.org/ Greek Wikiversity] * [http://it.wikiversity.org/ Italian Wikiversity] * [http://es.wikiversity.org/ Spanish Wikiversity] <!-- project without final approval removed --> * [http://beta.wikiversity.org/ Multilingual co-ordination Wikiversity] <br clear="all"> == [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] == [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|right|150px|Wikimedia Commons logo]] Wikimedia Commons was launched in September 2004 to provide a central repository for free photographs, diagrams, maps, videos, animations, music, sounds, spoken texts, and other free media. It is a multilingual project with contributors speaking dozens of languages, that serves as a central repository for all Wikimedia projects. The project is growing rapidly. In October 2007, it reached [[commons:Commons:Press releases/2M|two million]] multimedia files, less than a year after reaching [[commons:Commons:Press releases/1M|one million]]. Wikimedia Commons received an honorary mention for Digital Community at the 2005 Prix Ars Electronica awards in May 2005. The project has two community-driven mechanisms for highlighting quality contributions: [[commons:Commons:Featured pictures|Featured pictures]] which acknowledge the cream of the crop, and [[commons:Commons:Quality Images|Quality images]], which recognise well-composed creations by Wikimedia editors. Since 2006 it has run a [[commons:Commons:Picture of the Year|Picture of the Year]] competition, which invites the wider Wikimedia community to share in the celebration of the inspiring free content imagery. Two pages, [[commons:Commons:Meet our photographers|Meet our photographers]] and [[commons:Commons:Meet our illustrators|Meet our illustrators]], showcase a selection of the highly skilled contributors who choose to use free content licenses and donate their work to the Wikimedia Commons. For more information on Commons, please see [[foundation:Spotlight on Wikimedia Commons|Spotlight on Wikimedia Commons]]. <br clear="all"> == Related projects == === [[mw:|MediaWiki]] === [[File:MediaWiki-2020-logo.svg|right|150px|MediaWiki Logo]] [http://mediawiki.org MediaWiki] is a [[w:wiki|wiki]] engine released under the [[w:GPL|GPL]]. The MediaWiki software is used by all Wikimedia projects and [[w:en:Wikipedia:Sites_using_MediaWiki|many other sites]]. In 2005 MediaWiki won the prize at [http://www.tropheesdulibre.org/ les Trophées du Libre] in the category ''special php prize''. As of 2007, MediaWiki is in use by many, many websites and projects around the world, and has been downloaded over 1 million times from the [http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=34373 SourceForge] software archive. See [[m:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]], its [[w:en:MediaWiki|Wikipedia article]], or [[mw:|its website]] for more information. <br clear="all"> ===[[m:|Wikimedia Meta-wiki]]=== '''Wikimedia Meta wiki''' (often shortened to simply '''Meta'''), a wiki for coordination of Wikimedia projects. It currently serves several distinct roles: # Discussion and formulation of the Wikimedia projects, and in particular policy discussion relevant to all projects, such as [[:m:Category:Open content license issues|open content licensing]]. # A place to deal with cross-wiki [[m:Vandalism reports|vandalism]] and [[m:Talk:Spam blacklist|spam]]. # A place to [[m:Requests for comments|get comments]] from members of many wiki communities. # A place to coordinate [[m:Steward requests/Permissions|requests for permissions]] on small wikis. == References== <references/> {{Wikibooks editor navigation}} a5xzy82i3dc9e3svhqsfqw8jpb51206 10 134337 4678864 4678169 2026-10-29T16:48:17Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 [[WB:REVERT|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|DVD206]] ([[User talk:DVD206|talk]]) to last version by EJPPhilippines 4520178 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[:{{{1}}}]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''<includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}PAGENAME}}</includeonly><noinclude>Contributor</noinclude>, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion<includeonly>#{{{3|{{{1}}}}}}</includeonly>|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] <includeonly>"[[:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]"</includeonly><noinclude>some book</noinclude>.'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. {{{2|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{Subst only}} ==Usage== {{info|Please remember to substitute the template using {{tlxs|rfd warning|<pagename>|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}} instead of {{tlx|rfd warning|<pagename>|<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}.}} [[Category:User warning templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Deletion templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</noinclude> 4bj1fwfgnnu18oum5mxflbn2a5523nx 4 140081 4678842 4678814 2026-10-29T14:05:44Z Koavf 16549 /* Ruchichuahan reported by MathsScienceNerd1 */ Reply 4678842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Rudrashares01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rudrashares01}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rudrashares01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:25, 15 October 2026 (UTC) == Rimshad12 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|Rimshad12}} Spam ([[:m:special:GlobalContributions/Rimshad12|cross-wiki]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rimshad12/ --> [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 06:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Locked}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:41, 16 October 2026 (UTC) == Wanjigires reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wanjigires}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wanjigires/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:22, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Hoquangvinh70 reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Hoquangvinh70}} Link spam, see userpage <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hoquangvinh70/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Help == I need help with the contributions of user [[User:Ԛѣуех|Ԛѣуех]]. I initially rollbacked the edits because it was vandalism, which I later reverted, because it was a misclick. Though, looking at the diff, it looks as if it was vandalism, so I reverted my edit. Could a moderator please check if it was vandalism/ test edit, because I am not too sure. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-57615-63}} vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-57615-63/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:21, 28 October 2026 (UTC) == Ruchichuahan reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Ruchichuahan}} Advertisement, spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ruchichuahan/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:28, 29 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:05, 29 October 2026 (UTC) h5cg1krokjyt3zewjvuj215chj6heu5 4678985 4678842 2026-10-30T08:10:40Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread (older than 14 days) to [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/2026/October]] 4678985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Header}} {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s |algo = old(14d) |counter = 1 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 1 }} == Rimshad12 reported by Morkoz == * {{userlinks|Rimshad12}} Spam ([[:m:special:GlobalContributions/Rimshad12|cross-wiki]]) <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rimshad12/ --> [[User:Morkoz|Morkoz]] ([[User talk:Morkoz|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Morkoz|contribs]]) 06:06, 16 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done|Locked}} --[[User:SHB|SHB]] ([[User talk:SHB|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/SHB|contribs]]) 11:41, 16 October 2026 (UTC) == Wanjigires reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Wanjigires}} Link spam, [[Special:AbuseLog/316338]] <!-- USERREPORTED:/Wanjigires/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 04:22, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Hoquangvinh70 reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Hoquangvinh70}} Link spam, see userpage <!-- USERREPORTED:/Hoquangvinh70/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:44, 24 October 2026 (UTC) == Help == I need help with the contributions of user [[User:Ԛѣуех|Ԛѣуех]]. I initially rollbacked the edits because it was vandalism, which I later reverted, because it was a misclick. Though, looking at the diff, it looks as if it was vandalism, so I reverted my edit. Could a moderator please check if it was vandalism/ test edit, because I am not too sure. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 04:19, 25 October 2026 (UTC) == ~2026-57615-63 reported by MathXplore == * {{anonlinks|~2026-57615-63}} vandalism <!-- USERREPORTED:/~2026-57615-63/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 23:21, 28 October 2026 (UTC) == Ruchichuahan reported by MathsScienceNerd1 == * {{userlinks|Ruchichuahan}} Advertisement, spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Ruchichuahan/ --> [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 07:28, 29 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 14:05, 29 October 2026 (UTC) egqh1hvteaxs8hnfdnbdjs564lbhxfr 1 141393 4678942 4676765 2026-10-29T23:12:18Z ~2026-56766-53 3629362 /* Concise New Zealand History */ Reply 4678942 wikitext text/x-wiki == Concise New Zealand History == I have decided to change the name of the book to a Concise New Zealand History. I have done this because I have found that enormous books, especially informational ones, can be intimidating to some readers and put them off reading the book. I would like this book to be an easy read. [[User:Helpfulstuffnz|Helpfulstuffnz]] 03:24, 2 December 2007 (UTC) :yes i agree. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-55888-47|~2026-55888-47]] ([[User talk:~2026-55888-47|talk]]) 18:24, 17 October 2026 (UTC) :A good point made in 2007 [[Special:Contributions/~2026-55705-00|~2026-55705-00]] ([[User talk:~2026-55705-00|talk]]) 18:44, 17 October 2026 (UTC) ::Just to elaborate a bit: There is a lot of information on the web nowadays. For years wikipedia was recognized by search engines as the better choice (on, but not all, topics), but things seem to be changing. When I go to google nowadays I get to find out more than I used to. Yes, sometimes it is ways off but oftentimes it lets me find out more information than I can get by searching wikipedia itself. ::Anyone else? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-55705-00|~2026-55705-00]] ([[User talk:~2026-55705-00|talk]]) 16:36, 18 October 2026 (UTC) :::I guess I am talking to myself. Is anon else reading this? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-56766-53|~2026-56766-53]] ([[User talk:~2026-56766-53|talk]]) 23:12, 29 October 2026 (UTC) 112n31lnag6eqfpiyq4rklad2prt8hn 0 142029 4678881 4678785 2026-10-29T17:44:21Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19,<br> Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-21, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'21, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'21,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'21,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Range Rover Velar S '21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'21, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'21 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P300 S '21 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P360 S - Canada only: '21 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P300 R-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic HSE '21 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20,<br> Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20, HSE Silver Edition '21 <br> [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'21 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20,<br> P400e HSE Silver Edition '21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18,<br> Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18,<br> Autobiography '19-'21 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'21, SVR Carbon Edition '21 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'21 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '21 [Pos. 8 is K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE Westminster Edition '21 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition SWB '21 <br> [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition SWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} 5fcq3p2d9isd0mh69pa4wtj9ih68w5u 4678926 4678881 2026-10-29T18:33:39Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19,<br> Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-22, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'22, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21-'22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Canada only: '21-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P250 Bronze Collection - Canada only: '22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P300 HST '22 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Range Rover Velar S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'22, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P300 S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P360 S - Canada only: '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P300 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic HSE '21-'22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20,<br> Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20, HSE Silver Edition '21 <br> [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition '22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20,<br> P400e HSE Silver Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18,<br> Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18,<br> Autobiography '19-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'22, SVR Carbon Edition '21-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover base model '18-'21 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '21 [Pos. 8 is K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE Westminster Edition '21 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition SWB '21 <br> [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography SWB '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition SWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Autobiography LWB '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover SVAutobiography LWB '18-'21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} m4vymwmmrjo6oikymq5l1ajmtnvjt9f 4678936 4678926 2026-10-29T20:43:55Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19,<br> Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-22, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'22, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21-'22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Canada only: '21-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P250 Bronze Collection - Canada only: '22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P300 HST '22 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Range Rover Velar S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'22, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P300 S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P360 S - Canada only: '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P300 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic HSE '21-'22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20,<br> Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20, HSE Silver Edition '21 <br> [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition '22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20,<br> P400e HSE Silver Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18,<br> Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18,<br> Autobiography '19-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'22, SVR Carbon Edition '21-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover (L405) base model '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '21 [Pos. 8 is K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) HSE Westminster Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition SWB '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography SWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition SWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'22,<br> SVAutobiography Dynamic Black '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition LWB '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} bs91vly0em0n22hcxeyve4jiamd479x 4678937 4678936 2026-10-29T21:13:44Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19,<br> Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-22, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'22, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21-'22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Canada only: '21-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P250 Bronze Collection - Canada only: '22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P300 HST '22 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Range Rover Velar S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'22, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P300 S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P360 S - Canada only: '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P300 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic HSE '21-'22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20,<br> Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20, HSE Silver Edition '21 <br> [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition '22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20,<br> P400e HSE Silver Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18,<br> Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18,<br> Autobiography '19-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'22, SVR Carbon Edition '21-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover (L405) base model '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '21 [Pos. 8 is K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) HSE Westminster Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged SWB '18-'19, P525 HSE SWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition SWB '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography SWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition SWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'22,<br> SVAutobiography Dynamic Black '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged LWB '18-'19, P525 HSE LWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition LWB '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Range Rover (L460) SE '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Range Rover (L460) Autobiography '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L460) First Edition '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover (L460) SV '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} foi1jlvekzg7gqjk8cneen0d9hozg5h 4678938 4678937 2026-10-29T21:18:47Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19,<br> Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-22, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'22, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21-'22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Canada only: '21-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P250 Bronze Collection - Canada only: '22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P300 HST '22 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Range Rover Velar S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'22, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P300 S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P360 S - Canada only: '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P300 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic HSE '21-'22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20,<br> Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20, HSE Silver Edition '21 <br> [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition '22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20,<br> P400e HSE Silver Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18,<br> Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18,<br> Autobiography '19-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'22, SVR Carbon Edition '21-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover (L405) base model '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '21 [Pos. 8 is K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) HSE Westminster Edition '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged SWB '18-'19,<br> P525 HSE SWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition SWB '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography SWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition SWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'22,<br> SVAutobiography Dynamic Black '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged LWB '18-'19,<br> P525 HSE LWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition LWB '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Range Rover (L460) SE '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Range Rover (L460) Autobiography '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L460) First Edition '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover (L460) SV '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE '21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE '20 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X '20-'21 w/3 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} hazcqzemkoes9i54uy5n9qdcbst2rnb 4678941 4678938 2026-10-29T22:20:15Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5) */ 4678941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} From 1948 to the early eighties, Land Rover used for their cars chassis numbers of their own format. These formats are described in the table below. Since 1980 Land Rover deploys the standard 17-character Vehicle Identification Number ('''VIN'''), complying with international standards. Car details can be derived (decoded, calculated) from the chassis numbers and the VIN. Typically, the model (Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Freelander), model type (station wagon, three/four door, etc), wheelbase (90 inch, 100 inch, 110 inch, etc.), engine, LHD/RHD, gearbox, and model year is included in the VIN. ===Chassis number formats over the years=== <table> <tr><th>Description</th><th>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</th><th>Format</th></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, International VIN, 1980-later</td><td></td><td>SAL..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for LR do Brazil </td><td></td><td>93R..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Int. VIN for AAD, 1985-1995 </td><td></td><td>AAD..............</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, US/Canada VIN, 1987-later </td><td></td><td>SAL.................</td></tr> <tr><td>17-characters, Brazil VIN for JLR Brazil, 2016-later </td><td></td><td>99J.................</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>14-characters: is actually the 17-char</td></tr> <tr><td>VIN missing the SAL bit</td></tr> <tr><td> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1955 </td><td></td><td>17.6.....</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1956 to 1961 </td><td></td><td>1........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1950 </td><td></td><td>L........ or R........</td></tr> <tr><td>9-character numbers, 1962 to 1979 </td><td></td><td>.........</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.8......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1950 to 1953 </td><td></td><td>.6......</td></tr> <tr><td>8-character numbers, 1954 to 1955 </td><td></td><td>.7......</td></tr> <tr></tr> <tr><td>7-character numbers, 1948 to 1949 </td><td></td><td>.......</td></tr> <tr><td>6-character numbers, ???? prototypes </td><td></td><td>110F..</td></tr> <tr><td>3-character numbers, 1948 prototypes </td><td></td><td>R.. or L..</td></tr> </table> ===Land Rover WMIs (1981-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAL - Land Rover (UK & Europe) * 99J - JLR Brazil * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 3 / LR3 (2004–2009)|Land Rover LR3]] ('05-'09) |- |A |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery 4 / LR4 (2009–2016)|Land Rover LR4]] ('10-'16) |- |C |[[w:Land Rover Discovery Sport|Land Rover Discovery Sport]] ('15-'26) |- |D |[[w:Land Rover Defender#North American Specification (NAS) Defenders|Land Rover Defender]] ('93-'95, '97) |- |E |[[w:Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender (L663)]] ('20-) |- |F |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander 2 (L359; 2006–2015)|Land Rover LR2]] ('08-'15) |- |G |[[w:Range Rover (L405)|Land Rover Range Rover (L405)]] (4th gen.) ('13-'22) |- |H |[[w:Range Rover Classic|Land Rover Range Rover/Range Rover Classic]] (1st gen.) ('87-'95) |- |J |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#First & Second generation Discovery|Land Rover Discovery]] ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |- |K |[[w:Range Rover (L460)|Land Rover Range Rover (L460)]] (5th gen.) (Mid '22-) |- |M |[[w:Range Rover (L322)|Land Rover Range Rover (L322)]] (3rd gen.) ('03-'12) |- |N |[[w:Land Rover Freelander#Freelander in North America|Land Rover Freelander]] ('02-'05) |- |P |[[w:Range Rover (P38A)|Land Rover Range Rover (P38A)]] (2nd gen.) ('95-'02) |- |R |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Fifth generation Discovery (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]] ('17-) |- |S |[[w:Range Rover Sport#First generation (L320; 2005)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (1st gen.) ('06-'13) |- |T |[[w:Land Rover Discovery#Discovery Series II (L318; 1998–2004)|Land Rover Discovery Series II]] ('99-'04) |- |V |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#First generation (L538; 2011)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (1st gen.) ('12-'19) |- |W |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Second generation (L494; 2013)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (2nd gen.) ('14-'22) |- |Y |[[w:Range Rover Velar|Land Rover Range Rover Velar]] (1st gen.) ('18-) |- |Z |[[w:Range Rover Evoque#Second generation (L551; 2018)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque]] (2nd gen.) ('20-) |- |1 |[[w:Range Rover Sport#Third generation (L461; 2022)|Land Rover Range Rover Sport]] (3rd gen.) ('23-) |- |} ===Model Series/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |V (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |E (following H) |Range Rover 100" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |C (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (1st gen.) |Class E |- |F (following H) |Range Rover LWB 108" wheelbase (CA emissions) (1st gen.) ('95) |Class E |- |H (following D) |Defender 110 ('93) |Class E |- |V (following D) |Defender 90 ('94-'95, '97) |Class E |- |X (following D) |Defender 90 (CA emissions) ('95) |Class E |- |Y (following J) |Discovery ('94-'98 & '99 Discovery SD) |Class E |- |N (following J) |Discovery (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II ('99-'00) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) ('95-'98) |Class E |- |E (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (CA emissions) ('95-'96) |Class E |- |A (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (GEMS engine management) (Early '99) |Class E |- |V (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) (Bosch engine management) ('99-'00) |Class E |- |C (following P) |Range Rover 4.6 HSE Callaway Edition (2nd gen.) (Callaway-modified engine) ('99) |Class E |- |} ===Model Series/Trim Level/GVWR=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Series !GVWR |- |M (following N) |Freelander S ('02-'03) |Class C |- |Y (following N) |Freelander SE ('02-'05), SE3 ('03-'05) |Class C |- |E (following N) |Freelander HSE ('02-'04) |Class C |- |L (following T) |Discovery Series II SD ('01-'02), S ('03-'04) |Class E |- |K (following T) |Discovery Series II SD7 ('01-'02), S7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |Y (following T) |Discovery Series II SE ('01-'04) |Class E |- |W (following T) |Discovery Series II SE7 ('01-'04) |Class E |- |H (following T) |Discovery Series II LE ('01) |Class E |- |J (following T) |Discovery Series II LE7 ('01) |Class E |- |P (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE ('03-'04) |Class E |- |R (following T) |Discovery Series II HSE7 ('03-'04) |Class E |- |L (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 SE ('01) |Class E |- |M (following P) |Range Rover (2nd gen.) 4.6 HSE ('01-'02), Westminster Edition ('02) |Class E |- |H (following M) |Range Rover (3rd gen.) Westminster Edition ('04-'05) |Class E |- |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '18-'19,<br> Range Rover Evoque SE, SE Premium '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque Landmark Edition 4-d '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '18, Range Rover Evoque HSE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE '19, Landmark Edition '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery Sport HSE Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Lux '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury '19 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport HSE Luxury Dynamic '19 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |Range Rover Evoque Autobiography '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Evoque SE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |Range Rover Evoque HSE Dynamic 2-d convertible '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |Discovery Sport base model '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery Sport S '20-22, Range Rover Evoque S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Discovery Sport SE '20-'22, Range Rover Evoque SE '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Discovery Sport HSE '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque First Edition '20 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic S '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S '20-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE '20-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '21-'22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic SE '20 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery Sport R-Dynamic HSE '20, Canada only: '21-'22,<br> Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic HSE '20-'21 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P250 Bronze Collection - Canada only: '22 [Pos. 7 is F] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover Evoque P300 HST '22 [Pos. 7 is G] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar base model '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |Range Rover Velar S '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Range Rover Velar S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |Range Rover Velar SE - Canada only: '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '18-'19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |A |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic SE '19 (some early prod. w/340-hp engine) [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic S '21-'22 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE '18-'22, First Edition '18 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |Discovery SE '18-'20, Range Rover Sport SE '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Discovery Landmark Edition '20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P300 S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Discovery P360 S - Canada only: '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P300 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |Discovery P360 R-Dynamic HSE '21-'22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Discovery HSE '18-'20,<br> Range Rover Sport HSE '18 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '19 [Pos. 8 is V or K or U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE '20, HSE Silver Edition '21 <br> [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport HSE Silver Edition '22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |Discovery HSE Luxury '18-'20 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover Sport HST Mid '19-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport P400e HSE '20,<br> P400e HSE Silver Edition '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover Sport Supercharged '18,<br> Supercharged Dynamic '18-'19, HSE Dynamic '20-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover Sport Autobiography Dynamic '18,<br> Autobiography '19-'22 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |Range Rover Sport SVR '18-'22, SVR Carbon Edition '21-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |Range Rover (L405) base model '18-'22 |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '18-'19 [Pos. 8 is V or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '20 [Pos. 8 is U or K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover HSE '21 [Pos. 8 is K] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) HSE Westminster Edition '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover P400e HSE '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover P400e Autobiography '20-'21 [Pos. 8 is Y] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged SWB '18-'19,<br> P525 HSE SWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition SWB '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 2 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography SWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition SWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic '18-'22,<br> SVAutobiography Dynamic Black '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 2] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |Range Rover (L405) Supercharged LWB '18-'19,<br> P525 HSE LWB '20,<br> P525 HSE Westminster Edition LWB '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 5 & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L405) Autobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover Autobiography Fifty Edition LWB '21 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography LWB '18-'22 [Pos. 6 is 5] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Range Rover (L460) SE '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Range Rover (L460) Autobiography '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Range Rover (L460) First Edition '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |U |Range Rover (L460) SV '22 |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 90 base model '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model w/2 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |Defender 110 base model w/3 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 90 S '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S w/2 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |Defender 110 S w/3 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |Y |Defender 90 X-Dynamic S '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE w/2 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |Defender 110 SE w/3 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 90 X-Dynamic SE '22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE w/2 rows of seats '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |2 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic SE w/3 rows of seats '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 90 X-Dynamic HSE '22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE w/2 rows of seats '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |3 |Defender 110 X-Dynamic HSE w/3 rows of seats '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Defender 110 XS Edition w/2 rows of seats '22 <br> [Pos. 6 is 7 & Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Defender 110 XS Edition w/3 rows of seats '22 <br> [Pos. 6 is E & Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |V |Defender 90 First Edition '21 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition w/2 rows of seats '20 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |Defender 110 First Edition w/3 rows of seats '20 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE w/2 rows of seats '20 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |9 |Defender 110 HSE w/3 rows of seats '20 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 90 X '21-'22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X w/2 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is 7] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |Defender 110 X w/3 rows of seats '20-'22 [Pos. 6 is E] |Awd |Class F (7,001-8,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Defender 90 V8 '22, V8 Carpathian Edition '22 [Pos. 6 is 6] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |Defender 110 V8 '22, V8 Carpathian Edition '22, V8 Bond Edition '22 w/2 rows of seats [Pos. 6 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class E (6,001-7,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Type=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6 !VIN code !Description |- |1 |4-door wagon (Range Rover '87-'12, Defender 110 '93, Discovery '94-'04) |- |1 |2-door soft top (Freelander SE3) ('03-'05) |- |1 |2-door wagon (Range Rover Evoque 2-d '12-'17) |- |2 |2-door soft top (Defender 90) ('94-'95, '97) |- |2 |4-door wagon (Freelander) ('02-'05) |- |2 |4-door wagon (LR2 '08-'15, Discovery Sport '15-'26, Range Rover Evoque 4-d '12-, LR3 '05-'09, LR4 '10-'16, Discovery '18-, Range Rover Sport '06-'22, Range Rover Sport P400e '20, Range Rover SWB (L405) '13-'22, Range Rover Velar '18-) |- |3 |2-door wagon (Defender 90) ('95, '97) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB '14-'16) |- |3 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class E GVWR (Range Rover SV Autobiography LWB '17) |- |4 |4-door wagon [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] (Range Rover P400e '20-'21, Range Rover Sport P400e '21-Early '22) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover Supercharged LWB & Autobiography LWB '17) |- |5 |4-door wagon LWB w/Class F GVWR (Range Rover LWB (L405) '18-'22) |- |5 |2-door convertible (Range Rover Evoque convertible '17-'19) |- |6 |2-door wagon (Defender 90 '21-) |- |7 |4-door wagon w/2 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |9 |4-door wagon (Range Rover SWB (L460) '22-, Range Rover Sport '23-) |- |B |4-door wagon (Discovery '17) |- |B |4-door wagon LWB (Range Rover LWB (L460) '22-) |- |E |4-door wagon w/3 rows of seating (Defender 110 '20-) |- |F |4-door wagon w/extended length (Defender 130 '23-) |} SWB=Short-wheelbase, LWB=Long-wheelbase ===Engine Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 3.5L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. [[w:Rover V8 engine|(Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine]]. Land Rover Range Rover ('87-'88). |- | 1 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Single VANOS (Intake VVT). BMW M62TUB44 engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('03-'05). |- | 2 || 3.9L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover SWB ('89-'94), Range Rover County Classic [SWB] ('95), Defender 110 ('93),<br> Defender 90 ('94-'95), Discovery ('94-'95). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('95-'99),<br> Discovery ('96-'02), Defender 90 ('97). |- | 2 || 2.5L || 90° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Sequential MPI. VIS. [[w:Rover KV6 engine|Rover KV6 engine]]. Land Rover Freelander ('02-'05). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||MPI. (4275 cc, actually 4.3L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover County LWB ('93-'95). |- | 3 || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Jaguar AJ33S engine. Land Rover Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 4 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('96-'99), Discovery ('03). |- | 4 || 4.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 12 valve||Sequential MPI. Variable intake manifold. Ford Cologne V6 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'07 & also '08-'09 in Canada). |- | 5 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (3947 cc, actually 3.9L). (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV.<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.0 SE ('00), Discovery ('00-'02). |- | 5 || 4.4L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Sequential MPI. Continuously VCP (Intake VVT). Jaguar AJ41 engine.<br> Land Rover LR3 ('05-'09), Range Rover ('06-'09), Range Rover Sport ('06-'09). |- | 6 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. LEV ('00-'02) or ULEV ('03).<br> Land Rover Range Rover 4.6 HSE ('00-'02), 4.6 SE ('01), Discovery ('03). |- | 9 || 4.6L || V8 || Gas ||OHV||Sequential MPI. (Ex-GM) Rover V8 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('04). |- | D || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. Jaguar AJ133 engine (LR-V8).<br> Land Rover LR4 ('10-'13), Range Rover ('10-'13), Range Rover Sport ('10-'13). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('10-'16), Range Rover Sport ('10-'16). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Td6 ('16), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('16). |- | P || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('16), Range Rover Sport ('16). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14-'15), Range Rover Sport ('14-'15). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover LR4 ('14-'16), Range Rover ('14-'16), Range Rover Sport ('14-'16). |- | W || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('14), Range Rover Sport ('14). |} VVT=Variable Valve Timing. VCP=Variable Camshaft Phasing. VCT=Variable Camshaft Timing. VIS=Variable Intake System. LEV=Low Emissions Vehicle. ULEV=Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicle. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. ===Transmission Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |4 |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '08-'09) |- |B |6-speed automatic (Aisin AWF21) (LR2 '10-'15, Range Rover Evoque '12-'13) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '15-'16, Range Rover Evoque '14-'16) |} ===Transmission Type (All models 2017)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 !VIN code !Description |- |B |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Discovery '17) |- |B |9-speed automatic (ZF 9HP) (Discovery Sport '17, Range Rover Evoque '17) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '17, Range Rover Sport '17) |} ===Transmission Type (All Models 1987-2016 EXCEPT LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 !VIN code !Description |- |2 |5-speed automatic [manual shift mode: Steptronic or CommandShift] (Jatco JF506E) (Freelander '02-'05) |- |4 |4-speed automatic (ZF 4HP22 or w/4.6L V8: 4HP24) (Range Rover '87-'02, Discovery '94-'04, Defender 90 '97) |- |4 |5-speed automatic (ZF 5HP24) (Range Rover '03-'05) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP26X) (LR3 '05-'09, Range Rover '06-'09, Range Rover Sport '06-'09) |- |4 |6-speed automatic (ZF 6HP28X) (LR4 '10-'13, Range Rover '10-'12, Range Rover Sport '10-'13) |- |6 |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (LR4 '14-'16) |- |8 |5-speed manual (Defender 110 '93, Defender 90 '94-'95, Discovery '94-'97) |- |F |8-speed automatic (ZF 8HP) (Range Rover '13-'16, Range Rover Sport '14-'16) |} All are LHD (Left-hand drive). ===Engine Type (LR2, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque only 2008-2016)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover LR2 ('13-'15), Discovery Sport ('15-'16), Range Rover Evoque ('12-'16). |- | N || 3.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. VCT (Intake VVT). CPS (Intake VVL). VIS. [[w:Volvo SI6 engine#B6324S5|Volvo SI6 engine - B6324S5]]. Land Rover LR2 ('08-'12). |- |} VCT=Variable Cam Timing. VVT=Variable Valve Timing. CPS=Cam Profile Switching. VVL=Variable Valve Lift. VIS=Variable Intake System. ===Engine Type (All models 2017 only)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based).<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('17), Range Rover Evoque ('17). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('17), Range Rover Td6 ('17), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('17), Range Rover ('17), Range Rover Sport ('17). |} ==Engine 2018-== ===Engine Variant (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Power Level/Engine !! Transmission !! Model |- |R (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('18), Range Rover Evoque ('18-'19) |- |F (followed by X) |237 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19) |- |G (followed by X) |286 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport ('19), Discovery Sport P290 ('20) |- |F (followed by X) |246 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Discovery Sport P250 ('20-'26), Range Rover Evoque S/SE/1st Edition ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P250 ('21-'26) |- |G (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |9-speed auto. |Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S/SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Evoque P300 HST ('22-'23) |- |R (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by X) |247 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P250 ('19-'26) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P300 (Canada only: '19-'20) |- |R (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |E (followed by N) |180 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbodiesel I4 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar D180 ('19) |- |R (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar ('18) |- |F (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P380 ('19-'20) |- |E (followed by U) |335 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P340 ('21-'23, Canada only: '24-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar P400 R-Dynamic HSE ('21-'22), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 HST ('23), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/HSE ('24-'25), <br> Range Rover Velar P400 Dynamic SE/Autobiography/Belgravia Ed. ('26) |- |E (followed by E) |550 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20) |- |R (followed by V) |340 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport SE/HSE ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by K) |254 hp 3.0L "Lion" AJD-V6 turbodiesel V6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('21) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('21) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('22-'24) |- |F (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P300 ('25-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Discovery P360 ('22-'26) |- |S (followed by V) |380 hp 3.0L AJ126 supercharged V6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HSE Dynamic ('18-'19), Range Rover HSE ('18-'19) |- |R (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SE/HSE (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport HST (Mid '19) |- |S (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover Sport P360 SE/HSE Silver ('21-'22), Range Rover (L405) P360 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 HST ('20-'22), Range Rover P400 HSE ('20),<br> Range Rover (L405) P400 HSE Westminster ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by Y) |398 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-'22), Range Rover P400e ('20-'21) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport ('18-'19), Range Rover ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('18-'19) |- |S (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P525 ('20-'22), Range Rover (L405) P525 ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |575 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport SVR ('20-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |557 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L405) SVAutobiography Dynamic, SVAutobiography LWB ('20-'22) |- |E (followed by U) |355 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P360 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P400 ('23-'26), <br> Range Rover (L460) P400 SE ('22-'26) |- |E (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P440e ('23) |- |F (followed by 4) |434 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover P440e ('23) |- |E (followed by 4) |454 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P460e ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 4) |542 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 + 1 motor <br> Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P550e ('24-'26), Range Rover P550e ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by 7) |523 hp 4.4L BMW N63 (JLR NC10)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P530 ('23), <br> Range Rover (L460) P530 ('22-'23) |- |F (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition One ('24),<br> Range Rover Sport P635 SV Edition Two ('25), Range Rover Sport P635 SV ('26) |- |E (followed by 9) |523 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P530 ('24-'26), Range Rover Sport P530 ('25-'26) |- |F (followed by 9) |606 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Range Rover (L460) P615 SV ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P300 ('20) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P400 ('20) |- |R (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P300 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('21-'22), Defender 110 P400 ('21-'22) |- |R (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('22), Defender 110 P525 ('22) |- |E (followed by X) |296 hp 2.0L Ingenium turbo I4 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P300 ('23-'25, Canada only: '26), Defender 110 P300 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('23) [Pos. 5 is J] |- |F (followed by U) |296 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 130 P300 S ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by U) |395 hp 3.0L Ingenium <br> turbo & E-supercharged I6 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P400 ('23-'26), Defender 130 P400 ('23-'26) |- |F (followed by E) |493 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P500 ('24-'26), Defender 130 P500 ('24-'26) |- |E (followed by E) |518 hp 5.0L AJ133 supercharged V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 90 P525 ('23-'26), Defender 110 P525 ('23-'26) |- |E (followed by 9) |626 hp 4.4L BMW S68 (JLR NC11)<br> twin-turbo V8 |8-speed auto. |Defender 110 P635 OCTA ('25-'26) |} ===Engine Type (All models 2018-)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ133S engine (LR-V8S).<br> Land Rover Range Rover ('18-'22), Range Rover Sport ('18-'22),<br> Range Rover Velar SVAutobiography Dynamic ('20), Defender V8 ('22-'26). |- | K || 3.0L || 60° V6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Common-rail Direct injection. Ford-PSA "Lion" AJD-V6 engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Td6 ('18-'20), Range Rover Td6 ('18-'21), Range Rover Sport Td6 ('18-'21). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine.<br> Land Rover Range Rover Velar ('18-'19) |- | U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery ('21-), Range Rover ('20-), Range Rover Sport (Mid '19-), Range Rover Velar ('21-), Defender ('20-). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). Jaguar AJ126 engine. Land Rover Discovery ('18-'20),<br> Range Rover ('18-'19), Range Rover Sport ('18-Mid '19), Range Rover Velar ('18-'20). |- | X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine.<br> Land Rover Discovery Sport ('18-'26), Range Rover Evoque ('18-), Range Rover Velar ('18-), Defender ('20-'26), Discovery ('21-). |- | Y || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine + 1 Front motor.<br> 12.4 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P400e ('20-'21), Range Rover Sport P400e ('20-Early '22). |- | 4 || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas-Electric [[w:Plug-in hybrid|PHEV]] || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine + 1 Front motor. 31.8 kWh Lithium-ion Battery Pack.<br> Land Rover Range Rover P440e ('23), P550e ('24-); Range Rover Sport P440e ('23), P460e ('25-), P550e ('24-). |- | 7 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW N63B44T3 [N63TU3] engine [JLR NC10-P8H]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('22-'23), Range Rover Sport ('23). |- | 9 || 4.4L || V8 Twin Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. Direct Injection. Dual VVT (Double VANOS). Valvetronic (Intake VVL). BMW S68B44TO [S68B44A] engine [JLR NC11-P8S]. Land Rover Range Rover [L460] ('24-), Range Rover Sport ('24-),<br> Defender Octa ('25-). |- |} CVVL=Continuously Variable Valve Lift. ==Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ==Model Year Code (Position 10)== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ==Plant Codes (Position 11)== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK * H - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK * 2 - Nitra, Slovakia ==External links== * [http://www.clifton.nl/calvin.html CalVIN, the on-line free Land Rover VIN CALculator] * [http://www.fourfold.org/LR_FAQ Land Rover FAQ archive] * [http://www.vindecoderz.com/EN/Land%20Rover Land Rover VIN decoder] {{BookCat}} sdqzns0msf8k3j8vsxvl6f8ylenl1yv 0 202147 4678986 4678197 2026-10-30T08:11:56Z Jeff1138 301139 4678986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Host Adapter Protocol USB1 OHCI UHCI USB2 EHCI USB3.0 USB3.1 xHCI == Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs Please chat at [https://www.arosworld.org/index.php AROS World] *1996 USB1.0 *1998 USB1.1 *2000 USB2.0 *2008 USB3.0 *2013 USB3.1 *2017 USB3.2 AROS has these USB transfers *Control - *Bulk - Midi 1.0 ( 'send my data when you can' ) *Interrupt - Midi 2.0 *Isochronous - USBAudio, Webcams, etc Isochronous is the starting point of modern types of multimedia creativity. IsoChronous isoc code is already in place in poseidon.library and '''scheduled''' transfers are queued to be later rerouted in the host driver code (needs to be written for each host protocol e.g. OCHI, UCHI, EHCI and [https://cdrdv2-public.intel.com/625472/625472_xHCI_Rev1_2b.pdf#:~:text=Page%203.%20Document%20Number:%20625472%2C%20Revision:%201.2b.%203. XHCI rev1.2], [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/868296/extensible-host-controller-interface-for-universal-serial-bus-xhci-requirements-specification-r2-0.html rev2], etc). There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers, one is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped (in or out) and that they happen at the right time. It all gets difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth for the packet based periodic transfers that are initiated by the host which have fixed but guaranteed bandwidth. Host controllers guarantee this bandwidth by planning a schedule of transfers ahead of time to ensure there is enough time reserved on the bus. [https://www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/products/docs/io/universal-serial-bus/ehci-specification.html EHCI] [https://www.thegoodpenguin.co.uk/blog/understanding-why-usb-isochronous-bandwidth-errors-occur/ bus-bandwidth] vs payload-bandwidth and the algorithm of the EHCI scheduler. The bandwidth of the endpoint in terms of payload data (stuff we put in a packet) and the protocol overhead, signalling imposed bit stuffing, host delays etc. Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one. [[File:Psd.svg|220px|right]] ; Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 & gen 2 Type-A Type-B Type-C ; Next Best Set - General OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), ; Buggy Chipset - [ Early AMD OHCI], ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Nvidia OHCI & EHCI, === USB1.1 === OHCI USB 1.1 - USB-IF sanctioned standard but hardware physical form removed with USB2.0 and replaced with virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 M5237 Lucent USS-312 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | StarTech PCI425USB, CompUSA Iogear GIC220U-b, Nvidia 220 mobo, USBA2041P, ALi SU2A-PS, |- | AMD 756 Chipset (onboard motherboard) | 0x1022 | 0x740c | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=31308#forumpost31308 usb devices detected] Geode GX1, |- | CMD DU-A2 Silicon Image 0670 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0670 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Silicon Image 0673 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0673 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | 0x10de | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe|Bios options vary but does with Plop Boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Tested with 20th Aug 2012 improvement |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk}} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | untested - Amiga Spider card with possible bottleneck issues at higher speeds |- | NEC µPD720101AGM 720101GJ | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x43 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Mac mini, Belkin F5U219vea (2+1 ports), Belkin F5U220vea1 (4+1 ports), Adaptec 3100LP, BAFO BF-460, GWC UC-160, IOGear GIC250U, Keyspan U2PCI-5, O'toLink U2-C2B U2-C2A U2-P20N U2-P50, Ratoc PCIU5, USBWholesale UII-PCIP |- | NEC µPD720102 | 0x1033 | 0x00 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Opti 82C861 2-port | 0x1045 | 0xc861 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no USB devices detected - Belkin F5U005, |- | SIS 7001 OCHI | 0x1039 | 0x7001 | 0x0f | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 20th Aug 2012 - not booting stalls on GRUB word with Plop Boot |- |} UHCI USB 1.1 - Intel standard but since 2009 no hardware support as USB2 introduced virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | Intel | 0x8086 | 0x | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|not in bios use AROS floppy disc boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82371AB EB MB PIIX4 | 0x8086 | 0x7112 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|none in bios use other booting options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|Detects most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led not on and does not work}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBL/DBM (onboard i830 mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24c4 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes|but not from bios but floppy options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Works-->{{Yes|}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on and although device has software failure and recoverable error IT STILL WORKS. Fresh start sometimes needs Network Prefs Saved to work. |- | VIA MVP4 (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x30 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless options}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 detected but blue led not on and does not work |- | VIA VT82xx (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless usb}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on but does not work |- | VIA VT6202 (VIA VT83C572) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | A-Best USB-200, Cables N Mor USBPCI, CompUSA, D-Link DSB500, Digital/Research DRUSBCARD, Kouwell IOFlex 580, StarMount USB VIA, |- | VIA VT6112 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x61 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 2011 seems to have issues with other identical via based USB controller(s) present |- | VIA VT6214L | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 2.0 EHCI === The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but it creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through most newer USB3.0 chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 Lucent USS-344 | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested}} belkin F5U006, |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBM (onboard mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24cd | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x00E0 | 0x | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested - Amiga Spider card}} |- | NEC 72101 GJ | 0x1033 | 0x00e0 | 0x04 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Belkin F5U219 VEA1 (pci), |- | SIS ECHI | 0x1039 | 0x7002 | 0x00 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|issues about which port is used if it works at all}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6202 | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | 0x62 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|detects}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 3.x SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) aka xHCI eXtensible === USB Attached SCSI (UAS or UASP) is a protocol used for high-speed data transfer between computers and external storage devices like SSDs, HDDs, and some flash drives. It provides up to 70% faster read/write speeds than traditional Bulk-Only Transport (BOT) by allowing multiple commands to run in parallel, rather than waiting in a queue {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1000 FL 1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B73 | <!--Product ID-->0x1000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->link power management (LPM, USB 3.0 power saving) cannot be disabled so random connection issues |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1009-200 FL 1009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1009 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->Orico PFU3-2P |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1100-100 FL 1100SX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1100 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->LPM cannot be disabled so issues with disconnecting WD drives etc - CalDigit, ORICO PFU3-2P, FASTA-6GU3 Pro, inatech KTU3FR-2P 2 port USB 3.0, and Inateck KT4004 (KTU3FR-4PA rev B2) for storage and hubs, etc |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1400 FL 1400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1400 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720200 uPD720200a chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1d6b | <!--Product ID-->0x0194 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|no USB3 but seems to works like USB2}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported for USB3 but works like USB2 - ORICO PRU3-4P 4 Port USB, early Dell Wyse zx0 thin client, |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720201 uPD720201 chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x114 0x0115 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720202 uPD720202 chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1912 | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ti.com/product/tusb7340 TI] tusb7340 TUSB732 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x8241 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported Koutech IO-PEU436 but only one with open docs |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported - integrated since Ivybridge |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL800 xHCI 0.96 support in VL800, VIA VL811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x3432 0x3438 0x3515 and 0x9201 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} 2.0 backwards support | <!--Opinion-->Anker 68UPPCIE-2S20PU 2 port, Plugable 4-Port, GA-z77x-ud5h rev. 1.1 mobo, |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL811+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL812 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->xHCI 1.0 support in VL805 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1142 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Connector: USB Type C and USB Type A x 1 - Ugreen USB C PCI Card 2 Port USB 3.1 Type C |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 1.8 1.9 Updated | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->AUKEY 4 Ports USB C , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->Startech - PEXUSB312C - 2-port Usb 3.1 10Gbit/s |- |} USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 2.6 Update | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} === USB 4 (40Gbps thunderbolt, pcie 3.0 tunnelling, ) === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD Ryzen7 6800U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel Goshen Ridge JHL8440 Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- |} == hid.class (Human Interface Device) == === Keyboard === Some multi-finger touchpad support works but not on all touchpads {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Retro N C64 edition Keyboard, the super button accessory and optional N30 mouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 87 keys Kailh white}} |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo 108 Retro Mechanical Keyboard (white kailh) and two superbuttons (green) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05ac | 0x0205 | 0x0122 | {{yes|works (its two hub ports) but mouse scroll wheel issues}} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05AC | 0x020B | | {{yes|works (two onboard ports also)}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Aigo K68 60% red switches, A68 A87 wireless 2G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=49&products_id=973 AmigaOne Keyboard] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko TAC87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 80% TKL }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko MonsGeek FUN60 PRO&MAX HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 60% hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Arteck HW197 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 keyboard and touchpad combo, aluminum frame, aa battery }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Azio Cascade | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND104 (Wuque Studios) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 premium clicky (WS Blue) or silent (WS White) key options with Ansi and ISO formats also numpad and calculator, aluminum machined, tri mode, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2026 untested magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K65 Mech MX no numeric keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair CH-9000045 K70 Blue MX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cherry G80 G80-3000L[x]C[yy]-[z] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cooler Master CM Storm Quickfire Rapid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K100 Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 okay low profile but expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dell SK-8135 Dell USB Keyboard for Internet and Multimedia rev H for Dimension 4500, Dimension 8250, OptiPlex GX260n, OptiPlex GX60n, Precision 350 (R42232) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x413C | <!--Product ID-->0x2010 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes| usb1.1 keyboard hub 0x413C 0x1003 works as well - multimedia keys not mapped }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Deepcool KG722 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 65% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Channel Zero DK2108 Mech Mechanical Cherry MX Red | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Shine 3 Brown or Blue (DK9087) MX keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Das Keyboard Model S Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Cidoo V75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker rt100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 plastic build and no screws, numpad with small 0, mostly quiet seasalt switches, gimmick usb-c 1in screen}} |- | <!--Description-->EPOMAKER TH99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} USB-C full numpad keyboard |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker P75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker p87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Leobog Hi75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Feker Galaxy80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 gmk/via | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget version good 75% choice of 4 leobog switches}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Tide75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% and not too expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK992 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 109 key }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK820 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK35I V3 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 104 keys - two models: wired and tri-mode connection - }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F108 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pricy but okay 100% but only leobog graywood switches but hotswap available afterwards}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Ajazz AK980 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 97 keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker G87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT82 RT85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT100 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATTACK SHARK X98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 98% maybe silent linear feel with Two-color PBT keycap}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker ATTACK SHARK X68HE and X65HE 65% Wired Gaming Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x502D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|2025 tested on Aros running on Raspberry Pi wired usb-c with magnetic hall effect keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Filco Ninja Majestouch-2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Focus FK-760 Wireless Keyboard & Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} but quality build issues raised |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->GMMK Tenkeyless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades}} |- | <!--Description-->GK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->GMK67 GMK87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested budget good option}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hengchangtong HCT Limeme gk103s Entry Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0xC0F4 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|half Keyboard left side only}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested hotswap kaihl green switches}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix mq80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 good 75% low profile keys |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix Magi65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 65% low profile keys }} |- | <!--Description-->iqunix ez60 ez80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested specific hall effect switches - actuation point, rapid trigger, etc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Jomaa YiChip Wireless 50% key with touchpad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x3000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|dongle detected, keys and pad not working - 2 AAA NM}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested numpad only}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 v1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested okay}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q6 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 75% with numeric numpad, barebones so choose switches and keycaps to suit }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 MAX V1 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Lemokey P1 QMK | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested best option to customise switches and keycaps}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron LemoKey X1 X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested keycap swap only not switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K2HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested okay}} wireless hall effect analogue on all keys |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K4HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested hall effect but software }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K5 K17 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested okay low profile but }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K10 HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kiiboom Breeze 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 good 75% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Meletrix Boog 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 magnetic hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Melgeek O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 low profile 75% but not repairable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->MOSART 2.4G Wireless 60% Keyboard Trackball | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062a | <!--Product ID-->0x4105 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|dongle recognised HID, keys worked, roller worked, scroll wheel works and shoulders works but buttons around left, top and right hand side (RHS) do not work and plastic and 2 AA MN1500}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Mucai SiGma Micro MKA610 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1c4f | <!--Product ID-->0x0084 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| unknown red keys - rgb backlighting - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://hjldemo.clsc.cn/ Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Ltd] Perixx Periboard 505 Plus with Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard - poor trackball}} |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Co., Ltd Perixx Periboard 706 Plus with Trackball Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|generally okay dome with good sized keys but piano black surround fingerprint magnet, occasional brief trackball freezes after no use, takes some time to get used to the trackball size}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard-716 Wireless (Chicony) | <!--Vendor ID-->04f2:1013 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard and trackpad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo SK-8825 41A5327 SIL12-W07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works manufactured for |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lite-On USB NetVista Full Width Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04b3 | <!--Product ID-->0x3025 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K320 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech USB Unifying, Bolt, Lightspeed, or Nano receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K340 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.logitech.com/en-us/product/wireless-touch-keyboard-k400r Logitech Wireless Touch Keyboard k400] | <!--Vendor ID--> 0x046D | <!--Product ID--> 0xC52B | <!--Revision--> 1201 | <!--Opinion--> {{yes|All (including multimedia) keys work. Some keys requires remapping with Trident. Touchpad works and acts as normal mouse. Presents itself in Trident as USB Receiver from Logitech with 3 HID bindings}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 Plus K400+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G915 TKL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard TKL means no number pad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Lite84 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Flow Lite100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 silent switches and low profile keys}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MACHENIKE K500 Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 94 keys untested Hot Swappable 94 Keys 90% Layout }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MechLands Vibe99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 100 keys untested Gasket-mounted Wired/Bluetooth/2.4GHz Wireless Mechanical Keyboard}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Comfortable Curve 2000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Wireless Media Desktop 1000 (1356) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x00f9 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|working but not mouse part}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Niz Micro84 Duo82 X87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 electro capacitive }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy gem80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy kick 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 low profile 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy Air75 V3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy node 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 96% layout, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-50 MK-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Chroma | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0203 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://openrazer.github.io/ Razer] Lycosa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow 2013 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Cherry MX Blue }} |- | <!--Description-->Razr Blackwidow Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Cherry MX Blue }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow V4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Razer Orange keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow V4 Low Profile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Razer keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow V4 Pro 75% | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Razer keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Cynosa Lite V2 | <!--Vendor ID-->1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x023f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer DeathStalker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer HuntsMan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ornata | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Orbweaver Chroma Keypad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0207 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Tartarus Keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| not hall effect and very expensive}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K668 RGB Gaming Keyboard Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys Upgraded Hot-swappable Socket，Red Switch}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K689 PRO Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested Gasket RGB Gaming Keyboard, 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys, Upgraded Hot-swappable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Rii K22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 keyboard trackpad combo, non replaceable lithium battery, very compact}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 75% mechanical, hotswap so okay for price untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Royal Kludge RK65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested cream switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SINO WEALTH Gaming KB SkyLion K68 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x258a | <!--Product ID-->0x003a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| blue stalks with rgb lighting}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SKYLOONG GK104 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested gateron }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet x300 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MosART | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x4101 | <!--Revision-->0312 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|1 AAA for each and works well - mouse slightly better built than keyboard rubberised membrane}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X331 HDE 2.4G Keyboard wireless RCMCU | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C45 | <!--Product ID-->0x7000 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|wireless can be glitchy but few extra keys are mapped }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X500 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MOSArt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x2901 | <!--Revision-->0112 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works well especially large touchpad - usual rubber domed membraned keyboard mechanism }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tecware Specter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 75%}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Unicomp Model M USB 104 key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} IBM's and later Lexmark buckling spring switches |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Minilo Bluebell (prestige silent) and Eculapytus (violet tactile) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 75% plastic build no screws not great to mod}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Sword 68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo 98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 expensive but good and Kailh silent}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Choice65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Lucky65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5055 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% but not as expensive CNC Aluminum HMX/JWK/Cocoa Switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush 80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5588 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush80 Reboot Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 very good but expensive Aluminum Hotswap Wireless RGB}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wooting HE60 HE80 HE90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 hall effect but expensive with good software}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Womier WK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk71 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xenta White Wireless HK6718B+HM3302--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works with Raspberry Pi untested on AROS native}} |- | <!--Description-->Xinmeng X87 MAGIC_REFINER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 untested keycap swap but not hotswapable switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL66 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| milk switches, cherry PBT, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi B75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget good with cocoa cream switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|good budget option with swappable switches, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi C75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 budget good with switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} <pre> linear - creamy tactile - thocky clicky - clacky </pre> <pre > Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. Gateron Yellows KS-3, KS-3x47 or better Pros have a milky top and black bottom and linear TTC Silent Frozen v2. Linear and dead silent Mouse the huano brown with yellow dot for silent mouse clicks Kailh red dust proof encoder for smooth and close to silent scrolling Boba U4 Silent Tactile switches Husky linears HMX </pre > === Mouse === if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in '''s''' drawer/folder/directory sys:prefs/trident NOGUI > NIL: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Brand ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" | Model ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->[http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html SpaceNavigator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->SpacePilot Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceExplorer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceMouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->3D Optical | <!--Description-->Wired | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0000:3825 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin | Combo mouse | | 0x05FE | 0x0011 | Low 0100 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Cytec | <!--Description-->Wired Mouse Gaming | <!--Model-->R.A.T 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dell | Mouse | MO56UC | 0x413C | 0x3200 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->equatech / clone logitech | <!--Description-->wireless mouse | <!--Model-->49779 / M185 | <!--Vendor ID--> 3151:2020 later 3151:3020 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{Yes|detected and works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hama | RF Optical Mouse | AM-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keycron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling and 16k dpi }} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested barebones 1k polling and 16k dpi, great for small hands, loud clicks}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->LogiCAD 3D | <!--Description-->3D Mouse | <!--Model-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | Cordless Desktop Navigator | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech Inc. | First/Pilot Wheel Mouse | N48/M-BB48 M-BE58 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | Wireless mouse | [http://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice_pointers/mice/devices/5484 M305] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | Wireless RF Mouse | MK710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G304 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->MX Master Anywhere 2S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|untested}} micro USB charge port on front |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M220 silent touch MR0085 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2018 needs usb dongle - quiet clicking }} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech Logi | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 3S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|2021 untested usb-c bluetooth, inbuilt battery but muted clicks}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G502 X Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M240 silent touch MR0105 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2022 no dongle as bluetooth enabled but could work with Logi Bolt USB Receiver - 1 aa battery - quiet clicking}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 4 MXM | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Bluetooth usb-c dongle, inbuilt lithium battery}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Description | Model | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion--> |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8566 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8518 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->OrzerHome Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8514 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1 aa with no on/off switch }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wheel Mouse optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Sidewinder Mouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | IntelliMouse Explorer USB optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wireless Optical Mouse 2000 | | 0x045E | 0x00F9 | | {{no|not working see keyboard Media Desktop 2000 above}} |- | <!--Brand-->Microsoft | <!--Description--> | <!--Model-->1461 1447 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|usb dongle matched to one mouse only no others}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Orochi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Mamba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Naga | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} 17 buttons |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB Optical | <!--Model-->Naga Hex V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} MOBA Gaming Mouse, Professional Grade 16,000 DPI Sensor - RGB lighting |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->DeathAdder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Viper | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Basilisk V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling, 35k dpi, }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Trust | Slimline Lasermouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SteelSeries | Tobii EyeX EyeMobile PCEye | Eye Tracking Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} gaze interaction track technology for augment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->The Eye Tribe Tracker | <!--Description-->Eye | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description-->USB Optical Mouse | <!--Model-->MV3000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x192f | <!--Product ID-->0x0916 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |} === Trackball === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->3Dconnexion SpaceBall 5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Labtec designed and rolled into new company 3dconnexion 2001 by owners Logitech |- | <!--Description-->ACCO Kensington Orbit optical F1233A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kensington Turbo Mouse 64210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Clearly Superior Technologies. Model:CST 1000-RC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Trackman Marble Mouse Wired USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Optical Trackman T-RB22 - Cordless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech M570 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Trackball Mouse Optical 1.0 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft X05-87473 Trackball USB Optical | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === KVM === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->NanoKVM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Gamepad === Controllers have mostly decided that the left analog joystick is keyboard equivalent of WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs, [https://devicetests.com/controller-tester html5], [https://greggman.github.io/html5-gamepad-test/ html5], or [https://gamepad-tester.com/ Tester] ==== Dinput Poseidon Default Plugin - Playstation(TM) style ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Bat D2E BTP-BD2E XD4D2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID-->047d | <!--Product ID-->4005 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2d only |- | Hama Black Force USB Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 psx clone look |- | <!--Description-->Jess Tech Game Elements Philips GGE909 PC Recoil Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCbAmIhj6P4 Logitech Wingman Precision USB] G-UC3B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 no 3D but good for 2D retro games like Turrican II |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Action Pad G-UB3A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 1 blue lucid translucent - thin analog stick N64 type - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman RumblePad UB05B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc20a | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded blue piece - vibration feedback - single shoulder buttons with throttle control below right one |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Cordless RumblePad G-RA4A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc211 | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded black piece - vibration feedback - dual shoulder buttons L1 L2 R1 R2 with blue throttle control below right one - 4 aa mn1500 batteries; life not great - C-UD10A usb dongle - overall big and bulky |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Precision Wired G-UG15 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Precision G-X2E14A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 ps2 styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G-X5C11A Cordless Precision Wireless Controllers | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling black outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/logitech-dual-actiontm-gamepad/ Logitech Dual Action] * G-UD8 has no mode (2D only?) button and no rumble * G-UF13A later | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0xc2 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 G-UF13A tested only]}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 New body shape psx style - dual analog 3D sticks - 4 small travel shoulder triggers no 5,6,7,8 |- | <!--Description-->Logitech RumblePad 2 G-UF13 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc218 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 usb wired light blue top/black base - twin analogues 3D along with dual short travel shoulder buttons - rumble present - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech RumblePad 2 Cordless * G-RC?? OLD version that take FOUR batteries and RED Logitech logo * G-RC14 uses TWO batteries has an ORANGE logo - dongle C-UE10 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->0x0200 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 wireless may have to remove 1 battery - G-RC?? 5 + 7 buttons - G-RC14 use buttons 6 + 8 to reset sticks - replace battery and push large button on receiver - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F310 Wired Dual Action G-U0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|D mode switch}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 best option for old usb wired style dual analog 3D with pc-xbox/psx switch on back (only D works) - both rear shoulder RT LT buttons have excess travel - no rumble vibration - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F510 Wired G-UG0002 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog with dual xbox pc/psx X/D switched compatibility modes - |- | Logitech F710 Wireless / Cordless RumblePad 2 G-R0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->3.05 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|Mouse only not joypad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 When switch on top set to D and nano receiver for each controller to pair - 2 aa mn1500 batteries required - rumble support sometimes - rear back shoulder buttons excessive travel needed - does have rubber backing that becomes sticky - |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Megaworld 'TIME' USB pad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0735 | <!--Product ID-->0x9902 | <!--Revision-->Low 0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No |}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 Poor quality |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft * SideWinder Precision Pro USB (1997) * SideWinder Precision 2 (1998) * Game Pad Pro (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Game Pad USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> possible setup first |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Gamepad X04 Freestyle | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 1998 might need USB adapter |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder X05 63895 92626 Flight stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|2000 [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=929.msg11309#new tested]}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Flight Stick X08-58736 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Plug & Play Game Pad (2000) SideWinder Joystick (2000) Game Pad 2.0 (2001) SideWinder Force Feedback 2 (2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 long-standing static buildup problem and Force Feedback 2 was the removal of the power brick |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Saitek [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps1000/ PS1000 Cyborg V.1], [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps2700-rumble-pad/ PS2700] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0v-hf6ZPA P2600] [http://compactiongames.about.com/od/hardware/tp/gamepads.htm P3600], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek P2900 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 runs on 1 AA battery |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sony Batoh PS3 mini USB Wired hookup [http://ps3.jim.sh/sixaxis/usb/ SIXAXIS] *PCB Ribbon Notes *Protos ALPS MSU Rev3 M3 and the later CBEH-1019 *? SA1Q135A for sixaxis *PP4 *V2 *V25 *VX SA1Q146A first dualshock 3 model *VX SA1Q147A CECHZC2U (USA) *VX35 SA1Q159A *VX3 SA1Q160A *VX? SA1Q188A *VX4 SA1Q189A shipped with a CECH-2504 datecode 0C *VX5 SA1Q194A changed design ALPS, PS button changes *VX6 SA1Q195A red case, *VX7 SA1Q222A superslims 2 ribbons *VX8 SA1Q224A superslims 2 ribbons | <!--Vendor ID-->0x054c | <!--Product ID-->0x0268 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No|}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|}} | <!--Opinion-->Sometimes detected but no support - no sixaxis features detected - mini usb lead will have varying results - |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS4 *JDM JDS 001 010 011 *JDM 030 040 055 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS5 Dual Sense | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speed Link Strike 2 FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Firestorm Dual Power 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 only 1 axis joystick only]}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-1500 GM-1520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 M series Aluminum Metal Joystick Hitbox Controller Arcade Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 T series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 G series Gamefinger G12 G13 G16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> plastic - |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 S series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> thinner and lighter than G series |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mad Catz sf2 fightstick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Datel Paewang Arcade Pro Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F300 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F500 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Pico Flatbox GP2040-CE Hot Swappable Mini Hitbox Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> default it is configured for PS4 but before plugging usbc cable in, X for Dinput, B Xinput, RT HID - plastic build case - Rev4 based on RP2040 chip and firmware is based on GP2040-CE (Community Edition) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Shenzhen Onebitdo Tech 8bitdo Fighting stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Venom 8 button | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==== Xinput Xbox Style Plugin ==== 2018 extension added originally called AROSx but later redacted. Latest [https://github.com/medusalix/xone linux driver] might be useful. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate C Wired 82CB (Shenzhen ONEBITDO TECH - GWOWO) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3106 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 - 4 t6 torx screws - non hall effect so drifting issues - triggers go faulty often - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C Wired Controller 82CD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x310A | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - HID keyboard assigned - 4 t6 torx screws - hall effect analogs and triggers - 1000Hz polling - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - 400mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad poor for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo ULtimate Mini Wired Controller for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 *Wired Controller *Wireless *Bluetooth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect - playstation style layout for pc - slide button for S-A-D-X switch, android, dinput or xinput - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 tmr hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2026 - mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ace Aurora | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks with no deadzone mode, gyro, linear rumble, trigger stops, back paddles, button swap, macro, turbo, RGB LED effects - tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Beitong Spartan BTP-2270U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Asura 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect - noble linear trigger potentiometer and alps shoulder LB/RB micro switch |- | <!--Description-->BEITONG ASURA 2 Pro+ Game Controller Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beitong Zeus 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BebonCool Dinofire Model Number: Q218 / TP28 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 - triggers aren't progressive but ON/OFF - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers - tri mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX Wireless Controller PC PS3, 9013pro ESM-9013PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 linear hall effect but device sometimes will not connect tried multiple attempts with the dongle |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY MICRO SWITCH - Bumpers Tactile switch Hall Effect analog |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect analog and triggers - membrane buttons - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX S10 Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 TMR Hall effect and compatible with Switch 2/PC/Phone/TV/Steam, NFC, Gyro, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->202 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fantech World EOS Pro WGP15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect trigger and sticks,2 back paddles, motion controlling |- | <!--Description-->Fantech EOS PRO II S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 controller with TMR hall effect analogues, mechanical face buttons and D-pad, 63 input macro, back paddles, turbo - analog triggers with trigger stops - tri mode bt wifi and wired - slide switch on back for switch, macos/android and xinput - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 the Pro(Hall Effects) and Non-Pro (No Hall) |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 hall effect sticks and triggers - poor wifi connection - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons with gold contacts - 800mhA battery - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Dunefox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 basic model hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons - 500mha battery - no gyros - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 5 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 - hall effect stick with tension control, linear triggers, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir T4K Keleid, T4C Cyclone wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 poor to ok switch |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no|| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - switch type layout |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Chicken Run Network Tech Nova Lite GameSir-T4n LITE - Zikway HID gamepad *[https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 4200 seems to be xbox so B then Home for Xinput (green LED), A then Home for HID BT Android (green/yellow LED), Y then Home for Switch Pro (Red LED)] or X then Home for Wifi and start and select to alternatively swap modes * and if on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 5700 ds4 so Home + B (blue LED), ] * firmware 6900 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3537 | <!--Product ID-->0x1040 0x1041 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect 3d nubs - no usb-c cable - rubber membrane analog trigger travel and bumpers shoulder buttons - wifi 2.4G and bluetooth - xbox layout so ab and xy might need to be swapped via m and a buttons for switch type [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po-nNuC5fps fixes video] - 250Hz polling - 600mah battery - rigid carry case - poor d-pad esp diagonals - gamesir settings software only on android 6+ or ios based only - |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova 2 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 SE Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir TEGENARIA T3 Lite Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 playstation aesthetic hall effect analog and membrane buttons - X+Home button connects as an Xbox controller |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Cyclone 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR Joysticks with anti-friction rings and metal anti-friction rings around the stems, gyro, rumble, macro, turbo, 2 back paddles, hall analog triggers with micro-switch trigger - tri mode bluetooth, 2.4GHz wifi and wired, 1000hz polling rate - gamesir connect software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 Pro for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR hall effect - hall effect triggers, tri mode connection - gamesir nexus software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Super Nova Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect sticks and triggers, 1000Hz polling, tri mode connectivity, |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 NS08 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Electromagnetic Stick hall effect - hall linear triggers - Mechanical face buttons - wired and wireless - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 PRO NS09 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall efect - wired and wireless - Mechanical face buttons - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong MAX 3 KK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall effect - wired and wireless - lithium battery - |- | <!--Description-->Gulikit KK3 Max USB-c Bluetooth Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Hall Joysticks and Triggers, Maglev/Rotor/HD Vibration, 1000Hz Polling Rate, 4 Back Buttons, |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KK3 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 smaller version of KK3 MAX - hall effect analog and triggers, face buttons , maglev rumble, gyro, 4 back paddles - rigid case - 950mAh up to 8 hrs - |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hyperkin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hori EX2 Turbo UHX3-45 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G1 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Wireless Gaming Controller with 1K Polling Rate Hall Effect Trigger Joystick For Nintendo Switch PC iOS Android |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G5 Pro Wireless Gaming Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY Switch Membrane, Bumpers Tactile switch and hall effect analog |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->microsoft sidewinder precision pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | 0x045e | 0x028e | 0x | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|needs specific driver and has poor 2D control pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Microsoft (R) [https://blog.tkjelectronics.dk/2012/12/xbox-360-receiver-added-to-the-usb-host-library/ Xbox 360] (TM) Wireless Receiver for Windows(R) Model 1086 and Controller | 0x045e | 0x0719, 0x or 0x0291 | 0x0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|separate standalone usb dongle detected and shows as 8 vendor interfaces but no class associated and so not working - may need new class from code from xpad or xboxdrv to work the controllor}} |- | <!--Description-->Xbox 360 Kinect [http://hackaday.com/2010/11/10/kinect-open-source-driver-demo-and-hacking/ Video] [http://git.marcansoft.com/?p=libfreenect.git;a=commit;h=7655fcf7239ba4907654089dba535a196685dbe5 GIT] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 proprietary 2.4GHz RF protocol, |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One wireless controller newer model with the 3.5mm headphone jack 1537 1697 and microsoft adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02d1 or 0x02dd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e3 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 ok - |- | <!--Description-->Xbox later models 1708+ Xbox One and Series use 5GHz and use Bluetooth, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ea 0x02fd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 2 Core | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 ok - no hall - 125Hz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Minisform MGP01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MOBAPAD N1HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 has liquid silicone face buttons, hall effect analog, D-Pad swap, two back paddles, USB-A dongle, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad Huben 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Gale 墨将 mòjiāng | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Blitz PRO 2 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON now MOJHON AETHER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks, hall effect triggers, mechanical bumpers, 1000hz polling rate, mechanical D-pad, membrane face buttons, mechanical back paddles, rumble, deadzone issues - tri mode |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MSI FORCE GC20 GC30 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 not hall effect |- | <!--Description-->MSI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mytrix Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NACON GC-100XF Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 average |- | <!--Description-->PXN P5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect joysticks & triggers, limited trigger stops, 1000hz polling rate on wired, 4 back paddles, 32 macro record, anti-deadzone mode, RAW mode, gyro, turbo, tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->PXN P50L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->PowerA | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Stellar T5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Junior E5 Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Razer Wolverine V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RetroFlag | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speedlink XEOX Pro Analog Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->enclosed lithium battery? - xbox layout - switchable on back of controller to directinput (dinput) or xinput - USB dongle switchable to pc and ps3 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Instinct Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 good |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Envision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Steel Series Stratus Duo XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->usb adapter needed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/Inputlabs InputLabs Alpakka Open Source and build yourself] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY it with 3d printer, pcb and components - pi pico needed - 2 gyros for better accuracy - |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/kapybara Inputlabs kapybara] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY one handed version wip |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vilcorn Z03 BT Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - other Bluetooth modes (green, red, blue, purple, etc.) Select + M1 (or M2) - 400mAh - not great latency wired - 800mhz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd ultimate legend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+ elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+excellent | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} <pre> #ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H #define AROSX_LIBRARY_H #include <exec/types.h> #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0x00 #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD 0x01 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP 0x0001 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN 0x0002 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT 0x0004 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT 0x0008 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START 0x0010 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK 0x0020 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB 0x0040 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB 0x0080 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER 0x0100 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER 0x0200 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A 0x1000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B 0x2000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X 0x4000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y 0x8000 struct AROSX_GAMEPAD { ULONG Timestamp; UWORD Buttons; UBYTE LeftTrigger; UBYTE RightTrigger; WORD ThumbLX; WORD ThumbLY; WORD ThumbRX; WORD ThumbRY; }; #define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT 0x00 #define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01 #define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT) #define AROSX_EHMF_DISCONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT) struct AROSX_EventHook { struct Node eh_Node; struct MsgPort *eh_MsgPort; ULONG eh_MsgMask; }; struct AROSX_EventNote { struct Message en_Msg; ULONG en_Event; APTR en_Param1; APTR en_Param2; }; #endif /* AROSX_LIBRARY_H */ </pre> === Joystick === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CH Products CombatStick 568 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cyborg X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Extreme 3D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | [Logitech Attack 3 Joystick] | 0x0464 | 0xC214 | 0205 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek X-52 x52 pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek aviator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Speedlink Competition Pro USB | | | | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{maybe|works but games not working "out of the box"}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator QZ 501 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator TH 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust XK 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ===[https://github.com/JacKeTUs/linux-steering-wheels Gaming Racing Steering Wheels]=== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="40%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/pid1_01.pdf USB PID standard not supported], |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cammus C5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec CSL Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 and Xbox - belt driven wheel - 30cm wheel swapping |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec Club Sport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt $600 £500 system |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FFBeast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius TRIO RACER F1 Racing Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Cheap and cheerful but not great - may need calibrating |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hama PC Racing Wheel Thunder V18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Average |- | <!--Description-->Hori Racing Wheel 3 with pedals | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PC |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logic3 PXU450 TopDrive GT450 Steering Wheel for PS3, PS4, XBox One and PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MOMO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Very good |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Driving Force GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Drive Force Pro DFP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> wheel 900 degree - weighs in at 15&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Formula Force EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->200 degrees turn for the EX model is arcade-like driving - adds PS3 compatibility via the PSx/2 adaptor - weighs in at 9&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G27 PC/PS3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> comes with gear shifter - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G29 PC PS3/PS4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G920 PC XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G923 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft(R) SideWinder Precision Racing Wheel (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R12 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Ultrawipf/OpenFFBoard OpenFFBoard], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simagic M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> base direct drive $900 £800 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simplicity Simwheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> direct |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simxperience Accuforce V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SPEEDLINK Drift O.Z. Racing Wheel with Pedals and Gear Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries Simraceway SRW-S1 Steering Wheel (PC) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Nascar Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari Challenge Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> Poor |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari FGT Rumble GT Experience 3-in-1 (PC/PS3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID-->b658 | <!--Revision-->0102 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Wheel and all buttons detected}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Opinion-->Not great - gear driven 240deg wheel rotation - no psu needed - 2 peddle - flappy gear change - rumble untested - red switch for PC PS3 selection |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster F430 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T500 RS Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> belt driven wheel/rumble for GT5 |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T60 Challenge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T150 Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> gear / belt combo wheel / rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TMX Pro PC/XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> direct drive rumble - no manual gear shift included |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Base level and OK - PS4 - 270deg rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T300 RS GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PS4 - belt driven - 900deg rotation and modular 28cm wheel out - 2 peddles but 3 available |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TX Leather | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->TX Xbox version - 900deg rotation |- | <!--Description-->Thrustermaster TS PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PC only belt wheel |- | <!--Description--> TS XW Racer PC Xbox1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt system |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T-GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 $700 £600 with T-DFB |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Tracer Zonda Racing Steering Wheel PC PS3 Vibration Feedback Pedals Gearbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===Gamepad Joypad Adapters=== * Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. * Some adapters do not work with some [http://www.stepmania.com/wiki/Dance_Pads dance pads] because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems. * If using an adapters should be compatible with '''original''' PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.maplin.co.uk/psx-usb-bridge-34887?tabid=3&worldid=&doy=21m9&faqitem=playstation%20controller%20to%20pc%20adaptor Maplin] [http://www.rockfire.com.tw/ Padix Co. Ltd. Rockfire] PX-205 PSX/USB Bridge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0583 | <!--Product ID-->0x2050 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes}} but buttons mapped different from others | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|poor}} | <!--Opinion-->Ok with dpads, but very poor support with analogue hack |- | Boom PS Joy Converter adaptor | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | discontinued (2004/5). Hold Up, Start, and Select for three seconds. Very good [http://www.stepmania.com stepmania] recommendation. |- | [http://www.hkems.com/m_main.htm EMS] [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/ps2-usb2.htm USB2] grey plastic box with 2 PSX ports, one on either side - UP and Select pressed for 3 seconds at the same time or the dance code (start+select+up) | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows the PS port works in digital mode on d-pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | Set in PC switch mode. Does not work when using 2 pads at the same time, likely higher power requirements. FPSE emu DualShock untested, Mat and Guitar untested but known lag involved |- | Joytech (play.com) (EMS USB2 bad clone) Black box twin PSX | 0x0b43 | 0x0003 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | but poor on dance ddr mat and guitar hero as the left and right keys do not like being pressed together, Dual shock untested |- | [ EMS Trio Linker ] 1 PSone connection at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued 2005 |- | [http://psxemulator.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=support&action=display&thread=421 EMS Trio Linker Plus] (blue box) 1 PSx at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued |- | Gamtec [http://www.gamestone.co.uk/gradius/guides_usb_smartjoy_guide.php SmartJoy Plus] Lik Sang PS->USB converter Red 2005 | 0x0925 | 0x0005 | Low 0110 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|detected and digital dpad works with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4138&forum=2&post_id=35952#forumpost35952 joystick and testjoystick tests] but the second analog control is not mapping correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue Hack - hardware buggy not useable}} | Dual shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested. Nothing picked up upon plugging it in. Quite common, these items have grounding issues or feed voltage back into the USB host and freeze the host controller, preventing any plugins or removals being detected. |- | Gamtec SmartJoy Plus Dual PS->USB converter Red | 0x0925 | 0x00 | Low | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | |- | [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/700/700334p1.html Lik-Sang Super SmartJoy PSX] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX |- | Soyo Kiki Kiky | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | eXcel PSX adaptor shaped a little like a stealth bomber with USB pass through | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Venom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Dragon Plus (Radio Shack) Pantherlord GreenAsia USB to PS2/PS3 converter single black cable | 0x0e8f | 0x03 | 1.07 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | |- | Deal Extreme 2 PSX black cables from 1 USB port | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HDE 2014 Personal Communication Systems Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0810 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Same as single cable above but with black block midway along cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC001 Super Joy Box 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC016 Super Joy Box arrowhead triangle twin PSX] Original was lack with RED Leds. Clones Dilong pu203, Blue HDE Neewer ShineData SD-APS2USB, Red Octane and Black PC Power Box (NS3454) '''embossed circle''' on top | 0x0810 | 0x0001 | 1.06 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows one PS port does not work with analog control at all but the other port does and maps correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works }} | Still available 2013, poor construction though, falls to pieces easily. Dual Shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd [http://www.mayflash.com/pc/pc038/pc038-1.htm Mayflash PC038 Super Joy Box Pro triangle twin PSX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PC006 long V-shaped 4 port PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PRO PC039 PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | Boom PSX+N64 USB converter (purple or blue see through box) (2003/4) - red led for psx and green led for n64 | 0x6666 | 0x0667 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|not detected by Tests/joystick}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue hack }} | Rumble Pak untested |- | [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/TrioLinkerPlus2.htm EMS Trio Linker Plus II] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4753&forum=24&post_id=43102#forumpost43102 ] | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1DC 1GC 1PSX but not for ddr mat games |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC043 clone HuiJia Black twin N64 converter for PC USB | 0x0e8f | 0x3013 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|detected by Tests/joystick though two digital pads have their settings wrong}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works well with middle handle/grip little joystick}} | Rumble Pack untested |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC MagicBox SuperBox 3 | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | untested 1SS 1DC 1PSX } |- | <!--Description-->Lik Sang SmartJoy X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0285 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SmartJoy X2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0289 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC018 Super Joy Box 9 Xbox (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work. Hub(s) 0x0288 detected but 0x0289 xbox1 joypads are not detected as hid let alone as [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62940.html xpad] or [http://pingus.seul.org/~grumbel/xboxdrv/ linux xboxdrv driver] |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC019 Super Joy Box 10 Xbox Twin ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work with the big Fatty Duke or smaller S Akebono controller(s) |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC020 Super Joy Box 11 Xbox Quad ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x0604 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC035 3 in 1 Magic Joy box PS GC Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to NES [http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/Standard_controller SPI like protocol] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo Classic USB Pad SNES like | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC044 USB to SNES | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to MEGADRIVE GENESIS Joypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?cPath=21&products_id=70 USB to 9 pin ATARI RETROPORT style JOYSTICK PORT] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Atari RetroLink 9pin to SB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SLS Sega Saturn USB pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC050 Dual Saturn ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guitar Hero for PC/Mac | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1430 | <!--Product ID-->0x474C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cronus Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BrookX One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Gamecube to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Magic NS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> WiiU |- | <!--Description-->Brook Converter WiiU P3 P4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CooV Xbox One Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * [http://www.bemanistyle.com/forum/f6/best-metal-pad-19066/ Metal dance pads with LEDs] - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), * Hard foam mat - [http://www.mayflash.eu/3in1-deluxe-dansmat-ignition-foam-ps2xboxpc-p-5.html Mayflash] FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, [http://www.gamerose.com/ Gamerose] (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, * Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), [http://www.positivegaming.com/index.php?id=36 Positive Gaming Impact], Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz *PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 flex ribbon big source of button/trigger issues with all controllers *PS2 Phat KSA1Q40A (Board), SA1Q33A (Membrane) SCHP-10010 H *PS2 SA1Q42A SCHP-10010 A *PS2 SA1Q43-A SCHP-10010 H The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Joypad ! width="5%" | HATS ! width="5%" | Button 01 ! width="5%" | Button 02 ! width="5%" | Button 03 ! width="5%" | Button 04 ! width="5%" | Button 05 ! width="5%" | Button 06 ! width="5%" | Button 07 ! width="5%" | Button 08 ! width="5%" | Button 09 ! width="5%" | Button 10 ! width="5%" | Button 11 ! width="5%" | Button 12 ! width="5%" | Button 13 ! width="5%" | Button 14 ! width="5%" | Axes 1 ! width="5%" | Axes 2 ! width="5%" | Axes 3 ! width="5%" | Axes 4 ! width="5%" | Axes 5 ! width="5%" | Axes 6 ! width="10%" | Comment |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | | A (down-green) | B (right-red) | X (left-blue) | Y (up-yellow) | LB (white) | RB (black) | Back | Start | Guide | L3 | R3 | | | | Left X | Left Y | LT | Right X | Right Y | RT | Poor 2D, Good 3D |- | <!--Description-->Gravis GamePad / Original PlayStation Controller | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Red (Sqleft) | Yellow X (X down) | Green O (O right) | Blue (Tri up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | | | | | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Older Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Blue X (down) | Red O (right) | Pink Sq (left) | Green Tri (up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Newer Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Up | Right | Down | Left | L2 | R2 | L1 | R1 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 (analogue Hack) | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> Wish Technologies N64 Adaptoid | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> A | C Down | C Right | B | C Left | C Up | L | R | Start | <!--Button 10-->Z | Pad Up | Pad Down | Pad Left | Pad Right | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Just plug in your digital/analogue joystick or gamepad into USB port. The device will be handled by Poseidon USB stack. Poseidon is the USB stack with Trident adding a GUI (graphical user interface) prefs. the context sensitive page would come up right on pressing the help key inside the relevant window. The manual is in this archive, just in case it isn't in SYS:Locale/Help *How to change joystick mode to analogue? By default a connected USB joystick emulates Amiga digital joystick. To change this behaviour so that the joystick is presented as analogue you need to use Trident preferences application (System:Prefs/Trident). Open Trident and go to Devices on the left hand side (mouse click once on it). Select your controller from the list to the right and then click on Settings button below. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section near the bottom. Find ports which are set to "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB" and change them to "Analogue Hack". Please note that analogue joystick support is an extension of original Amiga functionality, thus an Amiga application must be explicitly written to use it. AROS SDL library uses this functionality, thus all SDL applications that use joystick, can use the analogue joystick feature. The HID class has several options how to handle the input data: * Don't touch: The movement and button data for is not modified by the hid class. This is the default for the ports 0, 2, and 3. * Overwrite with USB: This will kill the original data that might had come from the internal ports and overwrites it with the joypad data for this USB interface. Note well: If you have multiple joypads connected, take care which setting you have selected for each port, because only the last interface with this option will actually send the joypad data to the game. * Merge with USB: This option merges the input data of the lowlevel.library with the USB stream. This only works, if the connected device on the original Amiga ports is NOT a mouse (because then the streams are incompatible). Merging should be the preferred method, because it leaves the original joysticks working. * Disable: Turns off the port for the application. * Analogue Hack: Tells Poseidon to force reporting of analogue data at the port. Please note that this only works with programs that understand the analogue data, because it's an extension to the original lowlevel.library standard made by Commodore. If you want to incorporate this feature in your software, just contact me and I will send you the necessary information. * Rumble Port: As addition to the analogue data, the HID class supports applications and games that want to utilize a rumble pack or force feedback motors in the gamepads. This field selects to which lowlevel port the hid device responds, when attempting to use the rumble pack. Normally, this corresponds to the port that has been set in the actions for the joypad. *How to change joystick port assignment? The low level library supports up to four ports. Port 0 is usually used by the mouse, port 1 is the standard port for joysticks/joypads. By default a connected USB joystick is present in Port 1. To change its location to Port 0 you need to use Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section. Port 1 should be set as either "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB". Change this setting to "Don't touch". Change Port 0 setting to "Merge with USB". Go to "Actions" tab. In the "Reports and collection" select first entry named "Joystick". in the "Usage items" select "X axis". Go to "Performed actions" area. On the left there will be a list of triggers. Each of them should have (port1) in their params. Click on the first trigger and using buttons to the right of the list change port1 into port 0. Repeat this for all triggers and for all items on "Usage items" list. *How to make joystick simulate keyboard keys? With Poseidon it is possible to make the joystick simulate the keyboard pressings. This might enable using joystick for playing games which only have keyboard support. This feature is configured in Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. Go to "Actions" tab. On the right top window select X axis. On the left bottom list select an entry "Digital Joystick, Push left(port 1)". On the panel to the right change "Digital joystick" into "Raw Key". A list of keys will be displayed. Select key you wish to send. Repeat the same procedure for "Digital Joystick, Release left (port 1)" option but this time check "Send key up even instead of key down". Open shell and move your joystick to the left - your selected letter should appear in the shell. *Analogue in Trident Prefs * Open the Trident USB Prefs -> Devices -> Select your joypad -> Settings button -> Action TAB * See some "axis" listed under "Usage items" in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) * Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left And you should see some axis activity in "Usage items" when you move the analog stick *Actions HID class item -> Settings -> HID Class Window -> Action Tab -> Action handling area Reports and collections -> Usage Items -> Performed actions Qualifier keys are *special*. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers. Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it. Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called "Keyboard right GUI"). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them. Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right. Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc. when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release. The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input. check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down. misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon->config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics. *Rumble in Trident Prefs Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the '''General''' TAB and half way down on the right there is an "Open Now" button in the section "HID output control window". Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. '''Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected.''' The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect. ===Graphic Drawing Tablet=== There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events (which AROS has) * Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area * Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) * Semi Pro A3 (12x9) * Pro Cintiq * 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets * 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Micrograf Tabby (late 1980s and early 1990s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->podscat pt 3030 graphics tablet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Summagraphics | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom IV compatible (Graphire, ArtPad, A3, A4, A5 and PenPartner CT-0405-P - Wacom intuos GD-0405-R) Waycom Digitiser II UD-0608-R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Artpad II (KT-0405-R) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AceCad boards | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Calcomp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 8000 - Aldi/Medion MD 9310 and Aldi/Tevion LT 9310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Tablet PC penabled | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based like x61t X60t NC4200 NC4400 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PenPartner * PenPartner 2 * PenStation 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire - Wacom Tablet ET-0405-U UV1.1-1 (Slate Blue) ET-0405UL (lime) (orange) (red) (purple) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0X0010 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|late 90s with A6 size - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511 under Trident prefs. Air pen mouse type movements }} |- | <!--Description--> * Grapphire 2 4x5 ET-0405A-U UV2.0-3 (Steel Blue) * Graphire 2 5x7 ET-0507A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0011 and 0x0012 | <!--Revision-->0110 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 versions - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air pen mouse type movements - mouse EC-120-0K tested}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire 3 * cte-430/w 4x5 pearl sapphire * cte 630 6x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0013 and 0x0014 | <!--Revision-->0314 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 size - [Wacom Support] Xaxis 0-10207 yaxis 0-7423 tip pressure 0-511 and the erase end appears to respond but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | Wacom Graphire 4 * cte-440/B Blue cte 440/s Silver 4x5 * cte-640 6x8 cte 640 u 0403 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 and 0x0016 | <!--Revision-->403 | {{Yes|A6 and A5 work area detected [Wacom Support] x-axis 0000-10207 Y axis 0000-7423 Tip Pressure 000-511 and delete rub out end of the pencil seems detected but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom Intuos 4x5 GD-0405 * Intuos 6x8 GD-0608 * Intuos 9x12 GD-0912 * Intuos 12x12 GD-1212-U * Intuos 12x18 GD-1218 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0020 0x0021 0x0022 0x0023 0x0024 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected and responses delivered back - x axis up to 30479 and y axis 31679, tip pressure up to 1023 and x and y tilt up to 127 - Wacom intuos GD-0912-A for Apple Macs NOT SUPPORTED}} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 2 4x5 A6 - XD-0405-U * Intuos 2 6x8 A5 - xd 0608u uoc * Intuos 2 9x12 XD-0912-U * Intuos 2 12x12 XD-1212-U * Intuos 2 12x18 XD-1218-U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0041 0x0042 0x0043 0x0044 0x0045 | <!--Revision-->0126 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|various sizes and recognised as [Wacom Support] but not working. x-axis 00000-20319 y-axis 00000-16239 tip presure 0000-1023 x-tilt y-tilt 000-127. HID mouse xc-100-03 works but never could use it as a real tablet with pressure with TVPaint 3.6 }} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 3 4x5 (PTZ-430) * Intuos 3 4x6 (PTZ-431W ) * Intuos 3 6x8 (PTZ-630 PTZ630) * Intuos 3 6x11 (PTZ-631W A3 wide) * Intuos 3 9x12 (A4 PTZ-930 PTZ930) * Intuos 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->056a | <!--Product ID-->0x00b0 0x00b1 0x00b2 0x00b3 0x00b4 0x00b5 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No}} Actions in HID setup window definitively locks the Pointer (mouse) reports settings and even after a clear and save, nothing changes, the configuration returns to default values. "[Wacom]" reports don't see any events from the tablet, even with "Pointer" reports cleared and save, so is locked a in "mouse" state - but can send a special command to the tablet in order to put it into a special vendor mode. This mode enables Wacom specificities like pressure, tilt, absolute position, buttons, etc... you should send an HID report feature with ReportID=2 and data=2, the current HID class driver doesn't give a way to change that, even using the "initial startup actions" item in the extra collection. No listed features work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Volito - Promethean FT-0405-U06 UV1.4-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0060 | <!--Revision-->0141 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - appears to be the budget option with some but limited features}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Volito 2 * CTF-??? 2x3 * CTF-420G CTF-420 V2.0-0 4x5 * Serif Penabled 6742 rebadge of CTF 420/020-B CTF-420/02 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0062 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - no erase function on the end of the pen - nylon nibs value option}} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PL-400 LCD * PL-500 * PL-510 * PL-550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0030 0x0031 0x0032 0x0034 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> * PL-600 * PL-600 SX * PL-700 * PL-710 * PL-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0033 0x0035 0x0036 0x0037 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Cintiq 21 UX and Cintiq Partner DTF-720 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wacom PenTablet Bamboo (MTE), Bamboo Craft (CTH), Bamboo Fun (CTE), Bamboo Pen (CTL) and Bamboo Pen & Touch (CTH) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium CTE-650 | | 0x0018 | | {{Maybe|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum]}} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Fun Small CTE-450 white | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo One CTF-430 V2.0-0 CTF 430/S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0069 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A5 wired air pen and acts like a mouse only}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 4 * Small PTK-440 PTK-540 * Medium - PTK-640 - PTK 540WL Wireless - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Intuos4 surface sheet was revised in October 2010 to reduce nib wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 5 Touch * * Medium - PTH-650 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0027 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested work, however wireless may glitch or drag }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro Medium - PTH-651 - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Small Pen Tablet - MTE 450 MTE-450A (MTE-450/k) - | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0065 | <!--Revision-->0116 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 work area - mouse movement but no pen detection except x-axis 2 to -2 and y-axis 2 to -2 - mini usb lead - 4 blue led lit buttons not detected as well as circular touch button?? }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Pen CTL 460 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested all Bamboo versions were criticized for the drawing surface's roughness (which got smoother over time), which caused the small pressure-sensitive 'nib' to wear down, and become slanted or scratchy in the same way as pencil lead, albeit more slowly}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Fun CTH-461/S wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x00D2 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 size - Pen tracking not working but finger touch works }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Connect Pen Tablet CTL-470 CTL-470K 470-DE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 470K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom CTH 480/S wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} lithium battery for pad - |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pen Small CTL-480/S CTL 480 K wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x030E | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected as Intuos PS but not working although the RHS blue led responds to pen on tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 490 PK S Photo - CTH-490CK-S Comic - CTH-490AK-S Art | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested lower hovering height pen nibs wear fast and input lag/responsiveness}} |- | <!--Description-->Intuos Pen & Touch Medium - CTH-680 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit work | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro (PTH-660 and PTH-860) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 10.6" Genius G-Pen M609 Genius G-Pen M609X iVista Media Tablet 10.6 Aiptek MediaTablet 10000u | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0501 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Slim Tablet 12.1" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x172F | <!--Product ID-->0x0034 | <!--Revision-->0x1105 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 12 by 9" Aiptek HyperPen 12000u T-12000U Tablet Series Nisis T-12000u USB Tablet Series Version 1.05 (aiptek rebadged) Trust item #1535 ADESSO Cyber Tablet 12000 Graphic design tablet iVista Media Tablet 12 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2003 Genius G-Pen M712 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0500, 0x08ca | <!--Product ID-->0x0010 | <!--Revision-->0105 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet, untested with others - Puck (mouse) x axis 0000 to 6000 y axis 0000 to 6000 - stylus (pen) x axis 00000 to 12000 y axis 00000 to 12000 tip pressure 0000 to 1023 - 16 function keys - AAA battery needed for pen and another for the mouse}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 14.1" v5.1e Genius G-Pen M714X Aiptek MediaTablet 14000u WMK-H141 Trust item #15358 Adesso CyberTablet 14000 M14 iVista Media Tablet 14.1 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2004 | <!--Vendor ID-->0X172f | <!--Product ID-->0X0500 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet - Stylus (Pen) X 16838 Y 16838 Tip Pressure 1023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0038 Genius G-Pen F509 Manhattan 177405 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0038 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0052 Yiynova MSP19 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0052 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Q Pad Aiptek HyperPen Mini NGS Flexi Style VisTablet PenPad iVistaTablet Q Flex Pad Bravod Q-PD65-S Trust Flex Design Tablet (#16937) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0037 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Sirius Battery Free Tablet VisTablet Muse PENTAGRAM Designer P 2700 Princeton PTB-S1BK | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0502 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 12.1" Genius G-Pen F610 Trust Slimline Widescreen Tablet (#16529) VisTablet Original 12" Adesso CyberTablet Z12 Adesso CT-Z12A PenPower Tooya Pro Aiptek Slim 12.1 Inch Aiptek SlimTablet 600u Premium II NGS Slim Proguess iVistaTablet Slim 12.1 PENTAGRAM ThinType P 2006 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0034 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 5.8" Genius G-Pen F350 Trust item #16485 VisTablet Mini iVistaTablet Slim 5.8 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0032 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Venus S Tablet Trust eBrush Widescreen Tablet (#17939) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0503 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Aiptek GmBH MediaTablet Ultimate II - 16:10 Professional Graphic Tablet Model 1400U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon Beijing HanWang HW Micro Drawing Tablet ET0504U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b57 | <!--Product ID-->0x8030 | <!--Revision-->01111 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|does not work - recognised as an HID mouse - no tablet extensions detected}} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen 340, Genius EasyPen 340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5014 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Aiptek Hyper Pen 6000u PC Tablet APT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|detected but does not work - win98 era cordless 6in by 4.5in - }} |- | <!--Description-->nisis T-8000U APT-2 Aiptek rebadge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08CA | <!--Product ID-->0x0021 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected but no responses }} |- | <!--Description-->Acecad Flair II GT-504 Init Fkt Fkt 0x5ab450c0 AIPTEK HyperPen 10000 U Aiptek HyperPen 10000U, AIPTEK Slim Tablet U600 Premium II | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ace Cad Enterprise Co., Ltd Tablet - 5x3.75 drawing area | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bosto's | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic Digitizer |- | <!--Description-->Adesso CyberTablet Z7, Adesso CyberTablet 12000, Adesso CT-12000A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic / Lapazz WP8060, UC-Logic / Lapazz PF1209, UC-Logic / Lapazz Artistic Tablet 5540, Manhattan 8"x6", Manhattan 3"x4", Manhattan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but suspect not working}} |- | <!--Description-->DigiPro 5.5×4” Graphics Tablet Digital Ink Pad (A4 format) DigiPro WP8060, DigiPro WP5540, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-pen G-Pen 4500 Genius Wizardpen Genius Mousepen Genius Easypen i405 M610 Genius PenSketch 9x12, Genius MousePen i608, Genius MousePen 8x6, Genius MousePen / WizardPen 5x4, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-Pen F610 Genius G-Pen M610 Genius G-Pen 340 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP4030U) Genius G-Pen 450 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius UC-LOGIC iBall Tablet PF8060 iBall Iball Pen Tablet 8060U, Iball Pen Tablet 5540U, Iball Pen Tablet 4030U, Iball Design Tablet PF1209, NGS CADBOY (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) Pentagram QWare | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust TB-3100 Trust TB-5300 Trust 15356 Trust TB-6300 Trust 15357 WP8060U Slimline but bulky with metal backing A5 size Trust 16486, Trust 16447, Sketch Design Tablet, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|clashes with usb and crashes AROS }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP1062 Aiptek HyperPen 10000U Monoprice 10X6.25 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet Pickle 10x6.25 Inch Graphic Drawing tabletguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0064 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | [ VTech KidiPhoto Art Studio] | | | | {{yes|works}} |- |} Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position, Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology. Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer. Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531&nbsp;kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity. In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer. If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to "no action", so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/highway_usb/message/2394]}} === Handheld Barcode Scanner Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Farsun 9100 barcode scanner 0-12" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola Symbol LS2203 CMOS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Tysso | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Simple}} Code 11, Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Coda Bar, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, MSI/Plessey, Telepen, Interleaved 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Matrix 2 of 5 |- | <!--Description-->Unitech MS320 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WCS3905 CCD 1" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Code 93, Matrix 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Code 39, UCC/EAN-128, ISBN, Code 32, EAN/JAN-8 , EAN/JAN-13 , UPC-A, UPC-E, Codabar, Code 128, Code 11, Interleaved 2 of 5, MSI-Plessey, China Post, IATA 2 of 5, ISSN, UK-Plessey |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic Touch 90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Intermec | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Metrologic MK9540-32A38 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola LS2208 Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WWS800 Laser 1D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic GD4130-BK-C066 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell 1202G-1USB-5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola / Symbol DS6707-DC20007ZZR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->DataMan 8000 2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Voyager 9520/40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Metrologic MS1690 USB 2D Barcode Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} QR Code GS1 Databar PDF417 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Syscan GM800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} [http://www.scandit.com/2011/11/04/types-of-barcodes-choosing-the-right-barcode-type-ean-upc-code128-itf-14-or-code39/ Types of Barcode] <pre> UPC-A Grocery most common Code 128 EAN-13 Library Books ISBN & ISSN, Code 39 Codabar blood bank, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix PDF417e Maxicode Aztec QR Code old Nokia handsets, MicroPDF417 </pre> ===TouchScreens=== Projected capacitive (PCAP) touch screen product, amongst many options the widely used are I2C and USB *USB host–device structure which dominates consumer and industrial electronics devices where higher bandwidth needed and user-friendly (multiswipes) *I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit simple serial standard for LCD display in embedded systems because of cost and low power *SPI arduino and rpi single boards We cover the USB here {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | eGalax Touch 4a | 0eef | 0001 | 0001 | {{yes|2009 works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lilliput HDMI Monitors 669GL-70NP/C/T (7 inch) 869GL-80NP/C/T (8 inch) FA1011-NP/C/T (10 inch) FA1046-NP/C/T (10 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iilyama Prolite Monitors PROLITE T1513SR-1 (15 inch) PROLITE T1730 (17 inch) PROLITE T1713SR-1 (17 inch) PROLITE T1913SR-1 (19 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Smart Display Company (SDC) Touchscreens TFT Monitors TOUCH-TFT-TS07 (7 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS08 (8 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS10 (10 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS12 (12 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS15 (15 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS17 (17 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS19W (19 inch wide) TOUCH-TFT-TS22W (22 inch wide) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC Monitors 7 inch models 700TSH 700TSU 700TSV 702TSV 705TSV 706TSA 700IDT MDT-X7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC 8 inch models: 800TSV 805TSV 10 inch models: 1020TSV 1026TSA 1040TS 12 inch models: 1200TS 1200TR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asus VT229H 21.5" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CUQI 7" Monitor Touchscreen 1024x600 IPS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Espresso 15" Portable Touchscreen Display Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hannspree HT225HPB 21.5 inch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->WaveShare 13.3inch HDMI LCD (H) (with case) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===GPS tracking, running, cycling, biking, walking, hiking, ORIENTEERING, boaters and mapping=== Support for OpenStreetMap but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb, Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs, NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10->30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB->Serial adapter inside the case). Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin gpsmap 180 GPS/chart plotter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->1992 GARMIN GPS 55 AVD Portable System | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - waas pinpoint within 3 metres - nmea - 4AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 12 12XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Legend C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eMap | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|possibly through usbmodem rs232 connection nmea 0183 protocol}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} rs232 these older units supported it and would provide the stream in either the standard NMEA 0183 format or a proprietary Garmin format. |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 75 AVD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Map 7000 model 45006 (1994) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Tracker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Pioneer Satellite Navigator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS 300 315 320 Mentor Receiver (2003) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Not for dedicated sat nav units like the Nuvi, TomTom, etc | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NaviLock NL-402U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested u-blox 5 SuperSense® chipset with receivers for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->GM1-86UB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| U-BLOX UB-6010 GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC and support VTG, GLL, TXT ublox binary and NMEA Command Dynamic Condition }} |- | <!--Description-->NAVILOCK GPS NL-602U USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works via usbmodem.device - ublox ag 6 chipset - 50 channel}} |- | <!--Description-->TOPGNSS ton Receiver & Antenna GM702 u-blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|UBLOX7020 chip design bloc u-blox}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-162 G-MOUSE u blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|UBX G70xx with RMC VTG GSV TXT GLL GGA GSA}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-172 u-blox 7 G7020-KT gps gnss white pen stick receiver - over 1 inch long | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| detected as cdc controlled plug in device - 18x18x2mm patch antenna but can be slow to update - nmea 0183 and ublox binary protocol}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GlobalSat BU-353 WaterProof USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested SiRF Star III}} |- | <!--Description-->Haicom HI-206 USB GPS receiver with RS-232 interfaces, RJ11 and PS/II connector EB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|usb-serial prolific pl2303 detected but GSP3F SiRF Star IV technology not detected or bound}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->BT760Y, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 5 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 6 GPS chipset - 65 channel}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 7 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 8 GPS chipset - 167 channels}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Colorado 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Geko 101 201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} limited waas enabled only - waypoints - aaa battery |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Edge 200 bike mount | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin ForeRunner 10 15 watch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Montana 600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Dakota 10 20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Map76s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 450T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB nmea 0183 |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex 10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - no nmea0183 sentences data stream output - configuration an option to set it to "Garmin" mode, or "Mass Storage" mode. Since the mass storage mode seems to be required for waypoint/track/etc data exchange, the 'Garmin' mode would be for this data stream. Yet putting it in that mode doesnt seem to produce anything.}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 650T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSMAP 64S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GPSMap 78S or GPSMap 76CSX which has a NMEA port for talking to Nav equipment | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex Vista Cx GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - 2AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSmap 276c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 2000 XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} SiRFstarIII™, Antenna Type Multidirectional Patch with WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS support |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==massstorage.class (MSC/UMS - most cameras and mp3 players)== === USB Card Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Installing ! width="15%" |Booting ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | A-Tec Model CR-362 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Merchant_Id=&Section_Id=200406&pcount=&Product_Id=179164 Belkin 15 in 1 Card Reader] | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Conrad CP440 60 in 1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works on a1k forum}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Genesys Gtech Logic 19 in 1 | 0x05E3 | 0x0710 | High 0200 | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Hama 19 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Hama 35 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Integral Single Slot SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kingston USB 3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lexar microsd adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} but wider than Sandisk version - could block other slot if below |- | Pretec CardDriver | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sandisk MicroMate | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Micro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} has satisfying 'click' when microsd inserted |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Duo MicroSD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} no 'click' insertion uses pressure so future wear and tear issues |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Serena metal cased microsd only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | <!--Description-->Serena "Sandisk MobileMate" look-alike | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | SilverCrest 16in1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P5 8 in 1 TSRDP5K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P8 15 in 1 TSRDP8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Zyxel integralmemory 8 in 1 | 0x0aec | 0x3260 | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|not detected}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Hard Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Datel MaxDrive | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Inateck 2.5 Inch USB 3.0 Hard Drive Disk Enclosure/ Case (FE2001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Full USB 3.0 port but plastic teeth keeping drive in place can snap |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} full USB 3.0 port - updated design |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE3001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} wider USB 3.0 port and no on/off switch Jmicron JMS578 chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Iomega Desktop Hard Drive 500GB, 3,5“, USB2.0 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung T3 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 1 space grey / black metal/ plastic |- | Samsung T5 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 2 256GB 512GB alluring blue 1Tb 2Tb black unibody metal |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Toshiba Canvio 1TB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|partition fat32 or sfs to 100GB max - ntfs partitions not detected out of the box - select usb drive in trident prefs and press disable to shutdown}} |- | Verbatim 160GB Smartdisk | | | | {{yes|works }} |- | Western Digital USB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->WD Essential | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->WD Passport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB DVD CD ROM Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm enclosure mini-sata dvd-rw | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->9.5mm enclosure ECD829 mini-sata dvd-rw with Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13fd | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but probably needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === USB to NGFF NVMe SDD HDD DVD CD ROM Drives === The older Jmicron JMS539B seems to result in massive filesystem corruption given the amount of corrupted content. Prehaps always avoided Jmicron and opted for Asmedia even if it costed a bit more. Realtek seems to be working okay for me generally speaking and newer Jmicron chipsets are less buggy – but evidently not perfect. From [https://goughlui.com/2025/08/17/psa-validate-your-storage-jmicron-jms583-kioxia-bg4-series-ssd-issue/ thread] Here is a [https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/stable-nvme-usb-adapter.2572973/ very long thread] that discusses data corruption and stability issues with these bridges. The majority of the posts are complaining of dropouts, hangs and the like, which usually down to either a poor USB 3.x implementation (SuperSpeed connections are very picky as to cables, ports and trace routing) or problematic compatibility. Regardless, the [https://www.legitreviews.com/jmicron-jms583-controller-version-matters-for-portable-usb-drives_219422 JMS583 is known to have several versions] noting that the last revision (C) in that article is a 2021 release which should fix earlier stability and cable quality compatibility issues. JMS583-STD-Release-v00.02.01.04-Bus Power.bin is the latest JMS583 firmware as of August 2025. Early firmware RTL9210 seems to have issues as well * RTL9210B * JMS583 rev1 with firmware A2 or A3 * RTL9210A * JMS583 firmware 2.0.9 * Asmedia ASM2362 * RTL9201A The reference Hardware ID for the JMS583 chipset from JMicron is: VID_152D&PID_0583&REV_0209 where "VID_152D" identifies a JMicron product; "PID_0583" is the generation chipset; "REV_0209" is the firmware version installed. In the same way, the reference Hardware ID for the RTL9210 from Realtek is: VID_0BDA&PID_9210&REV_3100 "VID_0BDA" is for a Realtek product, "PID_9210" is referred to the chipset and "REV_3100" to the firmware. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ASM1153E / ASM1153 with firmware 140509_A1_82_40 or 141126_A1_EE_82. Both supports UASP and TRIM on USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->ASM235CM Ugreen aluminum bridging the USB3.2 Gen2x1 to Serial ATA host interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TI 9261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASM225 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS578 issues USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0578 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|needs fixing on pi4 storage quirks}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS576 issues USB 3 to usb-c adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0576 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|orico}} |- | <!--Description-->JMS562 JMicron Technology Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0562 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->JMS561U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0x1561 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->VL716Q4 Orico black meshed aluminum usb c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASmedia ASM1051E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174C | <!--Product ID-->0x1536 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM104x | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x1042 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown Chinese version | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0bc2 | <!--Product ID-->0x2312 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron N5321 gr | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0xa583 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Initio Corp INIC-1618L mini slimline sata 6 + 7 pins to usb2 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13FD | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb2 detects 201x laptop DVD as MassStorage(CD/DVD) but may need powered USB hub}} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown mini sata to usb3 adaptor | <!--Vendor ID-->0x01F75 | <!--Product ID-->0x0621 | <!--Revision-->0036 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb3 detects 201x notebook DVD drive as MassStorage(SCSI) but 5V 1.5Amp needs powered hub to burn }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === External Floppy === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/ Amiga Floppy Project] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=842 Catweasel Mk4] | 0xE159 | 0x0001 | 0x00 | {{yes|[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage works]}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://hxc2001.free.fr/floppy_drive_emulator/ HxC Floppy Emulator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.softpres.org/glossary:kryoflux KyroFlux] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung SFD-321U/EP USB Floppy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.cbmstuff.com/proddetail.php?prod=SCP SuperCard Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.facebook.com/groups/greaseweazle Greaseweazle STM hardware], [https://cowlark.com/fluxengine/index.html Greaseweasel support], [https://github.com/keirf/greaseweazle python software], [https://amigakit.amiga.store/greaseweazle-p-91279.html buy], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FL-2501 USB Portable Diskette Drive | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2009 usb - [https://amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/ Drawbridge] [https://github.com/RobSmithDev/ArduinoFloppyDiskReader software] ribbon cable compat with p/n 19308801-19 and s/n U356244 - model ASM P/N 27l4226 and FRU P/N 05k9283 - |- | <!--Description-->Dell Floppy Drive Module USB External 3.5" - Teac FD-05PUB 1.44mb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 usb 1.1 |- | <!--Description-->USB FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (USB External Floppy Disk) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/SukkoPera/OpenFlops OpenFlops] with [https://github.com/keirf/flashfloppy FlashFloppy] Gotech clone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/hmerrett/HenryFlops HenryFlops reworked OpenFlops] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/tebl/Amiga-DrawBridge DrawBridge aka Arduino Amiga Floppy Disk Reader/Writer] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| arduino based hardware }} |- |} ==ptp.class (PTP and MTP - other cameras and mp3 players)== === Cameras === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 350D (also known as the Digital Rebel XT/Kiss Digital N) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 DIGIC II processor 8-megapixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot A430 A560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 400D (XTi) digital SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1000D also known as Rebel XS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2mp 720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 450D aka Rebel Xsi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 12.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot S90 S95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 2010 720p video - 10Mpixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot SD960 IS Digtal ELPH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 Still Image: Exif 2.2 (JPEG), Movie: MOV (Image: H.264; Audio: Linear PCM) Lithium-ion Battery Pack NB-4L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 500D aka Rebel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 1080p 15.1MP Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 550D 600D aka Rebel T2i T3i DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010-2011 1080p 18MP Lithium LP-E8 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot S100 S110 S120 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011-2013 720p-1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1100D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T3 SLR, EOS Kiss X50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p 10Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 650D 700D aka Rebel T4i T5i T6i SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2013 1080p 18Mpixels Lithium LP-E8 articulating flip out twistable screen }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon ELPH 300 HS (IXUS 220 HS) 230 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 blogging camera }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 12.1 MP CMOS, DIGIC 5 Wifi Lithium Battery Pack NB-9L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7 X, G7X-II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014-2016 1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1300D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T6 SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 1080p 16Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7x G5X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| G7X flip up and G5X flip out - same batteries - no external microphone input - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS M3 M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| flip out - same batteries - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 60D 70D 80D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 6D 7D 8D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 5D Mark II III IV DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix A850 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FujiFilm Finepix F100fd | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix F810 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xf1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| pocketable exr cmos 12mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt1 x-t1 x10 x-t10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujifilm x100 x100s x100t | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xPro1 xPro2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt2 / x-t2 x-t20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K video }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GoPro HERO 3 HERO4 HERO 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D100, D60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 Compact flash storage - non interchangeable lenses up to 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D50, D50x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 storage - 6.1MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D70, D80, D90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 Compact flash storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D40, D40x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D300, D700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 storage - 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D2Xs, D2Hs, D3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006-2008 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 720p video unlike D3000 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16mpixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16.2mp 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L26 L27 L28 L29 L31 Coolpix compact cameras | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video - 2 AA - pocket sized }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video 14.2mp}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5100 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16.2mp 720p}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L810 L820 L830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7100 D7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 up to 24.2mp 1080p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 1080p 24MPixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5200 D5300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D800 D600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 1080p video sd card storage - dust/oil issue at start}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3300 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D500, a high-performance DX-format (APS-C) DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5500 D5600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016-2018 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D810 D610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 1080p video sd card storage }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K UHD video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D900 D850 D820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4k 46MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus C-370 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Camedia C-725 Ultrazoom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3mp aa batteries, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 8mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-410 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-510 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 10MP Live MOS sensor with TruePic III processor, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-420 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-620 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 12.3mp, compactflash, xD and microdrive cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-450 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax * ist DS DSLR camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K10D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 10.2mp APS-C CCD no video and older manual Pentax K-mount lenses}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2008 14.6MP APS-C but no video recording mode }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K30 K-5 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 16MP full HD (1080p) recording at 24/25/30 fps}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 25.7MP BSI CMOS sensor }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix LZ10 LZ20 DMC-LZ30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ1 TZ5 TZ9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix GH1 GH2 like the DMC-GH2HEB-K - GH3 DMC-GH3HEB-K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Four Thirds (GH2) MFT Micro Four Thirds (GH3) limited to 29mins recording }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic AF series AF100 AF101 AF102 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 DMC-G3 G5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic DMC LX7 10 LX15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GF7 GX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic G80 G85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 - shooting in MOV or MP4 formats recording limited to sd card size but split files because the FAT32 file system only supports files up 4GB in size, which amounts to around 5 minutes of 4K (100mbps) footage - GH4 appears to create 4GB files as a rule, regardless of whether the memory card’s file system supports larger files or not - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH5 gx80 gx85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Effective: 20.3 Megapixel 5184 x 3888 - 2 sd card slots compatible with high-speed, high capacity UHS-II - sd card v rating like the v90 should record at 60MB/s to be compatible with the GH5 in the All-I format - possible file corruption with .mdt files - new firmware 2.0 update, the Panasonic GH5 becomes the first 5K - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic FZ2000 FZ2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung WB100 WB1100 WB150 WB2200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX11 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX200, NX20, NX1000 and NX210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 20.3Mp APS-C sized CMOS image sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo Xacti CG65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cyber-shot DSC camera models W110 W220 H300 H400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A230 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A290 DSLR Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 14.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX20V HX30V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 18mp 720p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX50V HX60V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 20.2MP 1080p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A77 A99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony WX100 WX150 wx220 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 2014 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-6 Sony NEX-7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16 to 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-3N Sony NEX-5N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α58 Sony α68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 20.1 MP 2014 24mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1MP 1.0-type back-illuminated Exmor R CMOS sensor, often after boot-up, the motor starts running for no reason for first versions' - }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α5000 a5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1 Megapixel APS-C Exmor APS HD CMOS 1080p Sony E-mount [https://github.com/ma1co/Sony-PMCA-RE hack] using [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M4hR9HiOzM this] }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6000 a6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP APS-C sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7S a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α77 II, α99 II, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24.3 MP, 2016 42.4mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk IV V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RX0 RX zero, RX0 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2017 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6500 a6500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP APS-C sensor 4K }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 Alpha 7 II E-mount interchangeable lens mirrorless camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7Sii a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony a7 III α77 ILCE7M3/B Full-Frame Mirrorless Interchangeable-Lens Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 24mm optical zoom, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 entry-level vlogging, 1-inch 20.1MP, ultra-wide 20mm f/2 prime lens}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} <pre > Lens Mounts Canon EF EF-S Nikon F Panasonic Olympus OM Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series Fujifilm X mount </pre > <pre > Sensors APS-C S35 Full Frame 43 Four Thirds M43 MFT Micro four thirds </pre > === Digital Voice Recorder Dictaphone Dictation Machine Handheld === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2011 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested 2012 no usb }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-8600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-711PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-712PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-731PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested slide out usb-a - aaa battery - ok recordings }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-540PC Olympus VN-541PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips DVT1250 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX470 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX570 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} === USB eBooks Readers drm free EPUB version 2.0.1 (2007), 3.0 (2011), 3.1 (2015) or [https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/ 3.3 (2024)] [https://github.com/thansen0/sample-epub-minimal epub examples] formats access === EPUB file format is an open standard based on XHTML for content and XML for metadata, contained in a zip file archive PDF v2.0 in 2017, 2009 takeover by ISO Org, 1.7 in 2006 , 1.6 in 2005, 1.4 in 2001, 1.3 in 1999, 1.0 in 1993 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch NST BNRV300 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->when finding the right micro usb cable that works, internal nook memory not accessible but sd card fat32 readable and writable outside | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 6in 600x800 e-ink 16 grayscale .jpg}} battery remove sd card and Torx T5 back top for Cameron Sino CS-BNR003SL - USA 1.2.2 md5sum 351e26527e80156183e74be2da2ce89f *nook_1_2_update.zip - 1.2.1 UK fdba3981f7f221cc5143db6329645bc2 *nook_1_2_update.zip - skip registration, Turn on the device, but do NOT start setting it up. Hold down the top right button on the front of the device and slide your finger from left to right across the top of the E Ink screen. A ‘Factory’ button should appear in the top left corner of the screen. Press it. Once in the Factory menu, hold down the top right button on the front of the device and tap the bottom right corner of the screen should now see a ‘Skip Oobe’ button. Tap that and the Nook should finally load the home screen. Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch with Glowlight *2012 Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight BNRV350 *2013 Nook GlowLight BNRV500 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 0x0007 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 untested }} perform a hard reset: Turn off the nook completely, turn it on, as soon as you see the screen flash begin holding the bottom page turn buttons until the screen flashes with a message asking reset, press the 'n' key twice to start the reset - Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Nook Glowlight 4 Plus 7.8-inch screen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *NOOK 1st Edition (2009-2018) BNRZ100 *NOOK Color (2010-2024) BNRV200 *NOOK Tablet (8GB/16GB) (2011-2024) BNTV250A / BNTV250 *NOOK HD (2012-2024) BNTV400 *NOOK HD+ (2012-2024) BNTV600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 511EB | <!--Vendor ID-->045e:ffff | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 untested Preferences->advanced->debug device detection}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://jaforeck.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/ready-to-meet-viktor-navorski-gained-access-to-elonex-621ebs-terminal-52/ Elonex 621EB] eBook | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1f85 | <!--Product ID-->0x1688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->unlocked ootb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested usb mini charging 6" diagonal eInk Screen - 800 x 600 pixels, 8 Level 166dpi Paperlike screen, Embedded 1GB Flash NAND, full SD Card Slot up to 16GB - WAV, MP3, JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF support and ePub and PDF(with reflow) (TXT, HTML) support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 700eb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 untested adjust screen blanking by menu then settings then device standby, you can then turn it off}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story HD eBook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} freescale imx.508 arm mcimx508cvkbb cpu with 2gb samsung nand, m13892aj charging chip, eb07_main_mp1_110321 mobo, mini usb, atheros ar61026 wifi - |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Rakuten Touch A/B kobo3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Touch C, Kobo Mini, Kobo Glo N613, Kobo Aura HD N514 N204 kobo4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura, Kobo Aura H2O, kobo5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2013 6in untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v1, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Touch 2.0, Kobo Aura ONE N709, Kobo Aura ONE Limited Edition, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v1 N236, kobo6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v2, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v2, Kobo Nia, Kobo Clara HD, Kobo Forma, Kobo Libra H2O kobo7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Elipsa, Kobo Sage kobo8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *Kobo Libra 2 kobo9, Kobo Clara 2E kobo10, Kobo Elipsa 2E kobo11 *Kobo Libra Colour kobo13, Kobo Clara BW, Kobo Clara Colour kobo12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pandigital Personal eReader aka? Papyre 6.2 very similar to BQ Avant Firmware | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 350 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 epub bbeb cbz untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K1 D00111 - Main Menu=: Settings: Menu=: Device Info shows S/N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->256mb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2007 untested Marvell Xscale PXA255}} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K2, D00511 170-1012-00, D00701 D00801 S11S01B * k2 means K2 US * k2i means K2 GW * dx means KDX US * dxi means KDX GW * dxg means KDX Graphite | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested Freescale i.MX31 }} the Kindle is a small computer running Linux 2.6 on an ARM processor |- | <!--Description-->AMAZON Kindle D00901 3rd Gen with keyboard - Menu, Settings for S/N and then Menu again to choose Update * S/N starts B006 means k3g aka K3 3G US * S/N starts B008 means k3w aka K3 WiFi * S/N starts B00A means k3gb aka K3 3G UK EU - debug mode with ;debugON and ~help | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->{{yes|4Gb internal no access until jailbroken JB}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 with mobi and azw3 formats only - micro usb 5v 0.85a - freescale i.mx35 ARM soc with 12bit parallel interface with epson e-ink cpu, 256MB synchronous dynamic RAM, 4GB eMMC internal memory only but no sd slot, MC13892 PMIC - atheros wifi 54mbit pci-e a e keyed wifi - ?? later models wm96103 audio codec - display has 2Mbit serial memory ic on ribbon cable with 4bpp inverse grayscale display not touchscreen - 3g module - screen replacement really annoying - 4 test points near T07 = TX RX GND ? - as of 2025, JB v0.13.N, MKK2014, MKK2025, KUAL, KoReader Legacy2025, and maybe later SS v0.47.N, Python 0.14.N, Fonts v5.16.N, USBNet v0.57.N - USB-downloader mode when Vol+ is pressed during startup - Shift + Alt + M for Minesweeper - |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle 4th Generation k4 D01100 two buttons, square movement and two buttons at bottom *B00E plastic back clipped in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV1dyNkjjro many places] and strongly taped down to battery cover | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb with USB MS, USBMS aka also known as USB MSC or UMS | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 once back off use Torx T5 to remove battery cover screws - battery glued down S2011-001-A 515-1058-01 DR-A015 MC-265360 - Freescale i.MX508 SOC, 2Gb eMMC storage, 256MiB of LPDDR1, MC13892 PMIC - vendor modified u-boot imximage based on u-boot v2009.08 - USB-downloader mode press the fiveway down button during startup resetmykindle - as of 2025 upgrade firmware from 4.1.x and to 4.1.4, sign into account and copy jb.1.8 bits, mkk-2014, mkk-2025, kual and then uninstall kual, koreader2025 - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5th Gen) D01200 K5, KT *Once signed into an Amazon Account get S/N under Settings -> Device Options *B00F Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (U.S. and Canada) [Mostly] *B011 Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5) *B010 Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (Europe) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 touchscreen i.MX508 SOC, 256MiB of LPDDR1 and USB-downloader mode by the SOC microcode when a specific key is pressed during startup: the home button on model D01200 - update firmware 5.3.2 to 5.3.7.3, access account, }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] PW <pre> B024 Kindle PaperWhite WiFi B01B Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] B020 Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Brazil) B01C Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Canada) B01D Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Europe) B01F Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Japan) </pre> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0007 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 Freescale i.MX508 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0008 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 2 (2013) PW2 *B0D4, 90D4 WiFi (U.S., Intl.) *B05A, 905A WiFi (Japan) *B0D5, 90D5 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *B0D6, 90D6 3G + WiFi (Canada] *B0D7, 90D7 3G + WiFi (Europe) *B0D8, 90D8 3G + WiFi (Russia) *B0F2, 90F2 3G + WiFi (Japan) *B017, 9017 WiFi (4GB) (U.S., Intl.) *B060, 9060 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Europe) *B062, 9062 3G + WiFi (4GB) (U.S.) [Mostly] *B05F, 905F 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Canada) *B061, 9061 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Brazil) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb or 4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| PW2 uses Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 3 PW3 i.e. Kindle 7th gen *G090G1 (2015) WiFi *G090G2 (2015) 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *G090G4 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Mexico) *G090G5 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Europe, Australia) *G090G6 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Canada) *G090G7 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KB (2015) WiFi *G090KC (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KE (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090KF (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090LK (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) *G090LL (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) White | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000A | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ease up glued down front bezel rim panel gently, remove 11 screws underneath and lift screen up from bottom end - battery underneath - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 4 (2018) PW4 *G000PP, G8S0PP WiFi, 8GB *G000T6, G8S0T6 WiFi, 32GB *G000T1 WiFi+4G, 32GB *G000T2 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Europe) *G00102 WiFi, 8GB (India) *G000T3 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Japan) *G0016T, G8S16T WiFi, 8GB Twilight Blue *G0016Q, G8S16Q WiFi, 32GB Twilight Blue *G0016U WiFi, 8GB Plum *G0016V, G8S16V WiFi, 8GB Sage *G00103 WiFi, 32GB (India) *G0016R WiFi, 32GB Plum *G0016S WiFi, 32GB Sage | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000B | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Oasis 2 and 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NXP i.MX7D }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8110 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle 11 Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8113 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite Gen 11 and 12 - Signature | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16Gb or 32Gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 account not blocked, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Modos-Labs Modos Labs] open source e-ink 60Hz 75Hz caster controller and glider monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xteink X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.xteink.com Xteink X4] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 4.3in 220ppi no touchscreen so [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7RuokaVauo buttons navigation] - 650mAh battery - micro-sd slot up to 512Gb covering epub, txt, and jpg in directories with [https://github.com/crosspoint-reader crosspoint reader] esp32 cpu custom rom firmware using [https://xteink.dve.al/ Flash website] on usb-c but no ecosystem store |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amazon D01400 Kindle Fire (1st Generation) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 too old }} android 2.3 and touchscreen digitizer fails often, battery SWE P/N 1002000004742 Model KC1 (EU) QP01 (US) 16.28whr, ti 257epl9l omap 4430 with elpida 88164b3pf-10-f88164b3pf or hynix, mobo ??,, DAOKC1MB8F0 Rev F, ti aic3110 audio codec, |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Fire 7in X43260 X43Z60 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested FireOS Android 4 omap 4460 and PowerVR SGX540}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Fire HD (3rd Gen) P48WVB4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD10 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD7 (2015) (5th Generation) 7 inch 8GB SV98LN *Amazon Fire HD7 (2014) *Amazon Fire HD6 (2014) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested android 5.1 max}} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10 (2017) *Amazon Fire 8 (2017) 7th Gen 8 inch SX034OT *Amazon Fire 7 (2017) (7th Generation) 7 inch 16GB (SR043KL) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 (7th Generation) 7 inch 8GB WIFI Tablet (SR043KL) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2016) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Android 5.1 max 7in screen resolution of 1024 x 600, }} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10/10+ (2021) *Amazon Fire 8/8+ (2020) *Amazon Fire 10 (2019) *Amazon Fire 7 (2019) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 9th Gen 16GB M8S26G *Amazon Fire 8 (2018) 8th Gen 8 inch 32GB L5S83A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 9 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD 10 (2023) *Amazon Fire Max 11 (2023) *Amazon Fire 8 (2022) *Amazon Fire 7 (2022) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 11 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Minimal Phone, Mudita Kompakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| eink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B751C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B7 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android based color eink small - 300dpi b/w 150ppi color -}} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme Hibreak Pro, Hisense A9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Meebook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Page Palma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf3C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go Color 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 untested 7in e-ink e-reader android tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx BooxTab Ultra X C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Note Max Air4 C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf5C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Poke6S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox MC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| color e-ink 13.3in }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 (Gen 2) Lumi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 b/w eink with front light, no EMR annd capacitance pen, }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Moaan Pantone 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable Paper Pro Move | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 untested but subscriptions needed for some features}} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A5 X2 Manta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A6 X2 Nomad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Vision 2 3 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Epos2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viwoods AI Paper and AI Paper Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==printer.class== As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes. There has been an attempt at recent AirPrint support *Inkjet *Laser Start simple and then test every higher level... * can if you ping your printer (the IP addy is good)? * set up LPR/IPP to talk to that known good IP address. * see if you can copy a few words of plain ASCII text to the IPP/LPR device (do you have a connection)? * see if you can find a simple postscript file and then copy it to the IPP/LPR device. * see if you can set up to print directly to the IPP/LPR device (set "Output file" to PRT: or LPR:). * see if you can set up a PS printer config to the IPP/LPR device. * go back and try the tests with the other driver (LPR or IPP). See [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_drive7.htm here] for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, Emumiga, Amiberry etc usbparallel.device untested with USB->Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Beige cream D shape centronics end (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002v1 centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002VEA v2 centronics end (Prolific PL2305L chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | DYNAMODE USB-C-PP-1284 USB to 36pin (Prolific 2305 chipset) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested but similar to BAFO below}} |- | IOGear GUC1284B | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | My-Link (raised ellipse on centronics plastic end) (unknown chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested but more expensive }} |- | NEWLink (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Targus PA096E centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | TRENDnet ware TU-P1284 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | True PnP (Prolific chipset 2305) cheap 36pin Centronics (series of ridges along both short sides) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 2.00 | {{N/A|untested on BAFO BF-1284 but reports of poor quality and lack of support on other OSs }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Transparent See Through Blue | | | | {{N/A|untested but possible poor quality build }} |- | Dynamode USB-PARALLEL 25pin female (prolific) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FDL USB to 25pin | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | PlusKom USB to 25pin female connector for printer (IEEE 1284) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | QinHeng Electronics (CH340S chipset) | 0x1a86 | 0x7584 | | {{N/A|untested curvy sides - flat top }} |- | StarTech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syba SD-USB-DB25 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} Postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed as a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript printers. Ghostscript has internal printer drivers gs -h and with something like gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps copytopar ram:tempfile It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file. gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf the ljet4 output device generates PCL also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6) gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps > test.pdf gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf > test.pxl Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation [http://freebooks.by.ru/view/RedHatLinux6Unleashed/rhl6u151.htm here] or [http://www.gnu.org/software/ghostscript/devices.html here] and [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/printer.htm here] <pre> bit cljet5 ljet4d pjxl300 pxlcolor bitcmyk cljet5c ljetplus pkm pxlmono bitrgb deskjet nullpage pkmraw stp bj10e djet500 pbm pksm tiff12nc bj200 epswrite pbmraw pksmraw tiff24nc bjc600 faxg3 pcx16 png16 tiffcrle bjc800 faxg32d pcx24b png16m tiffg3 bmp16 faxg4 pcx256 png256 tiffg32d bmp16m ijs pcxcmyk pnggray tiffg4 bmp256 jpeg pcxgray pngmono tifflzw bmp32b jpeggray pcxmono pnm tiffpack bmpgray laserjet pdfwrite pnmraw uniprint bmpmono lj5gray pgm ppm x11 bmpsep1 lj5mono pgmraw ppmraw x11alpha bmpsep8 ljet2p pgnm psgray x11cmyk cdeskjet ljet3 pgnmraw psmono x11gray2 cdj550 ljet3d pj psrgb x11gray4 cdjcolor ljet4 pjxl pswrite x11mono cdjmono </pre> ==rawwrap.class - some old flatbed scanners supported== Scandal is the MUI frontend to [http://www.ppa.pl/bugtracker/ Betascan Bugtracker] and [http://aminet.net/search?query=betascan Search for Betascan scanner drivers] derived from [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html sane backends] [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-EPSON2 Epson2] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Expression 1600 1640XL 1680 10000XL | 0x04b8 | 0x0107 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Prefection 1200U, 1200 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0104 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 1240U | 0x04b8 | 0x010b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{[https://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=45760&forum=25 works]|Needs 24V 0.8A psu but in Trident, click on "Classes", then on "rawwrap.class", then on "Configure". There, under "Global", activate the Option "Bind to Vendor/Unknown Interfaces". Now go to the second tab "Default Interface" and select/enter these values: Default usbraw.device Unit: 0 Exclusive access: Yes Out NAK Timeout: 20000ms In NAK Timeout: 20000ms In Buffer Mode: No buffering Buffer Size: 36 KB Short Reads Terminate: Yes Now click on "Use as Default" and select "Devices" on the left. There, click on your scanner and click on "Class Scan". Now close Trident by clicking on "Save". }} |- | Perfection 1640SU Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x010a | 0x0104 | {{yes|works, even the transparency unit}} |- | Perfection 1650 Photo, 1660 Photo, 3200 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 2400 Photo, 2450 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 4870 Photo, 4990 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0128 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection V700 V750 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x012c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus CX2800 2900 3200 3500 3600 3650 3700 3800 3900 Stylus CX4100 4200 3500 4600 4700 4800 4900 500 5100 5200 5300 5400 5900 | 0x04b8 | 0x0802 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus Office BX300F USB | 0x04b8 | 0x0848 | | {{yes| works with good scan quality}} |- |} [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx] scanners based on the Grandtech GT-6801 and GT-6816 "System-On-Chip" scanner chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Artec Ultima 2000 and e+, Trust Flat Scan USB 19200 (ePlus2k.usb / Gt680xfw.usb) | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Genius Colorpage Vivid3x 4x 1200x | 0x0458 | 0x2011 to 0x201f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Lexmark X70 also X73 [http://subfusion.net/drivers/oslo3071b2.usb OSLO3071b2.usb] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x043d | <!--Product ID-->0x002d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Medion/Lifetec/Tevion/Cytron MD/LT 9375 and Artec Ultima 2000, MD LT 9385 Gt680xfw.usb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05d8 | <!--Product ID-->0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | BearPaw 2448 CS and TA Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A2Nfw.usb A2Nfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 CS | 0x055f | 0x021e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A1fw.usb A1fw.usb])}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek 1200 CU Plus Scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend PS1Dfw.usb / SBSfw.usb] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2000 }} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1200 UB plus, Trust Compact Scan USB 19200, ScanMagic 1200 UB Plus | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/sbfw.usb sbfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1248 UB aka PC-World PC Line PCL-3000 | 0x055f | 0x021f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/SBSfw.usb SBSfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 2400CS TA aka Goodmans GSC 12/24 | 0x055f | 0x0218 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter untested) }} |- | BearPaw 2400 CS aka TA Plus | 0x055f | 0x0219 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter) }} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 1200 Plus | 0x055f | 0x021c or 0x021b | 0x0 | {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with poor quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 2400 Plus aka BearPaw 2400 CU Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ PS2Dfw2.usb firmware rename to PS2Dfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021d | 1.00 | {{yes|works slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Plustek OpticPro 1248U | 0x07B3 | 0x0400 0x0401 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | Plustek OpticSlim 2400 | 0x07b3 | 0x0422 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (cis3R5B1.fw)}} |- | Visioneer OneTouch 7300 | 0x04a7 | 0x0444 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Cis3r5b1.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek ScanEpress 1200 UB (Plus) clone [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/ use mustek_usb backend] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x055f | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Lexmark - needs testing {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Lexmark X1110 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1140 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1150 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1170 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1180 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1185 | 0x043d | 0x007c | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Lexmark X12xx | | | | {{N/A|untested in USB1.1, not fully tested in USB2.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dell A920 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} HP - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | HP ScanJet 4100C | 0x03f0 | 0x0101 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 5200C | 0x03f0 | 0x0401 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 62X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0201 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 63X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0601 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0102, 0x0105, 0x0205, 0x0305, 0x0405 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0705, 0x0805, 0x0901, 0x0a01 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x1205, 0x1305, 0x2005, 0x2205 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Plustek [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-PLUSTEK LM983x] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Plustek OticPro U12 UT12 UT16 U24 UT24 | 0x07B3 | 0x0010 to 0x0017 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | KYE/Genius Colorpage HR6-V2 HR6A HR7 HR7LE HR6X | 0x0458 | 0x2008 to 0x2016 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 2100C and 2200C | 0x03F0 | 0x0505 and 0x0605 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 and 2400 | 0x0400 | 0x1000 and 0x1001 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | UMAX 3400/3450 and 5400 | 0x1606 | 0x0050, 0x0060 and 0x0160 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1250 and 1260 | 0x04B8 | 0x010f and 0x011d | | {{no|no driver}} |- | CANON CanoScan N650/656U N1220U D660U N670/676U N1240U LIDE20 LIDE25 LIDE30 | 0x04A9 | 0x2206 to 0x2220 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} [http://snapscan.sourceforge.net/ SnapScan] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Acer Benq 310U, 320U, 340U | 0x4a5 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 620U, 620UT, 640U, 640UT | 0x4a5 | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 1240 3300 4300 | 0x4a5 | 0x020 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Agfa SnapScan e10 e20 e25 e26 e40 e42 e50 e52 | 0x06bd | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 660 | 0x04b8 | 0x0114 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1270 1670 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 2480 2580 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 3490 3590 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mitsubishi | 0x0 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ==hub.class (self-powered and external ac powered hubs)== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dynamode USB-H41 4 ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Belkin 4 Port | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | Conrad | | | | {{yes|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum] }} |- | DLink DUB-H4 AC Adapter | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | High 0200 | {{maybe|WARNING Genesys Logic Hub Broken - Will cause failures with USB}} |- | [http://service.targa.co.uk/faq.php?lang_id=2&baseid=178&artdesc=SilverCrest+USB+Hub+2040&artid=760&artpic=silvercrestHUB2040.jpg SilverCrest 4-port slim USB 2.0 HUB - HUB2040 (40775) - Targa GmbH] | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | 0901 | {{yes|works Genesys Logic, Inc., [http://service.targa.co.uk/dokumente/USB_HUB_2040_0109_manual_EN.pdf Manual]}} |- | Skymaster | 0x05e3 | 0x0605 | 060B | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | No Name active 4-port | 0x1a40 | 0x0101 | 0111 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thinkpad USB 3.0 Dock DU9019D1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17e9 | <!--Product ID-->0x4302 | <!--Revision-->0014 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works a bit}} classed as dfu.class with two further USB 2.0 hubs - USB 3.0 ports detected and work (2.0 backwards compatibility) - DisplayLink DL-3900 with VIA VL811 chipset - usb ethernet not working - two dvi not working - 20V psu 2a (40w) with a 5.5 - 2.5mm tip (no bus power) - data through a-b printer/scanner usb lead - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==Internet== ===rndis.class USB Tethering === The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported including smartfones. Before opening Network Prefs, activate USB Tethering on the Smartfon, on Network prefs, type in usbrndis.device and tick "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed. When restart AROS my Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again, have to reactivate it before starting the browser. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alcatel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | Huawei U8800 | 0x12d1 | 0x1039 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Huawei | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | HTC (Android phone) | 0x0bb4 | 0x0ffe | | {{Yes|any android phone with usb tethering option}} |- | <!--Description-->Nokia | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Oppo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- |- | <!--Description-->iPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft winPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ===USB &rarr; ethernet lan adaptor=== *2002 playstation 2 usb1.1 era - a little support but very old and slow *2006 wii asix era - a little support but very much miss than hit *2026 usb0: or eth0: of CDC Ethernet protocol (cdcether) with Ethernet Control Model (ECM) and [https://www.usb.org/document-library/class-definitions-communication-devices-12 others like Wireless Mobile Communication Devices WMC] and later CDC EEM (Ethernet Emulation Model) and NCM (Network Control Model) are USB Communication Device Class (CDC) protocols packing more Ethernet traffic over every USB bundle. For CDC Ethernet - NCM is better than EEM is better than ECM * USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 poor speeds * USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88772 a little especially the 2010 apple version but buy many as very very poor odds of working one * USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - not supported at the moment SANA (Standard Amiga Network Architecture) to usb ADMtek Infineon ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Com 3c460b | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Abocom UFE1000 / Abocom DSB650TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Accton USB320-EC / Accton SpeedStream Ethernet | 0x083a | 0x0320 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|2002 }} |- | AEI USB Fast Ethernet / Allied Telesyn AT-USB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2002 }} |- | ATEN UC-110T | 0x0557 | 0x4000 | | {{unk|2001 }} |- | BAFO USB To Ethernet Adapter BF-310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v1 1101 | 0x050D | | <!--Revision--> | {{maybe|2002 sometimes works from old amiga.org post which is now removed}} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v2 2101 | 0x050D | 0x0121 | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2006 does not works}} |- | Belkin F5U122-PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USB-100 / Billionton USBLP-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USBEL-100 / Billionton USBE-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Compex LinkPort/UE202A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-H3ETX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-650 / D-Link DSB-650TX / D-Link DSB-650TX-PNA | 0x2001 | 0x4000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DU-E10 / D-Link DU-E100 | 0x2001 | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Edimax USB Ethernet Adapter EU-4201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Elsa AG MicroLink USB2 Lan Ethernet adapter | 0x05cc | 0x3000 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GetNet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GIGABYTE GN-BR402W Wireless Router | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway Fellowes USB UE-120 REV:V1 UE120 ADMTek 1011594 HO2419741 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07a6 | <!--Product ID-->0x0986 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2001 USB Specification 1.1 compliant}} |- | GWC Tech USB Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hawking UF100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | HP HN210E / I/O DATA USB ETTX / Kingston KNU101TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Jinco USB Ethernet Adapter 10/100 Base-T UE-110 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Kouwell USB to Ethernet 588A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Linksys USB10T / TA / TX | 0x066b | 0x2202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested - possible peg1/peg2}} |- | Linksys (Cisco) USB100TX / H1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitec LAN-TX/U1 H2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.mayflash.com/psps2/ps2024/ps2024.htm Mayflash PS2024] Playstation2 compatible clone of Proxim/Farallon NetLine? | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with DHCP router option on old 32bit distros but not on newer 64bit, best to go asixeth apple 2010 but buy many of them as poor success rate i.e. a lottery}} |- | Netgear FA101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Philips CPWUE01/00 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Planet UE-9500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | PlayStation 2 SCPH-10000 50000 models | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Proxim (formerly Farallon) NetLine USB PN796-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Siemens SpeedStream USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SOHOware NUB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SMC EZNET-USB 2202USB/ETH / SMC 2206USB/ETH | 0x0707 | 0x0100 0x0200 0x0201 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|untested but should work very well }} |- | Surecom EP-1427X 100/10M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Target USB to 10/100M Fast Ethernet Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-ET100C | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | {{yes| sometimes works well, very stable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Digitus USB NIC DN-3016-A | 0x07a6 | 0x8513 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested new chipset }} |- | Digitus lanusb ADM8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested because new chipset }} |- | VE285 usblan ADMtek 8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{no|not working as new chipset }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Davicom USB-100 see clone below | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | [http://wiki.maemo.org/USB_to_ethernet_networking chinese translucent transparent crystal blue] but variants are also found in clear, white and black. Just over 6&nbsp;cm long. | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | 0x0 | {{yes|2002 success can be sporadic so technically okay, but lacking in reliability. Out of 4 tested by me, only 2 worked. One case cracked open. }} |- | Corega FEther USB-TXC | 0x07aa | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dynamode USB-NIC-1427-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hirose USB-100 | 0x0a47 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | KY-RS9600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585358&postcount=12 works] }} |- | ShanTou ST268 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x0268 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | ZT6688 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x6688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ICS Advent DM9601 USB 2.0 10/100M Ethenet Adaptor JP1081B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FE6 | <!--Product ID-->0x9700 | <!--Revision-->0101 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|not working 32bit and 64bit - USB 1.1 10M ethernet}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Digitus DN-10050 | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | Edimax [http://www.edimax.co.uk/images/Image/datasheet/USB/EU-4206/EU-4206.pdf EU-4206] | | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 }} |- | Speed Dragon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | STLabs | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | StarTech Compact USB2105S [http://www.kustompcs.co.uk/acatalog/info_6790.html USB2106S] | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | Sunrich Technologies [http://www.st-lab.com/admin/upfile/UploadFile/manual/manual(u-250).zip U-250] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | Syba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MCS 7832 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * USB2 [https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet Asix Ethernet] AX88178A, AX88772C, AX88772B, AX88772A (wii), AX88172A * USB3 AX88179A, AX88179 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AirLink101 AGIGAUSB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 AX88172}} |- | ATEN UC210T | 0x0557 | 0x2009 | 0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88172}} |- | <!--Description-->Billionton Systems USB2AR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08dd | <!--Product ID-->0x90ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo LUA-U2-KTX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0411 | <!--Product ID-->0x003d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->corega FEther USB2-TX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07aa | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | D-Link DUB-E100 up to rev A4 | 0x2001 | 0x1a00 | | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->D-Link DUB-E100 rev B1 onwards | 0x07d1 or 0x2001 | 0x3c05 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|AX88172 works on Deneb with [http://amigax.com/2010/02/21/usb-ethernet-speed-test-amigaos-4-0-classic/ Amiga OS4 Classic] and [http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 on a1k] }} |- | <!--Description-->goodway corp USB gwusb2e | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1631 | <!--Product ID-->0x6200 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hawking UF200 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[Linksys USB200M] | 0x077b | 0x2226 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585601&postcount=20 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->Netgear FA120 | 0x0846 | 0x1040 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2002 10/100 Rev.B1" is silkscreened on the board of the device populating this entry (S/N: FA12254CB100409, date code 0508). This device may be manuf. by [http://www.cameo.com.tw/ Cameo] "AX88172 L", "F05040157", and "ED3" Chip1 ASIX AX88172 Chip2 Realtek RTL8201BL}} |- | <!--Description-->Intellinet | 0x0b95 | 0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->JVC MP-PRX1 Port Replicator | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04f1 | <!--Product ID-->0x3008 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ST Lab USB Ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sitecom LN-029 "USB 2.0 10/100 Ethernet adapter" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x6189 | <!--Product ID-->0x182d | <!--Revision-->0 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Surecom EP-1427X-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1189 | <!--Product ID-->0x0893 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v2 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|version 2}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->A-LINK NA1GU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 88772}} |- | <!--Description-->AirLink101 ASOHOUSB Wii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AirLive EtherWe-1000U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE AX88772 Model No. A1277 MC704LL/A P/N 825-7098-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 usb2, }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE Model No. A1277 (MB442Z/A 0885909217434) MC704ZM/A PN 825-7579-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|2010 model, usb2 and controller AX88772 where prehaps 1in3 units working with owb - really poor odds i.e. a lottery, could be situation where various ethernet phy chipsets are used - press Use in network prefs after Save initial setup typing in usbasixeth.device, }} |- | <!--Description-->ASIX AX88772 bulbous casing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 works on 32bit and 64bit though setup can take a few attempts but may have issues with phy ethernet chip changing, }} |- | <!--Description-->Datel Wii Lan Adapter DUS0204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4207 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway HE2230 Maplin ASIX 88772 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Intec LAN G5626 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0202 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0301 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB200M Rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13b1 | <!--Product ID-->0x0018 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 sparsely randomly working AX88772 or with "Sana-II Meter Tool 37.11" network monitoring program, showing continuous "Bad Packet" errors which could means "CRC" errors}} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB300M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2009 AX88772 }} |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash W001 or clones Lupo/PEGA S-Wii-0680 light gray rectangular with third of one top 45 degree angled slope | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| may have randomly changed phy ethernet chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Max Value MVF00446 ASIN B006EG568A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises as AX88772 sometimes works on 32bit and 64bit}} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink N14050 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink Wii-ETH USB2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nintendo Wii LAN Adaptor 2110566 and clones | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 with usbasixeth.device sometimes works seems different ethernet phy chips can be matched affecting compatibility}} |- | <!--Description-->Nyko Wii Net Connect 87024 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585624&postcount=22 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->0Q0 cable ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1557 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E100 (2009/2010) Bulbous housing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises it as ax88772A and typing in usbasixeth.device sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SpeedLink SL-3401-SGY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen 20254 USB2 to 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88772}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Afunta Apple-style White USB2.0 I/O Crest SY-ADA24005 ASIX Electronics Corp. AX88772A Fast Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{no|usbasixeth.device accepted by network prefs but does not work}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Basics USB 2.0 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Digitus DN-10050-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Edimax EU-4230 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX NT-USB20 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88772B USB 2.0 to 10/100M | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4208 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772b | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB2100 ASIX AX88772C | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772D AX88772D] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772E AX88772E] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AX88178 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E1000 i.e. USB 2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 LAN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 ASIX AX88178 Controller and Realtek RTL8211CL PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->AX88178A USB 2.0 to 10/100/1000M Gigabit Ethernet controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AmazonBasics USB3.0 adapter [https://github.com/nothingstopsme/AX88179_178A_Linux_Driver AX88179] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cable Matters SuperSpeed USB 3.0 RJ45 adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hori Nintendo Switch 1 USB3 ethernet AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2020 ASIX AX88179 not binding to class, USB 3.2 Gen1 to Gigabit Ethernet controller with integrated 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable AX88179 = [https://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000-deal USB3-E1000] before mid-2023 or USB3-E1000; AX88179A = USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 controller is AX88179 phy is ??, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTW ax88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000NDS AX88179 USB-A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC301AU AX88179 USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC30B2 AX88179A USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB32000SPT AX88179A USB-c Rev 1 (AX88179) Rev 2 (AX88179A) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->USB32000SPT the Lot code sticker will have a bar code accompanied by a 10 digit number. The 5th and 6th digits of this lot code number would signify the revision. (Ex. xxxx02xxxx which would indicate rev. 2) |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SYBA SY-ADA24029 Gigabit AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} may depend on the PHY chip connected to the controller chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TP-Link UE306 AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® Orico UL677G 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® UL688G USB 3.0 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->AX88179 178A |- | <!--Description-->Tecknet UL699G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07b8 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|no support }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen 50922 USB3-A to 100/1000 dark grey rounded barrels | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| ax88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen USB3-C to 100/1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen CR111 20256 usb3 a black plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 i.e. AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179A USB-A, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==USB &rarr; SerialPort Converter== *2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 *2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support *2025 FTDI 232R [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1135&highlight=232r&rowstart=20 work in progress] *2026 CDC-ACM i.e. Serial port over USB standard serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device or Echo "Test" >SER1: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | ATEN UC-232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0300 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOGear GUC232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0110 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Alcatel | 0x11f7 | 0x02df | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BAFO BF-810 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U103 | 0x | 0x | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Davibe SP611 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dcu10 | 0x0731 | 0x0528 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elcom | 0x056e | 0x5003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOData | 0x04bb | 0x0a03 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Itegno | 0x0eba | 0x1080 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia CA42 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Radioshack | 0x1453 | 0x4026 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ratoc | 0x0584 | 0xb000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | 0x04e8 | 0x8001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Siemens DCA-510 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN104 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN116 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Some Cut Ma620 | 0x0df7 | 0x0620 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Speed Dragon Multimedia MS3303H | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syntech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tripp | 0x2478 | 0x2008 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Airlink101 AC-USBS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Belkin F5U103v | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dynamode U232-P9 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 300 | {{no| no driver [http://koti.mbnet.fi/lonnberg/pl2303x.html linux patch] and using lsusb -v -d 067b:2303 gave bMaxPacketSize as 64 - pl2303x }} |- | Konig CABLE-146/2 USB to RS232 | 0x067b | 0x2303 | 400 | {{no|no driver }} |- | MANHATTAN 205146 USB to Serial Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | Sabrent SBT-USC1M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-59 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded black case and lead USB 232 Converter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x067B | <!--Product ID-->0x2303 | <!--Revision-->0300 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- |} [http://www.ftdichip.com/index.html Future Technology Devices International Ltd FTDI]-FT232R.class [https://ftdichip.com/software-examples/code-examples/c-builder/ FTProg src], [http://rtr.ca/ft232r/ ft232r src], [https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf FT232R datasheet], [], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID-->0x6001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GE-gKgHxZI beware of cheap clones fake with s/n A50285BI SN] |- | <!--Description-->Lynx Astro FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232R |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent CB-FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver TTL-232R cables use FTDI's [http://n1mm.hamdocs.com/tiki-index.php?page=USB+Interface+Devices FT232RQ ic device] }} |- | <!--Description-->Startech.com 1 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 DB9M Adapter Cable with COM Retention ICUSB2321F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL Chipset |- | <!--Description-->StarTech.com 2 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 Adapter Cable ICUSB2322F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FTDI FT2232D Chipset |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL is the SSOP-28 and the FT232RQ is the QFN-32 package option |} [https://www.onetransistor.eu/2017/08/ch341a-mini-programmer-schematic.html ch341a.class] *I2C EEPROMS (3.3V and 5V) compatible and also SPI FLASH memories (3.3V devices) making sure 1.8V is covered *each having their own [https://winraid.level1techs.com/t/guide-how-to-use-a-ch341a-spi-programmer-flasher-with-pictures/33041 4x2 connection blocks] using [https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom flashrom] sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -r backup.bin sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -w <new bios name> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Jiangsu QinHeng Ltd CH341A emulate UART communication, standard parallel port, memory parallel port and synchronous serial (I2C, SPI) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x5512 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->QinHeng USB2.0-Serial HL-340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x7523 | <!--Revision-->0252 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |} ==simplemidi.class and CAMD== Currently support includes * simplemidi.class SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate a musical keyboard * camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the m68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant for * usb host like a computer, pi, etc * usb device controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, grooveboxes, etc * interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi What is needed is a fully class-compliant '''brand name''' USB MIDI keyboard, especially manufactured in the last 15 years are best *Arturia *Novation *M-Audio *Akai Plugging this in one of your USB ports, the camd.library will make the keyboard's MIDI IN/OUT ports available in the system. Then select the keyboard's MIDI IN port (known as a "cluster" in CAMD) for input, and the software instrument's cluster as output ShowCluster (shows midi ports available in and out) MidiWatch (usually port usbmidi.in.0 less often usbmidi.out.0) (Ctrl-C to end output stream) usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOn 90 39 08 00 usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOff 80 39 00 00 MidiThru (forwards messages from one port to another) run >nil: c:midithru usbmidi.out.0 usbmidi.out.2 MidiSendC (sends a middle C to a specific port) Midi Controller + Sound Module (together aka as a synth) -> Audio Output The difference between midi and midi over USB is that in old school Midi the transmitter transmits whenever it wants and the receiver always has to be prepared to receive data. Easy to do at the rate of a 1990's modem speed these days. USB over midi.. turns midi into a polled protocol.. So the USB host (typically the computer) has to ask "do you have anything for me" before the remote will send. If the USB host gets busy doing other things or there is a lot of things on the USB bus to get polled, you can get delays. For its age midi is still a great protocol for music * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf USBIF's "USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices" document, version 1.0 from Nov 1, 1999] * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB%20MIDI%20v2_0.pdf MIDI v2.0 from 2020 which AROS still needs, adds support for MIDI 2.0, MIDI-CI, and Universal MIDI Packet] Nearly all synthesizers now use the 16 MIDI channels available on a MIDI bus in one instrument alone, requiring multiple MIDI busses in a typical setup with more than one MIDI instrument. In addition, by handling multiple "virtual" cables, USB offers a solution to go beyond MIDI's 16-channel limit. MIDI data is transferred over USB using 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packets. These packets provide an efficient method to transfer multiple MIDI streams with fixed length messages. The 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packet allows multiple "virtual MIDI cables" routed over the same USB endpoint. This approach minimizes the number of required endpoints. It also makes parsing MIDI events easier by packetizing the separate bytes of a MIDI event into one parsed USB-MIDI event. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Computer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|which acts as USB midi host to get all usb devices talking together}} |- | <!--Description-->Hobbytronics usb host standalone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->bomebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://neuma.studio/rpi-as-midi-host/ raspberry pi] with several midi interface(s) and linux scripting | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kenton MIDI USB Host mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acorn Instruments Masterkey 49 device | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested usb powered 5V regulated - similar keybed to keystation 49es but unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Akai SynthStation 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - sticky rubber keys - usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09e8 | <!--Product ID-->0x007c | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and camd usb to use, not tested with apps}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 25 mini key self powered by mini USB lead - sustain port - no top left corner joystick - tested icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->Akai LPK25 LPK37 LPK49 Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested velocity sensitive mini keys with synth action - weak mini USB port - latency issues - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional APC Key 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested 49 key 49-key full-sized, semi-weighted keyboard with aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Max25 MAX49 control keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPK249 MPK261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB2 USB-b - full keys semi-weighted aftertouch - midi in out - sustain and peddle port |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional Advance 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini MKII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - 4 way thumb joystick top left - 25 tiny keys - velocity drum pads - plastic build quality - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Professional APC Key 25 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Play | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - synth basic samples - class compliant? - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys - press and hold the "Prog Select" button then use the "Program" knob to assign a MIDI channel - |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini 3 MKIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09E8 | <!--Product ID-->0x1049 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 USB2 USB-b midi controller connection no 5pin legacy - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys goofy uneven feel of the akai keyboards - press and hold the "Prog Select" button and press pad 1 to 8 to assign a MIDI channel - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai Force / MPC One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro MPK Mini Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested 37 mini keys - class compliant device - usb-b bus powered only with 5pin midi in and out - Shift and Global for Midi Ch - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro Ableton Push Mk 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPC Key 37 49 61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested USB2 usb-b |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Photon PH-25 X25 Midi & USB keyboard/synth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Q88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 untested |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Coda Pro Portable 88-Key Digital Piano USB MIDI Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VI49 VI61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VX49 VX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 1 5-pin MIDI input, 1 5-pin MIDI output, 1 USB port, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Mk2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Recital 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Qmini portable 32-key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested synth - |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 synth - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Analog Experience “The Player” USB MIDI Master Keyboard Model APE25 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb-b bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab MkII Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep 32 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 32 mini keys usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed - reset Press and hold Oct + and Oct – buttons then insert the USB cable - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab mkII | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID-->0x2209 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 USB2 usb-b bus power - metal base heavier than most - Shift and press a key to select the MIDI Channel - To reset to original factory, unplug the USB cable, hold down the Oct- and Oct + buttons, plug the USB cable back in and continue to hold the buttons until the pads turn white - need software to change parameters like velocity sensitive assistance - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK2 MKII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MicroFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 hybrid digital/analog synthesis, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeYIAfn3UMs Arturia Minilab 3] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/chj1WgMupGw ] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/FMVdfhzg1Dw ] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 untested usb-c bus powered - 25 mini keys semi - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab 3 Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab Essential 49 61 88 mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested usb-c and 1 midi out - lack of aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AstroLab | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK3 MKIII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control UMX490 UMX610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Swing 32-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MOTOR 49 - 49-Key USB/MIDI Master Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU Xboard 25 E-MU X-Board 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key Mkey 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 stops sending MIDI on a regular basis. The simplest "fix" is to flip it off and on via the power switch at the back |- | <!--Description-->CME Ukey U-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 |- | <!--Description-->CME Xkey | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 low-profile aluminium full size pressure sensitive with polyphonic aftertouch but keys make too much noise and that they can be too sensitive to velocity - low power draw 25ma |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key 49 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 simplified version of the U-key Mobiltone |- | <!--Description-->CME XKEY AIR 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->cme xkey 37 le | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner Spaceline DMK-25 Donnerdeal Rantion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner DMK25 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 25 mini velocity keys with limited aftertouch - usb-c powered - 8 drum pads - 3.5mm "midi out" socket - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 expensive later midi usb class compliant with since 1.5 Update |- | <!--Description-->Elecktron Digitone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitone Keys 37-key Digital FM Synthesizer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 expensive |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Analog Four MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Octatrak MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 25xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID-->0x2702 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and usb driver working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 bus powered or 12v 0.5a dc in - metal base so heavy - midi out 5pin - sustain pedal port - modulation slider - rubber coated knobs becomes sticky - |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49xt 61xt 88xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 12v 0.5a center pin +ve external psu required - USB i/o and 1 legacy 5pin out - full sized keys - heavy aluminium case keyboard metal base - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-125 MK-149 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-225C MK-249C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution USB/Midi Controller MK-425C MK-449C MK-461C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|25, 49, 61 keys - }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 9V or 12V - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 37 full keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro Mobile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 25 or 37 mini keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 mini velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 full velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kawai VPC 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> weighted keys - heavy build - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen Instruments K-Board | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? each keypad makes them velocity, pressure, and location sensitive but not really suited for piano playing |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen BopPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg NanoKontrol 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->mini usb |- | <!--Description-->Korg Prophecy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KORG microKONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 velocity-sensitive Natural Touch keys but joystick is an alternative to the common pitch/modulation wheel design - power draw - |- | <!--Description-->Korg nanoKey nanoPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 |- | <!--Description-->Korg Taktile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY2 25 37 49 61 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|2015 untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB powered - semi weighted - |- | <!--Description-->Korg MiniList | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg MinKey nanoPad nanoPad 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Nautilus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 7 series - Artis 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->fatar TP-8 semi-weighted action |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 A8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Mobile keys 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Tone Port KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Midiman (later M-Audio) Oxygen8 Ozone Ozonic 25 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|not class compliant - untested 5pin legacy }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2004 - 25 full keys - slider/fader to left of lcd display - |- | <!--Description-->m-audio oxygen keystation (61 key) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio eKeys 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered and 12v psu - if sliders/faders are on right - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 8v2, 49, 61 (silver) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37e 49e, 61e MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - ok key action - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37es 49se 61es, 88es MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25/49/61/88 (blue) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 [https://m-audio.com/products/view/oxygen-25-legacy advised Class-compliant and GM/GM2/XG SysEx messages] with full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 (2nd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 semi-weighted mini keys - bus powered and 9v psu for 25/49 and 12v for 61 - if sliders/faders are on left - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom Pro 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 poor construction |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Axiom AIR 25 M-Audio Axiom Air Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 III (3rd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested - usb only - rubber keys sticky - |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Keyrig 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - mini usb - plays a few notes and then stops responding randomly - try plugging it into port 1 or 2 on your pc - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 49 MK2 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 USB port and class compliant |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 61 MK3 MKIII MIDI keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 usb compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 IV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 choice |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio CTRL-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio ProKeys 88, 88sx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 mini usb - some power or incompatibility issue with the native USB ports of the laptop, plugged in a passive USB 2.0 HUB (not USB 3.0, not powered) |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3328SvuJsLw M-Audio Oxygen25 MKV] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0763 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0023 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - midi in out untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 25 full size semi keys - USB2 usb-b but no 5pin classic plugs - channel select SHIFT button and CHANNEL on keybed - plastic build - holding down both the Octave + and - for factory reset - more limited in what you can do with it than IV 4th one - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 untested semi full keys |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 32 smaller keys - not endless encoders - usb only - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Hammer 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog Minitaur | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-VAVE SMK-25mini 25key MIDI Control Keyboard Y6I0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Primus A25 JamMate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S88 S61 S49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - weighted keys - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe? |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 all MK2 MK3 power up the keyboard using USB, it will set the keyboards MIDI port to computer MIDI only without any option to set it to use the MIDI DIN, meaning you cannot connect the keyboard to hardware and power from USB, you MUST power with the power adapter and physically unplug from any USB connection - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol A25 A49 A61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/sikorak666/maschine-mikro-mk3-driver Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro Plus MK3 MKIII] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol M32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 untested 32 smaller keys - no drum pads - USB only - |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description-->NI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik iBoard 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact LX25+ LX49+ LX61+ LX88+ SE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 budget full-size velocity-sensitive synth-action keyboard - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact GX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB port - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P4 P6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB & USB Micro B, 5-pin MIDI out, 2 x TRS inputs with 49 semi-weighted, velocity sensitive with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Nektar SE25 SE49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> mini keys - micro usb bus powered - velocity and sustain button |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P6 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama T6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nord Stage 3 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> sysex |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 lhs XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not USB class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25SL 49SL 61SL soft label | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - two long top liquid-crystal display LCD strips - XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMOTE 25LE | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected, usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 USB-b powered, 9v center pin positive or 6 MN1500 AA batteries - X/Y touchpad and the combined pitch and modulation joystick - no aftertouch but can use both the legacy MIDI OUT and USB port simultaneously |- | <!--Description-->Novation Nocturn 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 untested sending random pitchbend info |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation MiniNova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 |- | <!--Description-->Novation Impulse 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 velocity aftertouch‑sensitive semi-weighted keyboards and eight backlit pads - USB, 5-pin MIDI out - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Circuit Tracks / Rhythm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB class compliant - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Launchpad Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 8x8 buttons with 16 backlit |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 rotary wheels lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 37 49 61 88 MK3 MKIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 USB class compliant choice - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 sliders lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation 61SL Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Nymphes Dreadbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 6 voice analog synth |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Oberheim MC 2000 EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 88 keys fully weighted - very heavy - |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus ATOM SQ Hybrid MIDI Keyboard/Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://polyend.com/tracker/ Polyend Tracker] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 USB MIDI keyboard controller 49-key |- | <!--Description-->Roland EDIROL PCR-M30 PCR-M50 PCR-M80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol PCR-30 PCR-50 PCR-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 untested 32 key - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-50 PC-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Roland PCR-500 PCR-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 61 velocity-sensitive keys with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 USB port - weighted keys velocity no aftertouch - class compliant with press FUNCTION so it is lit. Press the key labelled "ADV.", Press the "+" button so it is lit - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-200 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 some had fatar keys |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-707 Groovebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-500 A500Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-300 A300Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland JUNO DS, FA, Fantom, JUPITER X / Xm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 (be sure that USB driver is set to "Generic" - requires device rebooting) |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 MKii MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 expensive with USB-c port - hammer-action keyboard weighted keys - Class-compliant if USB-C enables bus power - MIDI 2.0 later - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ROLI Seaboard RISE 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Samson Graphite 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Samson Carbon 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sequential TAKE 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK-161 and VMK-161 Plus Organ version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed - usb midi in out - 9v psu - |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL990XP midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK176 Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->USB and midi connectivity |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL880 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL73 SL88 Studio midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> hammer-action Fatar TP semi-weighted keys |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numa Organ 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 73 key TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed used in nearly all clonewheels |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numacompact 2/2x, Numa X Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero CommandKey49 CommandKey25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SZ-MiniCommand Mini-Command USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SPC61 MIDI Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> bus powered - 5 octave |- | <!--Description-->SubZero ControlKey49S 49 Key Slim MIDI Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Synido TempoKey K25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 25 mini keys - usb-c powered |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Winterbloom Sol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Worlde Panda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha KX8 KX49 KX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha CMC-PD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P45B P-45 Digital Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P-115 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested weighted keys - USB midi port |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 should compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Montage, CP73/88, YC, MODX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha PSR-E353, PSR-E443 PSR-S670, PSR-S770, PSR-S970, PSR-A3000, TYROS-5 NP-12, NP-32 DGX-650, DGX-660 P-105, P-115, P-255 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 II V2 Black Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->DJM V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> dj |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Kontrol DJ Pro midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> detected but untested |- | <!--Description-->Numark Mixtrack Pro II USB DJ Controller Djay | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->older generation pioneer DDJ-SX2 dj | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-22 AL22c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-88 Schneidersladen AL88c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum U3-88c Midi Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no CopperLan support Midi network using a UTP Ethernet patch cable) |- | <!--Description-->Behringer BCF2000 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.behringer.com/EN/home.aspx Behringer] BCR2000 1in 2out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B-CONTROL DEEJAY BCD3000 DJ Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMD404 UMD202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU 0404/USB midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->DigiDesign / Focusrite Command 8 Control Surface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 supports MIDI continuous controller (CC) and note data. SysEx dumping and loading is also supported |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 003 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->emagic m4 2x4 AMT8 Unitor 8 Mk2 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x00d0 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0x010 0x0103 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) - 12v 2a psu centre pos - usb mini with rs232 and rs422 serial ports - 16 channels (8-in / 8-out), this rack-mountable unit - |- | <!--Description-->Evolution U-Control UC-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| detected}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guillemot Maxi Studio ISIS Vintage Sound Card MIDI Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ucapps.de/mbhp_usb.html MidiBox] Hardware Platform USB Module | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Control Universal Pro XT with One Two Extenders | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Audiophile USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO old version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio MidiMan 1x1 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 [http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-hotplug/ firmware update] |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 2x2 yellowy green blue, green or silver chassis plastic box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|MIDISPORT 2x2 or 4x4 interfaces from previous production series (blue, green or silver chassis) are not class-compliant}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Audiosport Quattro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant as [http://usb-midi-fw.sourceforge.net/ firmware required and that is buggy], |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio UC-33 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 1x1 2x2 4x4 Anniversary Edition, black box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=52920 Mark of the Unicorn Motu Fastlane] 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=560852&postcount=8 not working on OS4]}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Motu Micro Lite 1x1 and MOTU microlite 5x5 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> good unit but poor just plug in support and not class compliant - USB2 usb-b - |- | <!--Description-->Motu MIDI Express 128 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->poor support serial port only - offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) A serial port based MIDI interface or a USB interface without MTS will have a MIDI slop of up to 2ms on record and playback. MTS provides accuracy for record and playback to around .3ms - five times more accurate than serial or non-MTS." |- | <!--Description-->MOTU.com MIDI Express XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 for many USB should have octocoupled connection to reduce groundloop humm, usually the timing is off |- | <!--Description-->MOTU MIDI Timepiece AV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant is one of the best multi-port MIDI interfaces ever made as USB model connects to the computer as an 8x16 interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments GmbH Audio 8 DJ, 4 DJ, 2 DJ | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|needs dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Qcon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|did not match to camdusbmidi.class USB audio midi with onboard DSP}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Corp Edirol UM-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{no|is not bound via camdusbmidi.class }} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not bound to any midi class - 2x2 - tested Aros One USb 2.4 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 USB audio midi with onboard DSP |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-880 8x8 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 under poseidon but could work with run >nil: c:midithru out.0 "EDIROL UM-880.out.2" |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1 blue plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| bound??? via camdusbmidi.class - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 UM-1 - 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1X midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1SX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0052 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2C - 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-1G 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2G 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/spotify/linux/blob/master/sound/usb/usbquirks.h Roland Edirol UA20 UA-20] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-1EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2EX 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 adds a second MIDI OUT |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk UM-3G - 3x3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk ua-25excw 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not class compliant mode |- | <!--Description-->[https://alsa.opensrc.org/Edirol_UA-25EX Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Cakewalk UA25 EX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus B2M Bass MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus G2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg CMC Series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Subzero SZ-MB44 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Swisssonic MIDI1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 AmigaOS there is no output at midichannel one and two but if play a midi file there is only output on some channels and if pressed stop the prog freezes or the whole system crashes |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-428 US-422 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2000 not compatible |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tascam.com/Products/US-224.html US-224] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1604 | <!--Product ID-->0x8004 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2002 does not bind to any class |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-1x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-122 MKII midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x8021 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not detected / binding to camdusbmidi.class on AROS 2.4 usb }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 detected but not working 2-in/2-out USB two XLR microphone preamps with phantom power for condenser microphones |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-200 US-400 US-600 US-800 US-1200 US-1800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UX-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE and Pro version midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 dc 6v power - 3 USB hubs, midi in out , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alesis I/O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 powered USB hub required, not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO4 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XTouch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> psu needed |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Compact | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant?, usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Phoria UMD404HD UMD202HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe class compliant - volume low, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME U2 MIDI Pro 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> current model |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 1X1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 early versions with sysex checksum errors |- | <!--Description-->Creative E-MU Xmidi 1x1 Tab (V3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 tab version class compliant but report that when transferring 'System Exclusive' messages (SysEx) the unit could not handle the highest data rate leading to data corruption |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 sysex errors |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini now Avid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox II Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Engl Z7 MIDI Interface (E660/E610/E360/E930) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitar? |- | <!--Description-->Elektron TurboMidi TM-1 1in 1out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U 4x4 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U XL 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U XL 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hardware routing e.g. x on input 5 to synth y on output 7 - ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate II 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI ROM I/O | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 romio version |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U XT | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2573 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|is bound via camdusbmidi.class AROS One 2.4 - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8U XT 8in 8out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 discontinued 2018 |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8UEX USB3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U eX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate eX midi interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 current model, well liked and might class compliant?? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->icon midiport 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iCON CubeMi 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity mio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 class compliant but reported issues with sending System Exclusive (SysEx) MIDI messages and MIDI signals getting cut off |- | <!--Description--> iConnectMidi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->iCM2 iCM4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectMIDI4+ L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 class compliant?? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity MioXL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig MIDI 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant |- | <!--Description-->iRig Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Electronics pro solo mk2 midi to cv converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Midi Thru-25 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Keytech MT18E 8 Way Midi Thru box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 9 to 12v psu required |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 2x2 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech MIT-00151 Midiface 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech Midiface 4x4 8x8 16x16 thru merge | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Miditech Midilink mini 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO only if box is labeled Class Compliant and latest MIDISPORT 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midiman Midisport 2x2 Anniversary Edition [https://gearspace.com/board/electronic-music-instruments-and-electronic-music-production/1133862-why-there-hardly-any-midi-interfaces.html not stable enough] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 USB2 usb-b - does not need firmware and supposedly plug and play - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 4x4 Anniversary Edition | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> rumored does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play - issues with its firmware for some and lacks configurable routing |- | <!--Description-->Maudio Fast Track Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant but bus powered, |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Midiflex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 class compliant and usb-b powered - used as a 1 in / 3 out, 2 in / 2 out or 4 out 5pin sockets - |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik IM-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Peavey Xport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitars only |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-ONE UM-1 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 USB class compliant if switch to TAB for class compliant mode rather than the COMPUTER mode |- | <!--Description-->Squarp Hermid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg Midex 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? supporting MIDI Time Stamping protocol |- | <!--Description-->Swissonic MidiConnect 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.midi USB 4x4 (Loud technologies) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2014 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded cable | 0x552d | 0x4348 | F110 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->detected but not working the USB-MIDI conversion functionality of the cheapo USB MIDI "cable" interface is simply lacking, possibly being incapable of handling MIDI strings longer than 3 bytes long SysEx strings (e.g. SysEx dumps) - tested in Icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->USB2.0-MIDI Unbranded cable with clear braided underneath leads | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x752D | <!--Revision-->0254 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected binding to camdusbmidi.class but untested midi in / out}} | <!--Opinion-->untested but better to get a branded version - tested AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->LogiLink USB to Midi In-Out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->untested cheap cable version but issues with latency on other systems |- | <!--Description--> gm5 USB midi chip DIY option only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Doremidi LEKATO MIDI USB C Interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Thomann Midi USB 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> Prodipe made |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe MIDI 1i/1o | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} Classic 5pin DIN controllers for above interfaces {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai s5000 s6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi digital samplers |- | <!--Description-->Akai AX80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-3000 CZ-1000 CZ-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cheetah MS6 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 multi-timbral, six-voice (twelve-oscillator), analogue synthesiser module is loaded with CEM 3396s |- | <!--Description-->Ensoniq ESQ1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Integra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Wavestation Ex A/D SR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1986 ex has piano and drum sounds |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-8000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Poly 800 MK1 Poly-800ii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> all plastic and can run on batteries - 49 keys non-velocity dco synt analogue filter |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland D-50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1987 untested greater concern would be moisture and wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland A50 (76) A80 (88) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1989 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND JUNO-D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Juno 106 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->80s kx73 or kx88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-160A PC-180A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} legacy DIN5 MIDI port only - 6 AA batteries or 9v psu - One regular source of failure for me were emty batteries (even with red control light still active). Another source was a bad MIDI cable - unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description-->Roland M1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland S-550 S-760 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> digital samplers kontakt replaced these? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1983 12bit |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7S DX72IID DX7IIFD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1987 16bit versions |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} The MIDI standard was published in August 1983. The inventors, Kakehashi and Smith finally received a Technical Grammy Award in 2013 for their work. The MIDI files that contained just the note data, velocity and timing meant you could transfer an entire studio session from one place to another on one floppy disk and it could control all the synths and drum samplers. Pass-thru meant that one computer could run an entire bands worth of instruments. It's bulletproof too. MIDI never goes wrong, it's always a bug in software that causes any issue - you can absolutely rely on it to go gigging with, take your synths, controllers and computers and not crash an entire gig at your 100,000 person venue. The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work. The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in. The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times. For midi, the hardware/software combination at various connection points handles the translation to/from midi (or other protocols). Drivers would be needed for midi, including clock and SysEx signal (actually claiming to handle ALL midi quirks transparently All the important MIDI data types can be sent (CC, NRPN, RPN, MMC, Note On/Off, program change) There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues. Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. Ethernet network cable to transport MIDI over large distances, connect 2 MIDI In and 2 MIDI Out ports to patch, remap, filter and merge MIDI flows on a fine channel basis for tight MIDI throughput, latency and jitter Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication. One of the first things you need to do, is make sure your MIDI software sets the interface to the same MIDI channel as your keyboard (usually 1) Do you want to send just your master keyboard to other synths or to be able to use any keyboard with any synth? 1st option is relatively simple. Just need to send midi from your master keyboard into a midi splitter that redistributes the signal onto your synths. Each synth will be set up to receive midi on a specific channel so the only challenge is to find a way to select to which channel you are sending midi. Some master keyboards can do that although not many that have a dedicated knob or switch on the panel and most require a bit of menu diving. Could use a midi box that offers channel selection but usually this is not very workflow friendly. The software route would require using the mouse. 2nd option is a bit more complex but superior workflow by sending midi messages into a merge box, from there into a hardware sequencer that allows to select midi channel, then on to a midi interface that distributes the signal to the synths. Master keyboard MIDI-in to computer. External hardware sampler MIDI-out from computer. Audio-out from sampler to audio-in on computer/device. Blue Ribbon Soundworks Bars & Pipes Professional (1993/4) GM (1984), GS (1987), XG level 1-3 (1994-1997), GM level 2 (1999) GM GM1 imposes several requirements beyond the MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communication protocol which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level e.g sound modules. GM goes further in two ways. First, GM requires that all compliant MIDI instruments meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 notes simultaneously (polyphony). Second, GM attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left unspecified in the MIDI 1.0 specification. A minimum of 128 MIDI Program Numbers (conforming to the GM 1 Instrument Patch Map) and 47 percussion sounds (conforming to the GM 1 Percussion Key Map). Support for controller number 1, 7, 10, 11, 64, 100, 101, 121 and 123; support for channel pressure and pitch bend controllers. General MIDI Level 2 or GM2 is a specification for synthesizers which defines several requirements beyond the MIDI standard and is based on General MIDI (GM) and Roland GS extensions. It was adopted in 1999 by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). * Number of Notes: 32 simultaneous notes * MIDI Channels: 16 * Simultaneous Melodic Instruments – up to 16 (all Channels) * Simultaneous Percussion Kits – up to 2 (Channel 10/11) Program and bank change events General MIDI 2 compatible synthesizers access all of the 256 instruments by setting cc#0 (Bank Select MSB) to 121 and using cc#32 (Bank Select LSB) to select the variation bank before a Program Change. Variation bank 0 contains the full GM (General MIDI 1) sound set. Variations using other bank numbers are new to General MIDI 2, and correspond to variation sounds introduced in Roland GS. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CluuHrr7HG4 Major WWHWWWH, Minor WHWWHWW scale], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjm7Ti-iwz0 Chords], ==usb audio== USB audio has recently made available for Aros, there are many standards introduced over the years. Much is still untested. *Introduced 2000 and from 2014 USB Audio 1 UAC1 16bit 44.1kHz *Introduced 2006 and from 2014 USB Audio 2 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-device-class-definition-audio-devices-release-20-errata-and-ecn-through-april UAC2] 24bit 192kHz *Introduced 2016 and from 2024 USB Audio 3 [https://www.usb.org/documents UAC3] 32bit 384kHz USB group decided to rewrite the audio standard, so [https://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/usbaudio2.lha UAC2] and [https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/attachments/slides/3345/export/events/attachments/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/slides/3345/Linux_and_USB_Audio_Class_3___FOSDEM_2019.pdf UAC3]. They added clock selection and control, timing domains and others. Part of the changes included changing many of the descriptors that an audio device uses to describe itself to the machine. PsdErrorlog/PsdDevlister? The AHI driver generated only supports mono/stereo at any bit rates between 8 and 32 bit per sample, but not multichannel modes and only rates up to 65KHz (because AHI uses a 16-bit word for frequencies). If the soundcard does not offer such a PCM 8-32 bit mode at frequencies lower than 65 KHz, there's nothing much that can be done about it on the computer side other than revising and expanding the AHI standard. Most cheap USB soundcards do though. AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not "upchannelling" stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI. Untested but most likely to work, at least 2 mic inputs (low impedance) & instruments (high impedance) and made in the last 10 years *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMuA-2FbJxE Entry level <100Euro] BOMGE U202, Behringer UMC, Presonus Studio, *[ Next tier <200Euro] Audient iD, Solid SSL2 and SSL2+, Lewitt, Focusrite Scarlett, Arturia MiniFuse, *[ Prosumer <300Euro] Focusrite Clarett+, *[ Professional <500Euro] RME Babyface, *[ Studio >500Euros] Bands should need 4 or more mic inputs [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=38364030 XDA Forum thread], <pre> <- Computer <- Mobile Phone / Tablet (OTG) <- Digital Cameras <- Video <- Webcams Base Computer <-> OBS like <- Audio Mixer <- Microphone(s) -> Internet -> Youtube & Chat </pre> USB AUDIO CARDS - UAC Compliant {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" |Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Playback ! width="10%" |Records ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 64 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant so does not wotk with Aros and a high-end 64-channel AD/DA converter HDX, Dante connectivity and a Thunderbolt Audio interface |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 32 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not be compliant so does not wotk with Aros as Antelope Audio does not provide official drivers, control software, or an Antelope Launcher |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Mini Fuse 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp 1 combi input, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant usb-c with usb2.0, okay pre amps with good dynamic range 110dB, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, two combi inputs for mic, line or guitar, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay 110dB dynamic range, -129dB EIN, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AudioFuse 16Rig | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 mk1 mki | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient evo4 EVO8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD4 mk2 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient id14 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant and usb-c bus powered, good, , 0-in/14-out audio interface with ADAT expandability, balanced inserts |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 Mk2 Mkii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC22 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps ein -129 dBu, 24bit ADC, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC404HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps, 24bit adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC204HD 192 Empower Tribe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID-->0x0508 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMC1820 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2016, bus complaint?, okay midas pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UM2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, poor zenyx pre-amps with high noise floor, plastic build no rf shielding, latency issues, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer x Air XR12 XR16 XR18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 usb and network |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, , , midi, strictly NEC USB 2.0, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 8i6 Gen 1 MOSC0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, but |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 1 MOSC0003 *TP1 - 3.3V, tested ok *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present at all time. *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - 48V, tested ok *TP7 - Ground *TP8 - Ground | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 usually avoid early Gen 1, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/08/75-focusrite-scarlett-2i4-1st-gen.html Focusrite Scarlet 2i4 Gen 1 (slide toggles) MOSC0004] *TP1 - 3.3V, tested 3.22v *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - measure 47.72v * AKM 4384ET (VDD 5v) * Cirrus Logic CS4272-CZZ (VA 4.94v/ VD 3.2v/ VL 3.2v) * all four HC4066 (VCC 4.96v) * XMOS XS1-L01A-TQ128-C5 (all VDD 1.08v/ all VVDIO 3.23v/ PPLAVDD 0.99v/ PCU-VDDIO 3.23v) 2i4S *TP1 seems to be 0V *TP2 should be 5V *TP3 should be *TP6 should be 48V *TP8 should be 3.3V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps JRC NJM2122 and NJM4565, [https://statics.cirrus.com/pubs/proDatasheet/CS4272_F1.pdf CS4272 adc], [https://pdf.datasheet.live/e5e5fd1c/akm.com/AK4384.pdf AK4384 output pair], Xmos XS1-L8A-64-TQ128 processor and firmware in Winbond 25X40CL 4Mbit, an SMSC Microchip USB3343 interface and a Microchip PL611 clock generator - two Intersil / Renesas ISL97519A for the phantom power rail, two OnSemi NCP1521B for the 3.3V (digital) and 1V (Xmos core) rails - |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite iTrack Solo USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 1st Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->[http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/current_audio_gear Focusrite ] Scarlett 4i4 Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen1 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , , 12v psu, the headphone outs mirror the outs on the back panel, so that's six independent outs. 4 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2019/03/38-focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen1-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 1st Gen MOSC0008] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, JRC NJM4565 provide most of the opamps, pair of JRC NJM2122's for inputs 1 and 2, [http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/76/cs4272_f1-43250.pdf Cirrus CS4272], 12v 1a +central psu to a pair of National Semiconductor LM2672 for 3.3V rail and the +6.9V rail, Xmos XS1–L16A–128 dual-row QFN package, firmware a Winbond 25X40C 4Mbit SPI Flash and an SMSC USB3343 interface chip, the two headphone outs are completely independent so 6 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Clarett+ 8Pre | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 great, expensive, maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0006 *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz CS4272 as well as an additional AKM AK4384ET for the second stereo output pair, 4 screws under bottom rubber, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/07/focusrite-scarlett-2i4-2nd-gen-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0014] *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps NJM2122's, NJM4565's and CMOS switches (HEF4053 and HEF4066), CS4272 and a AKM AK4384ET, Xmos XU208-256-TQ64-C10 with firmware stored in a Macronix MX25L8006E 8Mbit flash memory, clocking by a Cirrus Logic CS2100, an MP1542 boost converter creates +6V and -6V rails, powering the opamps and the rest of the analog circuitry, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen2 MOSC0016 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 2nd Gen MOSC0019 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2024/03/focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen2-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 2nd Gen MOSC00] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Red 16Line | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 may not be compliant as Focusrite provides no drivers - 64-in/64-out Pro Tools - dual Thunderbolt 3 audio interface with ultra-low latency A-D/D-A conversion - Red Evolution mic preamps |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 3rd Gen MOSC0024 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant usb-c but usb2, preamps, ad/dc 24bit 192kHz, most Focusrite gen3 interfaces have encrypted processors, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i6 Gen3 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB2 class compliant device, but with custom mixer interface |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 3 (push in switches) MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8210 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB-c bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic xfr002c and cs4272 chips, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 3rd gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 3rd Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8214 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, , , no screws under the rubber pads on the bottom, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo Studio Mk3 USB Audio Interface MOSC0030 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 4i4 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Studio 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FractalAudio FM9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Fractal Audio AM4 platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 not working |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt Connect 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Motu UltraLite AVB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb not compliant? |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant?, usb-c, good pre amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU U2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, good but latest had hardware revision |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nuemann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb audio compliant, great pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->neuralDSP Quad Cortex QC platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc compliant but plugins not working |- | <!--Description-->NeuralDSP QC Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc complaint |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neve Genesys Black G16 G32 G64 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant - very good very expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, usb1.1 usb-b bus powered, okay pre-amps, 24bit ADC 48Khz max, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Audiobox 1818VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox 44VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox 22VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|4 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, usb-b, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 6|8 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe compliant, needs ext psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 24c 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 26c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus® Studio 68c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox USB 96 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, high preamp noise, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Quantum ES2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism Lyra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb- UAC2 asynchronous protocol, 64dB Low-noise Mic amplifier, 32Bit High End ADC and DAC, 16dBu High-power ti headphone amplifier |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Platane | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface/UC/UFX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 might be able to put into class compliant cc although a firewire device, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface Pro FS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 might be class compliant usb-b, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ Mk1 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL12 SSL18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, bus powered, good pre-amps, up to 32-bit 192kHz AD/DA converters, 12-in 8-out, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, good pre amps ein -130 dBu, ad/dc, okay latency, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Topping E1x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->Topping Pro E2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->UAD UA Apollo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo 2nd Gen twin X (Duo/Quad), X4, X6, X8, X8P, and X16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo twin x quad 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->|Universal Audio Volt 276 2|76 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI01 Electromusic Interface Expander - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, 4-in/4-out USB 2.0 audio interface with a built-in USB hub and MIDI I/O, up to 24-bit/96kHz |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI02 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Alesis io2 io|2, io14 io|14, io26 io|26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered but not usb compliant, okay pre-amps, 2, 4 or 8 mics respectively, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis iO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Core 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe cc, mini usb, poor latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel two‑in, two‑out, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb for basic features, , , single‑channel up to 48kHz |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant usb- and maybe aa batteries, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble Thunderbolt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Boom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ART PRO Audio Usb Mix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant bus powered, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 1 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID-->01000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 mbox original was usb1 and not a usb class compliant device, and had the much hated "focusrite designed" mic preamps, light blue front plate and the sticky out feet |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Pro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Micro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->AVID MBox 3rd gen Mini or Standard but Pro is Firewire | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->behringer u-control uca202 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x8bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2902 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, draws a lot of power - dac ti burr-brown - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-CONTROL UCA 222 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 maybe usb compliant, - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Black Lion Audio 2x2 evolution | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant but , okay with 109dB range - poor noise floor, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic CS4272, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 11s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 22s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge BMG22 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb-c, 24bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower , may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2702E PCM2704 PCM2704C Muse Audio Mini USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2704 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2900 PCM2902 PCM2906 USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2900 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng MD22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 2|6 em2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2m | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ego Systems, Inc. in Korea (ESI) joining with RIDI GmbH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->esi Mixvibes U46 Mk II USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI ESU22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->esi U24XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 24 bits, 2 analogue inputs and outputs with 6.3 mm jack connection, Output L can be used as a headphone output, S / PDIF digital input - |- | <!--Description-->esi U46XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MAYA22USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI MAYA44USB+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MARA22XTU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI U22XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb class compliant |- | <!--Description-->ESI Gigaport Ex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 usb compliant?, usb-c usb3.1, , , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectAUDIO2+ icaudio-02 USB audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->LexiconPro - Omega 8x4x2 (USB-1.1) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb complaint |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Alpha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Lambda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 may not be compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Toneport UX1 and Tone Port UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 TonePort UX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio UX1 UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lokchonk UX22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljSiNmudMm0 Lokchonk UX44HD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b , , , 2in 2out only, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Artist 1·2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Producer 2X2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b midi |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Blackjack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 USB powered but maybe not usb compliant, Two Onyx Preamps, 2-in, 2-out which are combo Neutrik-type connectors to handle XLR, instrument or line level |- | <!--Description-->Mackie | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, , , |- | <!--Description-->Media Assistance USB-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not uac cc comliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe not usb compliant, - guitar |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb cc providing 24-bit/96kHz audio capabilities but requires manual configuration of the mixer settings |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 usb compliant?, okay - guitar and vocal mainly |- | <!--Description-->[https://htyp.org/M-Audio/Fast_Track_Ultra/Linux M-Audio FastTrack Ultra] and Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, low round-trip latency, okay octane pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track 2x2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre-amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track (MkII) 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track Solo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf shielding, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf sheild, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, okay |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NI AK1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.pogo.org.uk/~mark/linuxdj/ Native Instruments Traktor Audio 8 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 4 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 2 DJ], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID-->0x1978, 0x0839, 0x041C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, [https://mixxx.discourse.group/t/problems-with-native-instruments-audio-8-dj-on-linux/14719/2 Audio 8 device has 4 subunits which are not recognized correctly], Cirrus Logic DACs spec'd at 24-bit/96KHz over a USB2, |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 96kHz adc, ocassional dropouts, plastic build top with metal around 3/4, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Komplete Audio 1 and 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, good pre amp ein -129.5 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->[https://support.native-instruments.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014683497-Apple-Silicon-Compatibility-News Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk2] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 192kHz adc, black aluminum glass build, |- | <!--Description-->[ Native Instruments Traktor Pro] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub 2x4 NOVHUB01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, no xlr, focusrite sounds inside, |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe Studio 22 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 gaming headsets mostly |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-3 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1998 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-30 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA1A UA-1D Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-5 Audio Capture (Roland) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1000 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1EX, Cakewalk UA-1G | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant driver also supports ASIO (Steinberg Audio Stream I/O Interface), noisy |- | <!--Description-->Roland Duo Capture UA-11 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland QUAD-CAPTURE Analog 2x2 Digital 2x2 USB 2.0 4in/4out | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant, usb-b powered |- | <!--Description-->[https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals/Rosegarden/Setup Roland Edirol UA-101 and UA-1000 (Clemens Ladisch driver)] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/mmueller-kaffeeschluerfercom/UA-25-Firmware-Modification Roland Edirol ua-25] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 maybe usb compliant 16bit 44.1kHz sampling without MIDI but not USB class complient when in Advanced mode for 24bit or midi |- | <!--Description-->Edirol by Roland USB AudioCapture UA-25EX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x00e6, 0x00e7 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant if ADVANCED DRIVER switched to OFF might play and record at 44.1kHz and 16-bit samples |- | <!--Description-->Roland Audio Interface V-Studio 20 VS-20 Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Quad Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x012f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not USB class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland DUO-CAPTURE EX UA-22 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0159 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant but not be used with a USB 3.0 port that is not compatible with USB 2.0 specification, vs pre amps, adc, three AA batteries in base, or an AC adapter psb-1u 9V 2A - |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix22 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix24 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg (2004 Yamaha buys) MIDI interface hardware including the CC like CC121 CC-121 and CI1 CI2 series. | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR12 UR22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44 usb audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR242 audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, usb powered or 5v psu, okay pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, okay pre-amps ein -123 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR-RT 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, usb2.0 usb-b, pre-amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44C (USB3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg URX22C UR22C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, preamps okay but little noisy, ad/dc. |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22 MkIII UR series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb-c, okay pre-amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.USB 2x2 (Loud technologies WA, USA) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not compliant, usb-b, poor pre-amps hum, latency issues, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-tools.git;a=blob;f=usx2yloader/README;hb=3843634ef0310a952b256bcb6a4ddd0ad4ebe396 Teac Tascam US-422 US-428 US2XYloader] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122 US-224 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb compliant, needing firmware usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx for audio sound card - Tascam US-122 and US-122L are not the same - |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122L | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x800e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, obsolete needs tascam_loader.ihx and us122fw.ihx firmware loaded each time unless automated |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US122 US-122 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US144 US-144 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-200 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac US-366 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-600 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-800 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam iU2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant?, 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb compliant?, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->teyun q12 Q-12, q22 Q-22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Teyun q26 Q-26, q24 Q-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UW500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 3 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp, 16bit 44kHz adc no advanced features without dedicated asio driver, 1 xlr, 1 instrument, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 6 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, okay, 2 xlr, 2 instrument, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC-232 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.arcam.co.uk/products,rseries,usb-dacs,rPAC.htm Arcam rPac] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioquest Dragonfly | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioengine D1 Premium 24-bit DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 (Burr Brown PCM 1716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 + Burson Buffer + MK3 JKSPDIF | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://epiphany-acoustics.co.uk/products-page/dacs/e-dac-24bit-miniature-usb-dac/ Epiphany E-DAC 24bit] ES9023 DAC chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio FUBAR II Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio iLoveTW 24Bit USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO D5 ta2020 chip amp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E07K Andes | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E17 Alpen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Magnum | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Martini-U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Vulcan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Halide Design DAC HD (Wolfson WM8716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->HRT Steamer II USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->John Kenny JKDAC uses a 24-bit/192&nbsp;kHz Sabre ES9022 DAC or better JKDAC32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> iBasso D12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Leckerton UHA-6S MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MyST 1866 PortaDAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Objective DAC ODAC+O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rega DAC (Wolfson WM8742) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.henryaudio.com/open-source.php Henry Audio USB DAC 128 also known as QNKTC AB-1.2 open source DAC] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Henry Audio mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->AKM4430 DAC chip comes from Asahi Kasai |- | <!--Description-->DevilSound USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KingRex UD-01 SE (Burr-Brown PCM 2702E) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SuperPro 24/192 USB DAC (24bit 192&nbsp;kHz, CS-4398 D/A chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM108 7.1ch emulation I2S in and out | 0x1926 | 0x0003 | 0x0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.lindy.co.uk/usb-2-audio-adapter/42961.html Lindy USB 2.0] (Chipset CM108) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Speed-Link SL-8850-SBK Vigo ([http://mightyohm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1036#p1030 CMedia CM108]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode USB SOUNDCARD 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x1130 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode Virtual 7.1 USB-SOUND7 (C-Media ) | 0x0d8c | 0x000c 0x000e | 1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Generic White box with very little red led and white USB lead (CMedia ) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID--> 0c000e | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | CM109 CiT SC-U119 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM1197.1ch I2C MCU port Penguin | 0x0D8C | 0x0000 | 0x010 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sweex 7.1 Startech External USB, WMA Blue metal box SYBA SD-AUD20040, Sabrent USB-SND8, Sewell Vantec NBA-200U (C-Media CM6206 CM106 like) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x0102 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->50/50 if the item is detected but does not work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Labs SoundBlaster X-fi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi Go | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Sound Blaster Play! USB sound adapter (SB1140) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> working with [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=646431&postcount=15 Deneb on OS3] |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U1 (ASUS UA100 USB Audio Chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Griffin iMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Transit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Icemat Siberia (steel series) (Cmedia chipset) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->JMTek HY554, ZyXEL NSA-220, Logilink (Tenx Technology TP6911 and SSS-1623 headphone set) | 0x0C76 0x1130 | 0x1605 0x1607 0xf211 | 0x | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> reports on other OS not good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Plantronics "DSP Adapter-01" (or "USB Adapter-02") | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rocksmith Real Tone Cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RSA Intruder Predator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x000c | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Stoner Acoustics UD100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac UDH01-B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TerraTec Electronic GmbH Aureon Dual USB | 0x0ccd | 0x0077 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Phase26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust 510 EX 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech A-5572A USB 2.0 to 3.5mm jacks Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound Adapter or accessory of Logitech Clearchat pro USB or Logitech USB Headset H530 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x046D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-10 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-12 USB-C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Turtle Beach Audio Advantage Amigo Micro II USB Sound Card & Headset Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x10F5 | <!--Product ID-->0x0211 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vantec NBA-100U 7.1 Channel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |} Companies including Access, Alesis, Allen&Heath, American Audio, CME, ESI, Infrasonic, Lexicon, Numark, Presonus, Reloop, SIMS, Sound Devices, Steinberg, Swissonic, Tascam, Terrasoniq, Terratec, Yamaha and Yellowtec decided to license and bundle this driver. So fully functional custom drivers are available for Access Virus TI, Access Virus TI snow, Alesis Multimix 8 USB2.0, Alesis Multimix 16 USB2.0, Allen&Heath XONE:2D, Allen&Heath XONE:3D, Allen&Heath XONE:4D, Allen&Heath XONE:DX, Allen&Heath XONE:DB4, American Audio Versa Port, CME XCORPIO, ESI ESU1808, ESI Gigaport AG / DG, ESI Maya 44 USB, Infrasonic Amon, Lexicon I-ONIX U22, Lexicon I-ONIX U42S, Lexicon I-ONIX U82S, Mindprint DI-MOD USB, Numark DJ IO, Numark NS6, Numark NS7, Numark Omni Control, Numark V7, Presonus Audiobox USB, Reloop Digital Jockey, SIMS Primus, Sound Devices USB pre, Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4, Swissonic Easy USB, Tascam M-164UF, Tascam US-122L, Tascam US-144, Tascam US-Tascam US-144mkII 122mkII, Tascam US-200, Tascam US-600, Tascam US-1641, Tascam US-1800, Tascam US-2000, Terratec Area 61, Terrasoniq Phase X64, Terratec Phase 26 USB, Yamaha UW10, Yamaha UW500, Yellowtec PUC2 and many others. Well, those companies are using the same driver framework because all of those interfaces use the same microprocessor/firmware architecture to communicate with the USB bus. Just like almost all FireWire audio interfaces use the same TC Dice or BridgeCo chipsets. Usually it does not make sense for companies to develop their own USB1.1/USB2/FW framework for a product they are going to sell for <$500. However, that isn't the end of the story. The companies who develop audio interfaces implement different features into their devices and must update the driver and firmware to accommodate those features. That is where things can go wrong. Sometimes there is miss-communication about how things are coded, sometimes the developer who started a project leaves without transferring his knowledge to his successor, etc. You have to keep in mind that there are no "big" computer audio companies. Even the companies that seem big in the scale of the market, probably have fewer employees than you'd think. A very well made interface that is designed from scratch from the ground up would be a very expensive device, regardless of whether it's USB, FW, PCIe or whatever. Round-trip latency is the sum of the following: <pre> ASIO input buffer ASIO output buffer A/D D/A converter latency The driver's hidden safety buffer </pre> At a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k, Tascam units yield ~18ms total round-trip latency. Typical USB audio interfaces use a large hidden safety buffer. This helps ensure glitch-free playback... even under less than ideal circumstances. But... this comes at the expense of much higher round-trip latency. Short of doubling the sample-rate, there's no means of mitigating the higher round-trip latency. If you have no plans of ever monitoring in realtime thru software based EFX/processing (ie: playing/monitoring DI bass thru an AmpSim plugin as you're playing), then this may not matter to you. If you want the ability this play/monitor in realtime thru software based EFX/processing, make sure to get an audio interface that yields low round-trip latency. As a point of reference the best PCI/e audio interfaces yield about 5ms total round-trip latency at a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k The best Firewire and USB units yield 5.5-5.6ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Typical USB and Firewire units (that use a large hidden safety buffer) yield 12-18ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Anything above ~6ms starts to feel sluggish. Anything above ~10ms feels like playing thru molasses. USB Microphones {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->C-Media Electronics, Inc. CM108 Audio Controller Mic | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x013c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato WaveMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver lightweight }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx solocast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx quadcast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sennheiser CC510 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis USB-Mic microphone podcasting kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2020 (AT202) AT4040 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2035 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball iCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardioid only }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL 2001A/600 Studio Microphone Pack / MXL 2003A Studio Condenser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeChat LX-3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Namtai SingStar(TM) PS2 SCEH-0001 USBMIC | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1415 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mono microphones }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren Mini USB Condenser Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rockband USB Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A VideoMic Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode Podcaster 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| RODECaster Pro usb audio compatible}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A NT2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NT2 better }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Roland R-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic - Portable USB Microphone for Recording | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mini usb r.h.s. and clip on the bottom left hand side}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic Clip On USB Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| switch to choose between Cardiod, Omni and -10&nbsp;dB modes, a 3.5mm headphone socket and a USB socket}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C01U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardoid only}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C03U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7 USB Podcast Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7+ XLR & USB-C dynamic microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->SONY PCM-D50 handy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PCM-M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->TASCAM DR-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008, one mini usb out, lithium battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009, one mini usb out, aa battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011, one mini usb port for file transfer and charging the AA batteries }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 mini usb aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 , one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb 3 aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-100mkIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0095 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0120 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 no driver, mini usb 5V and display will alternate between USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f press the Record. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n PRO | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested, 2xlr, 5v mini usb, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 no driver, 5v mini usb, 2 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1n-vp handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6studio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 untested usb a cord, no hdmi, 480p}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3HD Handy Video Recorder | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 untested, built in usb-a cord, mini hdmi, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries, H.264 movies 480p }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q2HD Handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested, up 720p but no stablisation, mini usb cord, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio Technica ATR4697-USB Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CAD Audio CAD USB Condenser Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL AC-44 Boundary Conferencing Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Audio SAUB1 Boundary Microphone (USB) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} USB Speakers {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Focal XS 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} USB Headset Wired/Wireless {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Logitech Vantage Wired (came free with PS2 Socom3) | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G330 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech Premium USB Stereo Headset 350 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics DSP-300 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics GameCom 777 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G-930 Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/set-usb-wireless-earphones/ Plantronics Audio 995 Wireless RF] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Sennheiser Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1e0QPIPK0 Mixers] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ALESIS MULTIMIX 4 CHANNEL USB MIXER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB FX (USB 1.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, 18v 500mA - |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB 2.0 FX (USB 2.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen&Heath MixWiz16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Allen and Heath ZED Power 1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 8 xlr, usb-b out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen & Heath ZEDi-10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX 302USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 5-Input Mixer/Audio Interface - 1 xlr - }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q502USB Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 1 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q802USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->BEHRINGER XENYX 1204USB 8-Channel 2-Bus Mixer USB/Audio Interface Studio/Live | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle psu lead - can develop constant background hiss over time |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX X1222USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver - 12-Channel Analog Mixer with USB Interface and Effects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng HT-7 HT7USB 7 Channel Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2023 cheap no driver, USB MP3 player to work, format your USB stick Fat32 as a Logical drive - not primary}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng XT7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng DT8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Spirit soundcraft Folio FX8 with Lexicon Effects Processor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} unusual power connector - [https://github.com/lack/soundcraft-utils usb routing] - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver, cheap mixer with 3pin ac input (introduces noise) and 1 usb-a port}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7-Pro 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic A80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2024 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} Mixer no hardware usb {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->ALTO Lynx MIX82FX Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Alto L16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MXUL5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MX602A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 17.5V 3pin psu needed}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB802 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 4 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer RX1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer 802 XENYX 8-Input 2-Bus Mixer Small Format Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 18.5V ???ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx 502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->IMG stage Line MMX-122 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, iec cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 802VLZ4 Mackie 802-VLZ4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb , psu}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 1202-VLZ Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, mains iec}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix5 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 18v 300mA psu - 5 Channel - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix8 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 9v x2 600mA psu - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie MIX12FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, 9v 500mA x2 psu, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.soundcraft.com/en/product_documents/en/owners_manual Soundcraft] Spirit Folio F1 Fader 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} 16 Channel Mixer - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Harman Soundcraft EPM 12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle power lead - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM 16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 8FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 124FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, 14.8V x2 3 pin psu}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->t.mix xmix 1402fx mp usb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, mains iec, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- |} ==Webcameras== A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor. There was no Commodore support for video interfaces. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit. ===OLD standards=== See [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_supported_e.html support pages] and [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_faq_e.html here] and some [http://webcam-osx.sourceforge.net/cameras/index.php?orderBy=status further compatibility] Pencam STV680 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AIPTEK stv680 | 0x0553 | 0x0202 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Konica e-mini | 0x04c8 | 0x0722 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | DigitalDream l'espion XS | 0x1183 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.com/webcams/creative-webcam-go/1707-6502_7-1446174.html Creative WebCam Go mini] | 0x041e | 0x4007 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates) '''Note [http://amigadev.free.fr/sonix/ some] Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller ''and'' a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device!''' {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Macally IceCam II | 0x0c45 | 0x05d8 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sweex MiniCam 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6005 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110c1b}} |- | Macally IceCam Portable | 0x0c45 | 0x6007 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110d}} |- | Sweex 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6009 | 0x0101 | {{yes|bulk works - sensor pas106b}} |- | [http://www.epinions.com/pr-Chicony_TwinkleCam_Webcam/display_~full_specs Chicony Twinkle DC-2110A] | 0x0c45 | 0x600d | | {{no|no}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x601e | | {{no|no}} |- | USB PC Camera (SN9C102) | 0x0c45 | 0x6028 | | {{no|no - sn9c10x + pas202b}} |- | Trust SpaceC@m 120 and 150 | 0x0c45 | 0x6029 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor pas106a}} |- | HiRes Webcam Live | 0x0c45 | 0x602c | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | [http://www.sweex.com/en/assortiment/sound-vision/webcams/JA000020 Sweex USB Webcam 300K] | 0x0c45 | 0x608f | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Speedlink Sphere Webcam SL-6820, 350K | 0x0c45 | 0x613c | 0x0101 | {{N/A|untested - sensor HV7131R}} |- | WB-3250P | 0x0c45 | 0x613e | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x6207 | | {{no|no}} |} <pre> micromaxx USB Camera STM 1363 514 works --- USB Tower Lego 1684 1 works need NCQ Trust Spycam 100plus STM 1363 514 works </pre> ov51x.class - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link VGA Webcam (640x480) | 0x05a9 | 0x8519 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Logitech/Logicool Black (ov519) SCEH-0004 | 0x054c | 0x0154 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Namtai Silver (ov519) SLEH-00031 SLEH-00030 | 0x054c | 0x0155 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} ===UVC.class - [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class]=== AROS does not supported as still needs an uvc.class which might create a virtual UVC.VHI or an expanded streaming device driver for use by AROS apps *2003 UVC 1.0 baseline streaming of uncompressed YUV422, MJPEG, and compressed MPEG-2 TS, DV *2005 [http://www.cajunbot.com/wiki/images/8/85/USB_Video_Class_1.1.pdf UVC 1.1] baseline HD 720p streams formats, usb2 support, *2012 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set UVC 1.5] added usb3 devices and compressed h.264 and VP8 formats *2019 the market is filled with UVC Compliant USB HDMI Capture *Aros needs to read the camera’s class-specific Video Control (VC) unit and terminal descriptors. *Identifies the devices as UVC-compatible and links it to the native UVC class driver, so no separate driver installation is required. *Aros and camera determine the appropriate streaming settings, including format, resolution, and frame rate. *Once set, video data moves from the image sensor to the onboard ISP, then through the USB controller and into the host system for viewing, analysis, or recording *More advanced functions, such as HDR, ROI, and hardware trigger support, can be managed {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HD VS009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k 60hz ok for chat streams}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HDMI HDR Game Live Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| for chat streams }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AJA U-tap HDMI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->ASUS TUF CU4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATEN CAMLIVE HDMI to USB-C UVC Video Capture adapter UC3020 HDMI (F) TO USB-C M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 possibly UVC and UAC standard support allows up to 1080P @ 60}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Live Streamer Cap 4K - BU113 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc usb3}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC515 video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra GC553 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra S GC553PROW 302AGC553DL2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1553 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 powered by good quality type C USB3 cable and 4K HDMI 2.0 cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVermedia Live Gamer Mini GC311 302AGC311DG9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1311 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc compliant up to 1080p 60fps capture and supports internal hardware H.264 encoding - if flashing blue light try another '''quality''' micro usb cable - }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Ez Recorder 330 (ER330) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 designed to work independently and is generally not compatible as a plug-and-play UVC capture card }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer extreme3 GC551G2 (LGX3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x3551 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc compliant for intensive gaming streams, some vrr but no hdr with maximum recording resolution of 4K30/1080p60 from fully wired usb3 compatible cable - passing through 4K60/1080p120 Game Capture video capturing device HDMI}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra Pro GC553Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 usb3 }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra 2.1 GC553G2 61GC553G20BV video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC575 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AVMatrix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ClonerAlliance Flint 4KP Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->DIGITNOW U600 video capture card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/elgatosf/capture-device-support Elgato HD60 S+] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID-->0x006C, 0x006E | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 4K 30FPS capture, 1080p 60FPS uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60 X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K HDMI video capture card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 uvc compliant but can have usb disconnects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 lite USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 USB 3.0 device }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap Game Link Raw - ezcap321 usb3.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 2160p30, 1080p120 and 1440p60 HDMI input and pass-through. - 1080p120, 2160p30 and 1440p60 recording. - Latency less than 50ms uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCap GameDock Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 record at 4K30, 1440p60, and 1080p120}} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap 360 Game Capture Extreme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 USB 3.0, 4K 60FPS passthru and 1080p 240FPS}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCAP 364 GameDock Extreme 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genki ShadowCast 1 & 2, the Pro version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HAUPPAUGE HD PVR Pro 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 4K in/Out 1080P 60fps Capture and Streaming PC Connected and Stand Alone }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->INOGENI 4K2USB3 2830 3826 HDMI 4K to USB 3.0 UHD 1080p Video Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2997 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 uvc compliant made in Canada - usb3-b socket and 1 hdmi 1080p from 23.98 up to 60p, 4K@30 fps maybe - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kondor Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nanjing Magewell Electronics Co ltd USB 3.0 XI100DUSB-HDMI Pro Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB3.0 Silver HDMI Full HD Video Capture Device 1080p 32011 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 usb audio extract HDMI embedded audio output via headphones}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI PLUS 2K 32040 320400000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 captures video up to 1920×1200, 1920×1080 or 2048×1080 at 60 fps over an HDMI capture from devices such as game consoles in up to DCI 4Kp60 4:2:0 input resolution, and it automatically upscales/downscales the signal to 2K for recording or streaming}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI Gen2 32060 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 1080p gets hot, 165M HDMI receiver, max input 2048x1080 60fps 4:4:4, RGB/YUV 4:4:4 8/10/12-bit, YUY 4:2:2 12-bit, up to 8-channel 24-bit HDMI-embedded audio at 192kHz, HDMI 1.4a, output from 480p to 1080p, YUY2/UYVY/RGB24/RGB32 support video cropping, up/down scaling, de-interlacing, aspect ratio conversion, color format conversion, frame rate conversion, flip and mirror, up to 2-channel IEC60958 audio streams, 5V 0.5A 2.5W, }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K Plus 32090 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 limited by the bandwidth of USB 3.0, the maximum frame rate can only reach 30 fps when capturing}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell Pro Convert IP to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Captures one network eth NDI® High Bandwidth, NDI® HX2, NDI® HX3 sources or H.264/H.265 video source into software at resolutions up to 1080p60}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Fusion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|versatile USB video capture device that allows users to switch between two HDMI inputs and one USB webcam input for live presentations}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND UVC-01 USB Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. MiraBox HSV321 ARX321 Video Capture device | <!--Vendor ID-->ox1bcf | <!--Product ID-->0x2c99 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGREEN CM716 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| uvc uac but disable HDCP on your source device (PS4/PS5, Xbox) }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionTek UVC HD60 Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Aspire Crystal Eye AOA110 AOA150 0.3M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2008 webcam }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer CAM 313 (PW313) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2019 uvc 1080p/30 webcam}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2021 uvc 1080p/60 webcam}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/creative-live-cam-optia-af-review-49294183/ Creative Live Cam Optia AF] 2.0M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR macro extensions + a cheap 50mm E-Series lens + some PVC tubing and a negative holder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera chosen}} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR scanning using a macro lens, for the adapter, for a 3d printed negative holder) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera used }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C270 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x0825 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C910 C920 HD Pro 5Megapixels 720p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C920s c922 HD Pro 5Megapixels 1080p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Brio 100 300 500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MX Brio 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft's LifeCam HD-3000 HD-5000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID--> 0x0779 | <!--Revision-->1.06 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Cinema | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Studio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} sony imx179 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Pi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 1/2.8” Sony IMX291 image sensor, it's a 2MP, UVC-compliant, ultra-wide-angle, low light, high-speed USB 2.0 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} OV5648 |- | <!--Description-->razer kiyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 4 megapixel sensor 1080p 30fps 720p 60fps - 12 led ring light adjustable |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet C068 1.3mpixel HTD USB2.0 Camera Vimicro Z-Star Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0AC8 | <!--Product ID--> 0x3420 | <!--Revision-->0x01FA | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/wltechblog/thingino-installers/tree/main/wyze-cam-4 Wyze Cam V4] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0QLiC9QoQU firmware] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| verified with os04d10 sensor (i2c 0x3c) but not GC4653 (i2c 0x29)}} |- | <!--Description-->YEALINK(XIAMEN) NETWORK UVC50 is compatible with the UVC 1.1 protocol CP960-UVC50 and CP960-UVC80 kits PTZ, CP960-UVC30 Kit is UVC 1.5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amcrest ProHD 1080P WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera - 1080P (1920TVL), [https://www.ispyconnect.com/man.aspx%3Fn%3DAmcrest IP2M-841] nvr | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} h264/rtsp, motion detection, features Sony image sensor and Ambarella processor - rtsp://[username]:[password]@[IPaddress]:[port]/cam/realmonitor?channel=[channel]&subtype=[stream] - [username] - username to login to the DVR or NVR, [password] - password, [IPaddress] - IP address of the device. If you are not on the same local network, this should be the external IP address of the device's network, [port] - port number, [channel] - channel number of the stream, [stream] - view the Main or Sub stream. (main stream is 0, sub stream is 1) , eg. rtsp://admin:admin@192.108.1.108:80/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&subtype=1 - utilizing RTSP ( rtsp://user:pass@ipcam1 ) |- | <!--Description-->Axis all modern ones | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg or MJPEG over HTTP |- | <!--Description-->PTZ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->DLink DCS-5222 5222L network camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} camera streams H.264 over RTP controlled by RTSP |- | <!--Description-->Dlink DCS900 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Wansview 1080p [http://marc.merlins.org/perso/linuxha/post_2013-11-10_Reviewing-IP-Webcams-for-Linux-and-Zoneminder_Dlink-DCS900_-Ubnt-Aircam_-Foscam-FI8904W-FI8910W_-FFI9820W_-FI9821W_-Wansview-NCB541W_-and-Zavio-F3210.html#NCM625GA NCM625GA] IP Camera WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera , Full HD Plug n Play Home Surveillance / Baby Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg - play its HD stream without problem with vlc rtsp://ip/live/ch0 and getting jpegs http://ipaddr/mjpeg/snap.cgi?chn=0 - methods involve transcoding h.264 video from the camera into jpeg's, which is cpu intensive - able to pull images manually, using http://username:password@ip/mjpeg/snap.cgi - |- | <!--Description-->Wansview NCB541W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Game Capture HD C281 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2011 standalone h.264 recording of up to component cable not hdmi but not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia GL310 Live Gamer Portable (LGP Lite) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working usb2 and USB Lite no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable ([https://github.com/Trouffman/octv_gears_lgp Model C875]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 usb2 no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX Live Gamer extreme GC550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2015 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX2 Live Gamer extreme2 gc550 plus gc551 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia ExtremeCap UVC - BU110 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 maybe not uvc and uac}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable 2 Plus GC513 Micro-USB Capture Box LGP2 Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1513 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 powered by a standard Micro-USB cable, video capture output up to 1080p60 capture to hdmi in, standalone sd card recording on exFAT or FAT32 of .MOV, 2160p pass-through hdmi out to tv - no vrr - [https://www.avermedia.com/uk/support/download#ans_part firmware latest 2.1.7.13, 2.1.7.14], SN74AVC8T245 8bit, DRV604 stereo, iTE IT6663FN hdmi 2.0 splitter, TLV320DAC3101 DAC, CS42L73 audio codec, CDCE913 PLL clock, W29N01HVSINA nand bios, I-Catch V35MA SOC CPU 32bit MIPS24K, ADV7480 hdmi mhl, }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer 4K LG4K GC573 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc but [https://github.com/derrod/lg4k-linux drivers here], }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Blackmagic intensity Extreme Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->BlackMagic Intensity Pro 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2015 }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Video Capture (1VC108601000) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD GCHD 2GC309901000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc https://github.com/tolga9009/elgato-gchd needs firmware mb86h57_h58_idle.bin and mb86h57_h58_enc_h.bin - mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60S Elgato Game Capture 4K60 S+ Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|non uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->August EZCap.tv model 116 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} poor audio recording |- | <!--Description-->E-SDS Diamond Maplin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1212 HD PVR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} analog and component only - PlayStation (.m2ts), AVCHD (ts), or XBox(.mp4) recording formats - switched the component output from the default YPbPr to RGB. |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1431 1445 HD PVR Gaming Edition HDMI Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working, can get warm}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD Rocket | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD-PVR2 (model 145210 Rev E4) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xE502 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1480 1482 HD PVR 2 GE Gaming Edition HDMI Capture green LED - 1498 1503 1504 Plus version with Mac support | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe514 0xe524 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| can get warm - [https://ez.analog.com/video/w/documents/581/adv7482-design-support-files ADV7482] [https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9201075/ video chip] with Magnum DXT H.264 encoder blob, IDR keyframe generation poor - best for model 157210 and not 157221 and Game Edition Plus (model 157320) 2040:E505 E505-00-00AF1234 [http://www.hauppauge.com/site/support/linux.html#tabs-3 ]}} * HDMI: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480i, 720x576i, 640x480p60. * Component: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60*, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480p60, 720x480i, 720x576i. * Composite: 720x480i and 720x576i * Audio Inputs : HDMI PCM and RCA support with Adjustable Bitrate Quality 2 Channel AAC/AC3 audio codec |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1512 HD PVR 2 PC blue LED with optical in input on the back | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe525 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} can get quite warm - IR Blaster added - |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge Colossus2 E585-00-00AF4321 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe585 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion SLIDES2PC 35mm Portable Slide & Film Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion Pics 2 PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->ION PowerScan USB film and slide scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Koolertron Sunny | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->FilmScan35 35mm Film Negative Scanner 1304 marks spencer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->U3 HD Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/openrazer/openrazer Razer Ripsaw HD] Game Capture (RZ20-01780100) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2017 not uvc put in usb2 slot and use video BGR3 (Emulated) and OpenRazer drivers }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ripsaw HD USB HDMI Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x0d01 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc compliant}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Silvercrest 35mm Photo Slide Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc but not great quality}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Traveler TV 6500 SF Dia-scanner | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0ac8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3370 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 not uvc and poor scans}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- |} === WebAR + WebVR = WebXR Headset === AROS needs an usb based uvc.class to vhi like type driver for virtual display The primary engineering challenge of VR is motion sickness caused by a mismatch of visual and inner ear information, which is extremely well established as causing people to throw up in a wide range of contexts outside of VR. The experiences that make some people sick are low framerate. Foveated rendering doesn't solve vergence accommodation. Your eye will still be focused at infinity regardless of where you are looking, you'll just have the illusion that the foreground or background are out of focus. Eye tracking plus dynamic lenses (perhaps liquid lenses) or real light fields are necessary. First start with apps that have simple static features at first, then advance to dioramasa and teleportation options for 10, 20 minutes and then gradually upgrade over a timespan of four weeks to train your brain. Avoid smooth motion stuff like rollercoaster or mountain heights until much later. Even with this preparation, VR makes 40% of people seasick nausea. If so, you may be able to use VR glasses just to watch videos and some slow moving apps [https://www.emuvr.net/ emuVR] instead. *2014-2019 1st Gen, low resolution, *2020-2025 2nd Gen, higher resolution, *2026- Most hardware typically has a 1-3 year retail lifespan with 1-3 years of updates after. Really need "right" tethered PCVR rather than wireless. The advantage to being tethered to a PC is processing power. Any standalone headset is going to be running purely off of batteries. VR and AR are known as XR Technology will get immersed enough so not making people sick. Higher resolution, faster frame rates, and [https://github.com/opentrack/opentrack better tracking]. Eventually, hyper reality brings VR, AR and MR digital layers together as a less chaotic, optic tracking with no delay, agents understanding, experiences with objects 3Dgs 4Dgs gassian splats bullet time slice photo snaps .ply for WebXR [https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/hardware/ ], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Big Screen Beyond 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 pcvr 2560 x 2560, fixed IPD, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 @75Hz 2688x2688 @90Hz over pancake lenses, 116 FOV, virtual screens, custom facial plate from iphone app, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, no passthrough, 107g-196g, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2e | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 total up to 90Hz pancake lens 116 FOV adjustable IPD app needed for adjustment, eye tracking, custom face mask cushion, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, seperate head strap and speaker modules extra costs, 110g-300g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Dpvr P1 Pro 4k Ultra Vr Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 wireless snapdragon, }} |- | <!--Description-->DPVR P2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream MR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android modular 3840x3552 uoled per eye 90Hz or qled mura issues, Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, eye tracking and 11 cameras 7 sensors 22 ir leds 14ms latency and foveated rendering, 1.5hrs battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream GravityXR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 ultralight head gear gx100 3w }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/community/ Valve Index HMD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 tethered PC VR headset 1440 x 1600 120Hz, 108° and 104° FOV, fresnel lenses, SteamVR2 compatible tracking ir basestations, controllers aka Knuckles, dp 1.2 and usb3 cable proprietary cable end, no battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Valve Steam Frame (Valve Deckard / Valve’s Index 2) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 - 2160 x 2160 up to 144Hz pancake lens, 108° and 96° FOV, wifi 6 fovelated streaming, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 with [https://github.com/FEX-Emu/FEX fex] arm-to-x86 x64 translation layer, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 PCVR with adapter, two, one for each eye, 2000 x 2040 resolution OLED panels from 90Hz 120Hz refresh rates, fresnel lenses, 116° and 102° FOV, sony proprietary headset cable end, needs additional comfort options, }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionPro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goertek glasses | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive ? | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| 2016 2x 1080x1200 needs external power supply, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Original | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 108° and 96° FOV}} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 , uvc, at least 2 powered steamvr basestations so 3 to 5 wall warts in total, proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 dual 1440x1600 oled displays, 116° and 100° FOV - steamvr 2.0 basestation 2 for 5m2 area 4 for 10m2 - steamvr 2.0 joypads - low latency wireless later - type USB-c headphone adapter required, [https://github.com/CertainLach/VivePro2-Linux-Driver Rust on Linux] with [https://github.com/santeri3700/vive-pro-2-on-linux Shell], proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 company liquidated, 2 x 2312x2160 110 FOV pancake lenses, LynxOS android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen, openxr 1.1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://www.virtual-boy.com/forums/t/the-oculus-rift-dk1-thread/ DK1] with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_T4DJyy2Bo wired razer hydra controllers] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2013 pcvr LCD 1280 × 800 resolution 640 × 800 per eye up to 110° FOV, and 3DoF rotational tracking via a 1000Hz 9-axis IMU (Accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer), no positional optical tracking either inside-out or outside-in, 380g, nausea issues, , }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://github.com/facebookarchive/RiftDK2/tree/master DK2], [https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Oculus+Rift+Development+Kit+2+Teardown/27613 ifixit teardown] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 pcvr, 5.7" Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 960 x 1080 per eye 100° field of view, 1 usb Positional Tracker DK2 camera, lots of wires}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook [https://github.com/thaytan/OpenHMD/tree/rift-kalman-filter Oculus Rift CV1] [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] [] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/issues/330 AMD usb issues] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/wiki/Xorg ] [https://github.com/Doc-Ok/OculusRiftCV1Camera Live Video] [https://www.youtube.com/@thaytan Youtube] [https://github.com/Fredrum/riftOnLinux Pi] [https://github.com/OhioIon/riftDriverPi ], but not quite there with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSsCN6HFkWc consumer CV1], [https://forum.dcs.world/topic/142259-cv1-not-working-in-dcs/#comment-2878168 orange led could be HDMI Signal is not within HDMI Spec and might be Overclocked or usb3 not getting enough power frustrating], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x3031, 0x2031, 0x0031 and 0x0211 for 3p-a basestations lighthouses, 0x045e 0x02e6 for xbox wireless adapter | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 powered run from your PC maybe uvc via wired dual PenTile OLED 2160x1200 (1080x1200 per eye) @ exactly 90Hz but screen door effect (space between pixels), 87 FOV, IPD from 58mm to 72mm, good 3D audio and okay mic, constellation headset 6DOF (3-axis rotational tracking + 3-axis positional tracking) with up to 3 usb infrared basestation (1 in front and 2 behind pointing upwards) on usb3 and usb2 to your PC but the tracking can be fragile so set it up on a weekly basis, wired only HDMI 1.3, USB 3.0 bus powered with proprietary plug in headset, 470g 1lb front heavy, 2 robust 1st Gen touch controllers with external sensors i.e. outside-in - 1 aa alkaline over rechargable battery each , press occulus and B buttons for 2 secs to connect, headset traps air so gets very warm inside and random disconnects due to twisting action on the top of the headset and/or cables, t4 torx screws }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Go 32Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 discontinued 2020 android based, 1280x1440 per eye 60Hz LCD, not gaming, no inside-out and limited self tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Oculus Rift S [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0051 headset (cdc, audio, tracking data), 0x2052 usb hub, | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 PCVR wired dual LCD 1080 by 1200, 88 horizontal FOV, display port (fibre optic strands) and annoying USB3 copper cables (power, audio and other data) but proprietary port in the headset, cameras on the headset ("inside-out") tracking so no base stations, non removeable head band and cushions and ipd hard to set, requires specific fragile Rift S/Quest1 2nd Gen Touch controllers which has a ring of translucent plastic with leds inside - t5 torx to disassemble for sticks drifting}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest 1 *032Gb *064Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0183 (single adb boot), 0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 android standalone wireless, 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, front heavy though, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, low clocked Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 (MSM8998) (4x Kryo 280 Gold cores ARM Cortex-A73) + (4x Kryo 280 Silver A53), 2 to 3 hrs play time, 575g, 2nd Gen touch controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 2 KW49CM aka Codename Del Mar [https://www.meta.com/en-gb/help/quest/967070027432609/ fragile 3rd Gen Touch controllers] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgejky8ZeoM internal battery] and selling over 20 million, more than all other quest headsets combined *064Gb *128Gb (110Gb free) *256Gb Setup continuous wifi, create Meta Oculus account, [https://developers.meta.com/horizon/ verify dev account, click on My apps], [ create Organization -> My Organization Groupings], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPInS5xxF-0 finally, meta quest mobile app to switch on adb], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x5010 (), 0x0083 (massstorage), 0x0086 (), 0x0186 (adb and xrsp [https://github.com/shinyquagsire23/xrsp_tests tests]), 0x0090 (composite adb), 0x0081 (), | <!--Revision-->0419 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 android stand alone, lcd 1832x1920 per-eye 90Hz refresh rate, 97 FOV, fresnel lenses, 6DOF (degrees of freedom), 58-63-68 IPD settings, low clocked Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 1 apps with Meta Link cable USB-C usb3.2 pcvr maybe, b/w but no color passthrough, 6 t2 torx and 5 ph00 screws in headset (long bit), discontinued December 31, 2024, feature updates until December 2026, critical bug fixes and security updates until December 2027, 470g, Oculus + B button on right controller (move) and Menu + Y button on left controller (click) for about 3 seconds, 10W 5v 2a, RTL8153 chipset usb support, *V60 unable to *V77 pcvr issues *V79 unable to }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest Pro aka Codename Seacliffe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 android standalone wireless 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, 106° and 96° FOV mini lcd local dimming, pancake lenses, limited eye tracking, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, higher clocked snapdragon xr2 gen 1 arm cpu Arm apps, 1 to 2 hrs play time, new pro controllers with 3 cameras each, battery at rear, wireless charging, color passthrough, 9V 3A or 5V 3A, *v77 capped wifi }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 3 aka Codename Eureka [ Air Light ALVR] or [ WiVRn] with fragile touch plus q3 controllers *128Gb *512Gb streaming from PC with [https://github.com/alvr-org/Monado-ALVR ALVR], runtime of [https://monado.freedesktop.org/ Monado steamvr alternative openxr openVR], with Envision GUI, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 standalone, pancake lenses on lcd 2064 x 2208 res panel per eye 1200ppi - 104° and 96° FOV - up to 120Hz, Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 apps, foveated rendering, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, headstrap clamshell or halo style, speaker arms fragile, color passthrough, 510g, 18W 9v 2A or 15W 5V 3A, *v74 ok }} *v76 pcvr issues }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Quest 3S aka Codename Ventura *128Gb *256Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 cpu, lcd 1832 x 1920 fresnel lenses, 97 FOV, headphone arms fragile, better air flow, no promixity sensor inside, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, passthrough, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Boba 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 ultra-wide 180° x 120° FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Tiramisu | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 µOLED displays with 90 pixels per degree, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 5K Super Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K-X 8KX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Light | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 2160 x 2160 4k 120Hz, 115° and 96° FOV, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, variable qc and customer service, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Super | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 3640 x 3640 4k 90hz, 116°+ and 100° FOV, eye tracking, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air with Lighthouse(s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 tethered 3840 by 3552 @90Hz micro oled with pancake lens, 100 HFOV 96 VFOV but FOV IPD changes in app, link box for headset 2 split y cables, removable face gasket, 290g, steamVR2 bases and controllers, eye tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air SLAM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) tracking inside-out so no base stations, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://somniumspace.com/ Somnium VR One VR1] [https://portal.vrgineers.com/user-guide/software/ open source] VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr 2880 x 2880 per eye @90 @120Hz, 125° horizontal 100° vertical FOV, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 bases, passthrough, 900g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero VR-1 Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 psu needed, 2 x Mini LED binocular of 150 nits, 2880x2720 per, 90Hz, FOV 102° horizontal, 73° vertical, 720g with headstrap, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 basestations, no speakers/mic, hdmi and usb3.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Camelo La Melaza Music Shield | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 no usb only bluetooth , }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->InAir 2 elite suite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar nits 46FOV , , 4h battery life, 80g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oakley Vanguard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 100in 46FOV 650nits, usb-c 79g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3S Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 135in virtual display 46FOV 1200nits, usb-c 80g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AR oled vision 4000 processing, HDR10, 47 FOV }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid Max 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 50 FOV 650nits, usb-c back left, 76g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid AI Spatial with Station 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 600nits 147in 50FOV 75g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ar ai smart glass}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 135in 46 FOV 1000nits, magnetic connector, 77g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE XR Luma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 1200p 50 FOV, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 152in 52 FOV 1000nits 1200p, 3dof, , 79g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 in FOV, 2 cameras, 3dof 6dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/wheaney/XRLinuxDriver Viture Luma Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Beast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 1250nits 58FOV 174in, magnetic, 88g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE Beast X Glasses models (Immersive 3D Moonlight) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 based 2D to 3D conversion with support DP Alt Mode (DisplayPort over USB-C), 1200p, 3df tracking, practic lenses 58deg POV, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xreal One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 600nits, 50FOV, 3dof, usb-c 84g, }} |- | <!--Description-->XReal One Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 700nits 57FOV 171in, usb-c, x1 3dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , micro-oled 1080p, audio, virtual uvc ar displays, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Real3D 1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AI based 2D to 3D conversion 57 FOV, , virtual uvc ar displays not vr, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xiami XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xtal 8k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Apple Vision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 tethered AR mixed reality glasses, 3300ppi, 800g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Google XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 standalone }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 android with 2 1440 x 1600 75Hz amoled, inside-out, durable motion controllers, Vive port, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 dual-OLED displays 2880 x 1600 combined resolution), SteamVR 2.0 tracking, foveated rendering, Tobii, it enables gaze-based menu navigation with avatar eye contact, proprietary cables, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 poor tracking and lifespan on controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2020 1440x1700 per eye resolution, 90 Hz refresh rate, 6 DoF tracking, 2880 x 1700 combined pixel resolution, 97° FoV, two controllers and two base stations. Lighthouse tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Vision Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 per-eye resolution of 2448×2448 at 90 Hz, a 120-degree field of view, Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive XR Elite VR Headset Deluxe Pack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 snapdragon xr2 gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pico Goblin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 android based, 2.5K 1280x1440 per eye @70Hz, 92° FoV, and 3DoF (three degrees of freedom) tracking (Orientation tracking only—yaw, pitch, roll), single controller, snapdragon 820, ipd adjustment 54-71 mm, 600g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico G2 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 android standalone VR headset, 3840 x 2160 (4K) LCD screen, Snapdragon 835 processor, 3DoF so rotational movement (looking around, pointing) rather than positional movement (walking, leaning), does not support hand or eye tracking, 800g }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico NEO 2 EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 6DoF 360g snapdragon 845 display 4k 75Hz tracking inside-out - magnetic field for controllers - pico software on android 8 - eye tracking }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 Snapdragon XR2 Gen, 4K 3664 x 1920 90Hz lcd, battery at rear, displayport, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Link | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160x2160 panel per eye 75Hz 90Hz 105 FOV, Arm snapdragon xr gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160 x 2160 @90 105 FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, streaming from PC with alvr, wireless streaming from PC with WiVRn, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, not plug and play, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 5 aka Project Swan aka Vision Pro Competitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 micro-oled BOE 3840 x 3840 4000ppi per eye, MLA pancake lenses, custom pico arm cpu, pico os 6 android, eye and hand tracking, 300g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy XR VR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 3552 x 3840 @60-90 109 FOV , Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall MeganeX 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 android }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8k MeganeX Superlight 8K] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android (3552 x 3840 pixels) into pixel count yields 27.27MP 10-bit HDR-compatible 4K resolution micro OLED panels @90Hz, pancake lenses 94 FOV, SteamVR™ tracking, 180g, 5V 2A, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8kmk2 MeganeX 8K Mk2 MkII] [https://github.com/sboys3/CustomHeadsetOpenVR community] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr linux, 4K per eye (1.35inch micro OLED 3552x3840 10 bit HDR) 27MP @90Hz 75Hz 72Hz pancake, upto 108 hor 100 vert FOV, usb-c and dp cables to breakout box, 5V 2.1A, 200g}} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Windows(TM) MR AH101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Dual 2.89” LCD panels 2880 x 1440 combined (1440 x 1440 per eye) Up to 90Hz (HDMI 2.0), or 60Hz (HDMI 1.4), Field of View FOV 95, Tracking Inside-out, lots of light leak, }} |- | <!--Description-->Acer H7001 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 wmr 1440 x 1440 per-eye resolution @90Hz refresh rate, and 100-degree field of view FOV, inside-out tracking with front-mounted cameras so no external sensors, flip-up visor design but has a "screen door effect," subpar foam padding, win10 to win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Dell Visor Mixed Reality VRP100 VR118 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 2x 1440x1440 a bit of nose light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujitsu | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 cheap and lots of light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/HadesVR HadesVR] with [https://github.com/ManoloMancelli/Persephone-Classic-Controller Persephone Controller] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFaVjB1uNOM Persephone 3 Pro DiY 6Dof SteamVR Headset], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HP Reverb G1 VR1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 WMR 2160 x 2160 @90Hz, 115 FOV, , hp proprietary headset cable end, 2 camera tracking but poor and controllers can be unresponsive, 500g front heavy, flight sims rather than gaming, }} |- | <!--Description-->HP 1440p Spatial Computing | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dim display }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://forums.x-plane.org/forums/topic/294764-vr-in-linux-without-steam/ HP Reverb G2] WMR VR3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 2 2160 x 2160 90Hz, needs Windows10 or Win 11 24H2, 4 camera tracking, controllers can be unresponsive, hp proprietary headset cable end, , }} |- | <!--Description-->HP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Mirage Solo is a Standalone VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, 1280x1440 per eye resolution, 75 Hz refresh rate, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo Explorer VR2511N (G0A2) VR windows mixed reality (WMR) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 LCD 2.89" 1440 x 1440 per eye @90Hz, 6 DOF position tracking, 400g, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/relativty/relativty open source relativty] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey XE800ZAA WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 9V 500mA oled screens 2x 1440x1600 with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey+ Plus WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dual 3.5-inch AMOLED displays 2880 x 1600 total @90Hz, 6DOF inside-out tracking with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required, use only win10 or win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 2x 1080x960 up to 120Hz, lots of cables and computation brick, sony camera needed for tracking, ps4 or move controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|1992 , , Amiga 3000 with TI chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuix Omni | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 VR treadmill changed course to commercial VR and pivotted back again 2020, }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === HDMI CEC transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === TV Remote Control MCE IR transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Compro K100 K300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elitegroup Computer Systems | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1019 | <!--Product ID-->0x0f38 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GMYLE MCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|acts as usb-hid with limited keyboard like controls }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge WinTV-PVR kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Harmony 300 i300 600 650 800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft MCE Commander | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2005 need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 home top of square shape direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2006 home under circle spaced direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1069 SMK Manufacturing, Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0609 | <!--Product ID-->0x0334 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2007 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips RC1974506/00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0471 | <!--Product ID-->0x0815 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE10E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AR21M VGX-XL100 VGN-AR21B/AR21S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE20E PC REMOTE CONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE30E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AW21XY VGX-TP3E VGX-TP3G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE50E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGC-LA2R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TSDX-IR14 USB MCE Media Center External Infrared IR Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->chipsets support CIR (consumer IR) Winbond W83977F/AF, SMC IrCC 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|technical reasons it's not possible to use USB IrDA dongles}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zotac RC2604323/01G Zbox Media Remote Control with IR USB Receiver OVU710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Anycubic Cobra 2 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs A1 Mini 3D printer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 EMS proprietary slicer app and cloud use, eSUN}} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X1 Carbon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elegoo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lulzbot | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Prusa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Qidi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Snapmaker U1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tool changer }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sovol SV08 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| open source voron model, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->desktop pick and place machines AFARCO PNP running OpenPnP for Desktop SMT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==ethwrap.class - Host Data Link "Cable Bridge" for data transfer== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Advance USBNET (eTEK design) | 0x0525 | 0x9901 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ALi Uli M5632 (chip) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Aten (Ali Corporation) UN201 | 0x0402 | 0x5632 | | {{maybe|force binding from rawwarp to ethwrap}} |- | Belkin (eTek design see below) | 0x050d | 0x0004 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Digitus DN-3004 - USB Host Link | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | EPSON USB client | 0x0525 | 0x2888 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | eTEK | 0x056c | 0x8100 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | KC-190 | 0x050f | 0x0190 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB | | | | {{no|no driver the half-duplex GL620USB is NOT supported, products using it include the Inland Pro USB Quick Link}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB-A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Laplink Gold (uses NetChip 1080) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Prolific 2301/2302 (Jaton USB ConNET) (BAFO DirectLinq) | 0x067b | 0x0000 and 0x0001 | 0x0004 | {{maybe|detected but untested}} |- | Xircom PGUNET (uses AnchorChips 2720) | 0x0547 | 0x2727 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==cdcacm.class - USB modem== The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Alcatel OT-I650 | 0x1bbb | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Acatel Dymamode/Dynamite | 0x06b9 | 0xa5a5 | | {{N/A|untested Zyxel Prestige 630-13 - untested PROLiNK Hurricane 8000 external link }} |- | AnyData ADU-100A ADU-E100A ADU-E100D ADU-E100H D10 | 0x16d5 | 0x6501 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-310 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-500A ADU-510A ADU-510L ADU-520A | 0x16d5 | 0x6502 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-610 ADU-620 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BT On-Air USB MODEM | 0x079b | 0x000f | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM CX93010 | 0x0572 | 0x1321 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM RD02-D400 | 0x0572 | 0x1324 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant Chipset | 0x06ea | 0x0002 | | {{N/A|untested AUS N367 Roadster II 56 USB (Model AM5050R3) - untested }} |- | [http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/ Conexant AccessRunner] | 0x0586 | 0x330a | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Creative Modem Blaster USB DE5670 | 0x1690 | 0x0101 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FIREFLY, MediaTek Inc | 0x0e8d | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Huawei E122 | 0x12d1 | 0x1446 | | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=49126#forumpost49126] |- | Huawei E160, E160E, E160G | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51888#forumpost51888] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6246) |- | Huawei E169 also known as Vodafone K3715 and Huawei K3715 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4941&forum=4&post_id=44683#forumpost44683] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200) |- | Huawei E220 "Vodafone EasyBox II" "T-Mobile wnw Box Micro" also known as Huawei K3565 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{yes|works, see E169 above (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6280)}} |- | Huawei E1750 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6290)}} |- | Huawei E170, E172, E176 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | Huawei E180 | 0x12d1 | 0x1406 | | {{yes|Works (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | KYOCERA AH-K3001V | 0x0482 | 0x0203 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LG CU515 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | MediaTek Inc GPS | 0x0e8d | 0x3329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Metricom GS Modem | 0x0870 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola MOTOMAGX phones | 0x22b8 | 0x6425 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola Q Phone | 0x22b8 | 0x7000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hummingbird huc56s (Conexant) | 0x0572 | 0x1329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Netcomm Roadster II 128 ISDN | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia n70 N95 HSDPA | | | | {{yes|works - see [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=4415&viewmode=flat&order=ASC here]}} |- | OGO | 0x045E | 0x0079 | 0090 | {{no|no driver}} |- | Olitec ADSL Modem V2 | 0x08e3 | 0x0100 / 0x0102 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Onda PT502HS | <!--Vendor ID-->0x19D2 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Radicom V92HU-E2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung i8510 Innov8 Symbian smartphone | 0x04e8 | 0x6651 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Samsung Tocco Lite (aka GT-S5230) | 0x04e8 | 0x6795 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Shiro / Aztech USB MODEM UM-3100 | 0x0572 | 0x1328 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1602 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1608 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM - new version | 0x0ace | 0x1611 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Zoom Telephonics Model 3095F USB MODEM | 0x0803 | 0x3095 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ugobe Pleo | 0x6962 | 0x0100 | 0x0100 | {{Yes|Works}} |} ==Misc== palmpda.class - no [http://aminet.net/package/util/libs/PdaLinkPoseidon pdalink.library and tools] in AROS Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools through virtual usbpalm.device. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Palm IIIx (OS3.1) serial rs-232 only | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm IIIc (OS3.5) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm V | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m100 | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m125 first USB - last with aaa batteries | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m500 (OS4) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Tungsten T (OS5) first arm cpu | 0x | 0x | 0x | {{no|no }} |- | Zire 31 (OS 5.28) color arm-based | | | | {{no|no }} |- | [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring Visor]] – USB support out of box | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Handspring Treo 600 – last one for [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring]] | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Treo 700w | | | | {{no|no }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth (Viking King Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Blátǫnn Gormsson; Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) stack to work (not written due to licensing fees to use the symbol merging the Younger Futhark runes for H (ᚼ) and B (ᛒ), representing Harald's initials) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->cyberJack RFID basis | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C4B | <!--Product ID-->0x9102 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 3, 4, 5, 5c | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1290 0x1292 0x1294 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 32bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 5s, 6, 7, 8, X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 64bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio/Midiman USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPad 1, iPad 2 A1395 A1430, iPad 3, ipad mini A1432, iPad A1458 4th Gen (MD512LL/A), | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2008-2013 32bit A4, A5 up to Apple A6X, iOS 1 to 10, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air (1st generation) A1474, A1475, A1476, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2014-2015 [https://github.com/AsahiLinux 64bit], A7, iOS 11 up to |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2015 64bit A8, A8X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2016 64bit A9, A9X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2017 64bit A10, A10X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 64bit A11 |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air 3rd Gen A2153, A2123, A2154, iPad Mini 5th Gen, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2019 64bit A12 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Original Launcher and StrikerII (includes laser) | 0x1130 | 0x0202 | | {{yes|works }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Missile Launcher or USB Cirus Cannon | 0x1941 | 0x8021 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Webcam Missile Launcher | 0x1941 | | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Rocket Baby | 0x0a81 | 0x0701 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link DSB-R100 USB | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | 0x0410 | {{yes|works }} |- | [http://www.neoseeker.com/forums/383/t257009-link-usb-dru-r100-radio/ GemTek USB FM Radio 21] | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Korean D Square Valencia MPX-Player | 0x04e8 | various | | {{N/A|untested }} |- |} {{BookCat}} jhxat0fps96l7vqby2x9njiv7668591 4678987 4678986 2026-10-30T08:15:38Z Jeff1138 301139 4678987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} ==Host Adapter Protocol USB1 OHCI UHCI USB2 EHCI USB3.0 USB3.1 xHCI == Please let us know any mistakes or any information to be added, use Prefs/Trident to confirm Vendor and Product IDs Please chat at [https://www.arosworld.org/index.php AROS World] *1996 USB1.0 *1998 USB1.1 *2000 USB2.0 *2008 USB3.0 *2013 USB3.1 *2017 USB3.2 AROS has these USB transfers *Control - *Bulk - Midi 1.0 ( 'send my data when you can' ) *Interrupt - Midi 2.0 *Isochronous - USBAudio, Webcams, etc Isochronous is the starting point of modern types of multimedia creativity. IsoChronous isoc code is already in place in poseidon.library and '''scheduled''' transfers are queued to be later rerouted in the host driver code (needs to be written for each host protocol e.g. OCHI, UCHI, EHCI and [https://cdrdv2-public.intel.com/625472/625472_xHCI_Rev1_2b.pdf#:~:text=Page%203.%20Document%20Number:%20625472%2C%20Revision:%201.2b.%203. XHCI rev1.2], [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/868296/extensible-host-controller-interface-for-universal-serial-bus-xhci-requirements-specification-r2-0.html rev2], etc). There seems to be 2 types of isoc transfers, one is just the normal isoc transfer and the other is realtime implementation of isoc transfer. For isoc transfer there needs to be a scheduler that makes sure no isoc transfers are dropped (in or out) and that they happen at the right time. It all gets difficult as the device making use of the isoc transfer may be at any point on the device tree. One needs to calculate the USB bandwidth for the packet based periodic transfers that are initiated by the host which have fixed but guaranteed bandwidth. Host controllers guarantee this bandwidth by planning a schedule of transfers ahead of time to ensure there is enough time reserved on the bus. [https://www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/products/docs/io/universal-serial-bus/ehci-specification.html EHCI] [https://www.thegoodpenguin.co.uk/blog/understanding-why-usb-isochronous-bandwidth-errors-occur/ bus-bandwidth] vs payload-bandwidth and the algorithm of the EHCI scheduler. The bandwidth of the endpoint in terms of payload data (stuff we put in a packet) and the protocol overhead, signalling imposed bit stuffing, host delays etc. Poseidon controls the driver and device tree and it provides an API to communicate with the USB devices. Poseidon really doesn't care much about what sort of transfer pipe is opened or used, it only provides the means to do so and forwards the iorequests to the correct driver. Poseidon code is the higher level code for USB communication and drivers are of course the lower level one. [[File:Psd.svg|220px|right]] ; Best Hardware - NEC Chipset (OHCI + EHCI), Intel Chipset (UHCI + EHCI), XHCI USB3.0, USB3.1 & gen 2 Type-A Type-B Type-C ; Next Best Set - General OHCI, SIS (OHCI + EHCI), ; Buggy Chipset - [ Early AMD OHCI], ALi OHCI, VIA UHCI, Nvidia OHCI & EHCI, === USB1.1 === OHCI USB 1.1 - USB-IF sanctioned standard but hardware physical form removed with USB2.0 and replaced with virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 M5237 Lucent USS-312 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | StarTech PCI425USB, CompUSA Iogear GIC220U-b, Nvidia 220 mobo, USBA2041P, ALi SU2A-PS, |- | AMD 756 Chipset (onboard motherboard) | 0x1022 | 0x740c | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=31308#forumpost31308 usb devices detected] Geode GX1, |- | CMD DU-A2 Silicon Image 0670 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0670 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Silicon Image 0673 (pci AMD chipset) | 0x1095 | 0x0673 | 0x06 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | 0x10de | | | <!--Boots-->{{Maybe|Bios options vary but does with Plop Boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Tested with 20th Aug 2012 improvement |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk}} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | untested - Amiga Spider card with possible bottleneck issues at higher speeds |- | NEC µPD720101AGM 720101GJ | 0x1033 | 0x0035 | 0x43 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Mac mini, Belkin F5U219vea (2+1 ports), Belkin F5U220vea1 (4+1 ports), Adaptec 3100LP, BAFO BF-460, GWC UC-160, IOGear GIC250U, Keyspan U2PCI-5, O'toLink U2-C2B U2-C2A U2-P20N U2-P50, Ratoc PCIU5, USBWholesale UII-PCIP |- | NEC µPD720102 | 0x1033 | 0x00 | 0x | <!--Boots-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Detects-->{{Unk|untested }} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Opti 82C861 2-port | 0x1045 | 0xc861 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{No}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | no USB devices detected - Belkin F5U005, |- | SIS 7001 OCHI | 0x1039 | 0x7001 | 0x0f | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 20th Aug 2012 - not booting stalls on GRUB word with Plop Boot |- |} UHCI USB 1.1 - Intel standard but since 2009 no hardware support as USB2 introduced virtual emulation of USB1 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | Intel | 0x8086 | 0x | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|not in bios use AROS floppy disc boot}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82371AB EB MB PIIX4 | 0x8086 | 0x7112 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{No|none in bios use other booting options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|Detects most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led not on and does not work}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBL/DBM (onboard i830 mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24c4 | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes|but not from bios but floppy options}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|}} | <!--Works-->{{Yes|}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on and although device has software failure and recoverable error IT STILL WORKS. Fresh start sometimes needs Network Prefs Saved to work. |- | VIA MVP4 (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x30 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless options}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 detected but blue led not on and does not work |- | VIA VT82xx (onboard mbd) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x40 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|most devices}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|most devices but not wireless usb}} | RTL8187b WG111v3 blue led on but does not work |- | VIA VT6202 (VIA VT83C572) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | A-Best USB-200, Cables N Mor USBPCI, CompUSA, D-Link DSB500, Digital/Research DRUSBCARD, Kouwell IOFlex 580, StarMount USB VIA, |- | VIA VT6112 | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3038 | 0x61 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | 2011 seems to have issues with other identical via based USB controller(s) present |- | VIA VT6214L | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 2.0 EHCI === The USB-IF insisted on only one implementation of EHCI but it creates 4 virtual hcd to cover USB1.1 support. The virtual HCD on Intel and VIA EHCI controllers are UHCI. All other vendors use virtual OHCI controllers. Hardware EHCI USB2.0 ended in most chipsets in 2014/5 and is now virtual through most newer USB3.0 chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | ALi Agere M5273 A1 Lucent USS-344 | | | | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested}} belkin F5U006, |- | Nvidia Nforce2 USB | | | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | Intel 82801DB/DBM (onboard mbd) | 0x8086 | 0x24cd | 0x01 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | NEC µPD720100AGM | 0x1033 | 0x00E0 | 0x | <!--Boots--> | <!--Detects--> | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | {{N/A|untested - Amiga Spider card}} |- | NEC 72101 GJ | 0x1033 | 0x00e0 | 0x04 | <!--Boots-->{{Yes}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | Belkin F5U219 VEA1 (pci), |- | SIS ECHI | 0x1039 | 0x7002 | 0x00 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Maybe|issues about which port is used if it works at all}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6202 | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- | VIA VT6212 (pci card) | 0x1106 | 0x3104 | 0x62 | <!--Boots-->{{No}} | <!--Detects-->{{Yes|detects}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} | |- |} === USB 3.x SuperSpeed SS (Speed 5Gbit/s 3.1 gen 1) aka xHCI eXtensible === USB Attached SCSI (UAS or UASP) is a protocol used for high-speed data transfer between computers and external storage devices like SSDs, HDDs, and some flash drives. It provides up to 70% faster read/write speeds than traditional Bulk-Only Transport (BOT) by allowing multiple commands to run in parallel, rather than waiting in a queue {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1000 FL 1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B73 | <!--Product ID-->0x1000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->link power management (LPM, USB 3.0 power saving) cannot be disabled so random connection issues |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1009-200 FL 1009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1009 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->Orico PFU3-2P |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1100-100 FL 1100SX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1100 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->LPM cannot be disabled so issues with disconnecting WD drives etc - CalDigit, ORICO PFU3-2P, FASTA-6GU3 Pro, inatech KTU3FR-2P 2 port USB 3.0, and Inateck KT4004 (KTU3FR-4PA rev B2) for storage and hubs, etc |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic FL1400 FL 1400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x1400 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fresco Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720200 uPD720200a chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1d6b | <!--Product ID-->0x0194 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|no USB3 but seems to works like USB2}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported for USB3 but works like USB2 - ORICO PRU3-4P 4 Port USB, early Dell Wyse zx0 thin client, |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720201 uPD720201 chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x114 0x0115 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->NEC Renesas xHCI µPD720202 uPD720202 chip | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1912 | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ti.com/product/tusb7340 TI] tusb7340 TUSB732 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x8241 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported Koutech IO-PEU436 but only one with open docs |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->recognized but not supported - integrated since Ivybridge |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL800 xHCI 0.96 support in VL800, VIA VL811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x3432 0x3438 0x3515 and 0x9201 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{Maybe|}} 2.0 backwards support | <!--Opinion-->Anker 68UPPCIE-2S20PU 2 port, Plugable 4-Port, GA-z77x-ud5h rev. 1.1 mobo, |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL811+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Via Labs VL812 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->xHCI 1.0 support in VL805 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} USB 3.1 (power up to 100W and data 10Gbit/s USB 3.2 gen 2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1142 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Connector: USB Type C and USB Type A x 1 - Ugreen USB C PCI Card 2 Port USB 3.1 Type C |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 1.8 1.9 Updated | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->AUKEY 4 Ports USB C , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion-->Startech - PEXUSB312C - 2-port Usb 3.1 10Gbit/s |- |} USB 3.2 (power up to 100W and data 20Gbit/s gen 2x2 - USB-A Full size plug - USB-B micro USB size - USB-C reversible) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->AMD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Intel xHCI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[ Intel] Revision 2.6 Update | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{unk| }} | <!--Detects-->{{unk|}} | <!--Works-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} === USB 4 (40Gbps thunderbolt, pcie 3.0 tunnelling, ) === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Boot from USB ! width="10%" |Detect USB device ! width="10%" |USB device works ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Marvell | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->AMD Ryzen7 6800U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->Intel Goshen Ridge JHL8440 Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->VLI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Boots-->{{N/A}} | <!--Detects-->{{N/A|}} | <!--Works-->{{N/A|}} | |- |} == hid.class (Human Interface Device) == === Keyboard === Some multi-finger touchpad support works but not on all touchpads {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Retro N C64 edition Keyboard, the super button accessory and optional N30 mouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 87 keys Kailh white}} |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo 108 Retro Mechanical Keyboard (white kailh) and two superbuttons (green) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05ac | 0x0205 | 0x0122 | {{yes|works (its two hub ports) but mouse scroll wheel issues}} |- | Apple Pro Keyboard | 0x05AC | 0x020B | | {{yes|works (two onboard ports also)}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Aigo K68 60% red switches, A68 A87 wireless 2G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=49&products_id=973 AmigaOne Keyboard] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko TAC87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 80% TKL }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko MonsGeek FUN60 PRO&MAX HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 60% hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description-->Akko | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Arteck HW197 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 keyboard and touchpad combo, aluminum frame, aa battery }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Azio Cascade | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Chilkey ND104 (Wuque Studios) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 premium clicky (WS Blue) or silent (WS White) key options with Ansi and ISO formats also numpad and calculator, aluminum machined, tri mode, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2026 untested magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K65 Mech MX no numeric keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair CH-9000045 K70 Blue MX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cherry G80 G80-3000L[x]C[yy]-[z] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cooler Master CM Storm Quickfire Rapid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Corsair K100 Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 okay low profile but expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dell SK-8135 Dell USB Keyboard for Internet and Multimedia rev H for Dimension 4500, Dimension 8250, OptiPlex GX260n, OptiPlex GX60n, Precision 350 (R42232) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x413C | <!--Product ID-->0x2010 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes| usb1.1 keyboard hub 0x413C 0x1003 works as well - multimedia keys not mapped }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Deepcool KG722 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 65% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Channel Zero DK2108 Mech Mechanical Cherry MX Red | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ducky Shine 3 Brown or Blue (DK9087) MX keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Das Keyboard Model S Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Cidoo V75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker rt100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 plastic build and no screws, numpad with small 0, mostly quiet seasalt switches, gimmick usb-c 1in screen}} |- | <!--Description-->EPOMAKER TH99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} USB-C full numpad keyboard |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker P75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker p87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Leobog Hi75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Feker Galaxy80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 gmk/via | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget version good 75% choice of 4 leobog switches}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Tide75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% and not too expensive}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK992 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 109 key }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK820 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker Ajazz AK35I V3 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 104 keys - two models: wired and tri-mode connection - }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker Aula F108 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pricy but okay 100% but only leobog graywood switches but hotswap available afterwards}} |- | <!--Description-->eopmaker Ajazz AK980 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 97 keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker G87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT82 RT85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker RT100 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 96% }} |- | <!--Description-->epomaker x Galaxy100 lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 good 96% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATTACK SHARK X98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 98% maybe silent linear feel with Two-color PBT keycap}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker ATTACK SHARK X68HE and X65HE 65% Wired Gaming Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x502D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|2025 tested on Aros running on Raspberry Pi wired usb-c with magnetic hall effect keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Epomaker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Filco Ninja Majestouch-2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Focus FK-760 Wireless Keyboard & Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} but quality build issues raised |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->GMMK Tenkeyless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades default Gateron Brown switches for Kailh Box Jades}} |- | <!--Description-->GK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->GMK67 GMK87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested budget good option}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hengchangtong HCT Limeme gk103s Entry Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0xC0F4 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|half Keyboard left side only}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested hotswap kaihl green switches}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hexgears | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix mq80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 good 75% low profile keys |- | <!--Description-->Iqunix Magi65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 65% low profile keys }} |- | <!--Description-->iqunix ez60 ez80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested specific hall effect switches - actuation point, rapid trigger, etc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Jomaa YiChip Wireless 50% key with touchpad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3151 | <!--Product ID-->0x3000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|dongle detected, keys and pad not working - 2 AAA NM}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested numpad only}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 v1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 untested okay}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q6 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 75% with numeric numpad, barebones so choose switches and keycaps to suit }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron q1 MAX V1 MAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Lemokey P1 QMK | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested best option to customise switches and keycaps}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron LemoKey X1 X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested keycap swap only not switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K2HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested okay}} wireless hall effect analogue on all keys |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K4HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 untested hall effect but software }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K5 K17 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested okay low profile but }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron Q5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Keychron K10 HE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kiiboom Breeze 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 good 75% }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Meletrix Boog 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 magnetic hall effect, good but expensive and software poor}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Melgeek O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 low profile 75% but not repairable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->MOSART 2.4G Wireless 60% Keyboard Trackball | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062a | <!--Product ID-->0x4105 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|dongle recognised HID, keys worked, roller worked, scroll wheel works and shoulders works but buttons around left, top and right hand side (RHS) do not work and plastic and 2 AA MN1500}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Mucai SiGma Micro MKA610 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1c4f | <!--Product ID-->0x0084 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| unknown red keys - rgb backlighting - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://hjldemo.clsc.cn/ Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Ltd] Perixx Periboard 505 Plus with Trackball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard - poor trackball}} |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Zhentian Electronics Co., Ltd Perixx Periboard 706 Plus with Trackball Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|generally okay dome with good sized keys but piano black surround fingerprint magnet, occasional brief trackball freezes after no use, takes some time to get used to the trackball size}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard-716 Wireless (Chicony) | <!--Vendor ID-->04f2:1013 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|okay dome keyboard and trackpad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Perixx Periboard- | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo SK-8825 41A5327 SIL12-W07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works manufactured for |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lite-On USB NetVista Full Width Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04b3 | <!--Product ID-->0x3025 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->works |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K320 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech USB Unifying, Bolt, Lightspeed, or Nano receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K340 Wireless Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.logitech.com/en-us/product/wireless-touch-keyboard-k400r Logitech Wireless Touch Keyboard k400] | <!--Vendor ID--> 0x046D | <!--Product ID--> 0xC52B | <!--Revision--> 1201 | <!--Opinion--> {{yes|All (including multimedia) keys work. Some keys requires remapping with Trident. Touchpad works and acts as normal mouse. Presents itself in Trident as USB Receiver from Logitech with 3 HID bindings}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K400 Plus K400+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech K600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech TK830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G915 TKL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Unk|okay keyboard TKL means no number pad}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Lite84 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Lofree Flow Lite100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 silent switches and low profile keys}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MACHENIKE K500 Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 94 keys untested Hot Swappable 94 Keys 90% Layout }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MechLands Vibe99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 100 keys untested Gasket-mounted Wired/Bluetooth/2.4GHz Wireless Mechanical Keyboard}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Comfortable Curve 2000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|recognized but not supported}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Wireless Media Desktop 1000 (1356) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x00f9 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|working but not mouse part}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Niz Micro84 Duo82 X87 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 electro capacitive }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy gem80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy kick 75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 low profile 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy Air75 V3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 75% }} |- | <!--Description-->nuphy node 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 96% layout, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-50 MK-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Qpad MK-90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Chroma | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0203 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://openrazer.github.io/ Razer] Lycosa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow 2013 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Cherry MX Blue }} |- | <!--Description-->Razr Blackwidow Ultimate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Cherry MX Blue }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow V4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Razer Orange keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow V4 Low Profile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Razer keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Blackwidow V4 Pro 75% | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Razer keys }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Cynosa Lite V2 | <!--Vendor ID-->1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x023f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer DeathStalker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer HuntsMan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ornata | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Orbweaver Chroma Keypad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0207 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Tartarus Keypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| not hall effect and very expensive}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K668 RGB Gaming Keyboard Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys Upgraded Hot-swappable Socket，Red Switch}} |- | <!--Description-->Redragon K689 PRO Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested Gasket RGB Gaming Keyboard, 108 Keys Mechanical Keyboard w/Extra 4 Hotkeys, Upgraded Hot-swappable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Rii K22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 keyboard trackpad combo, non replaceable lithium battery, very compact}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2027 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 75% mechanical, hotswap so okay for price untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Risophy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Royal Kludge RK65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested cream switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SINO WEALTH Gaming KB SkyLion K68 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x258a | <!--Product ID-->0x003a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| blue stalks with rgb lighting}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->SKYLOONG GK104 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested gateron }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet x300 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MosART | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x4101 | <!--Revision-->0312 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|1 AAA for each and works well - mouse slightly better built than keyboard rubberised membrane}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X331 HDE 2.4G Keyboard wireless RCMCU | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C45 | <!--Product ID-->0x7000 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|wireless can be glitchy but few extra keys are mapped }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet X500 2.4G Keyboard Mouse MOSArt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x062A | <!--Product ID-->0x2901 | <!--Revision-->0112 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works well especially large touchpad - usual rubber domed membraned keyboard mechanism }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tecware Specter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested good 75%}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Unicomp Model M USB 104 key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} IBM's and later Lexmark buckling spring switches |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Minilo Bluebell (prestige silent) and Eculapytus (violet tactile) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 75% plastic build no screws not great to mod}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo Sword 68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| expensive but good}} |- | <!--Description-->Varmilo 98 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 expensive but good and Kailh silent}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Choice65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Weikav Velocifire Lucky65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5055 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 good 75% but not as expensive CNC Aluminum HMX/JWK/Cocoa Switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush 80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID-->0x5588 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Crush80 Reboot Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 very good but expensive Aluminum Hotswap Wireless RGB}} |- | <!--Description-->Wobkey Rainy 75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x320F | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wooting HE60 HE80 HE90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 hall effect but expensive with good software}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description-->Womier WK61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk71 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Womier Sk75 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 hall effect }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xenta White Wireless HK6718B+HM3302--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works with Raspberry Pi untested on AROS native}} |- | <!--Description-->Xinmeng X87 MAGIC_REFINER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 untested keycap swap but not hotswapable switches}} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL66 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| milk switches, cherry PBT, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi B75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 budget good with cocoa cream switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|good budget option with swappable switches, }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzii AL80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 switches }} |- | <!--Description-->Yunzi C75 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 budget good with switches }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2028 magnetic hall effect software should be better and surpasses mechanical}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} <pre> linear - creamy tactile - thocky clicky - clacky </pre> <pre > Cherry MX Black are linear switches (no feedback); good for gaming. Cherry MX Red are linear (less noise no click) but more squishy; Cherry MX Brown are in between Blue and Red in style and tactile; Cherry MX Clear switches have soft tactile feedback (with no click). Cherry MX Blue have tactile feedback with a click (noisy); good for typing. Gateron Yellows KS-3, KS-3x47 or better Pros have a milky top and black bottom and linear TTC Silent Frozen v2. Linear and dead silent Mouse the huano brown with yellow dot for silent mouse clicks Kailh red dust proof encoder for smooth and close to silent scrolling Boba U4 Silent Tactile switches Husky linears HMX </pre > === Mouse === if the USB mouse is non-functional put a USB pendrive in before or add the following to user-startup in '''s''' drawer/folder/directory sys:prefs/trident NOGUI > NIL: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Brand ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" | Model ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->[http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html SpaceNavigator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | 3D Mouse | <!--Model-->SpacePilot Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceExplorer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | 3Dconnexion | Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->SpaceMouse | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->3D Optical | <!--Description-->Wired | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0000:3825 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin | Combo mouse | | 0x05FE | 0x0011 | Low 0100 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Cytec | <!--Description-->Wired Mouse Gaming | <!--Model-->R.A.T 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dell | Mouse | MO56UC | 0x413C | 0x3200 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->equatech / clone logitech | <!--Description-->wireless mouse | <!--Model-->49779 / M185 | <!--Vendor ID--> 3151:2020 later 3151:3020 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{Yes|detected and works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hama | RF Optical Mouse | AM-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Keycron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling and 16k dpi }} |- | <!--Brand-->Keychron | <!--Description-->Optical Wireless | <!--Model-->M7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested barebones 1k polling and 16k dpi, great for small hands, loud clicks}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->LogiCAD 3D | <!--Description-->3D Mouse | <!--Model-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | Cordless Desktop Navigator | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech Inc. | First/Pilot Wheel Mouse | N48/M-BB48 M-BE58 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | Wireless mouse | [http://www.logitech.com/en-roeu/mice_pointers/mice/devices/5484 M305] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | Wireless RF Mouse | MK710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|The Logitech Unifying Receiver pairing}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G304 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless Mouse | <!--Model-->MX Master Anywhere 2S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|untested}} micro USB charge port on front |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M220 silent touch MR0085 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2018 needs usb dongle - quiet clicking }} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech Logi | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 3S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|2021 untested usb-c bluetooth, inbuilt battery but muted clicks}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitach | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->G502 X Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 very clicky}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model-->M240 silent touch MR0105 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2022 no dongle as bluetooth enabled but could work with Logi Bolt USB Receiver - 1 aa battery - quiet clicking}} |- | <!--Brand-->Logitech | <!--Description-->Optical | <!--Model-->MX Master 4 MXM | <!--Vendor ID-->0x | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Bluetooth usb-c dongle, inbuilt lithium battery}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Brand | Description | Model | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion--> |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8566 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8518 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->OrzerHome Maxxter | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID-->248a:8514 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1 aa with no on/off switch }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wheel Mouse optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Sidewinder Mouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | IntelliMouse Explorer USB optical | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Microsoft | Wireless Optical Mouse 2000 | | 0x045E | 0x00F9 | | {{no|not working see keyboard Media Desktop 2000 above}} |- | <!--Brand-->Microsoft | <!--Description--> | <!--Model-->1461 1447 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{No|usb dongle matched to one mouse only no others}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Orochi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Mamba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Naga | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} 17 buttons |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB Optical | <!--Model-->Naga Hex V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} MOBA Gaming Mouse, Professional Grade 16,000 DPI Sensor - RGB lighting |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->DeathAdder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Viper | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->Razer | <!--Description-->USB optical | <!--Model-->Basilisk V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested 1k polling, 35k dpi, }} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | Trust | Slimline Lasermouse | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | SteelSeries | Tobii EyeX EyeMobile PCEye | Eye Tracking Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} gaze interaction track technology for augment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand-->The Eye Tribe Tracker | <!--Description-->Eye | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description-->USB Optical Mouse | <!--Model-->MV3000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x192f | <!--Product ID-->0x0916 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Brand--> | <!--Description--> | <!--Model--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> {{N/A|untested}} |} === Trackball === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->3Dconnexion SpaceBall 5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{N/A|untested}} Labtec designed and rolled into new company 3dconnexion 2001 by owners Logitech |- | <!--Description-->ACCO Kensington Orbit optical F1233A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kensington Turbo Mouse 64210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Clearly Superior Technologies. Model:CST 1000-RC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Trackman Marble Mouse Wired USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Trackman Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Optical Trackman T-RB22 - Cordless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech M570 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Trackball Mouse Optical 1.0 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft X05-87473 Trackball USB Optical | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === KVM === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->NanoKVM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === Gamepad === Controllers have mostly decided that the left analog joystick is keyboard equivalent of WASD and right joystick is your mouse. You also have 2 bumpers above the triggers. Shoot could be right trigger (so it doesn't involve taking your thumb off the right joystick). Face buttons for reloading or jump or other non-critical functions. Crank up the sensitivity and practice. Testing can be done with the TRIDENT Prefs, [https://devicetests.com/controller-tester html5], [https://greggman.github.io/html5-gamepad-test/ html5], or [https://gamepad-tester.com/ Tester] ==== Dinput Poseidon Default Plugin - Playstation(TM) style ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Bat D2E BTP-BD2E XD4D2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gravis Eliminator Gamepad Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID-->047d | <!--Product ID-->4005 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2d only |- | Hama Black Force USB Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 psx clone look |- | <!--Description-->Jess Tech Game Elements Philips GGE909 PC Recoil Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCbAmIhj6P4 Logitech Wingman Precision USB] G-UC3B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 no 3D but good for 2D retro games like Turrican II |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Action Pad G-UB3A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 1 blue lucid translucent - thin analog stick N64 type - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman RumblePad UB05B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc20a | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded blue piece - vibration feedback - single shoulder buttons with throttle control below right one |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Wingman Cordless RumblePad G-RA4A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc211 | 1.12 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 twin blue analogue sticks N64 type - poor 2d controls with single molded black piece - vibration feedback - dual shoulder buttons L1 L2 R1 R2 with blue throttle control below right one - 4 aa mn1500 batteries; life not great - C-UD10A usb dongle - overall big and bulky |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Precision Wired G-UG15 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Cordless Precision G-X2E14A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 ps2 styling blue outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G-X5C11A Cordless Precision Wireless Controllers | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A|N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->2002 psx styling black outer shell - no 3D analog and no shoulder buttons - no rumble |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/logitech-dual-actiontm-gamepad/ Logitech Dual Action] * G-UD8 has no mode (2D only?) button and no rumble * G-UF13A later | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision-->0xc2 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 G-UF13A tested only]}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 New body shape psx style - dual analog 3D sticks - 4 small travel shoulder triggers no 5,6,7,8 |- | <!--Description-->Logitech RumblePad 2 G-UF13 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc218 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 usb wired light blue top/black base - twin analogues 3D along with dual short travel shoulder buttons - rumble present - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech RumblePad 2 Cordless * G-RC?? OLD version that take FOUR batteries and RED Logitech logo * G-RC14 uses TWO batteries has an ORANGE logo - dongle C-UE10 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->0x0200 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 wireless may have to remove 1 battery - G-RC?? 5 + 7 buttons - G-RC14 use buttons 6 + 8 to reset sticks - replace battery and push large button on receiver - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F310 Wired Dual Action G-U0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|D mode switch}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 best option for old usb wired style dual analog 3D with pc-xbox/psx switch on back (only D works) - both rear shoulder RT LT buttons have excess travel - no rumble vibration - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech F510 Wired G-UG0002 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc21 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 dual analog with dual xbox pc/psx X/D switched compatibility modes - |- | Logitech F710 Wireless / Cordless RumblePad 2 G-R0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0xc219 | <!--Revision-->3.05 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|Mouse only not joypad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 When switch on top set to D and nano receiver for each controller to pair - 2 aa mn1500 batteries required - rumble support sometimes - rear back shoulder buttons excessive travel needed - does have rubber backing that becomes sticky - |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Megaworld 'TIME' USB pad | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0735 | <!--Product ID-->0x9902 | <!--Revision-->Low 0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No |}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 Poor quality |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft * SideWinder Precision Pro USB (1997) * SideWinder Precision 2 (1998) * Game Pad Pro (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Game Pad USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> possible setup first |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Gamepad X04 Freestyle | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{N/A}} | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} 1998 might need USB adapter |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder X05 63895 92626 Flight stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|2000 [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=929.msg11309#new tested]}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Sidewinder Flight Stick X08-58736 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Plug & Play Game Pad (2000) SideWinder Joystick (2000) Game Pad 2.0 (2001) SideWinder Force Feedback 2 (2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 long-standing static buildup problem and Force Feedback 2 was the removal of the power brick |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | Saitek [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps1000/ PS1000 Cyborg V.1], [http://www.testfreaks.co.uk/game-console-accessories-controls/saitek-ps2700-rumble-pad/ PS2700] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG0v-hf6ZPA P2600] [http://compactiongames.about.com/od/hardware/tp/gamepads.htm P3600], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 no rumble function |- | Saitek P2900 wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 runs on 1 AA battery |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sony Batoh PS3 mini USB Wired hookup [http://ps3.jim.sh/sixaxis/usb/ SIXAXIS] *PCB Ribbon Notes *Protos ALPS MSU Rev3 M3 and the later CBEH-1019 *? SA1Q135A for sixaxis *PP4 *V2 *V25 *VX SA1Q146A first dualshock 3 model *VX SA1Q147A CECHZC2U (USA) *VX35 SA1Q159A *VX3 SA1Q160A *VX? SA1Q188A *VX4 SA1Q189A shipped with a CECH-2504 datecode 0C *VX5 SA1Q194A changed design ALPS, PS button changes *VX6 SA1Q195A red case, *VX7 SA1Q222A superslims 2 ribbons *VX8 SA1Q224A superslims 2 ribbons | <!--Vendor ID-->0x054c | <!--Product ID-->0x0268 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No|}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|}} | <!--Opinion-->Sometimes detected but no support - no sixaxis features detected - mini usb lead will have varying results - |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS4 *JDM JDS 001 010 011 *JDM 030 040 055 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sony PS5 Dual Sense | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speed Link Strike 2 FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Firestorm Dual Power 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|[http://www.morphzone.org/modules/newbb_plus/viewtopic.php?topic_id=7018&forum=12 only 1 axis joystick only]}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-1500 GM-1520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 M series Aluminum Metal Joystick Hitbox Controller Arcade Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 T series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 G series Gamefinger G12 G13 G16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> plastic - |- | <!--Description-->Haute42 S series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> thinner and lighter than G series |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mad Catz sf2 fightstick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Datel Paewang Arcade Pro Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F300 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash F500 Fighting Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Pico Flatbox GP2040-CE Hot Swappable Mini Hitbox Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> default it is configured for PS4 but before plugging usbc cable in, X for Dinput, B Xinput, RT HID - plastic build case - Rev4 based on RP2040 chip and firmware is based on GP2040-CE (Community Edition) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Shenzhen Onebitdo Tech 8bitdo Fighting stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Venom 8 button | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==== Xinput Xbox Style Plugin ==== 2018 extension added originally called AROSx but later redacted. Latest [https://github.com/medusalix/xone linux driver] might be useful. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate C Wired 82CB (Shenzhen ONEBITDO TECH - GWOWO) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3106 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 - 4 t6 torx screws - non hall effect so drifting issues - triggers go faulty often - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C Wired Controller 82CD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2dc8 | <!--Product ID-->0x310A | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - HID keyboard assigned - 4 t6 torx screws - hall effect analogs and triggers - 1000Hz polling - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 2C wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - 400mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad poor for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo ULtimate Mini Wired Controller for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 *Wired Controller *Wireless *Bluetooth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect - playstation style layout for pc - slide button for S-A-D-X switch, android, dinput or xinput - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 tmr hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description-->8bitdo Ultimate 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2026 - mw battery - hall effect 3d nubs and triggers - micro switch shoulder buttons - d-pad for retro games - |- | <!--Description-->8BitDo Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect analogs, hall effect triggers and some microswitches - button swap - ps2 style layout - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ace Aurora | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks with no deadzone mode, gyro, linear rumble, trigger stops, back paddles, button swap, macro, turbo, RGB LED effects - tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Betop Beitong Spartan BTP-2270U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect |- | <!--Description-->Betop Betong Asura 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hall effect - noble linear trigger potentiometer and alps shoulder LB/RB micro switch |- | <!--Description-->BEITONG ASURA 2 Pro+ Game Controller Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beitong Zeus 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BebonCool Dinofire Model Number: Q218 / TP28 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 - triggers aren't progressive but ON/OFF - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers - tri mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX Wireless Controller PC PS3, 9013pro ESM-9013PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 linear hall effect but device sometimes will not connect tried multiple attempts with the dongle |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY MICRO SWITCH - Bumpers Tactile switch Hall Effect analog |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX X15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect analog and triggers - membrane buttons - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX S10 Wireless Gamepad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 TMR Hall effect and compatible with Switch 2/PC/Phone/TV/Steam, NFC, Gyro, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->EasySMX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->202 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Fantech World EOS Pro WGP15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect trigger and sticks,2 back paddles, motion controlling |- | <!--Description-->Fantech EOS PRO II S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 controller with TMR hall effect analogues, mechanical face buttons and D-pad, 63 input macro, back paddles, turbo - analog triggers with trigger stops - tri mode bt wifi and wired - slide switch on back for switch, macos/android and xinput - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader Pro 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 the Pro(Hall Effects) and Non-Pro (No Hall) |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 hall effect sticks and triggers - poor wifi connection - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Apex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 luxury model |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Direwolf 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons with gold contacts - 800mhA battery - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Dunefox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 basic model hall effect analog and triggers but membrane buttons - 500mha battery - no gyros - |- | <!--Description-->Flydigi Vader 5 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 - hall effect stick with tension control, linear triggers, DInput mode (o+A hold) - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir T4K Keleid, T4C Cyclone wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 poor to ok switch |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no|| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - switch type layout |- | <!--Description-->Guangzhou Chicken Run Network Tech Nova Lite GameSir-T4n LITE - Zikway HID gamepad *[https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 4200 seems to be xbox so B then Home for Xinput (green LED), A then Home for HID BT Android (green/yellow LED), Y then Home for Switch Pro (Red LED)] or X then Home for Wifi and start and select to alternatively swap modes * and if on [https://www.reddit.com/r/Gamesir/comments/1c185ve/psa_keep_gamesir_nova_lite_t4n_lite_firmware_at/ fw 5700 ds4 so Home + B (blue LED), ] * firmware 6900 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x3537 | <!--Product ID-->0x1040 0x1041 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - hall effect 3d nubs - no usb-c cable - rubber membrane analog trigger travel and bumpers shoulder buttons - wifi 2.4G and bluetooth - xbox layout so ab and xy might need to be swapped via m and a buttons for switch type [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po-nNuC5fps fixes video] - 250Hz polling - 600mah battery - rigid carry case - poor d-pad esp diagonals - gamesir settings software only on android 6+ or ios based only - |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir Nova 2 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 SE Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Gamesir TEGENARIA T3 Lite Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 playstation aesthetic hall effect analog and membrane buttons - X+Home button connects as an Xbox controller |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Cyclone 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR Joysticks with anti-friction rings and metal anti-friction rings around the stems, gyro, rumble, macro, turbo, 2 back paddles, hall analog triggers with micro-switch trigger - tri mode bluetooth, 2.4GHz wifi and wired, 1000hz polling rate - gamesir connect software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir G7 Pro for Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 TMR hall effect - hall effect triggers, tri mode connection - gamesir nexus software - |- | <!--Description-->GameSir Super Nova Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2026 hall effect sticks and triggers, 1000Hz polling, tri mode connectivity, |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GameSir | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 NS08 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->Electromagnetic Stick hall effect - hall linear triggers - Mechanical face buttons - wired and wireless - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong 2 PRO NS09 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall efect - wired and wireless - Mechanical face buttons - Built-in rechargeable lithium battery |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KingKong MAX 3 KK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->hall effect - wired and wireless - lithium battery - |- | <!--Description-->Gulikit KK3 Max USB-c Bluetooth Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Hall Joysticks and Triggers, Maglev/Rotor/HD Vibration, 1000Hz Polling Rate, 4 Back Buttons, |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit KK3 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 smaller version of KK3 MAX - hall effect analog and triggers, face buttons , maglev rumble, gyro, 4 back paddles - rigid case - 950mAh up to 8 hrs - |- | <!--Description-->GuliKit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hyperkin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Hori EX2 Turbo UHX3-45 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G1 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 Wireless Gaming Controller with 1K Polling Rate Hall Effect Trigger Joystick For Nintendo Switch PC iOS Android |- | <!--Description-->Machenike G5 Pro Wireless Gaming Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 ABXY Switch Membrane, Bumpers Tactile switch and hall effect analog |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->microsoft sidewinder precision pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | 0x045e | 0x028e | 0x | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|needs specific driver and has poor 2D control pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Microsoft (R) [https://blog.tkjelectronics.dk/2012/12/xbox-360-receiver-added-to-the-usb-host-library/ Xbox 360] (TM) Wireless Receiver for Windows(R) Model 1086 and Controller | 0x045e | 0x0719, 0x or 0x0291 | 0x0100 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->{{No|separate standalone usb dongle detected and shows as 8 vendor interfaces but no class associated and so not working - may need new class from code from xpad or xboxdrv to work the controllor}} |- | <!--Description-->Xbox 360 Kinect [http://hackaday.com/2010/11/10/kinect-open-source-driver-demo-and-hacking/ Video] [http://git.marcansoft.com/?p=libfreenect.git;a=commit;h=7655fcf7239ba4907654089dba535a196685dbe5 GIT] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 proprietary 2.4GHz RF protocol, |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One Wired Controller | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One wireless controller newer model with the 3.5mm headphone jack 1537 1697 and microsoft adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02d1 or 0x02dd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e3 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 ok - |- | <!--Description-->Xbox later models 1708+ Xbox One and Series use 5GHz and use Bluetooth, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02e0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Xbox One S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ea 0x02fd | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft Elite Series 2 Core | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045E | <!--Product ID-->0x02ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{no| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 ok - no hall - 125Hz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Minisform MGP01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MOBAPAD N1HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 has liquid silicone face buttons, hall effect analog, D-Pad swap, two back paddles, USB-A dongle, HD Rumble - |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad Huben 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- | <!--Description-->Mobapad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Gale 墨将 mòjiāng | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON Blitz PRO 2 TMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BIGBIG WON now MOJHON AETHER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 hall effect joysticks, hall effect triggers, mechanical bumpers, 1000hz polling rate, mechanical D-pad, membrane face buttons, mechanical back paddles, rumble, deadzone issues - tri mode |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MSI FORCE GC20 GC30 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 not hall effect |- | <!--Description-->MSI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mytrix Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NACON GC-100XF Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 average |- | <!--Description-->PXN P5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall effect joysticks & triggers, limited trigger stops, 1000hz polling rate on wired, 4 back paddles, 32 macro record, anti-deadzone mode, RAW mode, gyro, turbo, tri-mode connection - |- | <!--Description-->PXN P50L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->PowerA | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Stellar T5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD Junior E5 Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->QRD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Razer Wolverine V3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 hall |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RetroFlag | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Speedlink XEOX Pro Analog Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->enclosed lithium battery? - xbox layout - switchable on back of controller to directinput (dinput) or xinput - USB dongle switchable to pc and ps3 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Instinct Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 good |- | <!--Description-->SCUF Envision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Steel Series Stratus Duo XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->usb adapter needed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/Inputlabs InputLabs Alpakka Open Source and build yourself] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY it with 3d printer, pcb and components - pi pico needed - 2 gyros for better accuracy - |- | <!--Description-->[https://inputlabs.io/kapybara Inputlabs kapybara] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->DIY one handed version wip |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vilcorn Z03 BT Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 - other Bluetooth modes (green, red, blue, purple, etc.) Select + M1 (or M2) - 400mAh - not great latency wired - 800mhz polling - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd ultimate legend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+ elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->zd 0+excellent | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} <pre> #ifndef AROSX_LIBRARY_H #define AROSX_LIBRARY_H #include <exec/types.h> #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0x00 #define AROSX_CONTROLLER_TYPE_GAMEPAD 0x01 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_UP 0x0001 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_DOWN 0x0002 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_LEFT 0x0004 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_DPAD_RIGHT 0x0008 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_START 0x0010 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_BACK 0x0020 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB 0x0040 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB 0x0080 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_LEFT_SHOULDER 0x0100 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_SHOULDER 0x0200 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_A 0x1000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_B 0x2000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_X 0x4000 #define AROSX_GAMEPAD_Y 0x8000 struct AROSX_GAMEPAD { ULONG Timestamp; UWORD Buttons; UBYTE LeftTrigger; UBYTE RightTrigger; WORD ThumbLX; WORD ThumbLY; WORD ThumbRX; WORD ThumbRY; }; #define AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT 0x00 #define AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT 0x01 #define AROSX_EHMF_CONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_CONNECT) #define AROSX_EHMF_DISCONNECT (1L<<AROSX_EHMB_DISCONNECT) struct AROSX_EventHook { struct Node eh_Node; struct MsgPort *eh_MsgPort; ULONG eh_MsgMask; }; struct AROSX_EventNote { struct Message en_Msg; ULONG en_Event; APTR en_Param1; APTR en_Param2; }; #endif /* AROSX_LIBRARY_H */ </pre> === Joystick === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CH Products CombatStick 568 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Cyborg X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Extreme 3D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | [Logitech Attack 3 Joystick] | 0x0464 | 0xC214 | 0205 | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek X-52 x52 pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->saitek aviator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Speedlink Competition Pro USB | | | | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{maybe|works but games not working "out of the box"}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator QZ 501 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator TH 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust Predator GM-2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Trust XK 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} ===[https://github.com/JacKeTUs/linux-steering-wheels Gaming Racing Steering Wheels]=== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="40%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/documents/pid1_01.pdf USB PID standard not supported], |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cammus C5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec CSL Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 and Xbox - belt driven wheel - 30cm wheel swapping |- | <!--Description-->Fanatec Club Sport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt $600 £500 system |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FFBeast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius TRIO RACER F1 Racing Wheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Cheap and cheerful but not great - may need calibrating |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hama PC Racing Wheel Thunder V18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Average |- | <!--Description-->Hori Racing Wheel 3 with pedals | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PC |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logic3 PXU450 TopDrive GT450 Steering Wheel for PS3, PS4, XBox One and PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MOMO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Very good |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Driving Force GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Drive Force Pro DFP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> wheel 900 degree - weighs in at 15&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Formula Force EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->200 degrees turn for the EX model is arcade-like driving - adds PS3 compatibility via the PSx/2 adaptor - weighs in at 9&nbsp;lbs |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G27 PC/PS3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> comes with gear shifter - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G29 PC PS3/PS4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G920 PC XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> may need additional shifter - gear 900deg wheel / rumble - 3 peddle - needs external psu - |- | <!--Description-->Logitech G923 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft(R) SideWinder Precision Racing Wheel (1999) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Moza R12 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x346E | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Ultrawipf/OpenFFBoard OpenFFBoard], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->PXN V12 Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simagic M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> base direct drive $900 £800 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simplicity Simwheel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> direct |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simucube | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Simxperience Accuforce V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SPEEDLINK Drift O.Z. Racing Wheel with Pedals and Gear Stick | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SteelSeries Simraceway SRW-S1 Steering Wheel (PC) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Nascar Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari Challenge Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> Poor |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster Ferrari FGT Rumble GT Experience 3-in-1 (PC/PS3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID-->b658 | <!--Revision-->0102 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Wheel and all buttons detected}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|}} | <!--Opinion-->Not great - gear driven 240deg wheel rotation - no psu needed - 2 peddle - flappy gear change - rumble untested - red switch for PC PS3 selection |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster F430 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T500 RS Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> belt driven wheel/rumble for GT5 |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T60 Challenge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T150 Wheel | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> gear / belt combo wheel / rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TMX Pro PC/XboxOne | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> direct drive rumble - no manual gear shift included |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T80 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->Base level and OK - PS4 - 270deg rumble - 2 peddle |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T300 RS GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS3 PS4 - belt driven - 900deg rotation and modular 28cm wheel out - 2 peddles but 3 available |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster TX Leather | <!--Vendor ID-->0x044f | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->TX Xbox version - 900deg rotation |- | <!--Description-->Thrustermaster TS PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PC only belt wheel |- | <!--Description--> TS XW Racer PC Xbox1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> top belt system |- | <!--Description-->Thrustmaster T-GT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->PS4 $700 £600 with T-DFB |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Tracer Zonda Racing Steering Wheel PC PS3 Vibration Feedback Pedals Gearbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===Gamepad Joypad Adapters=== * Most adapters will work in most OS's without installing a driver. Special functions needing drivers will be noted. * Some adapters do not work with some [http://www.stepmania.com/wiki/Dance_Pads dance pads] because of voltage issues. Other adapters map the dancemat arrows as axes and not as buttons, causing problems. * If using an adapters should be compatible with '''original''' PlayStation PS/Xbox Xbox/GameCube GC /Dreamcast DC/Sega Saturn SS gamepads. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="35%" |Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Merge with USB on Digital Pad ! width="10%" |Analogue Hack with Analog Stick ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.maplin.co.uk/psx-usb-bridge-34887?tabid=3&worldid=&doy=21m9&faqitem=playstation%20controller%20to%20pc%20adaptor Maplin] [http://www.rockfire.com.tw/ Padix Co. Ltd. Rockfire] PX-205 PSX/USB Bridge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0583 | <!--Product ID-->0x2050 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes}} but buttons mapped different from others | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Maybe|poor}} | <!--Opinion-->Ok with dpads, but very poor support with analogue hack |- | Boom PS Joy Converter adaptor | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | discontinued (2004/5). Hold Up, Start, and Select for three seconds. Very good [http://www.stepmania.com stepmania] recommendation. |- | [http://www.hkems.com/m_main.htm EMS] [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/ps2-usb2.htm USB2] grey plastic box with 2 PSX ports, one on either side - UP and Select pressed for 3 seconds at the same time or the dance code (start+select+up) | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows the PS port works in digital mode on d-pad}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | Set in PC switch mode. Does not work when using 2 pads at the same time, likely higher power requirements. FPSE emu DualShock untested, Mat and Guitar untested but known lag involved |- | Joytech (play.com) (EMS USB2 bad clone) Black box twin PSX | 0x0b43 | 0x0003 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | but poor on dance ddr mat and guitar hero as the left and right keys do not like being pressed together, Dual shock untested |- | [ EMS Trio Linker ] 1 PSone connection at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued 2005 |- | [http://psxemulator.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=support&action=display&thread=421 EMS Trio Linker Plus] (blue box) 1 PSx at bottom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX discontinued |- | Gamtec [http://www.gamestone.co.uk/gradius/guides_usb_smartjoy_guide.php SmartJoy Plus] Lik Sang PS->USB converter Red 2005 | 0x0925 | 0x0005 | Low 0110 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe|detected and digital dpad works with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4138&forum=2&post_id=35952#forumpost35952 joystick and testjoystick tests] but the second analog control is not mapping correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue Hack - hardware buggy not useable}} | Dual shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested. Nothing picked up upon plugging it in. Quite common, these items have grounding issues or feed voltage back into the USB host and freeze the host controller, preventing any plugins or removals being detected. |- | Gamtec SmartJoy Plus Dual PS->USB converter Red | 0x0925 | 0x00 | Low | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|buggy hardware}} | |- | [http://uk.gear.ign.com/articles/700/700334p1.html Lik-Sang Super SmartJoy PSX] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1PSX |- | Soyo Kiki Kiky | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | eXcel PSX adaptor shaped a little like a stealth bomber with USB pass through | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Venom | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | Dragon Plus (Radio Shack) Pantherlord GreenAsia USB to PS2/PS3 converter single black cable | 0x0e8f | 0x03 | 1.07 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes| }} | |- | Deal Extreme 2 PSX black cables from 1 USB port | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->HDE 2014 Personal Communication Systems Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0810 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Same as single cable above but with black block midway along cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC001 Super Joy Box 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC016 Super Joy Box arrowhead triangle twin PSX] Original was lack with RED Leds. Clones Dilong pu203, Blue HDE Neewer ShineData SD-APS2USB, Red Octane and Black PC Power Box (NS3454) '''embossed circle''' on top | 0x0810 | 0x0001 | 1.06 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes|Tests/joystick shows one PS port does not work with analog control at all but the other port does and maps correctly in digital mode}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works }} | Still available 2013, poor construction though, falls to pieces easily. Dual Shock untested, Mat and Guitar untested |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd [http://www.mayflash.com/pc/pc038/pc038-1.htm Mayflash PC038 Super Joy Box Pro triangle twin PSX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PC006 long V-shaped 4 port PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Limited Mayflash SuperJoy Box 5 PRO PC039 PS/PS2 Game Controller Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Merge with USB on Digital Pad | Analogue Hack with Analog Stick | Opinion |- | Boom PSX+N64 USB converter (purple or blue see through box) (2003/4) - red led for psx and green led for n64 | 0x6666 | 0x0667 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|not detected by Tests/joystick}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No|Analogue hack }} | Rumble Pak untested |- | [http://www.hkems.com/product/ps2/TrioLinkerPlus2.htm EMS Trio Linker Plus II] | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4753&forum=24&post_id=43102#forumpost43102 ] | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | 1DC 1GC 1PSX but not for ddr mat games |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC043 clone HuiJia Black twin N64 converter for PC USB | 0x0e8f | 0x3013 | 0x0 | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|detected by Tests/joystick though two digital pads have their settings wrong}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{Yes|Analogue hack works well with middle handle/grip little joystick}} | Rumble Pack untested |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC MagicBox SuperBox 3 | | | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | untested 1SS 1DC 1PSX } |- | <!--Description-->Lik Sang SmartJoy X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0285 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SmartJoy X2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID-->0x0289 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC018 Super Joy Box 9 Xbox (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work. Hub(s) 0x0288 detected but 0x0289 xbox1 joypads are not detected as hid let alone as [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62940.html xpad] or [http://pingus.seul.org/~grumbel/xboxdrv/ linux xboxdrv driver] |- | TigerGame Mayflash PC019 Super Joy Box 10 Xbox Twin ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x060 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | does not work with the big Fatty Duke or smaller S Akebono controller(s) |- | TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC020 Super Joy Box 11 Xbox Quad ports (NOT 360) | 0x05e3 | 0x0604 | | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{No|shows up as a Genesys Logic Hub}} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick-->{{No| }} | |- | <!--Description-->TigerGame Ltd Mayflash PC035 3 in 1 Magic Joy box PS GC Xbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to NES [http://wiki.nesdev.com/w/index.php/Standard_controller SPI like protocol] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo Classic USB Pad SNES like | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC044 USB to SNES | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB to MEGADRIVE GENESIS Joypad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.retrousb.com/product_info.php?cPath=21&products_id=70 USB to 9 pin ATARI RETROPORT style JOYSTICK PORT] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Atari RetroLink 9pin to SB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SLS Sega Saturn USB pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB on Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash PC050 Dual Saturn ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guitar Hero for PC/Mac | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1430 | <!--Product ID-->0x474C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad-->{{Yes| }} | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cronus Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->BrookX One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Gamecube to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash Magic NS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> WiiU |- | <!--Description-->Brook Converter WiiU P3 P4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CooV Xbox One Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Merge with USB Digital Pad--> | <!--Analogue Hack with Analog Stick--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * [http://www.bemanistyle.com/forum/f6/best-metal-pad-19066/ Metal dance pads with LEDs] - My My Box Blue Shark (Nexen), Cobalt Flux (CF) (Let's Groove), Red Octane Afterburner, TX-2000, Logic3 (Dance Dance Dance), Gamerose (Stay Cool), * Hard foam mat - [http://www.mayflash.eu/3in1-deluxe-dansmat-ignition-foam-ps2xboxpc-p-5.html Mayflash] FutureMax Deluxe 3 in 1 Ignition, [http://www.gamerose.com/ Gamerose] (Stay Cool), TrinPad orange, * Soft foam mat - Logic3 (PS420N), [http://www.positivegaming.com/index.php?id=36 Positive Gaming Impact], Gamerose Miss Daisys Naki (Stay Cool), Pelican, MadCatz *PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 flex ribbon big source of button/trigger issues with all controllers *PS2 Phat KSA1Q40A (Board), SA1Q33A (Membrane) SCHP-10010 H *PS2 SA1Q42A SCHP-10010 A *PS2 SA1Q43-A SCHP-10010 H The primary axes are either the Control Pad or the left stick. Buttons come in a rough order: face buttons, then shoulder buttons, then Select and Start, then buttons under sticks, and finally Control Pad directions if not assigned to a hat. But the order and number of buttons within a category are unpredictable, as is which button the user expects to use for each action. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" | Joypad ! width="5%" | HATS ! width="5%" | Button 01 ! width="5%" | Button 02 ! width="5%" | Button 03 ! width="5%" | Button 04 ! width="5%" | Button 05 ! width="5%" | Button 06 ! width="5%" | Button 07 ! width="5%" | Button 08 ! width="5%" | Button 09 ! width="5%" | Button 10 ! width="5%" | Button 11 ! width="5%" | Button 12 ! width="5%" | Button 13 ! width="5%" | Button 14 ! width="5%" | Axes 1 ! width="5%" | Axes 2 ! width="5%" | Axes 3 ! width="5%" | Axes 4 ! width="5%" | Axes 5 ! width="5%" | Axes 6 ! width="10%" | Comment |- | [https://pineight.com/mw/index.php?title=USB_game_controllers Xbox 360 Wired Controller] | | A (down-green) | B (right-red) | X (left-blue) | Y (up-yellow) | LB (white) | RB (black) | Back | Start | Guide | L3 | R3 | | | | Left X | Left Y | LT | Right X | Right Y | RT | Poor 2D, Good 3D |- | <!--Description-->Gravis GamePad / Original PlayStation Controller | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Red (Sqleft) | Yellow X (X down) | Green O (O right) | Blue (Tri up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | | | | | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Older Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Blue X (down) | Red O (right) | Pink Sq (left) | Green Tri (up) | L1 | R1 | L2 | R2 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> PlayStation 2 Newer Adapters | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01-->Up | Right | Down | Left | L2 | R2 | L1 | R1 | Select | <!--Button 10-->Start | Stick 1 (analogue Hack) | Stick 2 | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> Wish Technologies N64 Adaptoid | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> A | C Down | C Right | B | C Left | C Up | L | R | Start | <!--Button 10-->Z | Pad Up | Pad Down | Pad Left | Pad Right | <!--Axes 1-->Stick X | Stick Y | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--HATS DPAD--> | <!--Button 01--> | | | | | | | | | <!--Button 10--> | | | | | <!--Axes 1--> | | | | | | <!--Opinion--> |- |} Just plug in your digital/analogue joystick or gamepad into USB port. The device will be handled by Poseidon USB stack. Poseidon is the USB stack with Trident adding a GUI (graphical user interface) prefs. the context sensitive page would come up right on pressing the help key inside the relevant window. The manual is in this archive, just in case it isn't in SYS:Locale/Help *How to change joystick mode to analogue? By default a connected USB joystick emulates Amiga digital joystick. To change this behaviour so that the joystick is presented as analogue you need to use Trident preferences application (System:Prefs/Trident). Open Trident and go to Devices on the left hand side (mouse click once on it). Select your controller from the list to the right and then click on Settings button below. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section near the bottom. Find ports which are set to "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB" and change them to "Analogue Hack". Please note that analogue joystick support is an extension of original Amiga functionality, thus an Amiga application must be explicitly written to use it. AROS SDL library uses this functionality, thus all SDL applications that use joystick, can use the analogue joystick feature. The HID class has several options how to handle the input data: * Don't touch: The movement and button data for is not modified by the hid class. This is the default for the ports 0, 2, and 3. * Overwrite with USB: This will kill the original data that might had come from the internal ports and overwrites it with the joypad data for this USB interface. Note well: If you have multiple joypads connected, take care which setting you have selected for each port, because only the last interface with this option will actually send the joypad data to the game. * Merge with USB: This option merges the input data of the lowlevel.library with the USB stream. This only works, if the connected device on the original Amiga ports is NOT a mouse (because then the streams are incompatible). Merging should be the preferred method, because it leaves the original joysticks working. * Disable: Turns off the port for the application. * Analogue Hack: Tells Poseidon to force reporting of analogue data at the port. Please note that this only works with programs that understand the analogue data, because it's an extension to the original lowlevel.library standard made by Commodore. If you want to incorporate this feature in your software, just contact me and I will send you the necessary information. * Rumble Port: As addition to the analogue data, the HID class supports applications and games that want to utilize a rumble pack or force feedback motors in the gamepads. This field selects to which lowlevel port the hid device responds, when attempting to use the rumble pack. Normally, this corresponds to the port that has been set in the actions for the joypad. *How to change joystick port assignment? The low level library supports up to four ports. Port 0 is usually used by the mouse, port 1 is the standard port for joysticks/joypads. By default a connected USB joystick is present in Port 1. To change its location to Port 0 you need to use Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. On the "General" tab find the "Lowlevel Library Joypad Emulation" section. Port 1 should be set as either "Merge with USB" or "Override with USB". Change this setting to "Don't touch". Change Port 0 setting to "Merge with USB". Go to "Actions" tab. In the "Reports and collection" select first entry named "Joystick". in the "Usage items" select "X axis". Go to "Performed actions" area. On the left there will be a list of triggers. Each of them should have (port1) in their params. Click on the first trigger and using buttons to the right of the list change port1 into port 0. Repeat this for all triggers and for all items on "Usage items" list. *How to make joystick simulate keyboard keys? With Poseidon it is possible to make the joystick simulate the keyboard pressings. This might enable using joystick for playing games which only have keyboard support. This feature is configured in Trident preferences. Open Trident and go to Devices window. Select your controller from the list and then click on Settings button. This will open a new window. Go to "Actions" tab. On the right top window select X axis. On the left bottom list select an entry "Digital Joystick, Push left(port 1)". On the panel to the right change "Digital joystick" into "Raw Key". A list of keys will be displayed. Select key you wish to send. Repeat the same procedure for "Digital Joystick, Release left (port 1)" option but this time check "Send key up even instead of key down". Open shell and move your joystick to the left - your selected letter should appear in the shell. *Analogue in Trident Prefs * Open the Trident USB Prefs -> Devices -> Select your joypad -> Settings button -> Action TAB * See some "axis" listed under "Usage items" in the top right of the window. They are your analog stick(s) * Check [x] Track Incoming Events which is half way down the window on the left And you should see some axis activity in "Usage items" when you move the analog stick *Actions HID class item -> Settings -> HID Class Window -> Action Tab -> Action handling area Reports and collections -> Usage Items -> Performed actions Qualifier keys are *special*. You don't only need to create the actual keypress but also modify the qualifiers. Go to the keyboard panel and find the windows menu key by enabling key tracking and pressing the windows menu key. Then assign the right amiga key to it. Go to the actions panel and find the right amiga key (it's called "Keyboard right GUI"). Remember the actions stored there, best write them down in exact order. Then delete them. Find the windows menu item and add the missing qualifier action. Be sure the parameters are exactly the same and the order is right. Set them to Raw, then assign an up and down button for each character, etc. when you change the settings to RAW so you can assign keyboard strokes. it will always say, KEYDOWN or what ever on the left, it never provides and option for key release. The problem still remains though that if I try to assign the Directional Pad (Hat) to Arrow Keys, that things will get screwed up and you either can not move with the directional PAD (HAT), or movements are assigned to the Left Analog, and do not work as they should, it's as if the right and down arrow keys are ALWAYS On, regardless of the fact that I did indeed assign a Key release command to each input. check that by pressing analog directions and see the current values, and the thresholds configured in poseidon to bind them to left/right/up/down. misconfigured too much stuff in the HID settings, you can always go in poseidon->config list entry and delete the config item related to your device (or the HID class setting itself), back to basics. *Rumble in Trident Prefs Open Trident Prefs and click on the Devices option in the left hand window. Click with the mouse once on your gamepad choice on the right hand side and again on the Settings button below. In the new window, select the '''General''' TAB and half way down on the right there is an "Open Now" button in the section "HID output control window". Clicking on that button opens another window (HID Control) with sliders for the two rumble engines inside the controllers and you can test if they work. '''Sometimes clicking that button does nothing, other times it will open the window and say nothing is detected.''' The leftmost two sliders do nothing, the third one has a large rumble effect, and the fourth one has a small rumble effect. ===Graphic Drawing Tablet=== There is a standard in HID for tablets possibly mouse type. If the tablet is HID conforming in that sense, it should work. Aiptek does a fairly good job at this. The other competitor, Wacom, didn't pay too much attention to this and simply adapted their legacy serial protocol into HID in a very awkward way. Older Wacom tablets have worked with the special support in the HID class, but not the more recent ones. to use graphic tablets fully, applications need to be written that make use of the AmigaOS NewTablet events (which AROS has) * Entry level - A6 (6x4) work area * Medium A5 (6x8) A4 (10x7) size (recommended but only a few ie years 2000 to 2003 models supported) * Semi Pro A3 (12x9) * Pro Cintiq * 2005/6 Some support added for Wacom tablets * 2008 Wacom's patent on battery free pens expires {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Micrograf Tabby (late 1980s and early 1990s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->podscat pt 3030 graphics tablet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Summagraphics | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom IV compatible (Graphire, ArtPad, A3, A4, A5 and PenPartner CT-0405-P - Wacom intuos GD-0405-R) Waycom Digitiser II UD-0608-R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Artpad II (KT-0405-R) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AceCad boards | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Calcomp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->AipTek HyperPen 8000 - Aldi/Medion MD 9310 and Aldi/Tevion LT 9310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- | <!--Description-->Tablet PC penabled | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based like x61t X60t NC4200 NC4400 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Serial RS232 based }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PenPartner * PenPartner 2 * PenStation 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire - Wacom Tablet ET-0405-U UV1.1-1 (Slate Blue) ET-0405UL (lime) (orange) (red) (purple) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0X0010 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|late 90s with A6 size - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511 under Trident prefs. Air pen mouse type movements }} |- | <!--Description--> * Grapphire 2 4x5 ET-0405A-U UV2.0-3 (Steel Blue) * Graphire 2 5x7 ET-0507A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0011 and 0x0012 | <!--Revision-->0110 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 versions - [Wacom Support] of X-axis 00000-10205 Y-AXIS 0000-7421 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air pen mouse type movements - mouse EC-120-0K tested}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Graphire 3 * cte-430/w 4x5 pearl sapphire * cte 630 6x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0013 and 0x0014 | <!--Revision-->0314 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 and A5 size - [Wacom Support] Xaxis 0-10207 yaxis 0-7423 tip pressure 0-511 and the erase end appears to respond but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | Wacom Graphire 4 * cte-440/B Blue cte 440/s Silver 4x5 * cte-640 6x8 cte 640 u 0403 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0015 and 0x0016 | <!--Revision-->403 | {{Yes|A6 and A5 work area detected [Wacom Support] x-axis 0000-10207 Y axis 0000-7423 Tip Pressure 000-511 and delete rub out end of the pencil seems detected but avoid bluetooth BT versions }} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom Intuos 4x5 GD-0405 * Intuos 6x8 GD-0608 * Intuos 9x12 GD-0912 * Intuos 12x12 GD-1212-U * Intuos 12x18 GD-1218 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0020 0x0021 0x0022 0x0023 0x0024 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected and responses delivered back - x axis up to 30479 and y axis 31679, tip pressure up to 1023 and x and y tilt up to 127 - Wacom intuos GD-0912-A for Apple Macs NOT SUPPORTED}} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 2 4x5 A6 - XD-0405-U * Intuos 2 6x8 A5 - xd 0608u uoc * Intuos 2 9x12 XD-0912-U * Intuos 2 12x12 XD-1212-U * Intuos 2 12x18 XD-1218-U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056a | <!--Product ID-->0x0041 0x0042 0x0043 0x0044 0x0045 | <!--Revision-->0126 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|various sizes and recognised as [Wacom Support] but not working. x-axis 00000-20319 y-axis 00000-16239 tip presure 0000-1023 x-tilt y-tilt 000-127. HID mouse xc-100-03 works but never could use it as a real tablet with pressure with TVPaint 3.6 }} |- | <!--Description--> * Intuos 3 4x5 (PTZ-430) * Intuos 3 4x6 (PTZ-431W ) * Intuos 3 6x8 (PTZ-630 PTZ630) * Intuos 3 6x11 (PTZ-631W A3 wide) * Intuos 3 9x12 (A4 PTZ-930 PTZ930) * Intuos 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->056a | <!--Product ID-->0x00b0 0x00b1 0x00b2 0x00b3 0x00b4 0x00b5 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No}} Actions in HID setup window definitively locks the Pointer (mouse) reports settings and even after a clear and save, nothing changes, the configuration returns to default values. "[Wacom]" reports don't see any events from the tablet, even with "Pointer" reports cleared and save, so is locked a in "mouse" state - but can send a special command to the tablet in order to put it into a special vendor mode. This mode enables Wacom specificities like pressure, tilt, absolute position, buttons, etc... you should send an HID report feature with ReportID=2 and data=2, the current HID class driver doesn't give a way to change that, even using the "initial startup actions" item in the extra collection. No listed features work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Volito - Promethean FT-0405-U06 UV1.4-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0060 | <!--Revision-->0141 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - appears to be the budget option with some but limited features}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Volito 2 * CTF-??? 2x3 * CTF-420G CTF-420 V2.0-0 4x5 * Serif Penabled 6742 rebadge of CTF 420/020-B CTF-420/02 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0062 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|A6 work area with [Wacom Support] of x-axis 0000-5103 Y axis 0000-3711 Tip Pressure 000-511. Air and touch mouse movement - no erase function on the end of the pen - nylon nibs value option}} |- | <!--Description--> * Wacom PL-400 LCD * PL-500 * PL-510 * PL-550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0030 0x0031 0x0032 0x0034 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> * PL-600 * PL-600 SX * PL-700 * PL-710 * PL-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0033 0x0035 0x0036 0x0037 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Cintiq 21 UX and Cintiq Partner DTF-720 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wacom PenTablet Bamboo (MTE), Bamboo Craft (CTH), Bamboo Fun (CTE), Bamboo Pen (CTL) and Bamboo Pen & Touch (CTH) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Wacom Bamboo Fun Medium CTE-650 | | 0x0018 | | {{Maybe|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum]}} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Fun Small CTE-450 white | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo One CTF-430 V2.0-0 CTF 430/S | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0069 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A5 wired air pen and acts like a mouse only}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 4 * Small PTK-440 PTK-540 * Medium - PTK-640 - PTK 540WL Wireless - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Intuos4 surface sheet was revised in October 2010 to reduce nib wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos 5 Touch * * Medium - PTH-650 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID-->0x0027 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested work, however wireless may glitch or drag }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro Medium - PTH-651 - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Small Pen Tablet - MTE 450 MTE-450A (MTE-450/k) - | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x0065 | <!--Revision-->0116 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 work area - mouse movement but no pen detection except x-axis 2 to -2 and y-axis 2 to -2 - mini usb lead - 4 blue led lit buttons not detected as well as circular touch button?? }} |- | <!--Description-->Bamboo Pen CTL 460 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested all Bamboo versions were criticized for the drawing surface's roughness (which got smoother over time), which caused the small pressure-sensitive 'nib' to wear down, and become slanted or scratchy in the same way as pencil lead, albeit more slowly}} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Fun CTH-461/S wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x00D2 | <!--Revision-->0106 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|A6 size - Pen tracking not working but finger touch works }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Bamboo Connect Pen Tablet CTL-470 CTL-470K 470-DE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 470K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom CTH 480/S wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} lithium battery for pad - |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pen Small CTL-480/S CTL 480 K wired | <!--Vendor ID-->0x056A | <!--Product ID-->0x030E | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected as Intuos PS but not working although the RHS blue led responds to pen on tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->CTH 490 PK S Photo - CTH-490CK-S Comic - CTH-490AK-S Art | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested lower hovering height pen nibs wear fast and input lag/responsiveness}} |- | <!--Description-->Intuos Pen & Touch Medium - CTH-680 - USB Wired and Wireless Kit work | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wacom Intuos Pro (PTH-660 and PTH-860) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 10.6" Genius G-Pen M609 Genius G-Pen M609X iVista Media Tablet 10.6 Aiptek MediaTablet 10000u | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0501 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Slim Tablet 12.1" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x172F | <!--Product ID-->0x0034 | <!--Revision-->0x1105 | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 12 by 9" Aiptek HyperPen 12000u T-12000U Tablet Series Nisis T-12000u USB Tablet Series Version 1.05 (aiptek rebadged) Trust item #1535 ADESSO Cyber Tablet 12000 Graphic design tablet iVista Media Tablet 12 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2003 Genius G-Pen M712 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0500, 0x08ca | <!--Product ID-->0x0010 | <!--Revision-->0105 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet, untested with others - Puck (mouse) x axis 0000 to 6000 y axis 0000 to 6000 - stylus (pen) x axis 00000 to 12000 y axis 00000 to 12000 tip pressure 0000 to 1023 - 16 function keys - AAA battery needed for pen and another for the mouse}} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Media Tablet 14.1" v5.1e Genius G-Pen M714X Aiptek MediaTablet 14000u WMK-H141 Trust item #15358 Adesso CyberTablet 14000 M14 iVista Media Tablet 14.1 PENTAGRAM O'pen Wide P 2004 | <!--Vendor ID-->0X172f | <!--Product ID-->0X0500 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|detected with Nisis/Aiptek functioning as a tablet - Stylus (Pen) X 16838 Y 16838 Tip Pressure 1023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0038 Genius G-Pen F509 Manhattan 177405 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0038 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop PID 0052 Yiynova MSP19 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0052 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Q Pad Aiptek HyperPen Mini NGS Flexi Style VisTablet PenPad iVistaTablet Q Flex Pad Bravod Q-PD65-S Trust Flex Design Tablet (#16937) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0037 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Sirius Battery Free Tablet VisTablet Muse PENTAGRAM Designer P 2700 Princeton PTB-S1BK | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0502 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 12.1" Genius G-Pen F610 Trust Slimline Widescreen Tablet (#16529) VisTablet Original 12" Adesso CyberTablet Z12 Adesso CT-Z12A PenPower Tooya Pro Aiptek Slim 12.1 Inch Aiptek SlimTablet 600u Premium II NGS Slim Proguess iVistaTablet Slim 12.1 PENTAGRAM ThinType P 2006 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0034 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Slim Tablet 5.8" Genius G-Pen F350 Trust item #16485 VisTablet Mini iVistaTablet Slim 5.8 | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0032 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Waltop Venus S Tablet Trust eBrush Widescreen Tablet (#17939) | <!--Vendor ID-->172f:0503 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Aiptek GmBH MediaTablet Ultimate II - 16:10 Professional Graphic Tablet Model 1400U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Hanvon Beijing HanWang HW Micro Drawing Tablet ET0504U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b57 | <!--Product ID-->0x8030 | <!--Revision-->01111 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|does not work - recognised as an HID mouse - no tablet extensions detected}} |- | <!--Description-->KYE EasyPen 340, Genius EasyPen 340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0458:5014 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Aiptek Hyper Pen 6000u PC Tablet APT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{No|detected but does not work - win98 era cordless 6in by 4.5in - }} |- | <!--Description-->nisis T-8000U APT-2 Aiptek rebadge | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08CA | <!--Product ID-->0x0021 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|A5 detected but no responses }} |- | <!--Description-->Acecad Flair II GT-504 Init Fkt Fkt 0x5ab450c0 AIPTEK HyperPen 10000 U Aiptek HyperPen 10000U, AIPTEK Slim Tablet U600 Premium II | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Ace Cad Enterprise Co., Ltd Tablet - 5x3.75 drawing area | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0460 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bosto's | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} UCLogic Digitizer |- | <!--Description-->Adesso CyberTablet Z7, Adesso CyberTablet 12000, Adesso CT-12000A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic / Lapazz WP8060, UC-Logic / Lapazz PF1209, UC-Logic / Lapazz Artistic Tablet 5540, Manhattan 8"x6", Manhattan 3"x4", Manhattan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but suspect not working}} |- | <!--Description-->DigiPro 5.5×4” Graphics Tablet Digital Ink Pad (A4 format) DigiPro WP8060, DigiPro WP5540, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-pen G-Pen 4500 Genius Wizardpen Genius Mousepen Genius Easypen i405 M610 Genius PenSketch 9x12, Genius MousePen i608, Genius MousePen 8x6, Genius MousePen / WizardPen 5x4, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius G-Pen F610 Genius G-Pen M610 Genius G-Pen 340 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP4030U) Genius G-Pen 450 (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Genius UC-LOGIC iBall Tablet PF8060 iBall Iball Pen Tablet 8060U, Iball Pen Tablet 5540U, Iball Pen Tablet 4030U, Iball Design Tablet PF1209, NGS CADBOY (UC-LOGIC Tablet WP5540U) Pentagram QWare | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Trust TB-3100 Trust TB-5300 Trust 15356 Trust TB-6300 Trust 15357 WP8060U Slimline but bulky with metal backing A5 size Trust 16486, Trust 16447, Sketch Design Tablet, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|clashes with usb and crashes AROS }} |- | <!--Description-->UC-Logic Tablet WP1062 Aiptek HyperPen 10000U Monoprice 10X6.25 Inches Graphic Drawing Tablet Pickle 10x6.25 Inch Graphic Drawing tabletguess | <!--Vendor ID-->5543:0064 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | [ VTech KidiPhoto Art Studio] | | | | {{yes|works}} |- |} Tablet has a squared lines of wires which induce a current into the pen which is then detected by the metal grid in the tablet pad. Tablets report pressure (and tilt on expensive models) and are absolute pointing devices (put the pen at the top left and the mouse pointer will go to the top left of the screen). Graphic drawing area, what keys, report rate, resolution lpi lpmm, accuracy, pressure levels (may come from the app), origin position, Wacom tablets use electromagnetic resonance technology. Since the tablet provides power to the pen through resonant inductive coupling, no power is required for the pointing device. As a result, no batteries are inside the pen (or the accompanying puck), making them lighter and slimmer. Under the tablet's surface (or LCD in the case of the Cintiq) is a printed circuit board with a grid of multiple send/receive coils and a magnetic reflector attached behind the grid. In send mode, the tablet generates a close-coupled electromagnetic field (also known as a B-field) at a frequency of 531&nbsp;kHz. This close-coupled field stimulates oscillation in the pen's coil/capacitor (LC) circuit when brought into range of the B-field. Any excess resonant electromagnetic energy is reflected back to the tablet. In receive mode, the energy of the resonant circuit’s oscillations in the pen is detected by the tablet's grid. This information is analyzed by the computer to determine the pen's position, by interpolation and Fourier analysis of the signal intensity. In addition, the pen communicates information such as pen tip pressure, side-switch status, tip vs. eraser orientation and ID number (to differentiate between different pens, mice, etc.). For example, applying more or less pressure to the tip of the pen changes the value of the pen's timing circuit capacitor. This signal change can be communicated in an analog or digital method. An analog implementation modulates the phase angle of the resonant frequency, while a digital method is communicated to a modulator that distributes the information digitally. The tablet forwards this and other relevant tool information in packets, up to 200 times per second, to the computer. If you disable (delete all of them except for one that needs to be set to "no action", so that it will not be regenerated as default) the Extra Startup actions, the tablet should remain in relative mouse mode—you will not get pressure information in that mode though. [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/highway_usb/message/2394]}} === Handheld Barcode Scanner Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Farsun 9100 barcode scanner 0-12" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola Symbol LS2203 CMOS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Tysso | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Simple}} Code 11, Code 39, Code 93, Code 128, Coda Bar, UPC-A, UPC-E, EAN-8, EAN-13, MSI/Plessey, Telepen, Interleaved 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Matrix 2 of 5 |- | <!--Description-->Unitech MS320 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WCS3905 CCD 1" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Code 93, Matrix 2 of 5, Industrial 2 of 5, Code 39, UCC/EAN-128, ISBN, Code 32, EAN/JAN-8 , EAN/JAN-13 , UPC-A, UPC-E, Codabar, Code 128, Code 11, Interleaved 2 of 5, MSI-Plessey, China Post, IATA 2 of 5, ISSN, UK-Plessey |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic Touch 90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Intermec | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Metrologic MK9540-32A38 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola LS2208 Laser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Wasp WWS800 Laser 1D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Datalogic GD4130-BK-C066 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell 1202G-1USB-5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Motorola / Symbol DS6707-DC20007ZZR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->DataMan 8000 2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Honeywell Voyager 9520/40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Metrologic MS1690 USB 2D Barcode Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} QR Code GS1 Databar PDF417 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Syscan GM800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} [http://www.scandit.com/2011/11/04/types-of-barcodes-choosing-the-right-barcode-type-ean-upc-code128-itf-14-or-code39/ Types of Barcode] <pre> UPC-A Grocery most common Code 128 EAN-13 Library Books ISBN & ISSN, Code 39 Codabar blood bank, 2D barcodes such as Data Matrix PDF417e Maxicode Aztec QR Code old Nokia handsets, MicroPDF417 </pre> ===TouchScreens=== Projected capacitive (PCAP) touch screen product, amongst many options the widely used are I2C and USB *USB host–device structure which dominates consumer and industrial electronics devices where higher bandwidth needed and user-friendly (multiswipes) *I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit simple serial standard for LCD display in embedded systems because of cost and low power *SPI arduino and rpi single boards We cover the USB here {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | eGalax Touch 4a | 0eef | 0001 | 0001 | {{yes|2009 works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lilliput HDMI Monitors 669GL-70NP/C/T (7 inch) 869GL-80NP/C/T (8 inch) FA1011-NP/C/T (10 inch) FA1046-NP/C/T (10 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Iilyama Prolite Monitors PROLITE T1513SR-1 (15 inch) PROLITE T1730 (17 inch) PROLITE T1713SR-1 (17 inch) PROLITE T1913SR-1 (19 inch) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Smart Display Company (SDC) Touchscreens TFT Monitors TOUCH-TFT-TS07 (7 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS08 (8 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS10 (10 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS12 (12 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS15 (15 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS17 (17 inch) TOUCH-TFT-TS19W (19 inch wide) TOUCH-TFT-TS22W (22 inch wide) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC Monitors 7 inch models 700TSH 700TSU 700TSV 702TSV 705TSV 706TSA 700IDT MDT-X7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->XENARC 8 inch models: 800TSV 805TSV 10 inch models: 1020TSV 1026TSA 1040TS 12 inch models: 1200TS 1200TR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Asus VT229H 21.5" | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CUQI 7" Monitor Touchscreen 1024x600 IPS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Espresso 15" Portable Touchscreen Display Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hannspree HT225HPB 21.5 inch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->WaveShare 13.3inch HDMI LCD (H) (with case) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ===GPS tracking, running, cycling, biking, walking, hiking, ORIENTEERING, boaters and mapping=== Support for OpenStreetMap but not for Ordnance Survey, Map Pilot or National Geographic's Topo maps data gdb, Data output supported nmea 0183 V1.5 APA, V1.5 XTE and V2.1 GSA formats, gpx, kml/kmz, tracks from tcx files, geo: URIs, NMEA0183(which is RS232, voltages range from -15 volts to 15 volts, 4800 baud), or need NMEA sentences connected to your computer other method that some units support is a special serial cable that actually emits raw RS232 NMEA. These usually take 10->30 volts input, can run the unit, and have full voltage I/O for RS232 (not like spanner mode, which effectively turns the unit into a USB->Serial adapter inside the case). Equivalent apps - merkator, mapsource, {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin gpsmap 180 GPS/chart plotter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->1992 GARMIN GPS 55 AVD Portable System | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - waas pinpoint within 3 metres - nmea - 4AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 12 12XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Legend C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eMap | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|possibly through usbmodem rs232 connection nmea 0183 protocol}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} rs232 these older units supported it and would provide the stream in either the standard NMEA 0183 format or a proprietary Garmin format. |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPS 75 AVD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Map 7000 model 45006 (1994) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS Tracker | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Pioneer Satellite Navigator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan GPS 300 315 320 Mentor Receiver (2003) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Not for dedicated sat nav units like the Nuvi, TomTom, etc | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NaviLock NL-402U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested u-blox 5 SuperSense® chipset with receivers for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->GM1-86UB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| U-BLOX UB-6010 GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC and support VTG, GLL, TXT ublox binary and NMEA Command Dynamic Condition }} |- | <!--Description-->NAVILOCK GPS NL-602U USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|works via usbmodem.device - ublox ag 6 chipset - 50 channel}} |- | <!--Description-->TOPGNSS ton Receiver & Antenna GM702 u-blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|UBLOX7020 chip design bloc u-blox}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-162 G-MOUSE u blox 7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|UBX G70xx with RMC VTG GSV TXT GLL GGA GSA}} |- | <!--Description-->VK-172 u-blox 7 G7020-KT gps gnss white pen stick receiver - over 1 inch long | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1546 | <!--Product ID-->0x01a7 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A| detected as cdc controlled plug in device - 18x18x2mm patch antenna but can be slow to update - nmea 0183 and ublox binary protocol}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GlobalSat BU-353 WaterProof USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested SiRF Star III}} |- | <!--Description-->Haicom HI-206 USB GPS receiver with RS-232 interfaces, RJ11 and PS/II connector EB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|usb-serial prolific pl2303 detected but GSP3F SiRF Star IV technology not detected or bound}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->BT760Y, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 5 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 6 GPS chipset - 65 channel}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 7 GPS chipset}} |- | <!--Description-->GM-65 USB GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested Skytraq Venus 8 GPS chipset - 167 channels}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Colorado 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Geko 101 201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} limited waas enabled only - waypoints - aaa battery |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Edge 200 bike mount | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin ForeRunner 10 15 watch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Montana 600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Dakota 10 20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Map76s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 450T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} USB nmea 0183 |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex 10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - no nmea0183 sentences data stream output - configuration an option to set it to "Garmin" mode, or "Mass Storage" mode. Since the mass storage mode seems to be required for waypoint/track/etc data exchange, the 'Garmin' mode would be for this data stream. Yet putting it in that mode doesnt seem to produce anything.}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin Oregon 650T | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSMAP 64S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GPSMap 78S or GPSMap 76CSX which has a NMEA port for talking to Nav equipment | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin eTrex Vista Cx GPS Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested - 2AA battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Garmin GPSmap 276c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 2000 XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan 3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} SiRFstarIII™, Antenna Type Multidirectional Patch with WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS support |- | <!--Description-->Magellan Triton 400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==massstorage.class (MSC/UMS - most cameras and mp3 players)== === USB Card Readers === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Installing ! width="15%" |Booting ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | A-Tec Model CR-362 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://www.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Merchant_Id=&Section_Id=200406&pcount=&Product_Id=179164 Belkin 15 in 1 Card Reader] | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Conrad CP440 60 in 1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works on a1k forum}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Genesys Gtech Logic 19 in 1 | 0x05E3 | 0x0710 | High 0200 | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Hama 19 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | Hama 35 in 1 Card Reader | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Integral Single Slot SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kingston USB 3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Lexar microsd adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} but wider than Sandisk version - could block other slot if below |- | Pretec CardDriver | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sandisk MicroMate | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate SD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Micro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} has satisfying 'click' when microsd inserted |- | <!--Description-->Sandisk MobileMate Duo MicroSD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} no 'click' insertion uses pressure so future wear and tear issues |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Serena metal cased microsd only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | <!--Description-->Serena "Sandisk MobileMate" look-alike | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|Maybe}} hit or miss on quality |- | SilverCrest 16in1 | | | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P5 8 in 1 TSRDP5K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Transcend P8 15 in 1 TSRDP8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Zyxel integralmemory 8 in 1 | 0x0aec | 0x3260 | | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | {{no|not detected}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Installing--> | <!--Booting--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB Hard Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Datel MaxDrive | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Inateck 2.5 Inch USB 3.0 Hard Drive Disk Enclosure/ Case (FE2001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Full USB 3.0 port but plastic teeth keeping drive in place can snap |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE2002) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} full USB 3.0 port - updated design |- | <!--Description-->Inateck case (FE3001) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} wider USB 3.0 port and no on/off switch Jmicron JMS578 chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Iomega Desktop Hard Drive 500GB, 3,5“, USB2.0 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung T3 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 1 space grey / black metal/ plastic |- | Samsung T5 SSD | | | | {{N/A|untested}} USB 3.1 Gen 2 256GB 512GB alluring blue 1Tb 2Tb black unibody metal |- | Samsung | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Seagate | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Toshiba Canvio 1TB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|partition fat32 or sfs to 100GB max - ntfs partitions not detected out of the box - select usb drive in trident prefs and press disable to shutdown}} |- | Verbatim 160GB Smartdisk | | | | {{yes|works }} |- | Western Digital USB | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->WD Essential | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->WD Passport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |} === USB DVD CD ROM Drives === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->12.5mm enclosure mini-sata dvd-rw | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->9.5mm enclosure ECD829 mini-sata dvd-rw with Initio Corporation INIC-1618L SATA | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13fd | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested but probably needs sole usb3 port to power it}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === USB to NGFF NVMe SDD HDD DVD CD ROM Drives === The older Jmicron JMS539B seems to result in massive filesystem corruption given the amount of corrupted content. Prehaps always avoided Jmicron and opted for Asmedia even if it costed a bit more. Realtek seems to be working okay for me generally speaking and newer Jmicron chipsets are less buggy – but evidently not perfect. From [https://goughlui.com/2025/08/17/psa-validate-your-storage-jmicron-jms583-kioxia-bg4-series-ssd-issue/ thread] Here is a [https://forums.anandtech.com/threads/stable-nvme-usb-adapter.2572973/ very long thread] that discusses data corruption and stability issues with these bridges. The majority of the posts are complaining of dropouts, hangs and the like, which usually down to either a poor USB 3.x implementation (SuperSpeed connections are very picky as to cables, ports and trace routing) or problematic compatibility. Regardless, the [https://www.legitreviews.com/jmicron-jms583-controller-version-matters-for-portable-usb-drives_219422 JMS583 is known to have several versions] noting that the last revision (C) in that article is a 2021 release which should fix earlier stability and cable quality compatibility issues. JMS583-STD-Release-v00.02.01.04-Bus Power.bin is the latest JMS583 firmware as of August 2025. Early firmware RTL9210 seems to have issues as well * RTL9210B * JMS583 rev1 with firmware A2 or A3 * RTL9210A * JMS583 firmware 2.0.9 * Asmedia ASM2362 * RTL9201A The reference Hardware ID for the JMS583 chipset from JMicron is: VID_152D&PID_0583&REV_0209 where "VID_152D" identifies a JMicron product; "PID_0583" is the generation chipset; "REV_0209" is the firmware version installed. In the same way, the reference Hardware ID for the RTL9210 from Realtek is: VID_0BDA&PID_9210&REV_3100 "VID_0BDA" is for a Realtek product, "PID_9210" is referred to the chipset and "REV_3100" to the firmware. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ASM1153E / ASM1153 with firmware 140509_A1_82_40 or 141126_A1_EE_82. Both supports UASP and TRIM on USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->ASM235CM Ugreen aluminum bridging the USB3.2 Gen2x1 to Serial ATA host interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TI 9261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASM225 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS578 issues USB 3.1 Gen.1 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0578 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|needs fixing on pi4 storage quirks}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron JMS576 issues USB 3 to usb-c adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0576 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|orico}} |- | <!--Description-->JMS562 JMicron Technology Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->152d | <!--Product ID-->0562 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->JMS561U | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0x1561 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with sabrent ec-uasp}} |- | <!--Description-->VL716Q4 Orico black meshed aluminum usb c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->ASmedia ASM1051E | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174c | <!--Product ID-->0x55aa | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM1053 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x174C | <!--Product ID-->0x1536 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Asmedia ASM104x | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1B21 | <!--Product ID-->0x1042 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown Chinese version | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0bc2 | <!--Product ID-->0x2312 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->JMicron N5321 gr | <!--Vendor ID-->0x152d | <!--Product ID-->0xa583 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Initio Corp INIC-1618L mini slimline sata 6 + 7 pins to usb2 adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13FD | <!--Product ID-->0x0840 | <!--Revision-->0114 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb2 detects 201x laptop DVD as MassStorage(CD/DVD) but may need powered USB hub}} |- | <!--Description-->Unknown mini sata to usb3 adaptor | <!--Vendor ID-->0x01F75 | <!--Product ID-->0x0621 | <!--Revision-->0036 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|sometimes works mini sata to usb3 detects 201x notebook DVD drive as MassStorage(SCSI) but 5V 1.5Amp needs powered hub to burn }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |} === External Floppy === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/ Amiga Floppy Project] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://amigakit.leamancomputing.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=842 Catweasel Mk4] | 0xE159 | 0x0001 | 0x00 | {{yes|[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=driver/storage works]}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://hxc2001.free.fr/floppy_drive_emulator/ HxC Floppy Emulator] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.softpres.org/glossary:kryoflux KyroFlux] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung SFD-321U/EP USB Floppy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.cbmstuff.com/proddetail.php?prod=SCP SuperCard Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.facebook.com/groups/greaseweazle Greaseweazle STM hardware], [https://cowlark.com/fluxengine/index.html Greaseweasel support], [https://github.com/keirf/greaseweazle python software], [https://amigakit.amiga.store/greaseweazle-p-91279.html buy], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->USB FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (USB External Floppy Disk) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/SukkoPera/OpenFlops OpenFlops] with [https://github.com/keirf/flashfloppy FlashFloppy] Gotech clone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/hmerrett/HenryFlops HenryFlops reworked OpenFlops] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/tebl/Amiga-DrawBridge DrawBridge aka Arduino Amiga Floppy Disk Reader/Writer] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| arduino based hardware }} |- | <!--Description-->FL-2501 USB Portable Diskette Drive | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2009 usb - [https://amiga.robsmithdev.co.uk/ Drawbridge] [https://github.com/RobSmithDev/ArduinoFloppyDiskReader software] ribbon cable compat with p/n 19308801-19 and s/n U356244 - model ASM P/N 27l4226 and FRU P/N 05k9283 - |- | <!--Description-->Dell Floppy Drive Module USB External 3.5" - Teac FD-05PUB 1.44mb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 usb 1.1 |- |} ==ptp.class (PTP and MTP - other cameras and mp3 players)== === Cameras === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 350D (also known as the Digital Rebel XT/Kiss Digital N) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 DIGIC II processor 8-megapixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot A430 A560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 400D (XTi) digital SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1000D also known as Rebel XS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2mp 720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 450D aka Rebel Xsi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 12.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot S90 S95 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 2010 720p video - 10Mpixel }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot SD960 IS Digtal ELPH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 Still Image: Exif 2.2 (JPEG), Movie: MOV (Image: H.264; Audio: Linear PCM) Lithium-ion Battery Pack NB-4L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 500D aka Rebel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 1080p 15.1MP Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 550D 600D aka Rebel T2i T3i DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010-2011 1080p 18MP Lithium LP-E8 }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot S100 S110 S120 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011-2013 720p-1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1100D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T3 SLR, EOS Kiss X50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p 10Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 650D 700D aka Rebel T4i T5i T6i SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2013 1080p 18Mpixels Lithium LP-E8 articulating flip out twistable screen }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon ELPH 300 HS (IXUS 220 HS) 230 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 blogging camera }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon PowerShot N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 12.1 MP CMOS, DIGIC 5 Wifi Lithium Battery Pack NB-9L }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7 X, G7X-II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014-2016 1080p video 12.1MP and above versions - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 1300D DSLR Camera aka Rebel T6 SLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 1080p 16Mpixels Lithium }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon Powershot G7x G5X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| G7X flip up and G5X flip out - same batteries - no external microphone input - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS M3 M5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| flip out - same batteries - }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon EOS 60D 70D 80D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 6D 7D 8D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Canon 5D Mark II III IV DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Canon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix A850 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->FujiFilm Finepix F100fd | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji FinePix F810 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xf1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| pocketable exr cmos 12mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt1 x-t1 x10 x-t10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujifilm x100 x100s x100t | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xPro1 xPro2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji xt2 / x-t2 x-t20 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K video }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Fuji | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GoPro HERO 3 HERO4 HERO 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D100, D60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 Compact flash storage - non interchangeable lenses up to 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D50, D50x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 storage - 6.1MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D70, D80, D90 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 Compact flash storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D40, D40x | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 storage - 10MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D300, D700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 storage - 12.3MP sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D2Xs, D2Hs, D3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006-2008 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 720p video unlike D3000 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16mpixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 16.2mp 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L26 L27 L28 L29 L31 Coolpix compact cameras | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video - 2 AA - pocket sized }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 720p video 14.2mp}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5100 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16.2mp 720p}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon L810 L820 L830 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 storage - sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7100 D7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012-2014 up to 24.2mp 1080p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 1080p 24MPixel}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5200 D5300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D800 D600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 1080p video sd card storage - dust/oil issue at start}} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3300 DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D500, a high-performance DX-format (APS-C) DSLR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D3400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D5500 D5600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016-2018 24.1MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D810 D610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 1080p video sd card storage }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D7300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4K UHD video }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon D900 D850 D820 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 4k 46MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nikon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus C-370 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3.2mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Camedia C-725 Ultrazoom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 3mp aa batteries, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 8mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-410 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus Evolt E-510 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 10MP Live MOS sensor with TruePic III processor, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-420 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-520 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10mp, compactflash and xD cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-620 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 12.3mp, compactflash, xD and microdrive cards, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus E-450 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax * ist DS DSLR camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K10D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 10.2mp APS-C CCD no video and older manual Pentax K-mount lenses}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K20D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2008 14.6MP APS-C but no video recording mode }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K30 K-5 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 16MP full HD (1080p) recording at 24/25/30 fps}} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP 1080p }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Pentax K-3 III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 25.7MP BSI CMOS sensor }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix LZ10 LZ20 DMC-LZ30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 720p video }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ1 TZ5 TZ9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix GH1 GH2 like the DMC-GH2HEB-K - GH3 DMC-GH3HEB-K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Four Thirds (GH2) MFT Micro Four Thirds (GH3) limited to 29mins recording }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic AF series AF100 AF101 AF102 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic Lumix DMC-G2 DMC-G3 G5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic TZ60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic DMC LX7 10 LX15 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GF7 GX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic G80 G85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| micro 4/3 - shooting in MOV or MP4 formats recording limited to sd card size but split files because the FAT32 file system only supports files up 4GB in size, which amounts to around 5 minutes of 4K (100mbps) footage - GH4 appears to create 4GB files as a rule, regardless of whether the memory card’s file system supports larger files or not - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic GH5 gx80 gx85 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Effective: 20.3 Megapixel 5184 x 3888 - 2 sd card slots compatible with high-speed, high capacity UHS-II - sd card v rating like the v90 should record at 60MB/s to be compatible with the GH5 in the All-I format - possible file corruption with .mdt files - new firmware 2.0 update, the Panasonic GH5 becomes the first 5K - }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic FZ2000 FZ2500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Panasonic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung WB100 WB1100 WB150 WB2200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX11 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung NX200, NX20, NX1000 and NX210 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 20.3Mp APS-C sized CMOS image sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo Xacti CG65 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sanyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 6.1MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cyber-shot DSC camera models W110 W220 H300 H400 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Alpha DSLR-A230 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 10.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A290 DSLR Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 14.2MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX20V HX30V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 18mp 720p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony Cybershot HX50V HX60V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 20.2MP 1080p - steady shot unit / optical block can cause buzzing noise and/or jumping image in lcd / viewfinder - dots are dirt and this voids the warranty }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony A77 A99 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony WX100 WX150 wx220 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 2014 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-6 Sony NEX-7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 16 to 24MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony NEX-3N Sony NEX-5N | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 16MP }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α58 Sony α68 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 20.1 MP 2014 24mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk III | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1MP 1.0-type back-illuminated Exmor R CMOS sensor, often after boot-up, the motor starts running for no reason for first versions' - }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α5000 a5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 20.1 Megapixel APS-C Exmor APS HD CMOS 1080p Sony E-mount [https://github.com/ma1co/Sony-PMCA-RE hack] using [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M4hR9HiOzM this] }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6000 a6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 24MP APS-C sensor }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7S a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α77 II, α99 II, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 24.3 MP, 2016 42.4mp }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony rx100 mk IV V | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2016 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RX0 RX zero, RX0 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 2017 }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α6500 a6500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 24.2MP APS-C sensor 4K }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 Alpha 7 II E-mount interchangeable lens mirrorless camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony α7 A7Sii a7r a7c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 mirror less - more compact }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony a7 III α77 ILCE7M3/B Full-Frame Mirrorless Interchangeable-Lens Camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 24.2mp, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 24mm optical zoom, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ZV-1F | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 entry-level vlogging, 1-inch 20.1MP, ultra-wide 20mm f/2 prime lens}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} <pre > Lens Mounts Canon EF EF-S Nikon F Panasonic Olympus OM Pentax DA, FA, F, A, M, and K series Fujifilm X mount </pre > <pre > Sensors APS-C S35 Full Frame 43 Four Thirds M43 MFT Micro four thirds </pre > === Digital Voice Recorder Dictaphone Dictation Machine Handheld === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2011 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7200 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested 2012 no usb }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2012 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-7700 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-8600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-711PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-712PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-731PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus WS-811 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested slide out usb-a - aaa battery - ok recordings }} |- | <!--Description-->Olympus VN-540PC Olympus VN-541PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips DVT1250 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX470 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX560 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony ICD-UX570 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} === USB eBooks Readers drm free EPUB version 2.0.1 (2007), 3.0 (2011), 3.1 (2015) or [https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/ 3.3 (2024)] [https://github.com/thansen0/sample-epub-minimal epub examples] formats access === EPUB file format is an open standard based on XHTML for content and XML for metadata, contained in a zip file archive PDF v2.0 in 2017, 2009 takeover by ISO Org, 1.7 in 2006 , 1.6 in 2005, 1.4 in 2001, 1.3 in 1999, 1.0 in 1993 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch NST BNRV300 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->when finding the right micro usb cable that works, internal nook memory not accessible but sd card fat32 readable and writable outside | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 6in 600x800 e-ink 16 grayscale .jpg}} battery remove sd card and Torx T5 back top for Cameron Sino CS-BNR003SL - USA 1.2.2 md5sum 351e26527e80156183e74be2da2ce89f *nook_1_2_update.zip - 1.2.1 UK fdba3981f7f221cc5143db6329645bc2 *nook_1_2_update.zip - skip registration, Turn on the device, but do NOT start setting it up. Hold down the top right button on the front of the device and slide your finger from left to right across the top of the E Ink screen. A ‘Factory’ button should appear in the top left corner of the screen. Press it. Once in the Factory menu, hold down the top right button on the front of the device and tap the bottom right corner of the screen should now see a ‘Skip Oobe’ button. Tap that and the Nook should finally load the home screen. Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Barnes and Noble Nook Simple Touch with Glowlight *2012 Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight BNRV350 *2013 Nook GlowLight BNRV500 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2080 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 0x0007 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2012 untested }} perform a hard reset: Turn off the nook completely, turn it on, as soon as you see the screen flash begin holding the bottom page turn buttons until the screen flashes with a message asking reset, press the 'n' key twice to start the reset - Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description-->Nook Glowlight 4 Plus 7.8-inch screen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} Poor battery management - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *NOOK 1st Edition (2009-2018) BNRZ100 *NOOK Color (2010-2024) BNRV200 *NOOK Tablet (8GB/16GB) (2011-2024) BNTV250A / BNTV250 *NOOK HD (2012-2024) BNTV400 *NOOK HD+ (2012-2024) BNTV600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 511EB | <!--Vendor ID-->045e:ffff | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 untested Preferences->advanced->debug device detection}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://jaforeck.wordpress.com/2012/08/05/ready-to-meet-viktor-navorski-gained-access-to-elonex-621ebs-terminal-52/ Elonex 621EB] eBook | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1f85 | <!--Product ID-->0x1688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->unlocked ootb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested usb mini charging 6" diagonal eInk Screen - 800 x 600 pixels, 8 Level 166dpi Paperlike screen, Embedded 1GB Flash NAND, full SD Card Slot up to 16GB - WAV, MP3, JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF support and ePub and PDF(with reflow) (TXT, HTML) support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elonex 700eb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2011 untested adjust screen blanking by menu then settings then device standby, you can then turn it off}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story HD eBook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} freescale imx.508 arm mcimx508cvkbb cpu with 2gb samsung nand, m13892aj charging chip, eb07_main_mp1_110321 mobo, mini usb, atheros ar61026 wifi - |- | <!--Description-->iRiver Story | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Rakuten Touch A/B kobo3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Touch C, Kobo Mini, Kobo Glo N613, Kobo Aura HD N514 N204 kobo4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura, Kobo Aura H2O, kobo5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2013 6in untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v1, Kobo Glo HD, Kobo Touch 2.0, Kobo Aura ONE N709, Kobo Aura ONE Limited Edition, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v1 N236, kobo6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Aura H2O Edition 2 v2, Kobo Aura Edition 2 v2, Kobo Nia, Kobo Clara HD, Kobo Forma, Kobo Libra H2O kobo7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Kobo Elipsa, Kobo Sage kobo8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> *Kobo Libra 2 kobo9, Kobo Clara 2E kobo10, Kobo Elipsa 2E kobo11 *Kobo Libra Colour kobo13, Kobo Clara BW, Kobo Clara Colour kobo12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pandigital Personal eReader aka? Papyre 6.2 very similar to BQ Avant Firmware | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS 350 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2009 epub bbeb cbz untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PRS-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K1 D00111 - Main Menu=: Settings: Menu=: Device Info shows S/N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->256mb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2007 untested Marvell Xscale PXA255}} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle K2, D00511 170-1012-00, D00701 D00801 S11S01B * k2 means K2 US * k2i means K2 GW * dx means KDX US * dxi means KDX GW * dxg means KDX Graphite | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0003 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2010 untested Freescale i.MX31 }} the Kindle is a small computer running Linux 2.6 on an ARM processor |- | <!--Description-->AMAZON Kindle D00901 3rd Gen with keyboard - Menu, Settings for S/N and then Menu again to choose Update * S/N starts B006 means k3g aka K3 3G US * S/N starts B008 means k3w aka K3 WiFi * S/N starts B00A means k3gb aka K3 3G UK EU - debug mode with ;debugON and ~help | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->{{yes|4Gb internal no access until jailbroken JB}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 with mobi and azw3 formats only - micro usb 5v 0.85a - freescale i.mx35 ARM soc with 12bit parallel interface with epson e-ink cpu, 256MB synchronous dynamic RAM, 4GB eMMC internal memory only but no sd slot, MC13892 PMIC - atheros wifi 54mbit pci-e a e keyed wifi - ?? later models wm96103 audio codec - display has 2Mbit serial memory ic on ribbon cable with 4bpp inverse grayscale display not touchscreen - 3g module - screen replacement really annoying - 4 test points near T07 = TX RX GND ? - as of 2025, JB v0.13.N, MKK2014, MKK2025, KUAL, KoReader Legacy2025, and maybe later SS v0.47.N, Python 0.14.N, Fonts v5.16.N, USBNet v0.57.N - USB-downloader mode when Vol+ is pressed during startup - Shift + Alt + M for Minesweeper - |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle 4th Generation k4 D01100 two buttons, square movement and two buttons at bottom *B00E plastic back clipped in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV1dyNkjjro many places] and strongly taped down to battery cover | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb unless jb with USB MS, USBMS aka also known as USB MSC or UMS | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 once back off use Torx T5 to remove battery cover screws - battery glued down S2011-001-A 515-1058-01 DR-A015 MC-265360 - Freescale i.MX508 SOC, 2Gb eMMC storage, 256MiB of LPDDR1, MC13892 PMIC - vendor modified u-boot imximage based on u-boot v2009.08 - USB-downloader mode press the fiveway down button during startup resetmykindle - as of 2025 upgrade firmware from 4.1.x and to 4.1.4, sign into account and copy jb.1.8 bits, mkk-2014, mkk-2025, kual and then uninstall kual, koreader2025 - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5th Gen) D01200 K5, KT *Once signed into an Amazon Account get S/N under Settings -> Device Options *B00F Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (U.S. and Canada) [Mostly] *B011 Kindle Touch WiFi (Kindle 5) *B010 Kindle Touch 3G + WiFi (Kindle 5) (Europe) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb unless jb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 touchscreen i.MX508 SOC, 256MiB of LPDDR1 and USB-downloader mode by the SOC microcode when a specific key is pressed during startup: the home button on model D01200 - update firmware 5.3.2 to 5.3.7.3, access account, }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] PW <pre> B024 Kindle PaperWhite WiFi B01B Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] B020 Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Brazil) B01C Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Canada) B01D Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Europe) B01F Kindle PaperWhite 3G + WiFi (Japan) </pre> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0007 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 Freescale i.MX508 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0008 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 2 (2013) PW2 *B0D4, 90D4 WiFi (U.S., Intl.) *B05A, 905A WiFi (Japan) *B0D5, 90D5 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *B0D6, 90D6 3G + WiFi (Canada] *B0D7, 90D7 3G + WiFi (Europe) *B0D8, 90D8 3G + WiFi (Russia) *B0F2, 90F2 3G + WiFi (Japan) *B017, 9017 WiFi (4GB) (U.S., Intl.) *B060, 9060 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Europe) *B062, 9062 3G + WiFi (4GB) (U.S.) [Mostly] *B05F, 905F 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Canada) *B061, 9061 3G + WiFi (4GB) (Brazil) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0009 | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->2gb or 4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| PW2 uses Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 3 PW3 i.e. Kindle 7th gen *G090G1 (2015) WiFi *G090G2 (2015) 3G + WiFi (U.S.) [Mostly] *G090G4 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Mexico) *G090G5 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Europe, Australia) *G090G6 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Canada) *G090G7 (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KB (2015) WiFi *G090KC (2015) 3G + WiFi (Japan) *G090KE (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090KF (2016) 3G + WiFi (International) White *G090LK (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) *G090LL (2016) WiFi, 32GB (Japan) White | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000A | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->4gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ease up glued down front bezel rim panel gently, remove 11 screws underneath and lift screen up from bottom end - battery underneath - }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle PaperWhite 4 (2018) PW4 *G000PP, G8S0PP WiFi, 8GB *G000T6, G8S0T6 WiFi, 32GB *G000T1 WiFi+4G, 32GB *G000T2 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Europe) *G00102 WiFi, 8GB (India) *G000T3 WiFi+4G, 32GB (Japan) *G0016T, G8S16T WiFi, 8GB Twilight Blue *G0016Q, G8S16Q WiFi, 32GB Twilight Blue *G0016U WiFi, 8GB Plum *G0016V, G8S16V WiFi, 8GB Sage *G00103 WiFi, 32GB (India) *G0016R WiFi, 32GB Plum *G0016S WiFi, 32GB Sage | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x000B | <!--Revision-->100 | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Freescale/NXP i.MX6 SoloLite }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Oasis 2 and 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NXP i.MX7D }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8110 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle 11 Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->8gb or 16gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| MediaTek MT8113 }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16gb or 32gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kindle Paperwhite Gen 11 and 12 - Signature | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1949 | <!--Product ID-->0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access-->16Gb or 32Gb | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 account not blocked, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/Modos-Labs Modos Labs] open source e-ink 60Hz 75Hz caster controller and glider monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xteink X3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.xteink.com Xteink X4] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->2025 4.3in 220ppi no touchscreen so [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7RuokaVauo buttons navigation] - 650mAh battery - micro-sd slot up to 512Gb covering epub, txt, and jpg in directories with [https://github.com/crosspoint-reader crosspoint reader] esp32 cpu custom rom firmware using [https://xteink.dve.al/ Flash website] on usb-c but no ecosystem store |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="15%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |Access ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amazon D01400 Kindle Fire (1st Generation) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 too old }} android 2.3 and touchscreen digitizer fails often, battery SWE P/N 1002000004742 Model KC1 (EU) QP01 (US) 16.28whr, ti 257epl9l omap 4430 with elpida 88164b3pf-10-f88164b3pf or hynix, mobo ??,, DAOKC1MB8F0 Rev F, ti aic3110 audio codec, |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Fire 7in X43260 X43Z60 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested FireOS Android 4 omap 4460 and PowerVR SGX540}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Fire HD (3rd Gen) P48WVB4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD10 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2015) *Amazon Fire HD7 (2015) (5th Generation) 7 inch 8GB SV98LN *Amazon Fire HD7 (2014) *Amazon Fire HD6 (2014) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested android 5.1 max}} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10 (2017) *Amazon Fire 8 (2017) 7th Gen 8 inch SX034OT *Amazon Fire 7 (2017) (7th Generation) 7 inch 16GB (SR043KL) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 (7th Generation) 7 inch 8GB WIFI Tablet (SR043KL) *Amazon Fire HD8 (2016) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| Android 5.1 max 7in screen resolution of 1024 x 600, }} |- | <!--Description--> *Amazon Fire 10/10+ (2021) *Amazon Fire 8/8+ (2020) *Amazon Fire 10 (2019) *Amazon Fire 7 (2019) *Amazon Kindle Fire 7 9th Gen 16GB M8S26G *Amazon Fire 8 (2018) 8th Gen 8 inch 32GB L5S83A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 9 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon *Amazon Fire HD 10 (2023) *Amazon Fire Max 11 (2023) *Amazon Fire 8 (2022) *Amazon Fire 7 (2022) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| android 11 max}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Kindle Scribe | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Minimal Phone, Mudita Kompakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| eink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B751C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2022 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B7 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme B6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android based color eink small - 300dpi b/w 150ppi color -}} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink }} |- | <!--Description-->Bigme Hibreak Pro, Hisense A9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| e-ink}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->iFlyTech AINote 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Meebook | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Page Palma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 android untested }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf3C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go Color 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 untested 7in e-ink e-reader android tablet }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx BooxTab Ultra X C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Note Max Air4 C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Leaf5C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Poke6S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox MC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| color e-ink 13.3in }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Boox Go 10.3 (Gen 2) Lumi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 b/w eink with front light, no EMR annd capacitance pen, }} |- | <!--Description-->Onyx Moaan Pantone 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2021 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable Paper Pro Move | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2024 untested but subscriptions needed for some features }} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 untested but subscriptions needed for some features}} |- | <!--Description-->reMarkable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A5 X2 Manta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote A6 X2 Nomad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 }} |- | <!--Description-->Supernote | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Vision 2 3 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Tolino Epos2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viwoods AI Paper and AI Paper Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Access--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==printer.class== As the only printer driver that AROS supports natively is Postscript, our focus is on applications that generally output postscript formatted data for printing purposes. There has been an attempt at recent AirPrint support *Inkjet *Laser Start simple and then test every higher level... * can if you ping your printer (the IP addy is good)? * set up LPR/IPP to talk to that known good IP address. * see if you can copy a few words of plain ASCII text to the IPP/LPR device (do you have a connection)? * see if you can find a simple postscript file and then copy it to the IPP/LPR device. * see if you can set up to print directly to the IPP/LPR device (set "Output file" to PRT: or LPR:). * see if you can set up a PS printer config to the IPP/LPR device. * go back and try the tests with the other driver (LPR or IPP). See [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_drive7.htm here] for compatibility with TP7 (TurboPrint 7) Last update 2004. Not tested under emulation. Janus-UAE, Emumiga, Amiberry etc usbparallel.device untested with USB->Centronics - The printer.class is rather 'clever'. It remembers to which unit the printers were connected (until you reboot). So if you first plug in Printer1, it gets unit 0, and Printer2 gets unit 1. If you now remove both printers and replug Printer2, it still will get unit 1 and not 0. This is used not to confuse the programs using the different units (moreover, if some program uses the usbparallel.device unit of an USB printer, and the printer is unplugged, the device unit cannot be freed immediately as the application still keeps it open). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Beige cream D shape centronics end (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002v1 centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U002VEA v2 centronics end (Prolific PL2305L chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | DYNAMODE USB-C-PP-1284 USB to 36pin (Prolific 2305 chipset) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested but similar to BAFO below}} |- | IOGear GUC1284B | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | My-Link (raised ellipse on centronics plastic end) (unknown chipset) | | | | {{N/A|untested but more expensive }} |- | NEWLink (Prolific chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Targus PA096E centronics end (chipset?) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | TRENDnet ware TU-P1284 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | True PnP (Prolific chipset 2305) cheap 36pin Centronics (series of ridges along both short sides) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 2.00 | {{N/A|untested on BAFO BF-1284 but reports of poor quality and lack of support on other OSs }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | Transparent See Through Blue | | | | {{N/A|untested but possible poor quality build }} |- | Dynamode USB-PARALLEL 25pin female (prolific) | 0x067b | 0x2305 | 0x02 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FDL USB to 25pin | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | PlusKom USB to 25pin female connector for printer (IEEE 1284) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | QinHeng Electronics (CH340S chipset) | 0x1a86 | 0x7584 | | {{N/A|untested curvy sides - flat top }} |- | StarTech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syba SD-USB-DB25 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} Postscript interpreters (eg ghostscript) have been developed as a cheaper option which sit in between postscript data streams and non postscript printers. Ghostscript has internal printer drivers gs -h and with something like gs -sDEVICE=stcolor -r300 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile gs813:examples/tiger.ps copytopar ram:tempfile It checks if in RAM: exists a outputfile (Cinnamon can export to PS postscript) then it sends this via copytopar to the printer. There was only support for parport (parallel) but Terminillis added support for USB and ethernet. A big issue with using ghostscript for drivers is that data has to originate as postscript (.PS) file. gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=ljet4 -sOutputFile=RAM:tempfile RAM:file.pdf the ljet4 output device generates PCL also the pxlmono driver, which generates more generic PXL (PCL 6) gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER testpage-a4.ps > test.pdf gs -q -sstdout=%stderr -sDEVICE=pxlmono -sOutputFile=- -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -dPARANOIDSAFER test.pdf > test.pxl Printers supported by ghostscript...Explanation [http://freebooks.by.ru/view/RedHatLinux6Unleashed/rhl6u151.htm here] or [http://www.gnu.org/software/ghostscript/devices.html here] and [http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/doc/printer.htm here] <pre> bit cljet5 ljet4d pjxl300 pxlcolor bitcmyk cljet5c ljetplus pkm pxlmono bitrgb deskjet nullpage pkmraw stp bj10e djet500 pbm pksm tiff12nc bj200 epswrite pbmraw pksmraw tiff24nc bjc600 faxg3 pcx16 png16 tiffcrle bjc800 faxg32d pcx24b png16m tiffg3 bmp16 faxg4 pcx256 png256 tiffg32d bmp16m ijs pcxcmyk pnggray tiffg4 bmp256 jpeg pcxgray pngmono tifflzw bmp32b jpeggray pcxmono pnm tiffpack bmpgray laserjet pdfwrite pnmraw uniprint bmpmono lj5gray pgm ppm x11 bmpsep1 lj5mono pgmraw ppmraw x11alpha bmpsep8 ljet2p pgnm psgray x11cmyk cdeskjet ljet3 pgnmraw psmono x11gray2 cdj550 ljet3d pj psrgb x11gray4 cdjcolor ljet4 pjxl pswrite x11mono cdjmono </pre> ==rawwrap.class - some old flatbed scanners supported== Scandal is the MUI frontend to [http://www.ppa.pl/bugtracker/ Betascan Bugtracker] and [http://aminet.net/search?query=betascan Search for Betascan scanner drivers] derived from [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html sane backends] [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-EPSON2 Epson2] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Expression 1600 1640XL 1680 10000XL | 0x04b8 | 0x0107 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Prefection 1200U, 1200 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0104 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 1240U | 0x04b8 | 0x010b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{[https://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=45760&forum=25 works]|Needs 24V 0.8A psu but in Trident, click on "Classes", then on "rawwrap.class", then on "Configure". There, under "Global", activate the Option "Bind to Vendor/Unknown Interfaces". Now go to the second tab "Default Interface" and select/enter these values: Default usbraw.device Unit: 0 Exclusive access: Yes Out NAK Timeout: 20000ms In NAK Timeout: 20000ms In Buffer Mode: No buffering Buffer Size: 36 KB Short Reads Terminate: Yes Now click on "Use as Default" and select "Devices" on the left. There, click on your scanner and click on "Class Scan". Now close Trident by clicking on "Save". }} |- | Perfection 1640SU Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x010a | 0x0104 | {{yes|works, even the transparency unit}} |- | Perfection 1650 Photo, 1660 Photo, 3200 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 2400 Photo, 2450 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x011b | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection 4870 Photo, 4990 Photo, | 0x04b8 | 0x0128 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Perfection V700 V750 Photo | 0x04b8 | 0x012c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus CX2800 2900 3200 3500 3600 3650 3700 3800 3900 Stylus CX4100 4200 3500 4600 4700 4800 4900 500 5100 5200 5300 5400 5900 | 0x04b8 | 0x0802 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Stylus Office BX300F USB | 0x04b8 | 0x0848 | | {{yes| works with good scan quality}} |- |} [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx] scanners based on the Grandtech GT-6801 and GT-6816 "System-On-Chip" scanner chipsets {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Artec Ultima 2000 and e+, Trust Flat Scan USB 19200 (ePlus2k.usb / Gt680xfw.usb) | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Genius Colorpage Vivid3x 4x 1200x | 0x0458 | 0x2011 to 0x201f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Lexmark X70 also X73 [http://subfusion.net/drivers/oslo3071b2.usb OSLO3071b2.usb] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x043d | <!--Product ID-->0x002d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Medion/Lifetec/Tevion/Cytron MD/LT 9375 and Artec Ultima 2000, MD LT 9385 Gt680xfw.usb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05d8 | <!--Product ID-->0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | BearPaw 2448 CS and TA Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A2Nfw.usb A2Nfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 CS | 0x055f | 0x021e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/A1fw.usb A1fw.usb])}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek 1200 CU Plus Scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend PS1Dfw.usb / SBSfw.usb] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2000 }} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1200 UB plus, Trust Compact Scan USB 19200, ScanMagic 1200 UB Plus | 0x05d8 | 0x4002 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/sbfw.usb sbfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek ScanExpress 1248 UB aka PC-World PC Line PCL-3000 | 0x055f | 0x021f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ([http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/firmware/SBSfw.usb SBSfw.usb])}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 2400CS TA aka Goodmans GSC 12/24 | 0x055f | 0x0218 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter untested) }} |- | BearPaw 2400 CS aka TA Plus | 0x055f | 0x0219 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Transparency adapter) }} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 1200 Plus | 0x055f | 0x021c or 0x021b | 0x0 | {{yes|works - [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ firmware required] but slow usb 1.1 speed with poor quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Packard Bell Diamond 2400 Plus aka BearPaw 2400 CU Plus [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ PS2Dfw2.usb firmware rename to PS2Dfw.usb] | 0x055f | 0x021d | 1.00 | {{yes|works slow usb 1.1 speed with ok quality output (scanner fault not scandal)}} |- | Plustek OpticPro 1248U | 0x07B3 | 0x0400 0x0401 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (ccd548.fw)}} |- | Plustek OpticSlim 2400 | 0x07b3 | 0x0422 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (cis3R5B1.fw)}} |- | Visioneer OneTouch 7300 | 0x04a7 | 0x0444 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| (Cis3r5b1.fw)}} |- | <!--Description-->Mustek ScanEpress 1200 UB (Plus) clone [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/ use mustek_usb backend] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x055f | <!--Product ID-->0x0006 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Lexmark - needs testing {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Lexmark X1110 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1140 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1150 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1170 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1180 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Lexmark X1185 | 0x043d | 0x007c | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Lexmark X12xx | | | | {{N/A|untested in USB1.1, not fully tested in USB2.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dell A920 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} HP - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | HP ScanJet 4100C | 0x03f0 | 0x0101 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 5200C | 0x03f0 | 0x0401 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 62X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0201 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP ScanJet 63X0C | 0x03f0 | 0x0601 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0102, 0x0105, 0x0205, 0x0305, 0x0405 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x0705, 0x0805, 0x0901, 0x0a01 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | HP | 0x03f0 | 0x1205, 0x1305, 0x2005, 0x2205 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Plustek [http://www.sane-project.org/sane-backends.html#S-PLUSTEK LM983x] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Plustek OticPro U12 UT12 UT16 U24 UT24 | 0x07B3 | 0x0010 to 0x0017 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | KYE/Genius Colorpage HR6-V2 HR6A HR7 HR7LE HR6X | 0x0458 | 0x2008 to 0x2016 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 2100C and 2200C | 0x03F0 | 0x0505 and 0x0605 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mustek BearPaw 1200 and 2400 | 0x0400 | 0x1000 and 0x1001 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | UMAX 3400/3450 and 5400 | 0x1606 | 0x0050, 0x0060 and 0x0160 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1250 and 1260 | 0x04B8 | 0x010f and 0x011d | | {{no|no driver}} |- | CANON CanoScan N650/656U N1220U D660U N670/676U N1240U LIDE20 LIDE25 LIDE30 | 0x04A9 | 0x2206 to 0x2220 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} [http://snapscan.sourceforge.net/ SnapScan] - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Acer Benq 310U, 320U, 340U | 0x4a5 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 620U, 620UT, 640U, 640UT | 0x4a5 | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Acer Benq 1240 3300 4300 | 0x4a5 | 0x020 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Agfa SnapScan e10 e20 e25 e26 e40 e42 e50 e52 | 0x06bd | 0x20 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 660 | 0x04b8 | 0x0114 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 1270 1670 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 2480 2580 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Epson Perfection 3490 3590 | 0x04b8 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Mitsubishi | 0x0 | 0x0 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} ==hub.class (self-powered and external ac powered hubs)== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Dynamode USB-H41 4 ports | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Belkin 4 Port | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | Conrad | | | | {{yes|[http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 works on a1k forum] }} |- | DLink DUB-H4 AC Adapter | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | High 0200 | {{maybe|WARNING Genesys Logic Hub Broken - Will cause failures with USB}} |- | [http://service.targa.co.uk/faq.php?lang_id=2&baseid=178&artdesc=SilverCrest+USB+Hub+2040&artid=760&artpic=silvercrestHUB2040.jpg SilverCrest 4-port slim USB 2.0 HUB - HUB2040 (40775) - Targa GmbH] | 0x05e3 | 0x0608 | 0901 | {{yes|works Genesys Logic, Inc., [http://service.targa.co.uk/dokumente/USB_HUB_2040_0109_manual_EN.pdf Manual]}} |- | Skymaster | 0x05e3 | 0x0605 | 060B | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | No Name active 4-port | 0x1a40 | 0x0101 | 0111 | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Thinkpad USB 3.0 Dock DU9019D1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17e9 | <!--Product ID-->0x4302 | <!--Revision-->0014 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|works a bit}} classed as dfu.class with two further USB 2.0 hubs - USB 3.0 ports detected and work (2.0 backwards compatibility) - DisplayLink DL-3900 with VIA VL811 chipset - usb ethernet not working - two dvi not working - 20V psu 2a (40w) with a 5.5 - 2.5mm tip (no bus power) - data through a-b printer/scanner usb lead - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} ==Internet== ===rndis.class USB Tethering === The rndis class provides support for Ethernet access over Remote NDIS. Most USB based devices should be supported including smartfones. Before opening Network Prefs, activate USB Tethering on the Smartfon, on Network prefs, type in usbrndis.device and tick "Start Network during system boot" and saved the configuration, the Connection is immediate no reboot is needed. When restart AROS my Smartphone deactivates the connection and to access the network again, have to reactivate it before starting the browser. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alcatel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | Huawei U8800 | 0x12d1 | 0x1039 | | {{yes|works}} |- | <!--Description-->Huawei | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | HTC (Android phone) | 0x0bb4 | 0x0ffe | | {{Yes|any android phone with usb tethering option}} |- | <!--Description-->Nokia | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Oppo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- |- | <!--Description-->iPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft winPhone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ===USB &rarr; ethernet lan adaptor=== *2002 playstation 2 usb1.1 era - a little support but very old and slow *2006 wii asix era - a little support but very much miss than hit *2026 usb0: or eth0: of CDC Ethernet protocol (cdcether) with Ethernet Control Model (ECM) and [https://www.usb.org/document-library/class-definitions-communication-devices-12 others like Wireless Mobile Communication Devices WMC] and later CDC EEM (Ethernet Emulation Model) and NCM (Network Control Model) are USB Communication Device Class (CDC) protocols packing more Ethernet traffic over every USB bundle. For CDC Ethernet - NCM is better than EEM is better than ECM * USB1.1 Up to 010 meg broadband (1.25MBytes/s) - ADM8511, DM9601 poor speeds * USB2.0 Up to 400 meg broadband (60MBytes/s) - MCS7830, AX88772 a little especially the 2010 apple version but buy many as very very poor odds of working one * USB3.0 Over 400 meg broadband (60+MBytes/s) - not supported at the moment SANA (Standard Amiga Network Architecture) to usb ADMtek Infineon ADM8511 Pegasus II (USB 1.1 and 10Mbit/s - Sony PlayStation 2 network adapter) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | 3Com 3c460b | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Abocom UFE1000 / Abocom DSB650TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Accton USB320-EC / Accton SpeedStream Ethernet | 0x083a | 0x0320 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|2002 }} |- | AEI USB Fast Ethernet / Allied Telesyn AT-USB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2002 }} |- | ATEN UC-110T | 0x0557 | 0x4000 | | {{unk|2001 }} |- | BAFO USB To Ethernet Adapter BF-310 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v1 1101 | 0x050D | | <!--Revision--> | {{maybe|2002 sometimes works from old amiga.org post which is now removed}} |- | Belkin F5D5050 v2 2101 | 0x050D | 0x0121 | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2006 does not works}} |- | Belkin F5U122-PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USB-100 / Billionton USBLP-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Billionton USBEL-100 / Billionton USBE-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Compex LinkPort/UE202A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-H3ETX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DSB-650 / D-Link DSB-650TX / D-Link DSB-650TX-PNA | 0x2001 | 0x4000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | D-Link DU-E10 / D-Link DU-E100 | 0x2001 | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Edimax USB Ethernet Adapter EU-4201 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Elsa AG MicroLink USB2 Lan Ethernet adapter | 0x05cc | 0x3000 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GetNet | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | GIGABYTE GN-BR402W Wireless Router | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway Fellowes USB UE-120 REV:V1 UE120 ADMTek 1011594 HO2419741 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07a6 | <!--Product ID-->0x0986 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2001 USB Specification 1.1 compliant}} |- | GWC Tech USB Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hawking UF100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | HP HN210E / I/O DATA USB ETTX / Kingston KNU101TX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Jinco USB Ethernet Adapter 10/100 Base-T UE-110 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Kouwell USB to Ethernet 588A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Linksys USB10T / TA / TX | 0x066b | 0x2202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|untested - possible peg1/peg2}} |- | Linksys (Cisco) USB100TX / H1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitec LAN-TX/U1 H2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.mayflash.com/psps2/ps2024/ps2024.htm Mayflash PS2024] Playstation2 compatible clone of Proxim/Farallon NetLine? | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->1.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|works with DHCP router option on old 32bit distros but not on newer 64bit, best to go asixeth apple 2010 but buy many of them as poor success rate i.e. a lottery}} |- | Netgear FA101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Philips CPWUE01/00 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Planet UE-9500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | PlayStation 2 SCPH-10000 50000 models | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Proxim (formerly Farallon) NetLine USB PN796-650 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Siemens SpeedStream USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SOHOware NUB100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | SMC EZNET-USB 2202USB/ETH / SMC 2206USB/ETH | 0x0707 | 0x0100 0x0200 0x0201 | <!--Revision--> | {{unk|untested but should work very well }} |- | Surecom EP-1427X 100/10M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Target USB to 10/100M Fast Ethernet Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-ET100C | 0x07a6 | 0x8511 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | {{yes| sometimes works well, very stable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Digitus USB NIC DN-3016-A | 0x07a6 | 0x8513 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested new chipset }} |- | Digitus lanusb ADM8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{unk|untested because new chipset }} |- | VE285 usblan ADMtek 8515 | 0x07a6 | 0x8515 | 1.01 | {{no|not working as new chipset }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} Davicom DM9601 eth (USB 1.1 and up to 10Mbit/s) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Davicom USB-100 see clone below | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2001 }} |- | [http://wiki.maemo.org/USB_to_ethernet_networking chinese translucent transparent crystal blue] but variants are also found in clear, white and black. Just over 6&nbsp;cm long. | 0x0a46 | 0x9601 | 0x0 | {{yes|2002 success can be sporadic so technically okay, but lacking in reliability. Out of 4 tested by me, only 2 worked. One case cracked open. }} |- | Corega FEther USB-TXC | 0x07aa | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Dynamode USB-NIC-1427-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Hirose USB-100 | 0x0a47 | 0x9601 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | KY-RS9600 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585358&postcount=12 works] }} |- | ShanTou ST268 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x0268 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | ZT6688 USB NIC | 0x0a46 | 0x6688 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ICS Advent DM9601 USB 2.0 10/100M Ethenet Adaptor JP1081B | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FE6 | <!--Product ID-->0x9700 | <!--Revision-->0101 | <!--Opinion-->{{No|not working 32bit and 64bit - USB 1.1 10M ethernet}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} MosChip MCS7830 (USB 2) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Digitus DN-10050 | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2004 }} |- | Edimax [http://www.edimax.co.uk/images/Image/datasheet/USB/EU-4206/EU-4206.pdf EU-4206] | | | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2005 }} |- | Speed Dragon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | STLabs | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | StarTech Compact USB2105S [http://www.kustompcs.co.uk/acatalog/info_6790.html USB2106S] | 0x9710 | 0x7830 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | Sunrich Technologies [http://www.st-lab.com/admin/upfile/UploadFile/manual/manual(u-250).zip U-250] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 }} |- | Syba | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->MCS 7832 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |} * USB2 [https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet Asix Ethernet] AX88178A, AX88772C, AX88772B, AX88772A (wii), AX88172A * USB3 AX88179A, AX88179 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AirLink101 AGIGAUSB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 AX88172}} |- | ATEN UC210T | 0x0557 | 0x2009 | 0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88172}} |- | <!--Description-->Billionton Systems USB2AR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08dd | <!--Product ID-->0x90ff | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Buffalo LUA-U2-KTX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0411 | <!--Product ID-->0x003d | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->corega FEther USB2-TX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07aa | <!--Product ID-->0x0017 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| }} |- | D-Link DUB-E100 up to rev A4 | 0x2001 | 0x1a00 | | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->D-Link DUB-E100 rev B1 onwards | 0x07d1 or 0x2001 | 0x3c05 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|AX88172 works on Deneb with [http://amigax.com/2010/02/21/usb-ethernet-speed-test-amigaos-4-0-classic/ Amiga OS4 Classic] and [http://www.a1k.org/forum/showthread.php?t=11432 on a1k] }} |- | <!--Description-->goodway corp USB gwusb2e | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1631 | <!--Product ID-->0x6200 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hawking UF200 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[Linksys USB200M] | 0x077b | 0x2226 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585601&postcount=20 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->Netgear FA120 | 0x0846 | 0x1040 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested 2002 10/100 Rev.B1" is silkscreened on the board of the device populating this entry (S/N: FA12254CB100409, date code 0508). This device may be manuf. by [http://www.cameo.com.tw/ Cameo] "AX88172 L", "F05040157", and "ED3" Chip1 ASIX AX88172 Chip2 Realtek RTL8201BL}} |- | <!--Description-->Intellinet | 0x0b95 | 0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->JVC MP-PRX1 Port Replicator | <!--Vendor ID-->0x04f1 | <!--Product ID-->0x3008 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ST Lab USB Ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sitecom LN-029 "USB 2.0 10/100 Ethernet adapter" | <!--Vendor ID-->0x6189 | <!--Product ID-->0x182d | <!--Revision-->0 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->Surecom EP-1427X-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1189 | <!--Product ID-->0x0893 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v2 | 0x07b8 | 0x420a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|version 2}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->A-LINK NA1GU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 88772}} |- | <!--Description-->AirLink101 ASOHOUSB Wii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AirLive EtherWe-1000U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE AX88772 Model No. A1277 MC704LL/A P/N 825-7098-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2008 usb2, }} |- | <!--Description-->APPLE Model No. A1277 (MB442Z/A 0885909217434) MC704ZM/A PN 825-7579-A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1402 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|2010 model, usb2 and controller AX88772 where prehaps 1in3 units working with owb - really poor odds i.e. a lottery, could be situation where various ethernet phy chipsets are used - press Use in network prefs after Save initial setup typing in usbasixeth.device, }} |- | <!--Description-->ASIX AX88772 bulbous casing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 works on 32bit and 64bit though setup can take a few attempts but may have issues with phy ethernet chip changing, }} |- | <!--Description-->Datel Wii Lan Adapter DUS0204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4207 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Goodway HE2230 Maplin ASIX 88772 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->Intec LAN G5626 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0202 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->LevelOne USB-0301 | 0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 }} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB200M Rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x13b1 | <!--Product ID-->0x0018 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2008 sparsely randomly working AX88772 or with "Sana-II Meter Tool 37.11" network monitoring program, showing continuous "Bad Packet" errors which could means "CRC" errors}} |- | <!--Description-->Linksys USB300M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{maybe|2009 AX88772 }} |- | <!--Description-->Mayflash W001 or clones Lupo/PEGA S-Wii-0680 light gray rectangular with third of one top 45 degree angled slope | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| may have randomly changed phy ethernet chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Max Value MVF00446 ASIN B006EG568A | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises as AX88772 sometimes works on 32bit and 64bit}} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink N14050 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->NEWLink Wii-ETH USB2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nintendo Wii LAN Adaptor 2110566 and clones | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x07720 | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Poseidon recognises as AX88772 with usbasixeth.device sometimes works seems different ethernet phy chips can be matched affecting compatibility}} |- | <!--Description-->Nyko Wii Net Connect 87024 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=585624&postcount=22 works] }} |- | <!--Description-->0Q0 cable ethernet | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1557 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E100 (2009/2010) Bulbous housing | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x7720 | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|Trident prefs recognises it as ax88772A and typing in usbasixeth.device sometimes works}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SpeedLink SL-3401-SGY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen 20254 USB2 to 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88772}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Afunta Apple-style White USB2.0 I/O Crest SY-ADA24005 ASIX Electronics Corp. AX88772A Fast Ethernet Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{no|usbasixeth.device accepted by network prefs but does not work}} |- | <!--Description-->Amazon Basics USB 2.0 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Digitus DN-10050-1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision-->0x0 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Edimax EU-4230 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772a | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent KINAMAX NT-USB20 AX88772A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88772B USB 2.0 to 10/100M | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EdiMax EU-4208 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x772b | <!--Revision-->0x | <!--Opinion-->{{No|Detected but not working}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB2100 ASIX AX88772C | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772D AX88772D] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.asix.com.tw/en/product/USBEthernet/High-Speed_USB_Ethernet/AX88772E AX88772E] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0B95 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->AX88178 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2004 }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB2-E1000 i.e. USB 2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet 10/100/1000 LAN | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 ASIX AX88178 Controller and Realtek RTL8211CL PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->AX88178A USB 2.0 to 10/100/1000M Gigabit Ethernet controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AmazonBasics USB3.0 adapter [https://github.com/nothingstopsme/AX88179_178A_Linux_Driver AX88179] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Cable Matters SuperSpeed USB 3.0 RJ45 adapter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Hori Nintendo Switch 1 USB3 ethernet AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2020 ASIX AX88179 not binding to class, USB 3.2 Gen1 to Gigabit Ethernet controller with integrated 10/100/1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet PHY}} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable AX88179 = [https://plugable.com/products/usb3-e1000-deal USB3-E1000] before mid-2023 or USB3-E1000; AX88179A = USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 controller is AX88179 phy is ??, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTW ax88179 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| AX88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000NDS AX88179 USB-A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC301AU AX88179 USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech US1GC30B2 AX88179A USB-c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB32000SPT AX88179A USB-c Rev 1 (AX88179) Rev 2 (AX88179A) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->USB32000SPT the Lot code sticker will have a bar code accompanied by a 10 digit number. The 5th and 6th digits of this lot code number would signify the revision. (Ex. xxxx02xxxx which would indicate rev. 2) |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->SYBA SY-ADA24029 Gigabit AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} may depend on the PHY chip connected to the controller chipset |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TP-Link UE306 AX88179 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® Orico UL677G 10/100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet® UL688G USB 3.0 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet port | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->AX88179 178A |- | <!--Description-->Tecknet UL699G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->TrendNet TU2-ET100 v6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07b8 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|no support }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen 50922 USB3-A to 100/1000 dark grey rounded barrels | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| ax88179 not binding to asixeth.class, }} |- | <!--Description-->UGreen USB3-C to 100/1000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->uGreen CR111 20256 usb3 a black plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Plugable USB3-E1000 USBC-E1000 after mid-2023 i.e. AX88179A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->StarTech USB31000SPTB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0b95 | <!--Product ID-->0x1790 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| AX88179A USB-A, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> AX88179B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==USB &rarr; SerialPort Converter== *2002 some support for early revisions of PL2303 *2005 Prolific PL2303H PL-2303X and Pl-2303HX (same usb ids as pl2303) no support *2025 FTDI 232R [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1135&highlight=232r&rowstart=20 work in progress] *2026 CDC-ACM i.e. Serial port over USB standard serialpl2303.class make sure you specify serialpl2303.device or Echo "Test" >SER1: {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | ATEN UC-232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0300 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOGear GUC232A | 0x0557 | 0x2008 | Full 0x0110 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Alcatel | 0x11f7 | 0x02df | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BAFO BF-810 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Belkin F5U103 | 0x | 0x | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Davibe SP611 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Dcu10 | 0x0731 | 0x0528 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Elcom | 0x056e | 0x5003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | IOData | 0x04bb | 0x0a03 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Itegno | 0x0eba | 0x1080 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia CA42 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Radioshack | 0x1453 | 0x4026 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ratoc | 0x0584 | 0xb000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Samsung | 0x04e8 | 0x8001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Siemens DCA-510 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN104 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sitecom CN116 | 0x6189 | 0x2068 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Some Cut Ma620 | 0x0df7 | 0x0620 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Speed Dragon Multimedia MS3303H | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Syntech | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Tripp | 0x2478 | 0x2008 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Airlink101 AC-USBS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Belkin F5U103v | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 0x0 | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dynamode U232-P9 | 0x067B | 0x2303 | 300 | {{no| no driver [http://koti.mbnet.fi/lonnberg/pl2303x.html linux patch] and using lsusb -v -d 067b:2303 gave bMaxPacketSize as 64 - pl2303x }} |- | Konig CABLE-146/2 USB to RS232 | 0x067b | 0x2303 | 400 | {{no|no driver }} |- | MANHATTAN 205146 USB to Serial Converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | Sabrent SBT-USC1M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Trendnet TU-59 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded black case and lead USB 232 Converter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x067B | <!--Product ID-->0x2303 | <!--Revision-->0300 | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- |} [http://www.ftdichip.com/index.html Future Technology Devices International Ltd FTDI]-FT232R.class [https://ftdichip.com/software-examples/code-examples/c-builder/ FTProg src], [http://rtr.ca/ft232r/ ft232r src], [https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf FT232R datasheet], [], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID-->0x6001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GE-gKgHxZI beware of cheap clones fake with s/n A50285BI SN] |- | <!--Description-->Lynx Astro FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232R |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Sabrent CB-FTDI | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|no driver TTL-232R cables use FTDI's [http://n1mm.hamdocs.com/tiki-index.php?page=USB+Interface+Devices FT232RQ ic device] }} |- | <!--Description-->Startech.com 1 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 DB9M Adapter Cable with COM Retention ICUSB2321F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL Chipset |- | <!--Description-->StarTech.com 2 Port FTDI USB to Serial RS232 Adapter Cable ICUSB2322F | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0403 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FTDI FT2232D Chipset |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} FT232RL is the SSOP-28 and the FT232RQ is the QFN-32 package option |} [https://www.onetransistor.eu/2017/08/ch341a-mini-programmer-schematic.html ch341a.class] *I2C EEPROMS (3.3V and 5V) compatible and also SPI FLASH memories (3.3V devices) making sure 1.8V is covered *each having their own [https://winraid.level1techs.com/t/guide-how-to-use-a-ch341a-spi-programmer-flasher-with-pictures/33041 4x2 connection blocks] using [https://github.com/flashrom/flashrom flashrom] sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -r backup.bin sudo flashrom --programmer ch341a_spi -w <new bios name> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Jiangsu QinHeng Ltd CH341A emulate UART communication, standard parallel port, memory parallel port and synchronous serial (I2C, SPI) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x5512 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->QinHeng USB2.0-Serial HL-340 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x7523 | <!--Revision-->0252 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |} ==simplemidi.class and CAMD== Currently support includes * simplemidi.class SimpleMidi maps some keyboard keys to corresponding computer keys as used by music trackers to emulate a musical keyboard * camdusbmidi.class follows the rules of the m68k implementation of Commodore's CAMD midi specification and usb class compliant for * usb host like a computer, pi, etc * usb device controllers - keyboards, drum machines, djay turntables, grooveboxes, etc * interfaces - cables or boxes which convert usb to 5pin DIN plug midi What is needed is a fully class-compliant '''brand name''' USB MIDI keyboard, especially manufactured in the last 15 years are best *Arturia *Novation *M-Audio *Akai Plugging this in one of your USB ports, the camd.library will make the keyboard's MIDI IN/OUT ports available in the system. Then select the keyboard's MIDI IN port (known as a "cluster" in CAMD) for input, and the software instrument's cluster as output ShowCluster (shows midi ports available in and out) MidiWatch (usually port usbmidi.in.0 less often usbmidi.out.0) (Ctrl-C to end output stream) usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOn 90 39 08 00 usbmidi.in.0 Message on channel 01, NoteOff 80 39 00 00 MidiThru (forwards messages from one port to another) run >nil: c:midithru usbmidi.out.0 usbmidi.out.2 MidiSendC (sends a middle C to a specific port) Midi Controller + Sound Module (together aka as a synth) -> Audio Output The difference between midi and midi over USB is that in old school Midi the transmitter transmits whenever it wants and the receiver always has to be prepared to receive data. Easy to do at the rate of a 1990's modem speed these days. USB over midi.. turns midi into a polled protocol.. So the USB host (typically the computer) has to ask "do you have anything for me" before the remote will send. If the USB host gets busy doing other things or there is a lot of things on the USB bus to get polled, you can get delays. For its age midi is still a great protocol for music * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/midi10.pdf USBIF's "USB Device Class Definition for MIDI Devices" document, version 1.0 from Nov 1, 1999] * [https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB%20MIDI%20v2_0.pdf MIDI v2.0 from 2020 which AROS still needs, adds support for MIDI 2.0, MIDI-CI, and Universal MIDI Packet] Nearly all synthesizers now use the 16 MIDI channels available on a MIDI bus in one instrument alone, requiring multiple MIDI busses in a typical setup with more than one MIDI instrument. In addition, by handling multiple "virtual" cables, USB offers a solution to go beyond MIDI's 16-channel limit. MIDI data is transferred over USB using 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packets. These packets provide an efficient method to transfer multiple MIDI streams with fixed length messages. The 32-bit USB-MIDI Event Packet allows multiple "virtual MIDI cables" routed over the same USB endpoint. This approach minimizes the number of required endpoints. It also makes parsing MIDI events easier by packetizing the separate bytes of a MIDI event into one parsed USB-MIDI event. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Computer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Yes|which acts as USB midi host to get all usb devices talking together}} |- | <!--Description-->Hobbytronics usb host standalone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->bomebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://neuma.studio/rpi-as-midi-host/ raspberry pi] with several midi interface(s) and linux scripting | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kenton MIDI USB Host mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="25%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="5%" |Product ID ! width="5%" |Revision ! width="15%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acorn Instruments Masterkey 49 device | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested usb powered 5V regulated - similar keybed to keystation 49es but unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Akai SynthStation 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - sticky rubber keys - usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09e8 | <!--Product ID-->0x007c | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and camd usb to use, not tested with apps}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 25 mini key self powered by mini USB lead - sustain port - no top left corner joystick - tested icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->Akai LPK25 LPK37 LPK49 Laptop Production Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested velocity sensitive mini keys with synth action - weak mini USB port - latency issues - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional APC Key 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested 49 key 49-key full-sized, semi-weighted keyboard with aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Max25 MAX49 control keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPK249 MPK261 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB2 USB-b - full keys semi-weighted aftertouch - midi in out - sustain and peddle port |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional Advance 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini MKII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - 4 way thumb joystick top left - 25 tiny keys - velocity drum pads - plastic build quality - |- | <!--Description-->AKAI Professional APC Key 25 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini Play | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 untested USB2 USB-b midi connection only - synth basic samples - class compliant? - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys - press and hold the "Prog Select" button then use the "Program" knob to assign a MIDI channel - |- | <!--Description-->Akai MPK Mini 3 MKIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x09E8 | <!--Product ID-->0x1049 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 USB2 USB-b midi controller connection no 5pin legacy - small led display top centre - 25 mini keys goofy uneven feel of the akai keyboards - press and hold the "Prog Select" button and press pad 1 to 8 to assign a MIDI channel - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->Akai Force / MPC One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro MPK Mini Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested 37 mini keys - class compliant device - usb-b bus powered only with 5pin midi in and out - Shift and Global for Midi Ch - |- | <!--Description-->Akai Pro Ableton Push Mk 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Akai Professional MPC Key 37 49 61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested USB2 usb-b |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Photon PH-25 X25 Midi & USB keyboard/synth | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Q88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 untested |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Coda Pro Portable 88-Key Digital Piano USB MIDI Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VI49 VI61 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Alesis VX49 VX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 1 5-pin MIDI input, 1 5-pin MIDI output, 1 USB port, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Q25 Q49 Q61 Mk2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Recital 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis V25 V49 V61 MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Qmini portable 32-key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested synth - |- | <!--Description-->audiothingies MicroMonsta 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 synth - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Analog Experience “The Player” USB MIDI Master Keyboard Model APE25 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb-b bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab MkII Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep 32 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 32 mini keys usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed - reset Press and hold Oct + and Oct – buttons then insert the USB cable - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab mkII | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID-->0x2209 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - - midi in out untested - }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 USB2 usb-b bus power - metal base heavier than most - Shift and press a key to select the MIDI Channel - To reset to original factory, unplug the USB cable, hold down the Oct- and Oct + buttons, plug the USB cable back in and continue to hold the buttons until the pads turn white - need software to change parameters like velocity sensitive assistance - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK2 MKII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MicroFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 hybrid digital/analog synthesis, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeYIAfn3UMs Arturia Minilab 3] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/chj1WgMupGw ] [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/FMVdfhzg1Dw ] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 untested usb-c bus powered - 25 mini keys semi - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Keystep Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniLab 3 Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe class complaint |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFreak | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2022 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab Essential 49 61 88 mk3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested usb-c and 1 midi out - lack of aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AstroLab | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description-->Arturia KeyLab MK3 MKIII 61 88 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 untested hammer-action Fatar keybed |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control UMX490 UMX610 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Control | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Swing 32-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MOTOR 49 - 49-Key USB/MIDI Master Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU Xboard 25 E-MU X-Board 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key Mkey 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 stops sending MIDI on a regular basis. The simplest "fix" is to flip it off and on via the power switch at the back |- | <!--Description-->CME Ukey U-Key | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 |- | <!--Description-->CME Xkey | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 low-profile aluminium full size pressure sensitive with polyphonic aftertouch but keys make too much noise and that they can be too sensitive to velocity - low power draw 25ma |- | <!--Description-->CME M-Key 49 V2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 simplified version of the U-key Mobiltone |- | <!--Description-->CME XKEY AIR 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->cme xkey 37 le | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner Spaceline DMK-25 Donnerdeal Rantion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Donner DMK25 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 25 mini velocity keys with limited aftertouch - usb-c powered - 8 drum pads - 3.5mm "midi out" socket - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitakt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 expensive later midi usb class compliant with since 1.5 Update |- | <!--Description-->Elecktron Digitone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Digitone Keys 37-key Digital FM Synthesizer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2018 expensive |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Analog Four MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Elektron Octatrak MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{ | }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 25xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID-->0x2702 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected and usb driver working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 bus powered or 12v 0.5a dc in - metal base so heavy - midi out 5pin - sustain pedal port - modulation slider - rubber coated knobs becomes sticky - |- | <!--Description-->ESI keycontrol 49xt 61xt 88xt | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2702 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 12v 0.5a center pin +ve external psu required - USB i/o and 1 legacy 5pin out - full sized keys - heavy aluminium case keyboard metal base - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-125 MK-149 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution MK-225C MK-249C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 9v |- | <!--Description-->Evolution USB/Midi Controller MK-425C MK-449C MK-461C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|25, 49, 61 keys - }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 9V or 12V - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 37 full keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys Pro Mobile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2014 25 or 37 mini keys |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 mini velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys 2 PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 full velocity keys no aftertouch - |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig Keys | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kawai VPC 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> weighted keys - heavy build - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen Instruments K-Board | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? each keypad makes them velocity, pressure, and location sensitive but not really suited for piano playing |- | <!--Description-->Keith McMillen BopPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> omni class compliant to all channels? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg NanoKontrol 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->mini usb |- | <!--Description-->Korg Prophecy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KORG microKONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 velocity-sensitive Natural Touch keys but joystick is an alternative to the common pitch/modulation wheel design - power draw - |- | <!--Description-->Korg nanoKey nanoPad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 |- | <!--Description-->Korg Taktile | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg microKEY2 25 37 49 61 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|2015 untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB powered - semi weighted - |- | <!--Description-->Korg MiniList | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg MinKey nanoPad nanoPad 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Nautilus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 7 series - Artis 7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->fatar TP-8 semi-weighted action |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Kurzweil PC3 A8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Mobile keys 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Tone Port KB37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Midiman (later M-Audio) Oxygen8 Ozone Ozonic 25 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|not class compliant - untested 5pin legacy }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 2004 - 25 full keys - slider/fader to left of lcd display - |- | <!--Description-->m-audio oxygen keystation (61 key) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio eKeys 37 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered and 12v psu - if sliders/faders are on right - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 8v2, 49, 61 (silver) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37e 49e, 61e MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - ok key action - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 37es 49se 61es, 88es MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25/49/61/88 (blue) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 [https://m-audio.com/products/view/oxygen-25-legacy advised Class-compliant and GM/GM2/XG SysEx messages] with full size velocity sensitive 12v psu - sending random pitchbend info - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom 25, 49, 61 (2nd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 semi-weighted mini keys - bus powered and 9v psu for 25/49 and 12v for 61 - if sliders/faders are on left - legacy midi 5pin - chunky unit - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Axiom Pro 25, 49, 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 poor construction |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Axiom AIR 25 M-Audio Axiom Air Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 III (3rd Gen) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 untested - usb only - rubber keys sticky - |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Keyrig 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - mini usb - plays a few notes and then stops responding randomly - try plugging it into port 1 or 2 on your pc - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 49 MK2 II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2012 USB port and class compliant |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation 61 MK3 MKIII MIDI keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 usb compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen 25 IV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2016 choice |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio CTRL-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2017 |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio ProKeys 88, 88sx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Keystation Mini 32 MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2019 mini usb - some power or incompatibility issue with the native USB ports of the laptop, plugged in a passive USB 2.0 HUB (not USB 3.0, not powered) |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3328SvuJsLw M-Audio Oxygen25 MKV] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0763 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision-->0023 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected audio class and bindings with camdusbmidi.class - midi in out untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2020 25 full size semi keys - USB2 usb-b but no 5pin classic plugs - channel select SHIFT button and CHANNEL on keybed - plastic build - holding down both the Octave + and - for factory reset - more limited in what you can do with it than IV 4th one - tested on AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 untested semi full keys |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Oxygen Pro Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 32 smaller keys - not endless encoders - usb only - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Hammer 88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Moog Minitaur | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-VAVE SMK-25mini 25key MIDI Control Keyboard Y6I0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Primus A25 JamMate | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK1 MKI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S88 S61 S49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 - weighted keys - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe? |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkII MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 all MK2 MK3 power up the keyboard using USB, it will set the keyboards MIDI port to computer MIDI only without any option to set it to use the MIDI DIN, meaning you cannot connect the keyboard to hardware and power from USB, you MUST power with the power adapter and physically unplug from any USB connection - |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol A25 A49 A61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/sikorak666/maschine-mikro-mk3-driver Native Instruments Maschine Micro Mikro Plus MK3 MKIII] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol M32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 untested 32 smaller keys - no drum pads - USB only - |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Kontrol S49 S61 S88 MkIII MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description-->NI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2025 |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik iBoard 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact LX25+ LX49+ LX61+ LX88+ SE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 budget full-size velocity-sensitive synth-action keyboard - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Impact GX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB port - |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P4 P6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> USB & USB Micro B, 5-pin MIDI out, 2 x TRS inputs with 49 semi-weighted, velocity sensitive with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Nektar SE25 SE49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> mini keys - micro usb bus powered - velocity and sustain button |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama P6 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Panorama T6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nord Stage 3 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> sysex |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 lhs XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not USB class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMote 25SL 49SL 61SL soft label | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 - two long top liquid-crystal display LCD strips - XY touchpad and the joystick - |- | <!--Description-->Novation ReMOTE 25LE | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--CAMD-->{{Yes|detected, usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->2007 USB-b powered, 9v center pin positive or 6 MN1500 AA batteries - X/Y touchpad and the combined pitch and modulation joystick - no aftertouch but can use both the legacy MIDI OUT and USB port simultaneously |- | <!--Description-->Novation Nocturn 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 untested sending random pitchbend info |- | <!--Description-->Novation 49 61 SL MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 semi-weighted Fatar TP-8 or TP-9 keybed |- | <!--Description-->Novation MiniNova | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2013 |- | <!--Description-->Novation Impulse 25 49 61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 velocity aftertouch‑sensitive semi-weighted keyboards and eight backlit pads - USB, 5-pin MIDI out - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Circuit Tracks / Rhythm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 49 61 88 MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 USB class compliant - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation Launchpad Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested 8x8 buttons with 16 backlit |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK2 MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 rotary wheels lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey 25 37 49 61 88 MK3 MKIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 USB class compliant choice - full keys - |- | <!--Description-->Novation LaunchKey Mini MK3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 untested - 25 soft mini keys - 2 sliders lhs - |- | <!--Description-->Novation 61SL Mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Nymphes Dreadbox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> 6 voice analog synth |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Oberheim MC 2000 EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 88 keys fully weighted - very heavy - |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus ATOM SQ Hybrid MIDI Keyboard/Pad | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://polyend.com/tracker/ Polyend Tracker] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 USB MIDI keyboard controller 49-key |- | <!--Description-->Roland EDIROL PCR-M30 PCR-M50 PCR-M80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol PCR-30 PCR-50 PCR-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 untested 32 key - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-50 PC-80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 |- | <!--Description-->Roland PCR-500 PCR-800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 61 velocity-sensitive keys with aftertouch |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 USB port - weighted keys velocity no aftertouch - class compliant with press FUNCTION so it is lit. Press the key labelled "ADV.", Press the "+" button so it is lit - |- | <!--Description-->Roland PC-200 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 some had fatar keys |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-707 Groovebox | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 |- | <!--Description-->Roland MC-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 untested |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-500 A500Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-300 A300Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Roland JUNO DS, FA, Fantom, JUPITER X / Xm | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 (be sure that USB driver is set to "Generic" - requires device rebooting) |- | <!--Description-->Roland A-88 a-49 MKii MK2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 expensive with USB-c port - hammer-action keyboard weighted keys - Class-compliant if USB-C enables bus power - MIDI 2.0 later - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ROLI Seaboard RISE 25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Samson Graphite 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Samson Carbon 49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Sequential TAKE 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK-161 and VMK-161 Plus Organ version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed - usb midi in out - 9v psu - |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL990XP midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic VMK176 Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->USB and midi connectivity |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL880 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic SL73 SL88 Studio midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> hammer-action Fatar TP semi-weighted keys |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numa Organ 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 73 key TP-8O action is the unweighted, organ-style waterfall keybed used in nearly all clonewheels |- | <!--Description-->Studiologic Numacompact 2/2x, Numa X Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero CommandKey49 CommandKey25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SZ-MiniCommand Mini-Command USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SubZero SPC61 MIDI Controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> bus powered - 5 octave |- | <!--Description-->SubZero ControlKey49S 49 Key Slim MIDI Controller Keyboard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Synido TempoKey K25 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 25 mini keys - usb-c powered |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Winterbloom Sol | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{maybe| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Worlde Panda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha KX8 KX49 KX61 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha CMC-PD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not class compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P45B P-45 Digital Piano | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha P-115 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 untested weighted keys - USB midi port |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 should compliant untested |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Montage, CP73/88, YC, MODX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha PSR-E353, PSR-E443 PSR-S670, PSR-S770, PSR-S970, PSR-A3000, TYROS-5 NP-12, NP-32 DGX-650, DGX-660 P-105, P-115, P-255 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha MX49 II V2 Black Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi keyboard controller |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->DJM V10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> dj |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Kontrol DJ Pro midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> detected but untested |- | <!--Description-->Numark Mixtrack Pro II USB DJ Controller Djay | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->older generation pioneer DDJ-SX2 dj | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-22 AL22c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum AL-88 Schneidersladen AL88c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alyseum U3-88c Midi Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no CopperLan support Midi network using a UTP Ethernet patch cable) |- | <!--Description-->Behringer BCF2000 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.behringer.com/EN/home.aspx Behringer] BCR2000 1in 2out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B-CONTROL DEEJAY BCD3000 DJ Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMD404 UMD202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Creative EMU 0404/USB midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->DigiDesign / Focusrite Command 8 Control Surface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 supports MIDI continuous controller (CC) and note data. SysEx dumping and loading is also supported |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Digi 003 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only |- | <!--Description-->emagic m4 2x4 AMT8 Unitor 8 Mk2 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x00d0 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0x010 0x0103 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2000 offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) - 12v 2a psu centre pos - usb mini with rs232 and rs422 serial ports - 16 channels (8-in / 8-out), this rack-mountable unit - |- | <!--Description-->Evolution U-Control UC-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| detected}} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Guillemot Maxi Studio ISIS Vintage Sound Card MIDI Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.ucapps.de/mbhp_usb.html MidiBox] Hardware Platform USB Module | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Control Universal Pro XT with One Two Extenders | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Audiophile USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO old version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio MidiMan 1x1 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 [http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-hotplug/ firmware update] |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 2x2 yellowy green blue, green or silver chassis plastic box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|MIDISPORT 2x2 or 4x4 interfaces from previous production series (blue, green or silver chassis) are not class-compliant}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->MAudio Audiosport Quattro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant as [http://usb-midi-fw.sourceforge.net/ firmware required and that is buggy], |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio UC-33 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not compliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 1x1 2x2 4x4 Anniversary Edition, black box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=52920 Mark of the Unicorn Motu Fastlane] 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=560852&postcount=8 not working on OS4]}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Motu Micro Lite 1x1 and MOTU microlite 5x5 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> good unit but poor just plug in support and not class compliant - USB2 usb-b - |- | <!--Description-->Motu MIDI Express 128 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->poor support serial port only - offers MTS (Midi Time Stamping) A serial port based MIDI interface or a USB interface without MTS will have a MIDI slop of up to 2ms on record and playback. MTS provides accuracy for record and playback to around .3ms - five times more accurate than serial or non-MTS." |- | <!--Description-->MOTU.com MIDI Express XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 for many USB should have octocoupled connection to reduce groundloop humm, usually the timing is off |- | <!--Description-->MOTU MIDI Timepiece AV | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion--> not class compliant is one of the best multi-port MIDI interfaces ever made as USB model connects to the computer as an 8x16 interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments GmbH Audio 8 DJ, 4 DJ, 2 DJ | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID-->0x | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|needs dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Qcon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|did not match to camdusbmidi.class USB audio midi with onboard DSP}} | <!--Opinion-->1998 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Corp Edirol UM-2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0005 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{no|is not bound via camdusbmidi.class }} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not bound to any midi class - 2x2 - tested Aros One USb 2.4 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-100G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 USB audio midi with onboard DSP |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-880 8x8 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 under poseidon but could work with run >nil: c:midithru out.0 "EDIROL UM-880.out.2" |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1 blue plastic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{Unk| bound??? via camdusbmidi.class - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 UM-1 - 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 1-in/1-out (16 channels) |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2E | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1X midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2001 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-1SX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0052 | <!--Revision-->0200 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|do not have the Advanced Driver Switch on them}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2C - 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-1G 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol Cakewalk UM-2G 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/spotify/linux/blob/master/sound/usb/usbquirks.h Roland Edirol UA20 UA-20] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-1EX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UM-2EX 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 adds a second MIDI OUT |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk UM-3G - 3x3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 |- | <!--Description-->Roland Cakewalk ua-25excw 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not class compliant mode |- | <!--Description-->[https://alsa.opensrc.org/Edirol_UA-25EX Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Cakewalk UA25 EX] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|detected but not working}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus B2M Bass MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Sonuus G2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg CMC Series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Subzero SZ-MB44 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Swisssonic MIDI1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 AmigaOS there is no output at midichannel one and two but if play a midi file there is only output on some channels and if pressed stop the prog freezes or the whole system crashes |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-428 US-422 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2000 not compatible |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam [http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tascam.com/Products/US-224.html US-224] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1604 | <!--Product ID-->0x8004 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2002 does not bind to any class |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-1x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-122 MKII midi interface | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x8021 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{No|not detected / binding to camdusbmidi.class on AROS 2.4 usb }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 detected but not working 2-in/2-out USB two XLR microphone preamps with phantom power for condenser microphones |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-200 US-400 US-600 US-800 US-1200 US-1800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UX-16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | CAMD | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE and Pro version midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 dc 6v power - 3 USB hubs, midi in out , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Alesis I/O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 powered USB hub required, not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Alesis IO4 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XTouch | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> psu needed |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Compact | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Behringer X-Touch Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant?, usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-Phoria UMD404HD UMD202HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe class compliant - volume low, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->CME U2 MIDI Pro 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> current model |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 1X1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 early versions with sysex checksum errors |- | <!--Description-->Creative E-MU Xmidi 1x1 Tab (V3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 tab version class compliant but report that when transferring 'System Exclusive' messages (SysEx) the unit could not handle the highest data rate leading to data corruption |- | Creative EMU XMIDI 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 sysex errors |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini now Avid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Digidesign Mbox II Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 USB powered but not compliant |- | <!--Description-->Engl Z7 MIDI Interface (E660/E610/E360/E930) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitar? |- | <!--Description-->Elektron TurboMidi TM-1 1in 1out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U 4x4 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered - |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M4U XL 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiTerminal M8U XL 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> no hardware routing e.g. x on input 5 to synth y on output 7 - ploytec chipset |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate II 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ESI ROM I/O | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 romio version |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U XT | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2573 | <!--Product ID-->0x0002 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|is bound via camdusbmidi.class AROS One 2.4 - untested midi in out}} | <!--Opinion-->2010 - |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8U XT 8in 8out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 discontinued 2018 |- | <!--Description-->ESI M8UEX USB3.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI M4U eX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 current model |- | <!--Description-->ESI MidiMate eX midi interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 current model, well liked and might class compliant?? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->icon midiport 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iCON CubeMi 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity mio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 class compliant but reported issues with sending System Exclusive (SysEx) MIDI messages and MIDI signals getting cut off |- | <!--Description--> iConnectMidi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 |- | <!--Description-->iCM2 iCM4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectMIDI4+ L | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 class compliant?? |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity MioXL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->IK Multimedia iRig MIDI 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant |- | <!--Description-->iRig Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Electronics pro solo mk2 midi to cv converter | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Kenton Midi Thru-25 5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Keytech MT18E 8 Way Midi Thru box | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> 9 to 12v psu required |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 2x2 midi interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiPlus Midi 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> supposedly class compliant - USB bus powered |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech MIT-00151 Midiface 4x4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->MidiTech Midiface 4x4 8x8 16x16 thru merge | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Miditech Midilink mini 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport UNO only if box is labeled Class Compliant and latest MIDISPORT 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midiman Midisport 2x2 Anniversary Edition [https://gearspace.com/board/electronic-music-instruments-and-electronic-music-production/1133862-why-there-hardly-any-midi-interfaces.html not stable enough] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 USB2 usb-b - does not need firmware and supposedly plug and play - |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Midisport 4x4 Anniversary Edition | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> rumored does not need firmware - supposedly plug and play - issues with its firmware for some and lacks configurable routing |- | <!--Description-->Maudio Fast Track Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant but bus powered, |- | <!--Description-->Nektar Midiflex 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2015 class compliant and usb-b powered - used as a 1 in / 3 out, 2 in / 2 out or 4 out 5pin sockets - |- | <!--Description-->Neusonik IM-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Peavey Xport | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> guitars only |- | <!--Description-->Roland UM-ONE UM-1 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 USB class compliant if switch to TAB for class compliant mode rather than the COMPUTER mode |- | <!--Description-->Squarp Hermid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg Midex 8x8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> class compliant? supporting MIDI Time Stamping protocol |- | <!--Description-->Swissonic MidiConnect 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.midi USB 4x4 (Loud technologies) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no|dedicated driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> 2014 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi to 5pin interface |- | <!--Description-->Unbranded cable | 0x552d | 0x4348 | F110 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected but no usb driver in devs/midi for camd to use}} | <!--Opinion-->detected but not working the USB-MIDI conversion functionality of the cheapo USB MIDI "cable" interface is simply lacking, possibly being incapable of handling MIDI strings longer than 3 bytes long SysEx strings (e.g. SysEx dumps) - tested in Icaros 2.3 - |- | <!--Description-->USB2.0-MIDI Unbranded cable with clear braided underneath leads | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1A86 | <!--Product ID-->0x752D | <!--Revision-->0254 | <!--CAMD-->{{Maybe|detected binding to camdusbmidi.class but untested midi in / out}} | <!--Opinion-->untested but better to get a branded version - tested AROS One 2.4 usb |- | <!--Description-->LogiLink USB to Midi In-Out | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk|}} | <!--Opinion-->untested cheap cable version but issues with latency on other systems |- | <!--Description--> gm5 USB midi chip DIY option only | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Doremidi LEKATO MIDI USB C Interface 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description-->Thomann Midi USB 1x1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> Prodipe made |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe MIDI 1i/1o | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb to 5pin midi interface |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |} Classic 5pin DIN controllers for above interfaces {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" | Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |CAMD ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai s5000 s6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> midi digital samplers |- | <!--Description-->Akai AX80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-5000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Casio CZ-3000 CZ-1000 CZ-101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Cheetah MS6 midi controller | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{No|untested}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 multi-timbral, six-voice (twelve-oscillator), analogue synthesiser module is loaded with CEM 3396s |- | <!--Description-->Ensoniq ESQ1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Integra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Wavestation Ex A/D SR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1986 ex has piano and drum sounds |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-8000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg DW-6000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Korg Poly 800 MK1 Poly-800ii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> all plastic and can run on batteries - 49 keys non-velocity dco synt analogue filter |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland D-50 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1987 untested greater concern would be moisture and wear}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland A50 (76) A80 (88) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|1989 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND JUNO-D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland Juno 106 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->80s kx73 or kx88 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Roland ED PC-160A PC-180A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} legacy DIN5 MIDI port only - 6 AA batteries or 9v psu - One regular source of failure for me were emty batteries (even with red control light still active). Another source was a bad MIDI cable - unplug then re-plug the USB cable while it is powered the device might reconnect |- | <!--Description-->Roland M1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland S-550 S-760 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> digital samplers kontakt replaced these? |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1983 12bit |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha DX7S DX72IID DX7IIFD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1987 16bit versions |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--CAMD-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- |} The MIDI standard was published in August 1983. The inventors, Kakehashi and Smith finally received a Technical Grammy Award in 2013 for their work. The MIDI files that contained just the note data, velocity and timing meant you could transfer an entire studio session from one place to another on one floppy disk and it could control all the synths and drum samplers. Pass-thru meant that one computer could run an entire bands worth of instruments. It's bulletproof too. MIDI never goes wrong, it's always a bug in software that causes any issue - you can absolutely rely on it to go gigging with, take your synths, controllers and computers and not crash an entire gig at your 100,000 person venue. The MIDI hardware specification is very simple (voltage, polarity, screening, protection and a fast enough opto-isolator), it assumes that the data it sends and receives between MIDI devices is to the MIDI data standard and just passes it on. The microprocessor in the hardware does all the work. The minimum for a computer/MIDI interface is that it meets the MIDI hardware specification. It is attached to the computer bus and handles the electrical conversions required. To meet the MIDI hardware specification, to be class compliant as a USB device all it has to do is report itself properly when plugged in. The other half of the equation is the MIDI data standard, and for a computer MIDI interface the main issue is the speed of data transmission. The bus speed of the computer is faster than the speed of the MIDI standard so it can generate and send MIDI data faster than a MIDI device can receive it. The MIDI standards have nothing to say on that bottleneck at all. MIDI was designed to be very simple and very open, it just defines a standard for the messages and leaves it up to manufacturers to implement them in the way they want. That's what makes it so powerful a tool, and also what makes it so confusing and frustrating at times. For midi, the hardware/software combination at various connection points handles the translation to/from midi (or other protocols). Drivers would be needed for midi, including clock and SysEx signal (actually claiming to handle ALL midi quirks transparently All the important MIDI data types can be sent (CC, NRPN, RPN, MMC, Note On/Off, program change) There is no official way to solve the data bottleneck. Early software sequencers and librarians tried to solve it by having an option to buffer SYSEX data in software and transmit it at the MIDI data rate. The downside is that hogs the bus and can hit computer performance. Interface manufacturers would add a hardware buffer which would take all the MIDI data from the PC bus and feed it into the MIDI at the slower data rate, but that added cost and created timing issues. Things have moved on since then, but the principles remain the same. You can buffer in the hardware or in software, whether that is in the application or the interface driver. SYSEX will work perfectly well with that budget cable if your software handles the buffering. And while the cables with hardware buffers make SYSEX easier, they still have potential problems because of the limitations of the MIDI data rate. Your MIDI clock doesn't like being interrupted with a big program dump The serial / parallel ports were a direct connection, so faster. Now, everything in the computer is virtual and the only thing connected to the hardware is the kernel, hence everything is by default bottlenecked and jittery, regardless of which connection. So by the time the interface gets the information it's already too late. Ethernet network cable to transport MIDI over large distances, connect 2 MIDI In and 2 MIDI Out ports to patch, remap, filter and merge MIDI flows on a fine channel basis for tight MIDI throughput, latency and jitter Possibilities for DAWs of the future including a kind of sync reference for timing reference which an interface could sync to, hence all the timings then would be locked between the grid on the DAW screen and the MIDI info. Preemptible, low latency and accuracy are essential for good communication. One of the first things you need to do, is make sure your MIDI software sets the interface to the same MIDI channel as your keyboard (usually 1) Do you want to send just your master keyboard to other synths or to be able to use any keyboard with any synth? 1st option is relatively simple. Just need to send midi from your master keyboard into a midi splitter that redistributes the signal onto your synths. Each synth will be set up to receive midi on a specific channel so the only challenge is to find a way to select to which channel you are sending midi. Some master keyboards can do that although not many that have a dedicated knob or switch on the panel and most require a bit of menu diving. Could use a midi box that offers channel selection but usually this is not very workflow friendly. The software route would require using the mouse. 2nd option is a bit more complex but superior workflow by sending midi messages into a merge box, from there into a hardware sequencer that allows to select midi channel, then on to a midi interface that distributes the signal to the synths. Master keyboard MIDI-in to computer. External hardware sampler MIDI-out from computer. Audio-out from sampler to audio-in on computer/device. Blue Ribbon Soundworks Bars & Pipes Professional (1993/4) GM (1984), GS (1987), XG level 1-3 (1994-1997), GM level 2 (1999) GM GM1 imposes several requirements beyond the MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communication protocol which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level e.g sound modules. GM goes further in two ways. First, GM requires that all compliant MIDI instruments meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 notes simultaneously (polyphony). Second, GM attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left unspecified in the MIDI 1.0 specification. A minimum of 128 MIDI Program Numbers (conforming to the GM 1 Instrument Patch Map) and 47 percussion sounds (conforming to the GM 1 Percussion Key Map). Support for controller number 1, 7, 10, 11, 64, 100, 101, 121 and 123; support for channel pressure and pitch bend controllers. General MIDI Level 2 or GM2 is a specification for synthesizers which defines several requirements beyond the MIDI standard and is based on General MIDI (GM) and Roland GS extensions. It was adopted in 1999 by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). * Number of Notes: 32 simultaneous notes * MIDI Channels: 16 * Simultaneous Melodic Instruments – up to 16 (all Channels) * Simultaneous Percussion Kits – up to 2 (Channel 10/11) Program and bank change events General MIDI 2 compatible synthesizers access all of the 256 instruments by setting cc#0 (Bank Select MSB) to 121 and using cc#32 (Bank Select LSB) to select the variation bank before a Program Change. Variation bank 0 contains the full GM (General MIDI 1) sound set. Variations using other bank numbers are new to General MIDI 2, and correspond to variation sounds introduced in Roland GS. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CluuHrr7HG4 Major WWHWWWH, Minor WHWWHWW scale], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jjm7Ti-iwz0 Chords], ==usb audio== USB audio has recently made available for Aros, there are many standards introduced over the years. Much is still untested. *Introduced 2000 and from 2014 USB Audio 1 UAC1 16bit 44.1kHz *Introduced 2006 and from 2014 USB Audio 2 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-device-class-definition-audio-devices-release-20-errata-and-ecn-through-april UAC2] 24bit 192kHz *Introduced 2016 and from 2024 USB Audio 3 [https://www.usb.org/documents UAC3] 32bit 384kHz USB group decided to rewrite the audio standard, so [https://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/record/usbaudio2.lha UAC2] and [https://archive.fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/attachments/slides/3345/export/events/attachments/linux_and_usb_audio_class_3/slides/3345/Linux_and_USB_Audio_Class_3___FOSDEM_2019.pdf UAC3]. They added clock selection and control, timing domains and others. Part of the changes included changing many of the descriptors that an audio device uses to describe itself to the machine. PsdErrorlog/PsdDevlister? The AHI driver generated only supports mono/stereo at any bit rates between 8 and 32 bit per sample, but not multichannel modes and only rates up to 65KHz (because AHI uses a 16-bit word for frequencies). If the soundcard does not offer such a PCM 8-32 bit mode at frequencies lower than 65 KHz, there's nothing much that can be done about it on the computer side other than revising and expanding the AHI standard. Most cheap USB soundcards do though. AHI does not support six channel playback. It only supports mono, stereo and multichannel (8 channels). Due to the multichannel mode not being used by any application so far, the usbaudio.class does not support multichannel playback, especially not "upchannelling" stereo to six or more channels. If this USB device does not support a two channel mode, you can't use it under AHI. Untested but most likely to work, at least 2 mic inputs (low impedance) & instruments (high impedance) and made in the last 10 years *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMuA-2FbJxE Entry level <100Euro] BOMGE U202, Behringer UMC, Presonus Studio, *[ Next tier <200Euro] Audient iD, Solid SSL2 and SSL2+, Lewitt, Focusrite Scarlett, Arturia MiniFuse, *[ Prosumer <300Euro] Focusrite Clarett+, *[ Professional <500Euro] RME Babyface, *[ Studio >500Euros] Bands should need 4 or more mic inputs [http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?p=38364030 XDA Forum thread], <pre> <- Computer <- Mobile Phone / Tablet (OTG) <- Digital Cameras <- Video <- Webcams Base Computer <-> OBS like <- Audio Mixer <- Microphone(s) -> Internet -> Youtube & Chat </pre> USB AUDIO CARDS - UAC Compliant {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="20%" |Description ! width="10%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="10%" |Playback ! width="10%" |Records ! width="30%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 64 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant so does not wotk with Aros and a high-end 64-channel AD/DA converter HDX, Dante connectivity and a Thunderbolt Audio interface |- | <!--Description-->Antelope Galaxy 32 Synergy Core | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion--> not be compliant so does not wotk with Aros as Antelope Audio does not provide official drivers, control software, or an Antelope Launcher |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Arturia Mini Fuse 1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp 1 combi input, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant usb-c with usb2.0, okay pre amps with good dynamic range 110dB, cirrus logic cs4272 ad converter, two combi inputs for mic, line or guitar, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia MiniFuse 4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay 110dB dynamic range, -129dB EIN, |- | <!--Description-->Arturia AudioFuse 16Rig | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1C75 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 mk1 mki | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient evo4 EVO8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD4 mk2 mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Audient id14 mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant and usb-c bus powered, good, , 0-in/14-out audio interface with ADAT expandability, balanced inserts |- | <!--Description-->Audient iD44 Mk2 Mkii | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC22 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC202HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps ein -129 dBu, 24bit ADC, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC404HD | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps, 24bit adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UMC204HD 192 Empower Tribe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID-->0x0508 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, okay, midas pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Behringer UMC1820 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2016, bus complaint?, okay midas pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-PHORIA UM2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1397 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, poor zenyx pre-amps with high noise floor, plastic build no rf shielding, latency issues, |- | <!--Description-->Behringer x Air XR12 XR16 XR18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 usb and network |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Saffire 6 USB 1.1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, , , midi, strictly NEC USB 2.0, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 8i6 Gen 1 MOSC0001 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, but |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 1 MOSC0003 *TP1 - 3.3V, tested ok *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present at all time. *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - 48V, tested ok *TP7 - Ground *TP8 - Ground | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 usually avoid early Gen 1, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/08/75-focusrite-scarlett-2i4-1st-gen.html Focusrite Scarlet 2i4 Gen 1 (slide toggles) MOSC0004] *TP1 - 3.3V, tested 3.22v *TP2 - U4 control signal, 3.3V present *TP4 - Ground *TP6 - measure 47.72v * AKM 4384ET (VDD 5v) * Cirrus Logic CS4272-CZZ (VA 4.94v/ VD 3.2v/ VL 3.2v) * all four HC4066 (VCC 4.96v) * XMOS XS1-L01A-TQ128-C5 (all VDD 1.08v/ all VVDIO 3.23v/ PPLAVDD 0.99v/ PCU-VDDIO 3.23v) 2i4S *TP1 seems to be 0V *TP2 should be 5V *TP3 should be *TP6 should be 48V *TP8 should be 3.3V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps JRC NJM2122 and NJM4565, [https://statics.cirrus.com/pubs/proDatasheet/CS4272_F1.pdf CS4272 adc], [https://pdf.datasheet.live/e5e5fd1c/akm.com/AK4384.pdf AK4384 output pair], Xmos XS1-L8A-64-TQ128 processor and firmware in Winbond 25X40CL 4Mbit, an SMSC Microchip USB3343 interface and a Microchip PL611 clock generator - two Intersil / Renesas ISL97519A for the phantom power rail, two OnSemi NCP1521B for the 3.3V (digital) and 1V (Xmos core) rails - |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite iTrack Solo USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 1st Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->[http://wiki.linuxaudio.org/wiki/current_audio_gear Focusrite ] Scarlett 4i4 Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, , Cirrus CS4272, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen1 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, , , 12v psu, the headphone outs mirror the outs on the back panel, so that's six independent outs. 4 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2019/03/38-focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen1-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 1st Gen MOSC0008] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, JRC NJM4565 provide most of the opamps, pair of JRC NJM2122's for inputs 1 and 2, [http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/76/cs4272_f1-43250.pdf Cirrus CS4272], 12v 1a +central psu to a pair of National Semiconductor LM2672 for 3.3V rail and the +6.9V rail, Xmos XS1–L16A–128 dual-row QFN package, firmware a Winbond 25X40C 4Mbit SPI Flash and an SMSC USB3343 interface chip, the two headphone outs are completely independent so 6 independent analog output paths, plus two over spdif, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Clarett+ 8Pre | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 great, expensive, maybe usb compliant? |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0006 *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8202 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz CS4272 as well as an additional AKM AK4384ET for the second stereo output pair, 4 screws under bottom rubber, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2021/07/focusrite-scarlett-2i4-2nd-gen-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 2i4 Gen 2 (slide toggles) MOSC0014] *TP6 should be 48V | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, USB-b bus powered, good preamps NJM2122's, NJM4565's and CMOS switches (HEF4053 and HEF4066), CS4272 and a AKM AK4384ET, Xmos XU208-256-TQ64-C10 with firmware stored in a Macronix MX25L8006E 8Mbit flash memory, clocking by a Cirrus Logic CS2100, an MP1542 boost converter creates +6V and -6V rails, powering the opamps and the rest of the analog circuitry, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 6i6 Gen2 MOSC0016 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 2nd Gen MOSC0019 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://khronscave.blogspot.com/2024/03/focusrite-scarlett-18i8-gen2-teardown.html Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 2nd Gen MOSC00] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Red 16Line | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 may not be compliant as Focusrite provides no drivers - 64-in/64-out Pro Tools - dual Thunderbolt 3 audio interface with ultra-low latency A-D/D-A conversion - Red Evolution mic preamps |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 3rd Gen MOSC0024 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant usb-c but usb2, preamps, ad/dc 24bit 192kHz, most Focusrite gen3 interfaces have encrypted processors, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i6 Gen3 MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB2 class compliant device, but with custom mixer interface |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 Gen 3 (push in switches) MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8210 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, USB-c bus powered, good preamps ein equivalent input noise -128 dBu, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic xfr002c and cs4272 chips, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 3rd gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i8 3rd Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID-->0x8214 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, , , no screws under the rubber pads on the bottom, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo Studio Mk3 USB Audio Interface MOSC0030 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2020 |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 4i4 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Studio 4th Gen USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett Solo 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Focusrite Scarlett 18i20 4th Gen MOSC00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1235 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FractalAudio FM9 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 |- | <!--Description-->Fractal Audio AM4 platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 not working |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt Connect 6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lewitt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mooer Steep II Multi-Platform USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Motu UltraLite AVB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb not compliant? |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant?, usb-c, good pre amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU M4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->MOTU U2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, good but latest had hardware revision |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description-->MOTU UltraLite-mk5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Nuemann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb audio compliant, great pre-amps |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->neuralDSP Quad Cortex QC platform | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc compliant but plugins not working |- | <!--Description-->NeuralDSP QC Lite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 cc complaint |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Neve Genesys Black G16 G32 G64 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> not compliant - very good very expensive |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, usb1.1 usb-b bus powered, okay pre-amps, 24bit ADC 48Khz max, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Audiobox 1818VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus AudioBox 44VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be usb compliant, 12v psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox 22VSL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|4 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, usb-b, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->|PreSonus Studio 6|8 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe compliant, needs ext psu, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 24c 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus Studio 26c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus® Studio 68c | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, usb-c, |- | <!--Description-->PreSonus AudioBox USB 96 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, high preamp noise, |- | <!--Description-->Presonus Quantum ES2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prism Lyra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, great |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb- UAC2 asynchronous protocol, 64dB Low-noise Mic amplifier, 32Bit High End ADC and DAC, 16dBu High-power ti headphone amplifier |- | <!--Description-->Platane UP2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Platane | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface/UC/UFX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 might be able to put into class compliant cc although a firewire device, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->RME Babyface Pro FS | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe not usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->RME Fireface UCX II | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 might be class compliant usb-b, pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ Mk1 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe usb compliant, good, adc, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL12 SSL18 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, bus powered, good pre-amps, up to 32-bit 192kHz AD/DA converters, 12-in 8-out, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic SSL2 SSL2+ MkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant, good pre amps ein -130 dBu, ad/dc, okay latency, |- | <!--Description-->Solid State Logic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Topping E1x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description-->Topping Pro E2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant, good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->UAD UA Apollo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo 2nd Gen twin X (Duo/Quad), X4, X6, X8, X8P, and X16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->UA apollo twin x quad 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 bus compliant?, usb- |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->|Universal Audio Volt 276 2|76 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description-->Universal Audio Volt 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant, good, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI01 Electromusic Interface Expander - | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, 4-in/4-out USB 2.0 audio interface with a built-in USB hub and MIDI I/O, up to 24-bit/96kHz |- | <!--Description-->Akai EIE Pro AI02 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Alesis io2 io|2, io14 io|14, io26 io|26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 bus powered but not usb compliant, okay pre-amps, 2, 4 or 8 mics respectively, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis iO2 Express | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Alesis Core 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe cc, mini usb, poor latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire only, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel two‑in, two‑out, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 firewire, not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 1st Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb for basic features, , , single‑channel up to 48kHz |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 2nd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant usb- and maybe aa batteries, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee One USB 3rd Gen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Ensemble Thunderbolt | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 maybe not usb compliant micro-usb with most features, , , two‑channel |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Boom | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee Duet 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2022 maybe usb compliant usb-c with most features, , , |- | <!--Description-->Apogee | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->ART PRO Audio Usb Mix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 maybe usb compliant bus powered, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 1 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID-->01000 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2002 mbox original was usb1 and not a usb class compliant device, and had the much hated "focusrite designed" mic preamps, light blue front plate and the sticky out feet |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 midi not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Pro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Mini USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Avid Digidesign Mbox 2 Micro USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0dba | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->AVID MBox 3rd gen Mini or Standard but Pro is Firewire | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->behringer u-control uca202 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x8bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2902 | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, draws a lot of power - dac ti burr-brown - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer U-CONTROL UCA 222 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 maybe usb compliant, - no microphone pre-amp - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Black Lion Audio 2x2 evolution | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant but , okay with 109dB range - poor noise floor, 24-bit 192kHz Cirrus Logic CS4272, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 11s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge 22s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 |- | <!--Description-->Bomge BMG22 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb-c, 24bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower, may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge U204 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-c, 32bit 192kHz but only use much lower , may have to spend time cleaning up some of the noise, high latency, |- | <!--Description-->Bomge Mini | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2702E PCM2704 PCM2704C Muse Audio Mini USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2704 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description-->TI Burr-Brown PCM2900 PCM2902 PCM2906 USB DAC board | <!--Vendor ID-->0x08bb | <!--Product ID-->0x2900 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, no mic input - goodish quality |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng MD22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2022 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b powered, 24bit 192kHz though is 96kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 2|6 em2|6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2002 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2m | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description-->|Emagic emi 6|2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 not uac |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Ego Systems, Inc. in Korea (ESI) joining with RIDI GmbH | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->esi Mixvibes U46 Mk II USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI ESU22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->esi U24XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 24 bits, 2 analogue inputs and outputs with 6.3 mm jack connection, Output L can be used as a headphone output, S / PDIF digital input - |- | <!--Description-->esi U46XL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MAYA22USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI MAYA44USB+ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI Originals, Inc ESIO MARA22XTU | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->ESI U22XT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb class compliant |- | <!--Description-->ESI Gigaport Ex | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2020 usb compliant?, usb-c usb3.1, , , |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iConnectivity iConnectAUDIO2+ icaudio-02 USB audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->LexiconPro - Omega 8x4x2 (USB-1.1) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb complaint |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Alpha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Lexicon Lambda | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 may not be compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 Toneport UX1 and Tone Port UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 TonePort UX8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Line 6 POD Studio UX1 UX2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Lokchonk UX22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljSiNmudMm0 Lokchonk UX44HD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2023 usb-b , , , 2in 2out only, average latency, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Artist 1·2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Producer 2X2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b midi |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Onyx Blackjack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 USB powered but maybe not usb compliant, Two Onyx Preamps, 2-in, 2-out which are combo Neutrik-type connectors to handle XLR, instrument or line level |- | <!--Description-->Mackie | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, , , |- | <!--Description-->Media Assistance USB-One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not uac cc comliant, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe not usb compliant, - guitar |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Fast Track Ultra (6 in 6 out) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb cc providing 24-bit/96kHz audio capabilities but requires manual configuration of the mixer settings |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 usb compliant?, okay - guitar and vocal mainly |- | <!--Description-->[https://htyp.org/M-Audio/Fast_Track_Ultra/Linux M-Audio FastTrack Ultra] and Ultra 8R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe usb compliant, low round-trip latency, okay octane pre amps, adc, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track 2x2M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre-amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track (MkII) 2x2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2016 usb compliant? usb-c - okay pre amps, , |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track Solo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf shielding, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio M-Track DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 usb compliant? - okay but issues, MJN4580C opamps (lower gain 55 dB at volume 9-10), ti PCM2900C ADC 16bit means there is a hard noise floor at -96 dB, plastic build no rf sheild, |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, okay |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->NI AK1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.pogo.org.uk/~mark/linuxdj/ Native Instruments Traktor Audio 8 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 4 DJ], [ Traktor Audio 2 DJ], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID-->0x1978, 0x0839, 0x041C | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2009 not usb compliant uses snd-usb-caiaq module, [https://mixxx.discourse.group/t/problems-with-native-instruments-audio-8-dj-on-linux/14719/2 Audio 8 device has 4 subunits which are not recognized correctly], Cirrus Logic DACs spec'd at 24-bit/96KHz over a USB2, |- | <!--Description-->NI Komplete Audio 6 Mk1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 96kHz adc, ocassional dropouts, plastic build top with metal around 3/4, |- | <!--Description-->Native Instruments NI Komplete Audio 1 and 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, good pre amp ein -129.5 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->[https://support.native-instruments.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014683497-Apple-Silicon-Compatibility-News Native Instruments Komplete Audio 6 Mk2] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17CC | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, pre amps, 24bit 192kHz adc, black aluminum glass build, |- | <!--Description-->[ Native Instruments Traktor Pro] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x17cc | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2023 maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub 2x4 NOVHUB01 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant, usb-b powered, no xlr, focusrite sounds inside, |- | <!--Description-->Novation AudioHub | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Prodipe Studio 22 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 1 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 |- | <!--Description-->Schiit HEL 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 gaming headsets mostly |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-3 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->1998 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-30 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->1999 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA1A UA-1D Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-5 Audio Capture (Roland) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1000 Audio Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA-1EX, Cakewalk UA-1G | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant driver also supports ASIO (Steinberg Audio Stream I/O Interface), noisy |- | <!--Description-->Roland Duo Capture UA-11 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland QUAD-CAPTURE Analog 2x2 Digital 2x2 USB 2.0 4in/4out | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2005 not usb compliant, usb-b powered |- | <!--Description-->[https://wiki.debian.org/DebianEdu/Documentation/Manuals/Rosegarden/Setup Roland Edirol UA-101 and UA-1000 (Clemens Ladisch driver)] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/mmueller-kaffeeschluerfercom/UA-25-Firmware-Modification Roland Edirol ua-25] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2007 maybe usb compliant 16bit 44.1kHz sampling without MIDI but not USB class complient when in Advanced mode for 24bit or midi |- | <!--Description-->Edirol by Roland USB AudioCapture UA-25EX | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x00e6, 0x00e7 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2008 maybe usb compliant if ADVANCED DRIVER switched to OFF might play and record at 44.1kHz and 16-bit samples |- | <!--Description-->Roland Audio Interface V-Studio 20 VS-20 Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2010 maybe not usb compliant, usb-b powered, 1 xlr, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Edirol UA55 UA-55 Quad Cakewalk | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x012f | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2011 not USB class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland DUO-CAPTURE EX UA-22 USB Audio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0582 | <!--Product ID-->0x0159 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant but not be used with a USB 3.0 port that is not compatible with USB 2.0 specification, vs pre amps, adc, three AA batteries in base, or an AC adapter psb-1u 9V 2A - |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix22 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland Rubix series Roland Rubix24 USB 2.0 Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2017 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Roland | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg (2004 Yamaha buys) MIDI interface hardware including the CC like CC121 CC-121 and CI1 CI2 series. | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2008 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR12 UR22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44 usb audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 maybe not usb compliant, poor pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR242 audio interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2015 maybe usb compliant, usb powered or 5v psu, okay pre-amps, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, okay pre-amps ein -123 dBu, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR-RT 2 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2018 maybe usb compliant, usb2.0 usb-b, pre-amps, ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR44C (USB3) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2019 maybe usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg URX22C UR22C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2021 maybe usb compliant, preamps okay but little noisy, ad/dc. |- | <!--Description-->Steinberg UR22 MkIII UR series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe usb compliant usb-c, okay pre-amps, adc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Tapco LiNK.USB 2x2 (Loud technologies WA, USA) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2005 maybe not compliant, usb-b, poor pre-amps hum, latency issues, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[https://git.alsa-project.org/?p=alsa-tools.git;a=blob;f=usx2yloader/README;hb=3843634ef0310a952b256bcb6a4ddd0ad4ebe396 Teac Tascam US-422 US-428 US2XYloader] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2000 not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122 US-224 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2003 not usb compliant, needing firmware usx2yloader/us122fw.ihx for audio sound card - Tascam US-122 and US-122L are not the same - |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US-122L | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID-->0x800e | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2006 not usb compliant, obsolete needs tascam_loader.ihx and us122fw.ihx firmware loaded each time unless automated |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US122 US-122 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 not usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Tascam US144 US-144 Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2004 maybe usb compliant although USB2 downgrade so using USB1.1 UHCI, tascam units suffer from high round-trip latency as do most typical USB units |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-200 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac US-366 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-600 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac TASCAM US-800 USB 2.0 Audio / MIDI Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Records-->{{no|no driver}} | <!--Opinion-->2011 may not be totally usb compliant |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam iU2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{no| }} | <!--Records-->{{no| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-2x2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2014 usb compliant?, 5v dc power, midi out in, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Corp Tascam US-4x4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> usb compliant?, |- | <!--Description-->Teac Tascam US-16x08 US-20x20 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0644 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->teyun q12 Q-12, q22 Q-22 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description-->Teyun q26 Q-26, q24 Q-24 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe usb compliant - unknown pre amp, unknown ad/dc, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha UW500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2000 not class compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 3 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2012 maybe usb compliant, okay pre amp, 16bit 44kHz adc no advanced features without dedicated asio driver, 1 xlr, 1 instrument, |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha Audiogram 6 USB Digital Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2013 maybe usb compliant, okay, 2 xlr, 2 instrument, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC-232 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description-->Zoom UAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, okay, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.arcam.co.uk/products,rseries,usb-dacs,rPAC.htm Arcam rPac] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioquest Dragonfly | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Audioengine D1 Premium 24-bit DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 (Burr Brown PCM 1716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Beresford TC-7520 + Burson Buffer + MK3 JKSPDIF | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->[http://epiphany-acoustics.co.uk/products-page/dacs/e-dac-24bit-miniature-usb-dac/ Epiphany E-DAC 24bit] ES9023 DAC chip | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio FUBAR II Mk2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Firestone Audio iLoveTW 24Bit USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO D5 ta2020 chip amp | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E07K Andes | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->FiiO E17 Alpen | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Magnum | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Martini-U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->GoVibe Vulcan | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Halide Design DAC HD (Wolfson WM8716) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->HRT Steamer II USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->John Kenny JKDAC uses a 24-bit/192&nbsp;kHz Sabre ES9022 DAC or better JKDAC32 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> iBasso D12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Leckerton UHA-6S MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->MyST 1866 PortaDAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Objective DAC ODAC+O2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rega DAC (Wolfson WM8742) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->[http://www.henryaudio.com/open-source.php Henry Audio USB DAC 128 also known as QNKTC AB-1.2 open source DAC] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Henry Audio mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->AKM4430 DAC chip comes from Asahi Kasai |- | <!--Description-->DevilSound USB DAC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Zoom U series | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->KingRex UD-01 SE (Burr-Brown PCM 2702E) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->SuperPro 24/192 USB DAC (24bit 192&nbsp;kHz, CS-4398 D/A chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM108 7.1ch emulation I2S in and out | 0x1926 | 0x0003 | 0x0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | [http://www.lindy.co.uk/usb-2-audio-adapter/42961.html Lindy USB 2.0] (Chipset CM108) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Speed-Link SL-8850-SBK Vigo ([http://mightyohm.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1036#p1030 CMedia CM108]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode USB SOUNDCARD 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x1130 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | Dynamode Virtual 7.1 USB-SOUND7 (C-Media ) | 0x0d8c | 0x000c 0x000e | 1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Generic White box with very little red led and white USB lead (CMedia ) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID--> 0c000e | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | CM109 CiT SC-U119 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | CMedia CM1197.1ch I2C MCU port Penguin | 0x0D8C | 0x0000 | 0x010 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Sweex 7.1 Startech External USB, WMA Blue metal box SYBA SD-AUD20040, Sabrent USB-SND8, Sewell Vantec NBA-200U (C-Media CM6206 CM106 like) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x0102 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->50/50 if the item is detected but does not work |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Labs SoundBlaster X-fi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi Go | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative X-Fi 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Creative Sound Blaster Play! USB sound adapter (SB1140) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> working with [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=646431&postcount=15 Deneb on OS3] |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U1 (ASUS UA100 USB Audio Chip) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Asus Xonar U3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Playback | Records | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Griffin iMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio Transit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Icemat Siberia (steel series) (Cmedia chipset) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->JMTek HY554, ZyXEL NSA-220, Logilink (Tenx Technology TP6911 and SSS-1623 headphone set) | 0x0C76 0x1130 | 0x1605 0x1607 0xf211 | 0x | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> reports on other OS not good |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Plantronics "DSP Adapter-01" (or "USB Adapter-02") | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Rocksmith Real Tone Cable | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->RSA Intruder Predator | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x000c | <!--Revision-->1.00 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Stoner Acoustics UD100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Teac UDH01-B | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Aureon 5.1 USB MKII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->TerraTec Electronic GmbH Aureon Dual USB | 0x0ccd | 0x0077 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Terratec Phase26 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trust 510 EX 5.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Logitech A-5572A USB 2.0 to 3.5mm jacks Virtual 7.1 Surround Sound Adapter or accessory of Logitech Clearchat pro USB or Logitech USB Headset H530 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0003 | <!--Product ID-->0x046D | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-10 USB Audio Interface | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc |- | <!--Description-->Trumix TM-12 USB-C | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion-->2024 maybe cc usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Turtle Beach Audio Advantage Amigo Micro II USB Sound Card & Headset Adapter | <!--Vendor ID-->0x10F5 | <!--Product ID-->0x0211 | <!--Revision-->0100 | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->Vantec NBA-100U 7.1 Channel | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback-->{{unk| }} | <!--Records-->{{unk| }} | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Playback--> | <!--Records--> | <!--Opinion--> |} Companies including Access, Alesis, Allen&Heath, American Audio, CME, ESI, Infrasonic, Lexicon, Numark, Presonus, Reloop, SIMS, Sound Devices, Steinberg, Swissonic, Tascam, Terrasoniq, Terratec, Yamaha and Yellowtec decided to license and bundle this driver. So fully functional custom drivers are available for Access Virus TI, Access Virus TI snow, Alesis Multimix 8 USB2.0, Alesis Multimix 16 USB2.0, Allen&Heath XONE:2D, Allen&Heath XONE:3D, Allen&Heath XONE:4D, Allen&Heath XONE:DX, Allen&Heath XONE:DB4, American Audio Versa Port, CME XCORPIO, ESI ESU1808, ESI Gigaport AG / DG, ESI Maya 44 USB, Infrasonic Amon, Lexicon I-ONIX U22, Lexicon I-ONIX U42S, Lexicon I-ONIX U82S, Mindprint DI-MOD USB, Numark DJ IO, Numark NS6, Numark NS7, Numark Omni Control, Numark V7, Presonus Audiobox USB, Reloop Digital Jockey, SIMS Primus, Sound Devices USB pre, Steinberg MI2, Steinberg MI4, Swissonic Easy USB, Tascam M-164UF, Tascam US-122L, Tascam US-144, Tascam US-Tascam US-144mkII 122mkII, Tascam US-200, Tascam US-600, Tascam US-1641, Tascam US-1800, Tascam US-2000, Terratec Area 61, Terrasoniq Phase X64, Terratec Phase 26 USB, Yamaha UW10, Yamaha UW500, Yellowtec PUC2 and many others. Well, those companies are using the same driver framework because all of those interfaces use the same microprocessor/firmware architecture to communicate with the USB bus. Just like almost all FireWire audio interfaces use the same TC Dice or BridgeCo chipsets. Usually it does not make sense for companies to develop their own USB1.1/USB2/FW framework for a product they are going to sell for <$500. However, that isn't the end of the story. The companies who develop audio interfaces implement different features into their devices and must update the driver and firmware to accommodate those features. That is where things can go wrong. Sometimes there is miss-communication about how things are coded, sometimes the developer who started a project leaves without transferring his knowledge to his successor, etc. You have to keep in mind that there are no "big" computer audio companies. Even the companies that seem big in the scale of the market, probably have fewer employees than you'd think. A very well made interface that is designed from scratch from the ground up would be a very expensive device, regardless of whether it's USB, FW, PCIe or whatever. Round-trip latency is the sum of the following: <pre> ASIO input buffer ASIO output buffer A/D D/A converter latency The driver's hidden safety buffer </pre> At a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k, Tascam units yield ~18ms total round-trip latency. Typical USB audio interfaces use a large hidden safety buffer. This helps ensure glitch-free playback... even under less than ideal circumstances. But... this comes at the expense of much higher round-trip latency. Short of doubling the sample-rate, there's no means of mitigating the higher round-trip latency. If you have no plans of ever monitoring in realtime thru software based EFX/processing (ie: playing/monitoring DI bass thru an AmpSim plugin as you're playing), then this may not matter to you. If you want the ability this play/monitor in realtime thru software based EFX/processing, make sure to get an audio interface that yields low round-trip latency. As a point of reference the best PCI/e audio interfaces yield about 5ms total round-trip latency at a 64-sample ASIO buffer size/44.1k The best Firewire and USB units yield 5.5-5.6ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Typical USB and Firewire units (that use a large hidden safety buffer) yield 12-18ms total round-trip latency at those same settings. Anything above ~6ms starts to feel sluggish. Anything above ~10ms feels like playing thru molasses. USB Microphones {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->C-Media Electronics, Inc. CM108 Audio Controller Mic | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0d8c | <!--Product ID-->0x013c | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato WaveMic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Wave:3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 no driver lightweight }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx solocast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->hyperx quadcast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sennheiser CC510 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Alesis USB-Mic microphone podcasting kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2020 (AT202) AT4040 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio-Technica AT2035 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer B1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Snowball iCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardioid only }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description-->Blue Microphones Yeti Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| can pick up a lot of background noise but not sure if right mode used }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL 2001A/600 Studio Microphone Pack / MXL 2003A Studio Condenser | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeChat LX-3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Namtai SingStar(TM) PS2 SCEH-0001 USBMIC | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1415 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision-->0.01 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mono microphones }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Neumann MT48 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Seiren Mini USB Condenser Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rockband USB Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A VideoMic Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rode Podcaster 2 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| RODECaster Pro usb audio compatible}} |- | <!--Description-->Rode NT1A NT2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| NT2 better }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Roland R-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic - Portable USB Microphone for Recording | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| mini usb r.h.s. and clip on the bottom left hand side}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Go Mic Clip On USB Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| switch to choose between Cardiod, Omni and -10&nbsp;dB modes, a 3.5mm headphone socket and a USB socket}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C01U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| cardoid only}} |- | <!--Description-->Samson C03U | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7 USB Podcast Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shure MV7+ XLR & USB-C dynamic microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->SONY PCM-D50 handy | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PCM-M10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out 5V, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->SONY | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->TASCAM DR-1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008, one mini usb out, lithium battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009, one mini usb out, aa battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR05 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011, one mini usb port for file transfer and charging the AA batteries }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 mini usb aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07mkII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 , one mini usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40X | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 , one micro usb 3 aa battery }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-05XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-07XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-40XP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , one usb-c, }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam DR-100mkIII | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Tascam | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| , usb , }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2006 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0095 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2007 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2009 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID-->0x0120 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 no driver, mini usb 5V and display will alternate between USB Card and USB Audio; press the Record button when USB Audio is displayed. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H2n | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V audio i/f press the Record. Press Record again to choose the default }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H4n PRO | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2011 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 untested, 2xlr, 5v mini usb, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H5 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 no driver, 5v mini usb, 2 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H1n-vp handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 no driver, mini usb 5V }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom H6studio | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2008 untested usb a cord, no hdmi, 480p}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q3HD Handy Video Recorder | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2010 untested, built in usb-a cord, mini hdmi, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries, H.264 movies 480p }} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q2HD Handy | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2012 untested, up 720p but no stablisation, mini usb cord, 1 hour on 2 AA batteries}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description-->Zoom Q4N | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1686 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 untested, li-ion battery}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Audio Technica ATR4697-USB Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->CAD Audio CAD USB Condenser Boundary Microphone | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->MXL AC-44 Boundary Conferencing Mic | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samson Audio SAUB1 Boundary Microphone (USB) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} USB Speakers {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Focal XS 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} USB Headset Wired/Wireless {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Logitech Vantage Wired (came free with PS2 Socom3) | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G330 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech Premium USB Stereo Headset 350 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics DSP-300 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Plantronics GameCom 777 | | | | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Logitech G-930 Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | [http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/set-usb-wireless-earphones/ Plantronics Audio 995 Wireless RF] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | Sennheiser Wireless | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1e0QPIPK0 Mixers] {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->ALESIS MULTIMIX 4 CHANNEL USB MIXER | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB FX (USB 1.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2010 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, 18v 500mA - |- | <!--Description-->Alesis - MultiMix 8 USB 2.0 FX (USB 2.0) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2012 usb compliant?, up to 16-bit/48kHz, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen&Heath MixWiz16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description-->Allen and Heath ZED Power 1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 8 xlr, usb-b out, }} |- | <!--Description-->Allen & Heath ZEDi-10 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> maybe not usb compliant, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX 302USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 5-Input Mixer/Audio Interface - 1 xlr - }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q502USB Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 1 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx Q802USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 2*18.5V 250ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->BEHRINGER XENYX 1204USB 8-Channel 2-Bus Mixer USB/Audio Interface Studio/Live | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle psu lead - can develop constant background hiss over time |- | <!--Description-->Behringer XENYX X1222USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver - 12-Channel Analog Mixer with USB Interface and Effects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng HT-7 HT7USB 7 Channel Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2023 cheap no driver, USB MP3 player to work, format your USB stick Fat32 as a Logical drive - not primary}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng XT7 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Depusheng DT8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2025 cheap no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Spirit soundcraft Folio FX8 with Lexicon Effects Processor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} unusual power connector - [https://github.com/lack/soundcraft-utils usb routing] - |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver, cheap mixer with 3pin ac input (introduces noise) and 1 usb-a port}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic Professional F7-Pro 7-Channel 2-Bus Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2022 no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Weymic A80 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2024 no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Yamaha | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} Mixer no hardware usb {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->ALTO Lynx MIX82FX Audio Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Alto L16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MXUL5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer MX602A | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 17.5V 3pin psu needed}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB802 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1002 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 2 xlr,}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1202 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb 4 xlr, }} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Eurorack UB1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer RX1602 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer 802 XENYX 8-Input 2-Bus Mixer Small Format Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} Behringer 18.5V ???ma psu - 2 xlr - phanton power - |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx 502 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer Xenyx | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Behringer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->IMG stage Line MMX-122 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, iec cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 802VLZ4 Mackie 802-VLZ4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb , psu}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie 1202-VLZ Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, mains iec}} |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix5 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 18v 300mA psu - 5 Channel - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie Mix8 Mixer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} 9v x2 600mA psu - |- | <!--Description-->Mackie MIX12FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb, 4 xlr, 9v 500mA x2 psu, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no usb}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.soundcraft.com/en/product_documents/en/owners_manual Soundcraft] Spirit Folio F1 Fader 100 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} 16 Channel Mixer - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM6 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM8 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Harman Soundcraft EPM 12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} iec kettle power lead - |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft EPM 16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 8FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI12 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad UI16 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> connect via wifi |- | <!--Description-->Soundcraft Notepad 124FX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, 14.8V x2 3 pin psu}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description-->t.mix xmix 1402fx mp usb | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection, mains iec, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no hardware usb connection}} |- |} ==Webcameras== A USB camera has two dedicated chips: a controller or bridge and an image sensor. There was no Commodore support for video interfaces. The only commercial, now discontinued application that defined some sort of standard was VHI Studio by iospirit. ===OLD standards=== See [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_supported_e.html support pages] and [http://www.e3b.de/usb/main_faq_e.html here] and some [http://webcam-osx.sourceforge.net/cameras/index.php?orderBy=status further compatibility] Pencam STV680 {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | AIPTEK stv680 | 0x0553 | 0x0202 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Konica e-mini | 0x04c8 | 0x0722 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | DigitalDream l'espion XS | 0x1183 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | [http://reviews.cnet.com/webcams/creative-webcam-go/1707-6502_7-1446174.html Creative WebCam Go mini] | 0x041e | 0x4007 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- |} SonixcamTool (Sonix webcams and derivates) '''Note [http://amigadev.free.fr/sonix/ some] Sonix Webcams with a Sonix SN9C1xx controller ''and'' a pas106b or tas5110c1b sensor support bulk mode which works even with pciusb.device!''' {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Macally IceCam II | 0x0c45 | 0x05d8 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Sweex MiniCam 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6005 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110c1b}} |- | Macally IceCam Portable | 0x0c45 | 0x6007 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor tas5110d}} |- | Sweex 100K | 0x0c45 | 0x6009 | 0x0101 | {{yes|bulk works - sensor pas106b}} |- | [http://www.epinions.com/pr-Chicony_TwinkleCam_Webcam/display_~full_specs Chicony Twinkle DC-2110A] | 0x0c45 | 0x600d | | {{no|no}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x601e | | {{no|no}} |- | USB PC Camera (SN9C102) | 0x0c45 | 0x6028 | | {{no|no - sn9c10x + pas202b}} |- | Trust SpaceC@m 120 and 150 | 0x0c45 | 0x6029 | | {{N/A|untested - sensor pas106a}} |- | HiRes Webcam Live | 0x0c45 | 0x602c | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | [http://www.sweex.com/en/assortiment/sound-vision/webcams/JA000020 Sweex USB Webcam 300K] | 0x0c45 | 0x608f | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Speedlink Sphere Webcam SL-6820, 350K | 0x0c45 | 0x613c | 0x0101 | {{N/A|untested - sensor HV7131R}} |- | WB-3250P | 0x0c45 | 0x613e | | {{no|no - sensor ov7630}} |- | Unknown | 0x0c45 | 0x6207 | | {{no|no}} |} <pre> micromaxx USB Camera STM 1363 514 works --- USB Tower Lego 1684 1 works need NCQ Trust Spycam 100plus STM 1363 514 works </pre> ov51x.class - no driver {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link VGA Webcam (640x480) | 0x05a9 | 0x8519 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Logitech/Logicool Black (ov519) SCEH-0004 | 0x054c | 0x0154 | | {{no|no driver}} |- | Sony PS2 EyeToy Namtai Silver (ov519) SLEH-00031 SLEH-00030 | 0x054c | 0x0155 | | {{no|no driver}} |- |} ===UVC.class - [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set USB Device Class Definition for Video Devices or USB Video Class]=== AROS does not supported as still needs an uvc.class which might create a virtual UVC.VHI or an expanded streaming device driver for use by AROS apps *2003 UVC 1.0 baseline streaming of uncompressed YUV422, MJPEG, and compressed MPEG-2 TS, DV *2005 [http://www.cajunbot.com/wiki/images/8/85/USB_Video_Class_1.1.pdf UVC 1.1] baseline HD 720p streams formats, usb2 support, *2012 [https://www.usb.org/document-library/video-class-v15-document-set UVC 1.5] added usb3 devices and compressed h.264 and VP8 formats *2019 the market is filled with UVC Compliant USB HDMI Capture *Aros needs to read the camera’s class-specific Video Control (VC) unit and terminal descriptors. *Identifies the devices as UVC-compatible and links it to the native UVC class driver, so no separate driver installation is required. *Aros and camera determine the appropriate streaming settings, including format, resolution, and frame rate. *Once set, video data moves from the image sensor to the onboard ISP, then through the USB controller and into the host system for viewing, analysis, or recording *More advanced functions, such as HDR, ROI, and hardware trigger support, can be managed {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HD VS009 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k 60hz ok for chat streams}} |- | <!--Description-->Acasis 4K60 HDMI HDR Game Live Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| for chat streams }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AJA U-tap HDMI | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->ASUS TUF CU4K30 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ATEN CAMLIVE HDMI to USB-C UVC Video Capture adapter UC3020 HDMI (F) TO USB-C M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 possibly UVC and UAC standard support allows up to 1080P @ 60}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Live Streamer Cap 4K - BU113 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc usb3}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC515 video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra GC553 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra S GC553PROW 302AGC553DL2 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1553 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 powered by good quality type C USB3 cable and 4K HDMI 2.0 cable}} |- | <!--Description-->AVermedia Live Gamer Mini GC311 302AGC311DG9 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1311 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 uvc compliant up to 1080p 60fps capture and supports internal hardware H.264 encoding - if flashing blue light try another '''quality''' micro usb cable - }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Ez Recorder 330 (ER330) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 designed to work independently and is generally not compatible as a plug-and-play UVC capture card }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer extreme3 GC551G2 (LGX3) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x3551 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc compliant for intensive gaming streams, some vrr but no hdr with maximum recording resolution of 4K30/1080p60 from fully wired usb3 compatible cable - passing through 4K60/1080p120 Game Capture video capturing device HDMI}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra Pro GC553Pro | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 usb3 }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Ultra 2.1 GC553G2 61GC553G20BV video capturing device | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 USB 3.2 Gen 1 (3.1 Gen 1)}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia GC575 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 usb3 powered by Type C USB cable and 4K HDMI cable}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->AVMatrix | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ClonerAlliance Flint 4KP Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->DIGITNOW U600 video capture card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io HD | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Epiphan AV.io 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/elgatosf/capture-device-support Elgato HD60 S+] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID-->0x006C, 0x006E | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 4K 30FPS capture, 1080p 60FPS uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60 X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Cam Link 4K HDMI video capture card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0FD9 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 uvc compliant but can have usb disconnects}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 lite USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 USB 3.0 device }} |- | <!--Description-->EVGA XR1 Pro USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 USB 3.0 device with 1080/60 capture and 4K/60 passthrough}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap Game Link Raw - ezcap321 usb3.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 2160p30, 1080p120 and 1440p60 HDMI input and pass-through. - 1080p120, 2160p30 and 1440p60 recording. - Latency less than 50ms uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCap GameDock Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 record at 4K30, 1440p60, and 1080p120}} |- | <!--Description-->EZcap 360 Game Capture Extreme | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 USB 3.0, 4K 60FPS passthru and 1080p 240FPS}} |- | <!--Description-->EZCAP 364 GameDock Extreme 2.1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Genki ShadowCast 1 & 2, the Pro version | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HAUPPAUGE HD PVR Pro 60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 4K in/Out 1080P 60fps Capture and Streaming PC Connected and Stand Alone }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->INOGENI 4K2USB3 2830 3826 HDMI 4K to USB 3.0 UHD 1080p Video Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2997 | <!--Product ID-->0x0004 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 uvc compliant made in Canada - usb3-b socket and 1 hdmi 1080p from 23.98 up to 60p, 4K@30 fps maybe - }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Kondor Blue | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Nanjing Magewell Electronics Co ltd USB 3.0 XI100DUSB-HDMI Pro Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB3.0 Silver HDMI Full HD Video Capture Device 1080p 32011 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 usb audio extract HDMI embedded audio output via headphones}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI PLUS 2K 32040 320400000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2014 captures video up to 1920×1200, 1920×1080 or 2048×1080 at 60 fps over an HDMI capture from devices such as game consoles in up to DCI 4Kp60 4:2:0 input resolution, and it automatically upscales/downscales the signal to 2K for recording or streaming}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB capture HDMI Gen2 32060 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2015 1080p gets hot, 165M HDMI receiver, max input 2048x1080 60fps 4:4:4, RGB/YUV 4:4:4 8/10/12-bit, YUY 4:2:2 12-bit, up to 8-channel 24-bit HDMI-embedded audio at 192kHz, HDMI 1.4a, output from 480p to 1080p, YUY2/UYVY/RGB24/RGB32 support video cropping, up/down scaling, de-interlacing, aspect ratio conversion, color format conversion, frame rate conversion, flip and mirror, up to 2-channel IEC60958 audio streams, 5V 0.5A 2.5W, }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K Plus 32090 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 limited by the bandwidth of USB 3.0, the maximum frame rate can only reach 30 fps when capturing}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Capture 4K PRO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 }} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell Pro Convert IP to USB | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Captures one network eth NDI® High Bandwidth, NDI® HX2, NDI® HX3 sources or H.264/H.265 video source into software at resolutions up to 1080p60}} |- | <!--Description-->Magewell USB Fusion | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|versatile USB video capture device that allows users to switch between two HDMI inputs and one USB webcam input for live presentations}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->ROLAND UVC-01 USB Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. MiraBox HSV321 ARX321 Video Capture device | <!--Vendor ID-->ox1bcf | <!--Product ID-->0x2c99 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 uvc uac }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->UGREEN CM716 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| uvc uac but disable HDCP on your source device (PS4/PS5, Xbox) }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionTek UVC HD60 Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Aspire Crystal Eye AOA110 AOA150 0.3M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2008 webcam }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer CAM 313 (PW313) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2019 uvc 1080p/30 webcam}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Streamer DUO | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2021 uvc 1080p/60 webcam}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/webcams/creative-live-cam-optia-af-review-49294183/ Creative Live Cam Optia AF] 2.0M | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | {{no|2008 }} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR macro extensions + a cheap 50mm E-Series lens + some PVC tubing and a negative holder | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera chosen}} |- | <!--Description-->DSLR scanning using a macro lens, for the adapter, for a 3d printed negative holder) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{yes| if uvc camera used }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C270 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x046d | <!--Product ID-->0x0825 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|720p }} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C910 C920 HD Pro 5Megapixels 720p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech C920s c922 HD Pro 5Megapixels 1080p | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|Output mjpg 1080p}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Brio 100 300 500 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Logitech MX Brio 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|4k}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft's LifeCam HD-3000 HD-5000 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x045e | <!--Product ID--> 0x0779 | <!--Revision-->1.06 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Cinema | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft LifeCam Studio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} sony imx179 1080p |- | <!--Description-->Pi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 1/2.8” Sony IMX291 image sensor, it's a 2MP, UVC-compliant, ultra-wide-angle, low light, high-speed USB 2.0 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} OV5648 |- | <!--Description-->razer kiyo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} 4 megapixel sensor 1080p 30fps 720p 60fps - 12 led ring light adjustable |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->TeckNet C068 1.3mpixel HTD USB2.0 Camera Vimicro Z-Star Corp | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0AC8 | <!--Product ID--> 0x3420 | <!--Revision-->0x01FA | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/wltechblog/thingino-installers/tree/main/wyze-cam-4 Wyze Cam V4] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0QLiC9QoQU firmware] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no| verified with os04d10 sensor (i2c 0x3c) but not GC4653 (i2c 0x29)}} |- | <!--Description-->YEALINK(XIAMEN) NETWORK UVC50 is compatible with the UVC 1.1 protocol CP960-UVC50 and CP960-UVC80 kits PTZ, CP960-UVC30 Kit is UVC 1.5 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Amcrest ProHD 1080P WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera - 1080P (1920TVL), [https://www.ispyconnect.com/man.aspx%3Fn%3DAmcrest IP2M-841] nvr | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} h264/rtsp, motion detection, features Sony image sensor and Ambarella processor - rtsp://[username]:[password]@[IPaddress]:[port]/cam/realmonitor?channel=[channel]&subtype=[stream] - [username] - username to login to the DVR or NVR, [password] - password, [IPaddress] - IP address of the device. If you are not on the same local network, this should be the external IP address of the device's network, [port] - port number, [channel] - channel number of the stream, [stream] - view the Main or Sub stream. (main stream is 0, sub stream is 1) , eg. rtsp://admin:admin@192.108.1.108:80/cam/realmonitor?channel=1&subtype=1 - utilizing RTSP ( rtsp://user:pass@ipcam1 ) |- | <!--Description-->Axis all modern ones | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg or MJPEG over HTTP |- | <!--Description-->PTZ | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->DLink DCS-5222 5222L network camera | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} camera streams H.264 over RTP controlled by RTSP |- | <!--Description-->Dlink DCS900 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description-->Wansview 1080p [http://marc.merlins.org/perso/linuxha/post_2013-11-10_Reviewing-IP-Webcams-for-Linux-and-Zoneminder_Dlink-DCS900_-Ubnt-Aircam_-Foscam-FI8904W-FI8910W_-FFI9820W_-FI9821W_-Wansview-NCB541W_-and-Zavio-F3210.html#NCM625GA NCM625GA] IP Camera WiFi Wireless IP Security Camera , Full HD Plug n Play Home Surveillance / Baby Monitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} RTSP/RTP + H264/mjpeg - play its HD stream without problem with vlc rtsp://ip/live/ch0 and getting jpegs http://ipaddr/mjpeg/snap.cgi?chn=0 - methods involve transcoding h.264 video from the camera into jpeg's, which is cpu intensive - able to pull images manually, using http://username:password@ip/mjpeg/snap.cgi - |- | <!--Description-->Wansview NCB541W | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia Game Capture HD C281 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2011 standalone h.264 recording of up to component cable not hdmi but not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia GL310 Live Gamer Portable (LGP Lite) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working usb2 and USB Lite no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable ([https://github.com/Trouffman/octv_gears_lgp Model C875]) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 usb2 no uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX Live Gamer extreme GC550 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2015 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia LGX2 Live Gamer extreme2 gc550 plus gc551 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 but [https://github.com/ChrisAJS/lgx2userspace driver]}} |- | <!--Description-->Avermedia ExtremeCap UVC - BU110 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 maybe not uvc and uac}} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer Portable 2 Plus GC513 Micro-USB Capture Box LGP2 Plus | <!--Vendor ID-->0x07ca | <!--Product ID-->0x1513 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2017 powered by a standard Micro-USB cable, video capture output up to 1080p60 capture to hdmi in, standalone sd card recording on exFAT or FAT32 of .MOV, 2160p pass-through hdmi out to tv - no vrr - [https://www.avermedia.com/uk/support/download#ans_part firmware latest 2.1.7.13, 2.1.7.14], SN74AVC8T245 8bit, DRV604 stereo, iTE IT6663FN hdmi 2.0 splitter, TLV320DAC3101 DAC, CS42L73 audio codec, CDCE913 PLL clock, W29N01HVSINA nand bios, I-Catch V35MA SOC CPU 32bit MIPS24K, ADV7480 hdmi mhl, }} |- | <!--Description-->AVerMedia Live Gamer 4K LG4K GC573 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc but [https://github.com/derrod/lg4k-linux drivers here], }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Blackmagic intensity Extreme Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->BlackMagic Intensity Pro 4k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2015 }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Video Capture (1VC108601000) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD60 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato Game Capture HD GCHD 2GC309901000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc https://github.com/tolga9009/elgato-gchd needs firmware mb86h57_h58_idle.bin and mb86h57_h58_enc_h.bin - mini usb}} |- | <!--Description-->Elgato HD60S Elgato Game Capture 4K60 S+ Video Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|non uvc, }} |- | <!--Description-->August EZCap.tv model 116 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} poor audio recording |- | <!--Description-->E-SDS Diamond Maplin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1212 HD PVR | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} analog and component only - PlayStation (.m2ts), AVCHD (ts), or XBox(.mp4) recording formats - switched the component output from the default YPbPr to RGB. |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1431 1445 HD PVR Gaming Edition HDMI Capture | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 not working, can get warm}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD Rocket | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge HD-PVR2 (model 145210 Rev E4) | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xE502 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1480 1482 HD PVR 2 GE Gaming Edition HDMI Capture green LED - 1498 1503 1504 Plus version with Mac support | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe514 0xe524 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| can get warm - [https://ez.analog.com/video/w/documents/581/adv7482-design-support-files ADV7482] [https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/9201075/ video chip] with Magnum DXT H.264 encoder blob, IDR keyframe generation poor - best for model 157210 and not 157221 and Game Edition Plus (model 157320) 2040:E505 E505-00-00AF1234 [http://www.hauppauge.com/site/support/linux.html#tabs-3 ]}} * HDMI: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480i, 720x576i, 640x480p60. * Component: 1920x1080p50/60, 1920x1080i50/60*, 1280x720p50/60, 720x480p60, 720x480i, 720x576i. * Composite: 720x480i and 720x576i * Audio Inputs : HDMI PCM and RCA support with Adjustable Bitrate Quality 2 Channel AAC/AC3 audio codec |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge 1512 HD PVR 2 PC blue LED with optical in input on the back | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe525 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} can get quite warm - IR Blaster added - |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge Colossus2 E585-00-00AF4321 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2040 | <!--Product ID-->0xe585 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion SLIDES2PC 35mm Portable Slide & Film Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Ion Pics 2 PC | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->ION PowerScan USB film and slide scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2011 not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Koolertron Sunny | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->FilmScan35 35mm Film Negative Scanner 1304 marks spencer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->U3 HD Capture | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/openrazer/openrazer Razer Ripsaw HD] Game Capture (RZ20-01780100) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2017 not uvc put in usb2 slot and use video BGR3 (Emulated) and OpenRazer drivers }} |- | <!--Description-->Razer Ripsaw HD USB HDMI Capture Card | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1532 | <!--Product ID-->0x0d01 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2018 not uvc compliant}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Silvercrest 35mm Photo Slide Scanner | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc but not great quality}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description-->Z-Star Microelectronics Corp. Traveler TV 6500 SF Dia-scanner | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0ac8 | <!--Product ID-->0x3370 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2010 not uvc and poor scans}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| not uvc }} |- |} === WebAR + WebVR = WebXR Headset === AROS needs an usb based uvc.class to vhi like type driver for virtual display The primary engineering challenge of VR is motion sickness caused by a mismatch of visual and inner ear information, which is extremely well established as causing people to throw up in a wide range of contexts outside of VR. The experiences that make some people sick are low framerate. Foveated rendering doesn't solve vergence accommodation. Your eye will still be focused at infinity regardless of where you are looking, you'll just have the illusion that the foreground or background are out of focus. Eye tracking plus dynamic lenses (perhaps liquid lenses) or real light fields are necessary. First start with apps that have simple static features at first, then advance to dioramasa and teleportation options for 10, 20 minutes and then gradually upgrade over a timespan of four weeks to train your brain. Avoid smooth motion stuff like rollercoaster or mountain heights until much later. Even with this preparation, VR makes 40% of people seasick nausea. If so, you may be able to use VR glasses just to watch videos and some slow moving apps [https://www.emuvr.net/ emuVR] instead. *2014-2019 1st Gen, low resolution, *2020-2025 2nd Gen, higher resolution, *2026- Most hardware typically has a 1-3 year retail lifespan with 1-3 years of updates after. Really need "right" tethered PCVR rather than wireless. The advantage to being tethered to a PC is processing power. Any standalone headset is going to be running purely off of batteries. VR and AR are known as XR Technology will get immersed enough so not making people sick. Higher resolution, faster frame rates, and [https://github.com/opentrack/opentrack better tracking]. Eventually, hyper reality brings VR, AR and MR digital layers together as a less chaotic, optic tracking with no delay, agents understanding, experiences with objects 3Dgs 4Dgs gassian splats bullet time slice photo snaps .ply for WebXR [https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/hardware/ ], {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Big Screen Beyond 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 pcvr 2560 x 2560, fixed IPD, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 @75Hz 2688x2688 @90Hz over pancake lenses, 116 FOV, virtual screens, custom facial plate from iphone app, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, no passthrough, 107g-196g, }} |- | <!--Description-->bigscreen Beyond 2e | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr oled 5120 x 2560 total up to 90Hz pancake lens 116 FOV adjustable IPD app needed for adjustment, eye tracking, custom face mask cushion, streamvr 2.0 basestations and controllers not included, seperate head strap and speaker modules extra costs, 110g-300g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Dpvr P1 Pro 4k Ultra Vr Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 wireless snapdragon, }} |- | <!--Description-->DPVR P2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream MR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android modular 3840x3552 uoled per eye 90Hz or qled mura issues, Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, eye tracking and 11 cameras 7 sensors 22 ir leds 14ms latency and foveated rendering, 1.5hrs battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Play for Dream GravityXR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 ultralight head gear gx100 3w }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://lvra.gitlab.io/docs/community/ Valve Index HMD] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 tethered PC VR headset 1440 x 1600 120Hz, 108° and 104° FOV, fresnel lenses, SteamVR2 compatible tracking ir basestations, controllers aka Knuckles, dp 1.2 and usb3 cable proprietary cable end, no battery, }} |- | <!--Description-->Valve Steam Frame (Valve Deckard / Valve’s Index 2) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 - 2160 x 2160 up to 144Hz pancake lens, 108° and 96° FOV, wifi 6 fovelated streaming, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 with [https://github.com/FEX-Emu/FEX fex] arm-to-x86 x64 translation layer, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|2023 PCVR with adapter, two, one for each eye, 2000 x 2040 resolution OLED panels from 90Hz 120Hz refresh rates, fresnel lenses, 116° and 102° FOV, sony proprietary headset cable end, needs additional comfort options, }} |- | <!--Description-->VisionPro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Goertek glasses | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive ? | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| 2016 2x 1080x1200 needs external power supply, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Original | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 108° and 96° FOV}} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2016 , uvc, at least 2 powered steamvr basestations so 3 to 5 wall warts in total, proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 dual 1440x1600 oled displays, 116° and 100° FOV - steamvr 2.0 basestation 2 for 5m2 area 4 for 10m2 - steamvr 2.0 joypads - low latency wireless later - type USB-c headphone adapter required, [https://github.com/CertainLach/VivePro2-Linux-Driver Rust on Linux] with [https://github.com/santeri3700/vive-pro-2-on-linux Shell], proprietary cable end, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lynx R2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 company liquidated, 2 x 2312x2160 110 FOV pancake lenses, LynxOS android Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen, openxr 1.1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://www.virtual-boy.com/forums/t/the-oculus-rift-dk1-thread/ DK1] with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_T4DJyy2Bo wired razer hydra controllers] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2013 pcvr LCD 1280 × 800 resolution 640 × 800 per eye up to 110° FOV, and 3DoF rotational tracking via a 1000Hz 9-axis IMU (Accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer), no positional optical tracking either inside-out or outside-in, 380g, nausea issues, , }} |- | <!--Description-->Oculus Rift prototype development kit [https://github.com/facebookarchive/RiftDK2/tree/master DK2], [https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Oculus+Rift+Development+Kit+2+Teardown/27613 ifixit teardown] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2014 pcvr, 5.7" Super AMOLED display with a resolution of 960 x 1080 per eye 100° field of view, 1 usb Positional Tracker DK2 camera, lots of wires}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook [https://github.com/thaytan/OpenHMD/tree/rift-kalman-filter Oculus Rift CV1] [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] [] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/issues/330 AMD usb issues] [https://github.com/OpenHMD/OpenHMD/wiki/Xorg ] [https://github.com/Doc-Ok/OculusRiftCV1Camera Live Video] [https://www.youtube.com/@thaytan Youtube] [https://github.com/Fredrum/riftOnLinux Pi] [https://github.com/OhioIon/riftDriverPi ], but not quite there with the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSsCN6HFkWc consumer CV1], [https://forum.dcs.world/topic/142259-cv1-not-working-in-dcs/#comment-2878168 orange led could be HDMI Signal is not within HDMI Spec and might be Overclocked or usb3 not getting enough power frustrating], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x3031, 0x2031, 0x0031 and 0x0211 for 3p-a basestations lighthouses, 0x045e 0x02e6 for xbox wireless adapter | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 powered run from your PC maybe uvc via wired dual PenTile OLED 2160x1200 (1080x1200 per eye) @ exactly 90Hz but screen door effect (space between pixels), 87 FOV, IPD from 58mm to 72mm, good 3D audio and okay mic, constellation headset 6DOF (3-axis rotational tracking + 3-axis positional tracking) with up to 3 usb infrared basestation (1 in front and 2 behind pointing upwards) on usb3 and usb2 to your PC but the tracking can be fragile so set it up on a weekly basis, wired only HDMI 1.3, USB 3.0 bus powered with proprietary plug in headset, 470g 1lb front heavy, 2 robust 1st Gen touch controllers with external sensors i.e. outside-in - 1 aa alkaline over rechargable battery each , press occulus and B buttons for 2 secs to connect, headset traps air so gets very warm inside and random disconnects due to twisting action on the top of the headset and/or cables, t4 torx screws }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Go 32Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 discontinued 2020 android based, 1280x1440 per eye 60Hz LCD, not gaming, no inside-out and limited self tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Oculus Rift S [https://noraisin.net/diary/?m=202201 some Linux support] | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0051 headset (cdc, audio, tracking data), 0x2052 usb hub, | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 PCVR wired dual LCD 1080 by 1200, 88 horizontal FOV, display port (fibre optic strands) and annoying USB3 copper cables (power, audio and other data) but proprietary port in the headset, cameras on the headset ("inside-out") tracking so no base stations, non removeable head band and cushions and ipd hard to set, requires specific fragile Rift S/Quest1 2nd Gen Touch controllers which has a ring of translucent plastic with leds inside - t5 torx to disassemble for sticks drifting}} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest 1 *032Gb *064Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x0183 (single adb boot), 0x0 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 android standalone wireless, 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, front heavy though, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, low clocked Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 (MSM8998) (4x Kryo 280 Gold cores ARM Cortex-A73) + (4x Kryo 280 Silver A53), 2 to 3 hrs play time, 575g, 2nd Gen touch controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 2 KW49CM aka Codename Del Mar [https://www.meta.com/en-gb/help/quest/967070027432609/ fragile 3rd Gen Touch controllers] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgejky8ZeoM internal battery] and selling over 20 million, more than all other quest headsets combined *064Gb *128Gb (110Gb free) *256Gb Setup continuous wifi, create Meta Oculus account, [https://developers.meta.com/horizon/ verify dev account, click on My apps], [ create Organization -> My Organization Groupings], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPInS5xxF-0 finally, meta quest mobile app to switch on adb], | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID-->0x5010 (), 0x0083 (massstorage), 0x0086 (), 0x0186 (adb and xrsp [https://github.com/shinyquagsire23/xrsp_tests tests]), 0x0090 (composite adb), 0x0081 (), | <!--Revision-->0419 | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 android stand alone, lcd 1832x1920 per-eye 90Hz refresh rate, 97 FOV, fresnel lenses, 6DOF (degrees of freedom), 58-63-68 IPD settings, low clocked Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 1 apps with Meta Link cable USB-C usb3.2 pcvr maybe, b/w but no color passthrough, 6 t2 torx and 5 ph00 screws in headset (long bit), discontinued December 31, 2024, feature updates until December 2026, critical bug fixes and security updates until December 2027, 470g, Oculus + B button on right controller (move) and Menu + Y button on left controller (click) for about 3 seconds, 10W 5v 2a, RTL8153 chipset usb support, *V60 unable to *V77 pcvr issues *V79 unable to }} |- | <!--Description-->Facebook Occulus Quest Pro aka Codename Seacliffe | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 android standalone wireless 1440 x 1600 72Hz oled, 106° and 96° FOV mini lcd local dimming, pancake lenses, limited eye tracking, play area 2m x 2m or bigger, higher clocked snapdragon xr2 gen 1 arm cpu Arm apps, 1 to 2 hrs play time, new pro controllers with 3 cameras each, battery at rear, wireless charging, color passthrough, 9V 3A or 5V 3A, *v77 capped wifi }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Oculus Quest 3 aka Codename Eureka [ Air Light ALVR] or [ WiVRn] with fragile touch plus q3 controllers *128Gb *512Gb streaming from PC with [https://github.com/alvr-org/Monado-ALVR ALVR], runtime of [https://monado.freedesktop.org/ Monado steamvr alternative openxr openVR], with Envision GUI, | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 standalone, pancake lenses on lcd 2064 x 2208 res panel per eye 1200ppi - 104° and 96° FOV - up to 120Hz, Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 apps, foveated rendering, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, headstrap clamshell or halo style, speaker arms fragile, color passthrough, 510g, 18W 9v 2A or 15W 5V 3A, *v74 ok }} *v76 pcvr issues }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Quest 3S aka Codename Ventura *128Gb *256Gb | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 Arm snapdragon xr2 gen 2 cpu, lcd 1832 x 1920 fresnel lenses, 97 FOV, headphone arms fragile, better air flow, no promixity sensor inside, Meta Link cable USB-C 3.2, passthrough, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Boba 3 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 ultra-wide 180° x 120° FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Meta Tiramisu | <!--Vendor ID-->0x2833 | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2027 µOLED displays with 90 pixels per degree, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 5K Super Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax 8K-X 8KX | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Light | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 2160 x 2160 4k 120Hz, 115° and 96° FOV, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, variable qc and customer service, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Crystal Super | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tethered to PC with 3640 x 3640 4k 90hz, 116°+ and 100° FOV, eye tracking, inside-out tracking, no battery, display port cable, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air with Lighthouse(s) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 tethered 3840 by 3552 @90Hz micro oled with pancake lens, 100 HFOV 96 VFOV but FOV IPD changes in app, link box for headset 2 split y cables, removable face gasket, 290g, steamVR2 bases and controllers, eye tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->Pimax Dream Air SLAM | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) tracking inside-out so no base stations, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://somniumspace.com/ Somnium VR One VR1] [https://portal.vrgineers.com/user-guide/software/ open source] VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 pcvr 2880 x 2880 per eye @90 @120Hz, 125° horizontal 100° vertical FOV, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 bases, passthrough, 900g }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero VR-1 Headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 psu needed, 2 x Mini LED binocular of 150 nits, 2880x2720 per, 90Hz, FOV 102° horizontal, 73° vertical, 720g with headstrap, 2 x SteamVR 2.0 basestations, no speakers/mic, hdmi and usb3.0}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Varjo Aero XR-4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Camelo La Melaza Music Shield | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2026 no usb only bluetooth , }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->InAir 2 elite suite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar nits 46FOV , , 4h battery life, 80g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Oakley Vanguard | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3s | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 100in 46FOV 650nits, usb-c 79g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 3S Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 135in virtual display 46FOV 1200nits, usb-c 80g }} |- | <!--Description-->RayNeo Air 4 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AR oled vision 4000 processing, HDR10, 47 FOV }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid Max 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 50 FOV 650nits, usb-c back left, 76g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid AI Spatial with Station 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 AR 600nits 147in 50FOV 75g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Rokid | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| ar ai smart glass}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 135in 46 FOV 1000nits, magnetic connector, 77g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE XR Luma | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 147in 1200p 50 FOV, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 152in 52 FOV 1000nits 1200p, 3dof, , 79g, }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Luma Ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 in FOV, 2 cameras, 3dof 6dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/wheaney/XRLinuxDriver Viture Luma Pro] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Viture Beast | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 1250nits 58FOV 174in, magnetic, 88g, }} |- | <!--Description-->VITURE Beast X Glasses models (Immersive 3D Moonlight) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 based 2D to 3D conversion with support DP Alt Mode (DisplayPort over USB-C), 1200p, 3df tracking, practic lenses 58deg POV, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xreal One | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 600nits, 50FOV, 3dof, usb-c 84g, }} |- | <!--Description-->XReal One Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 ar 700nits 57FOV 171in, usb-c, x1 3dof, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Air | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 , micro-oled 1080p, audio, virtual uvc ar displays, }} |- | <!--Description-->Nreal now Xreal Real3D 1S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 AI based 2D to 3D conversion 57 FOV, , virtual uvc ar displays not vr, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xiami XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Xtal 8k | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Apple Vision Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 tethered AR mixed reality glasses, 3300ppi, 800g, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Google XR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 standalone }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Plus | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 android with 2 1440 x 1600 75Hz amoled, inside-out, durable motion controllers, Vive port, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Pro EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 dual-OLED displays 2880 x 1600 combined resolution), SteamVR 2.0 tracking, foveated rendering, Tobii, it enables gaze-based menu navigation with avatar eye contact, proprietary cables, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2018 poor tracking and lifespan on controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vibe Cosmos Elite | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2020 1440x1700 per eye resolution, 90 Hz refresh rate, 6 DoF tracking, 2880 x 1700 combined pixel resolution, 97° FoV, two controllers and two base stations. Lighthouse tracking, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus Vision Wired | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No| }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive Focus 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2021 per-eye resolution of 2448×2448 at 90 Hz, a 120-degree field of view, Qualcomm Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->HTC Vive XR Elite VR Headset Deluxe Pack | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2022 snapdragon xr2 gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Pico Goblin | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 android based, 2.5K 1280x1440 per eye @70Hz, 92° FoV, and 3DoF (three degrees of freedom) tracking (Orientation tracking only—yaw, pitch, roll), single controller, snapdragon 820, ipd adjustment 54-71 mm, 600g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico G2 4K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 android standalone VR headset, 3840 x 2160 (4K) LCD screen, Snapdragon 835 processor, 3DoF so rotational movement (looking around, pointing) rather than positional movement (walking, leaning), does not support hand or eye tracking, 800g }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico NEO 2 EYE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 6DoF 360g snapdragon 845 display 4k 75Hz tracking inside-out - magnetic field for controllers - pico software on android 8 - eye tracking }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 Snapdragon XR2 Gen, 4K 3664 x 1920 90Hz lcd, battery at rear, displayport, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Pro | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico Neo 3 Link | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160x2160 panel per eye 75Hz 90Hz 105 FOV, Arm snapdragon xr gen 1, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 4 ultra | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2023 2160 x 2160 @90 105 FOV, snapdragon XR2 G2, streaming from PC with alvr, wireless streaming from PC with WiVRn, Pico apparently emulates Oculus controllers, not plug and play, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico 5 aka Project Swan aka Vision Pro Competitor | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 micro-oled BOE 3840 x 3840 4000ppi per eye, MLA pancake lenses, custom pico arm cpu, pico os 6 android, eye and hand tracking, 300g, }} |- | <!--Description-->ByteDance Pico | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung Galaxy XR VR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 3552 x 3840 @60-90 109 FOV , Arm snapdragon XR2+ Gen 2, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall MeganeX 8K | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2024 android }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8k MeganeX Superlight 8K] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 android (3552 x 3840 pixels) into pixel count yields 27.27MP 10-bit HDR-compatible 4K resolution micro OLED panels @90Hz, pancake lenses 94 FOV, SteamVR™ tracking, 180g, 5V 2A, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://en.shiftall.net/products/meganex8kmk2 MeganeX 8K Mk2 MkII] [https://github.com/sboys3/CustomHeadsetOpenVR community] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 pcvr linux, 4K per eye (1.35inch micro OLED 3552x3840 10 bit HDR) 27MP @90Hz 75Hz 72Hz pancake, upto 108 hor 100 vert FOV, usb-c and dp cables to breakout box, 5V 2.1A, 200g}} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2026 }} |- | <!--Description-->Shiftall | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Acer Windows(TM) MR AH101 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Dual 2.89” LCD panels 2880 x 1440 combined (1440 x 1440 per eye) Up to 90Hz (HDMI 2.0), or 60Hz (HDMI 1.4), Field of View FOV 95, Tracking Inside-out, lots of light leak, }} |- | <!--Description-->Acer H7001 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 wmr 1440 x 1440 per-eye resolution @90Hz refresh rate, and 100-degree field of view FOV, inside-out tracking with front-mounted cameras so no external sensors, flip-up visor design but has a "screen door effect," subpar foam padding, win10 to win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Dell Visor Mixed Reality VRP100 VR118 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 2x 1440x1440 a bit of nose light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->Fujitsu | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2017 cheap and lots of light leak }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/HadesVR HadesVR] with [https://github.com/ManoloMancelli/Persephone-Classic-Controller Persephone Controller] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFaVjB1uNOM Persephone 3 Pro DiY 6Dof SteamVR Headset], | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->HP Reverb G1 VR1000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 WMR 2160 x 2160 @90Hz, 115 FOV, , hp proprietary headset cable end, 2 camera tracking but poor and controllers can be unresponsive, 500g front heavy, flight sims rather than gaming, }} |- | <!--Description-->HP 1440p Spatial Computing | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dim display }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://forums.x-plane.org/forums/topic/294764-vr-in-linux-without-steam/ HP Reverb G2] WMR VR3000 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2020 2 2160 x 2160 90Hz, needs Windows10 or Win 11 24H2, 4 camera tracking, controllers can be unresponsive, hp proprietary headset cable end, , }} |- | <!--Description-->HP | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Mirage Solo is a Standalone VR headset | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 Qualcomm Snapdragon 835, 1280x1440 per eye resolution, 75 Hz refresh rate, }} |- | <!--Description-->Lenovo Explorer VR2511N (G0A2) VR windows mixed reality (WMR) | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 LCD 2.89" 1440 x 1440 per eye @90Hz, 6 DOF position tracking, 400g, }} |- | <!--Description-->[https://github.com/relativty/relativty open source relativty] | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey XE800ZAA WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2018 9V 500mA oled screens 2x 1440x1600 with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required }} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung MHD Odyssey+ Plus WMR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2019 dual 3.5-inch AMOLED displays 2880 x 1600 total @90Hz, 6DOF inside-out tracking with usb3 and hdmi cables but bluetooth dongle required, use only win10 or win11 24H2, }} |- | <!--Description-->Sony PSVR | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2016 2x 1080x960 up to 120Hz, lots of cables and computation brick, sony camera needed for tracking, ps4 or move controllers, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|1992 , , Amiga 3000 with TI chips, }} |- | <!--Description-->Virtuix Omni | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2013 VR treadmill changed course to commercial VR and pivotted back again 2020, }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === HDMI CEC transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} === TV Remote Control MCE IR transmitter and receiver === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Compro K100 K300 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Elitegroup Computer Systems | <!--Vendor ID-->0x1019 | <!--Product ID-->0x0f38 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->GMYLE MCE | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{Maybe|acts as usb-hid with limited keyboard like controls }} |- | <!--Description-->Hauppauge WinTV-PVR kit | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Logitech Harmony 300 i300 600 650 800 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft MCE Commander | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|2005 need extra software support}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2005 home top of square shape direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1039 rev 2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2006 home under circle spaced direction keys}} |- | <!--Description-->Microsoft 1069 SMK Manufacturing, Inc | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0609 | <!--Product ID-->0x0334 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2007 untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Philips RC1974506/00 | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0471 | <!--Product ID-->0x0815 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE10E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AR21M VGX-XL100 VGN-AR21B/AR21S | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE20E PC REMOTE CONTROL | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE30E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGN-AW21XY VGX-TP3E VGX-TP3G | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Sony RM-MCE50E PC REMOTE CONTROL VGC-LA2R | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->TSDX-IR14 USB MCE Media Center External Infrared IR Receiver | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->chipsets support CIR (consumer IR) Winbond W83977F/AF, SMC IrCC 2.0 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|technical reasons it's not possible to use USB IrDA dongles}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Zotac RC2604323/01G Zbox Media Remote Control with IR USB Receiver OVU710 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->Anycubic Cobra 2 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs A1 Mini 3D printer | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{No|2019 EMS proprietary slicer app and cloud use, eSUN}} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X1 Carbon | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2022 }} |- | <!--Description-->Bambu Labs X2D | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality K2 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Creality | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Elegoo | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Lulzbot | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Prusa | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Qidi | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Snapmaker U1 | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk|2025 tool changer }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description-->Sovol SV08 Max | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| open source voron model, }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->desktop pick and place machines AFARCO PNP running OpenPnP for Desktop SMT | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |} ==ethwrap.class - Host Data Link "Cable Bridge" for data transfer== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Advance USBNET (eTEK design) | 0x0525 | 0x9901 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ALi Uli M5632 (chip) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Aten (Ali Corporation) UN201 | 0x0402 | 0x5632 | | {{maybe|force binding from rawwarp to ethwrap}} |- | Belkin (eTek design see below) | 0x050d | 0x0004 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Digitus DN-3004 - USB Host Link | | | | {{yes|works}} |- | EPSON USB client | 0x0525 | 0x2888 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | eTEK | 0x056c | 0x8100 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | KC-190 | 0x050f | 0x0190 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB | | | | {{no|no driver the half-duplex GL620USB is NOT supported, products using it include the Inland Pro USB Quick Link}} |- | GeneSys GL620USB-A | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Laplink Gold (uses NetChip 1080) | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Prolific 2301/2302 (Jaton USB ConNET) (BAFO DirectLinq) | 0x067b | 0x0000 and 0x0001 | 0x0004 | {{maybe|detected but untested}} |- | Xircom PGUNET (uses AnchorChips 2720) | 0x0547 | 0x2727 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} ==cdcacm.class - USB modem== The CDC ACM driver exposes the USB modem as a virtual serial modem or a virtual COM port to the operating system. The driver enables sending both data and AT commands, either through ACM (separating data and AT commands over different channels) or through Serial Emulation (passing the AT commands as is and as part of the data stream). {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Alcatel OT-I650 | 0x1bbb | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Acatel Dymamode/Dynamite | 0x06b9 | 0xa5a5 | | {{N/A|untested Zyxel Prestige 630-13 - untested PROLiNK Hurricane 8000 external link }} |- | AnyData ADU-100A ADU-E100A ADU-E100D ADU-E100H D10 | 0x16d5 | 0x6501 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-310 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-500A ADU-510A ADU-510L ADU-520A | 0x16d5 | 0x6502 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | AnyData ADU-610 ADU-620 | 0x16d5 | 0x650 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | BT On-Air USB MODEM | 0x079b | 0x000f | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM CX93010 | 0x0572 | 0x1321 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant USB MODEM RD02-D400 | 0x0572 | 0x1324 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Conexant Chipset | 0x06ea | 0x0002 | | {{N/A|untested AUS N367 Roadster II 56 USB (Model AM5050R3) - untested }} |- | [http://accessrunner.sourceforge.net/ Conexant AccessRunner] | 0x0586 | 0x330a | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | Creative Modem Blaster USB DE5670 | 0x1690 | 0x0101 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | FIREFLY, MediaTek Inc | 0x0e8d | 0x0003 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Huawei E122 | 0x12d1 | 0x1446 | | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=49126#forumpost49126] |- | Huawei E160, E160E, E160G | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=51888#forumpost51888] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6246) |- | Huawei E169 also known as Vodafone K3715 and Huawei K3715 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | |{{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=4941&forum=4&post_id=44683#forumpost44683] (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200) |- | Huawei E220 "Vodafone EasyBox II" "T-Mobile wnw Box Micro" also known as Huawei K3565 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{yes|works, see E169 above (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6280)}} |- | Huawei E1750 | 0x12d1 | 0x1001 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM6290)}} |- | Huawei E170, E172, E176 | 0x12d1 | 0x1003 | | {{N/A|untested (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | Huawei E180 | 0x12d1 | 0x1406 | | {{yes|Works (Chipset: Qualcomm MSM7200)}} |- | KYOCERA AH-K3001V | 0x0482 | 0x0203 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | LG CU515 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | MediaTek Inc GPS | 0x0e8d | 0x3329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Metricom GS Modem | 0x0870 | 0x0001 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola MOTOMAGX phones | 0x22b8 | 0x6425 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Motorola Q Phone | 0x22b8 | 0x7000 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Hummingbird huc56s (Conexant) | 0x0572 | 0x1329 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Netcomm Roadster II 128 ISDN | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Nokia n70 N95 HSDPA | | | | {{yes|works - see [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=4415&viewmode=flat&order=ASC here]}} |- | OGO | 0x045E | 0x0079 | 0090 | {{no|no driver}} |- | Olitec ADSL Modem V2 | 0x08e3 | 0x0100 / 0x0102 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Onda PT502HS | <!--Vendor ID-->0x19D2 | <!--Product ID-->0x0001 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- | Radicom V92HU-E2 | | | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | <!--Description-->Samsung i8510 Innov8 Symbian smartphone | 0x04e8 | 0x6651 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Samsung Tocco Lite (aka GT-S5230) | 0x04e8 | 0x6795 | <!--Revision--> | {{yes|works}} [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&topic_id=5552&viewmode=flat&order=ASC&type=&mode=0] |- | Shiro / Aztech USB MODEM UM-3100 | 0x0572 | 0x1328 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1602 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM | 0x0ace | 0x1608 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | ZyDAS 56K USB MODEM - new version | 0x0ace | 0x1611 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Zoom Telephonics Model 3095F USB MODEM | 0x0803 | 0x3095 | | {{N/A|untested}} |- | Ugobe Pleo | 0x6962 | 0x0100 | 0x0100 | {{Yes|Works}} |} ==Misc== palmpda.class - no [http://aminet.net/package/util/libs/PdaLinkPoseidon pdalink.library and tools] in AROS Palm PDA (discontinued) synchronisation requires a port of pdalink.library and its tools through virtual usbpalm.device. {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Palm IIIx (OS3.1) serial rs-232 only | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm IIIc (OS3.5) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm V | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m100 | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m125 first USB - last with aaa batteries | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Palm m500 (OS4) | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Tungsten T (OS5) first arm cpu | 0x | 0x | 0x | {{no|no }} |- | Zire 31 (OS 5.28) color arm-based | | | | {{no|no }} |- | [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring Visor]] – USB support out of box | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Handspring Treo 600 – last one for [[:w:Handspring (company)|Handspring]] | | | | {{no|no }} |- | Treo 700w | | | | {{no|no }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} bluetooth.class - needs Bluetooth (Viking King Harald "Bluetooth" Gormsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Blátǫnn Gormsson; Danish: Harald Blåtand Gormsen) stack to work (not written due to licensing fees to use the symbol merging the Younger Futhark runes for H (ᚼ) and B (ᛒ), representing Harald's initials) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- |} ccid.class - Chip/Smart Card Interface Devices (not implemented) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->cyberJack RFID basis | <!--Vendor ID-->0x0C4B | <!--Product ID-->0x9102 | <!--Revision-->0001 | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{no|no driver}} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{N/A|untested}} |- |} dfu.class - DFU firmware upgrade {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 3, 4, 5, 5c | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID-->0x1290 0x1292 0x1294 | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 32bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->iPhone 5s, 6, 7, 8, X | <!--Vendor ID-->0x05ac | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| 64bit use with caution could cause damage}} |- | <!--Description-->M-Audio/Midiman USB audio | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- style="background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Description | Vendor ID | Product ID | Revision | Opinion |- | <!--Description-->iPad 1, iPad 2 A1395 A1430, iPad 3, ipad mini A1432, iPad A1458 4th Gen (MD512LL/A), | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2008-2013 32bit A4, A5 up to Apple A6X, iOS 1 to 10, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air (1st generation) A1474, A1475, A1476, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2014-2015 [https://github.com/AsahiLinux 64bit], A7, iOS 11 up to |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2015 64bit A8, A8X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2016 64bit A9, A9X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2017 64bit A10, A10X, |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2018 64bit A11 |- | <!--Description-->iPad Air 3rd Gen A2153, A2123, A2154, iPad Mini 5th Gen, | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->2019 64bit A12 |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion-->{{unk| }} |- |} RocketTool (USB Rocket Launchers - Toy missile launchers) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Original Launcher and StrikerII (includes laser) | 0x1130 | 0x0202 | | {{yes|works }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Missile Launcher or USB Cirus Cannon | 0x1941 | 0x8021 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Dream Cheeky USB Webcam Missile Launcher | 0x1941 | | | {{no|no driver }} |- | Rocket Baby | 0x0a81 | 0x0701 | | {{no|no driver }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} DRadioTool (FM Radios - USB radio devices D-Link/Gemtek) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="5%" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | D-Link DSB-R100 USB | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | 0x0410 | {{yes|works }} |- | [http://www.neoseeker.com/forums/383/t257009-link-usb-dru-r100-radio/ GemTek USB FM Radio 21] | 0x04b4 | 0x1002 | | {{N/A|untested }} |- | <!--Description--> | <!--Vendor ID--> | <!--Product ID--> | <!--Revision--> | <!--Opinion--> |} UproarTool (Valencia MPX mp3 player and others) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="30%" | Description ! width="3px" |Vendor ID ! width="10%" |Product ID ! width="10%" |Revision ! width="50%" |Opinion |- | Korean D Square Valencia MPX-Player | 0x04e8 | various | | {{N/A|untested }} |- |} {{BookCat}} ixcfjrsqeh10gu28zf15dqa33z4lkbf 0 214092 4678967 4671708 2026-10-30T05:11:10Z Autoinvective 3338359 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4671133|4671133]] by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50434-08|~2026-50434-08]] ([[User talk:~2026-50434-08|discuss]]): vandalism 4678967 wikitext text/x-wiki === cube === ---- Creates a cube or rectangular prism (i.e., a "box") in the first [[w:Octant_(solid_geometry)|octant]]. When center is true, the cube is centered on the origin. Argument names are optional if given in the order shown here. cube(size = [x,y,z], center = true/false); cube(size = x , center = true/false); :''' parameters''': :100,100,100 :: '''size''' ::: single value, cube with all sides this length ::: 3 value array [x,y,z], rectangular prism with dimensions x, y and z. :: '''center''' ::: '''false''' (default), 1st (positive) octant, one corner at (0,0,0) ::: '''true''', cube is centered at (0,0,0) default values: cube(); yields: cube(size = [1, 1, 1], center = false); :''' examples''': [[File:OpenSCAD example Cube.jpg|150px]] equivalent scripts for this example cube(size = 18); cube(18); cube([18,18,18]); . cube(18,false); cube([18,18,18],false); cube([18,18,18],center=false); cube(size = [18,18,18], center = false); cube(center = false,size = [18,18,18] ); [[File:OpenSCAD example Box.jpg|150px]] equivalent scripts for this example cube([18,28,8],true); box=[18,28,8];cube(box,true); === sphere === ---- Creates a sphere at the origin of the coordinate system. The r argument name is optional. To use d instead of r, d must be named. '''Parameters''' ; r : Radius. This is the radius of the sphere. ; d : Diameter. This is the diameter of the sphere. The resolution of the sphere is based on the size of the sphere and the '''$fa''', '''$fs''' and '''$fn''' variables. For more information on these special variables see [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Other_Language_Features#circleres|Circle resolution: $fa, $fs, and $fn]]. default values: sphere(); yields: sphere($fn = 0, $fa = 12, $fs = 2, r = 1); '''Usage Examples''' sphere(r = 1); sphere(r = 5); sphere(r = 10); sphere(d = 2); sphere(d = 10); sphere(d = 20); // this creates a high resolution sphere with a 2mm radius sphere(2, $fn=100); // also creates a 2mm high resolution sphere but this one // does not have as many small triangles on the poles of the sphere sphere(2, $fa=5, $fs=0.1); [[File:OpenSCAD sphere in different sizes.png|Sample OpenSCAD spheres, showing clearly the difference in scale.]] === cylinder === ---- Creates a cylinder or cone centered about the z axis. When center is true, it is also centered vertically along the z axis. Parameter names are optional if given in the order shown here. If a parameter is named, all following parameters must also be named. cylinder(h = height, r1 = BottomRadius, r2 = TopRadius, center = true/false); NOTES: The 2nd & 3rd positional parameters are r1 & r2, if r, d, d1 or d2 are used they must be named. Using r1 & r2 or d1 & d2 with either value of zero will make a cone shape, a non-zero non-equal value will produce a section of a cone (a [[w:Frustum|Conical Frustum]]). r1 & d1 define the base width, at [0,0,0], and r2 & d2 define the top width. :'''Parameters''' :: '''h''' : height of the cylinder or cone :: '''r ''' : radius of cylinder. r1 = r2 = r. :: '''r1''' : radius, bottom of cone. :: '''r2''' : radius, top of cone. :: '''d ''' : diameter of cylinder. r1 = r2 = d / 2. {{requires|2014.03}} :: '''d1''' : diameter, bottom of cone. r1 = d1 / 2. {{requires|2014.03}} :: '''d2''' : diameter, top of cone. r2 = d2 / 2. {{requires|2014.03}} :: '''center''' ::: '''false''' (default), z ranges from 0 to h ::: '''true''', z ranges from -h/2 to +h/2 The resolution of a cylinder is based on its radius and the '''$fa''', '''$fs''' and '''$fn''' variables. For a cone, the resolution is based on the radius of the larger end. For more information on these special variables see [[OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Other_Language_Features#circleres|Circle resolution: $fa, $fs, and $fn]]. defaults: cylinder(); yields: cylinder($fn = 0, $fa = 12, $fs = 2, h = 1, r1 = 1, r2 = 1, center = false); [[File:OpenSCAD Cone 15x10x20.jpg|200px]] equivalent scripts cylinder(h=15, r1=9.5, r2=19.5, center=false); cylinder( 15, 9.5, 19.5, false); cylinder( 15, 9.5, 19.5); cylinder( 15, 9.5, d2=39 ); cylinder( 15, d1=19, d2=39 ); cylinder( 15, d1=19, r2=19.5); [[File:OpenSCAD Cone 15x10x0.jpg|200px]] equivalent scripts cylinder(h=15, r1=10, r2=0, center=true); cylinder( 15, 10, 0, true); cylinder(h=15, d1=20, d2=0, center=true); <gallery> image:OpenSCAD Cylinder 20x10 false.jpg|center = false File:OpenSCAD Cylinder 20x10 true.jpg|center = true </gallery> equivalent scripts cylinder(h=20, r=10, center=true); cylinder( 20, 10, 10,true); cylinder( 20, d=20, center=true); cylinder( 20,r1=10, d2=20, center=true); cylinder( 20,r1=10, d2=2*10, center=true); :'''use of $fn''' Larger values of $fn create smoother, more circular, surfaces at the cost of longer rendering time. Some use medium values during development for the faster rendering, then change to a larger value for the final F6 rendering. However, use of small values can produce some interesting non circular objects. A few examples are show here: <gallery> File:3 sided fiqure.jpg File:4 sided pyramid.jpg File:4 sided part pyramid.jpg </gallery> scripts for these examples cylinder(20,20,20,$fn=3); cylinder(20,20,00,$fn=4); cylinder(20,20,10,$fn=4); :'''undersized holes''' Using cylinder() with difference() to place holes in objects creates undersized holes. This is because circular paths are approximated with polygons inscribed within in a circle. The points of the polygon are on the circle, but straight lines between are inside. To have all of the hole larger than the true circle, the polygon must lie wholly outside of the circle (circumscribed). [[OpenSCAD User Manual/undersized circular objects|Modules for circumscribed holes]] <gallery> File:OpenSCAD Under size hole.jpg </gallery> script for this example poly_n = 6; color("blue") translate([0, 0, 0.02]) linear_extrude(0.1) circle(10, $fn=poly_n); color("green") translate([0, 0, 0.01]) linear_extrude(0.1) circle(10, $fn=360); color("purple") linear_extrude(0.1) circle(10/cos(180/poly_n), $fn=poly_n); In general, a polygon of radius <math>r</math> has a radius to the midpoint of any side as <math>r_m = r \cos(180/n)</math>. If only the midpoint radius <math>r_m</math> is known (for example, to fit a hex key into a hexagonal hole), then the polygon radius is <math>r = \frac{r_m}{\cos(180/n)}</math>. === polyhedron === ---- A polyhedron is the most general 3D primitive solid. It can be used to create any regular or irregular shape including those with concave as well as convex features. Curved surfaces are approximated by a series of flat surfaces. polyhedron( points = [ [X₀, Y₀, Z₀], [X₁, Y₁, Z₁], ... ], triangles = [ [P₀, P₁, P₂], ... ], convexity = N); // before 2014.03 polyhedron( points = [ [X₀, Y₀, Z₀], [X₁, Y₁, Z₁], ... ], faces = [ [P₀, P₁, P₂, P₃, ...], ...], convexity = N); // 2014.03 & later :'''Parameters''' :: '''points''' ::: Vector of 3d points or vertices. Each point is in turn a vector, [x,y,z], of its coordinates. ::: Points may be defined in any order. N points are referenced, in the order defined, as 0 to N-1. :: '''triangles''' {{OpenSCAD_User_Manual/Deprecated|triangles|'''faces''' parameter}} ::: Vector of faces that collectively enclose the solid. Each face is a vector containing the indices (0 based) of 3 points from the points vector. :: '''faces''' {{requires|2014.03}} ::: Vector of faces that collectively enclose the solid. Each face is a vector containing the indices (0 based) of 3 or more points from the points vector. ::: Faces may be defined in any order, but the points of each face must be ordered correctly (see below). Define enough faces to fully enclose the solid, with no overlap. ::: If points that describe a single face are not on the same plane, the face is automatically split into triangles as needed. :: '''convexity''' ::: Integer. The convexity parameter specifies the maximum number of faces a ray intersecting the object might penetrate. This parameter is needed only for correct display of the object in OpenCSG preview mode. It has no effect on the polyhedron rendering. For display problems, setting it to 10 should work fine for most cases. default values: polyhedron(); yields: polyhedron(points = undef, faces = undef, convexity = 1); In the list of faces, for each face it is arbitrary which point you start with, but the points of the face (referenced by the index into the list of points) must be ordered in '''clockwise''' direction when looking at each face from outside '''inward'''. The back is viewed from the back, the bottom from the bottom, etc. Another way to remember this ordering requirement is to use the '''left-hand rule'''. Using your left hand, stick your thumb up and curl your fingers as if giving the thumbs-up sign, point your thumb away from the face, and order the points in the direction your fingers curl (this is the opposite of the [[w:STL (file format)#Facet normal|STL file format]] convention, which uses a "right-hand rule"). Try this on the example below. :'''Example 1''' Using polyhedron to generate cube( [ 10, 7, 5 ] ); [[File:Cube_numbers.jpg|frame|left|point numbers for cube]] [[File:Cube_flat.jpg|frame|center|unfolded cube faces]] <br> CubePoints = [ [ 0, 0, 0 ], //0 [ 10, 0, 0 ], //1 [ 10, 7, 0 ], //2 [ 0, 7, 0 ], //3 [ 0, 0, 5 ], //4 [ 10, 0, 5 ], //5 [ 10, 7, 5 ], //6 [ 0, 7, 5 ]]; //7 CubeFaces = [ [0,1,2,3], // bottom [4,5,1,0], // front [7,6,5,4], // top [5,6,2,1], // right [6,7,3,2], // back [7,4,0,3]]; // left polyhedron( CubePoints, CubeFaces ); equivalent descriptions of the bottom face [0,1,2,3], [0,1,2,3,0], [1,2,3,0], [2,3,0,1], [3,0,1,2], [0,1,2],[2,3,0], // 2 triangles with no overlap [1,2,3],[3,0,1], [1,2,3],[0,1,3], :'''Example 2''' A square base pyramid: [[File:Openscad-polyhedron-squarebasepyramid.png|frame|none|A simple polyhedron, square base pyramid]] polyhedron( points=[ [10,10,0],[10,-10,0],[-10,-10,0],[-10,10,0], // the four points at base [0,0,10] ], // the apex point faces=[ [0,1,4],[1,2,4],[2,3,4],[3,0,4], // each triangle side [1,0,3],[2,1,3] ] // two triangles for square base ); :'''Example 3''' A triangular prism: [[File:OpenSCAD prism unfolded.png|none|thumb|600x600px|A polyhedron triangular prism; prism unfolded to show external faces]] module prism(l, w, h) { polyhedron(// pt 0 1 2 3 4 5 points=[[0,0,0], [0,w,h], [l,w,h], [l,0,0], [0,w,0], [l,w,0]], // top sloping face (A) faces=[[0,1,2,3], // vertical rectangular face (B) [2,1,4,5], // bottom face (C) [0,3,5,4], // rear triangular face (D) [0,4,1], // front triangular face (E) [3,2,5]] );}<br>prism(10, 10, 5); ==== Debugging polyhedra ==== ---- Mistakes in defining polyhedra include not having all faces in clockwise order (viewed from outside - a bottom need to be viewed from below), overlap of faces and missing faces or portions of faces. As a general rule, the polyhedron faces should also satisfy manifold conditions: * exactly two faces should meet at any polyhedron edge. * if two faces have a vertex in common, they should be in the same cycle face-edge around the vertex. The first rule eliminates polyhedra like two cubes with a common edge and not watertight models; the second excludes polyhedra like two cubes with a common vertex. When viewed from the outside, the points describing each face must be in the same clockwise order, and provides a mechanism for detecting counterclockwise. When the thrown together view (F12) is used with F5, CCW faces are shown in pink. Reorder the points for incorrect faces. Rotate the object to view all faces. The pink view can be turned off with F10. OpenSCAD allows, temporarily, commenting out part of the face descriptions so that only the remaining faces are displayed. Use // to comment out the rest of the line. Use /* and */ to start and end a comment block. This can be part of a line or extend over several lines. Viewing only part of the faces can be helpful in determining the right points for an individual face. Note that a solid is not shown, only the faces. If using F12, all faces have one pink side. Commenting some faces helps also to show any internal face. [[File:Cube_2_face.jpg|frame|left|example 1 showing only 2 faces]] CubeFaces = [ /* [0,1,2,3], // bottom [4,5,1,0], // front */ [7,6,5,4], // top /* [5,6,2,1], // right [6,7,3,2], // back */ [7,4,0,3]]; // left <br clear="all"> After defining a polyhedron, its preview may seem correct. The polyhedron alone may even render fine. However, to be sure it is a valid manifold and that it can generate a valid STL file, union it with any cube and render it (F6). If the polyhedron disappears, it means that it is not correct. Revise the winding order of all faces and the two rules stated above. ==== Mis-ordered faces ==== ---- :'''Example 4''' a more complex polyhedron with mis-ordered faces When you select 'Thrown together' from the view menu and '''compile (preview F5)''' the design ('''not''' compile and render!) the preview shows the mis-oriented polygons highlighted. Unfortunately this highlighting is not possible in the OpenCSG preview mode because it would interfere with the way the OpenCSG preview mode is implemented.) Below you can see the code and the picture of such a problematic polyhedron, the bad polygons (faces or compositions of faces) are in pink. <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> // Bad polyhedron polyhedron (points = [ [0, -10, 60], [0, 10, 60], [0, 10, 0], [0, -10, 0], [60, -10, 60], [60, 10, 60], [10, -10, 50], [10, 10, 50], [10, 10, 30], [10, -10, 30], [30, -10, 50], [30, 10, 50] ], faces = [ [0,2,3], [0,1,2], [0,4,5], [0,5,1], [5,4,2], [2,4,3], [6,8,9], [6,7,8], [6,10,11], [6,11,7], [10,8,11], [10,9,8], [0,3,9], [9,0,6], [10,6, 0], [0,4,10], [3,9,10], [3,10,4], [1,7,11], [1,11,5], [1,7,8], [1,8,2], [2,8,11], [2,11,5] ] ); </syntaxhighlight> [[image:openscad-bad-polyhedron.png|frame|none|Polyhedron with badly oriented polygons]] A correct polyhedron would be the following: <syntaxhighlight lang="java"> polyhedron (points = [ [0, -10, 60], [0, 10, 60], [0, 10, 0], [0, -10, 0], [60, -10, 60], [60, 10, 60], [10, -10, 50], [10, 10, 50], [10, 10, 30], [10, -10, 30], [30, -10, 50], [30, 10, 50] ], faces = [ [0,3,2], [0,2,1], [4,0,5], [5,0,1], [5,2,4], [4,2,3], [6,8,9], [6,7,8], [6,10,11],[6,11,7], [10,8,11], [10,9,8], [3,0,9], [9,0,6], [10,6, 0],[0,4,10], [3,9,10], [3,10,4], [1,7,11], [1,11,5], [1,8,7], [2,8,1], [8,2,11], [5,11,2] ] ); </syntaxhighlight> ;Beginner's tip If you don't really understand "orientation", try to identify the mis-oriented pink faces and then invert the sequence of the references to the points vectors until you get it right. E.g. in the above example, the third triangle (''[0,4,5]'') was wrong and we fixed it as ''[4,0,5]''. Remember that a face list is a circular list. In addition, you may select "Show Edges" from the "View Menu", print a screen capture and number both the points and the faces. In our example, the points are annotated in black and the faces in blue. Turn the object around and make a second copy from the back if needed. This way you can keep track. ;“Clockwise” technique Orientation is determined by clockwise circular indexing. This means that if you're looking at the triangle (in this case [4,0,5]) from the outside you'll see that the path is clockwise around the center of the face. The winding order [4,0,5] is clockwise and therefore good. The winding order [0,4,5] is counter-clockwise and therefore bad. Likewise, any other clockwise order of [4,0,5] works: [5,4,0] & [0,5,4] are good too. If you use the clockwise technique, you'll always have your faces outside (outside of OpenSCAD, other programs do use counter-clockwise as the outside though). Think of it as a "left hand rule": If you place your left hand on the face with your fingers curled in the direction of the order of the points, your thumb should point outward. If your thumb points inward, you need to reverse the winding order. [[image:openscad-bad-polyhedron-annotated.png|frame|none|Polyhedron with badly oriented polygons]] Succinct description of a 'Polyhedron' * Points define all of the points/vertices in the shape. * Faces is a list of polygons that connect up the points/vertices. Each point, in the point list, is defined with a 3-tuple x,y,z position specification. Points in the point list are automatically enumerated starting from zero for use in the faces list (0,1,2,3,... etc). Each face, in the faces list, is defined by selecting 3 or more of the points (using the point order number) out of the point list. e.g. faces=[ [0,1,2] ] defines a triangle from the first point (points are zero referenced) to the second point and then to the third point. When looking at any face from the outside, the face must list all points in a clockwise order. ==== Point repetitions in a polyhedron point list ==== The point list of the polyhedron definition may have repetitions. When two or more points have the same coordinates they are considered the same polyhedron vertex. So, the following polyhedron: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> points = [[ 0, 0, 0], [10, 0, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [ 0, 0, 0], [10, 0, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [10, 0, 0], [ 0, 0,10], [ 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0,10], [10, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0], [ 0,10, 0], [ 0, 0,10]]; polyhedron(points, [[0,1,2], [3,4,5], [6,7,8], [9,10,11], [12,13,14]]); </syntaxhighlight> define the same tetrahedron as: <syntaxhighlight lang="javascript"> points = [[0,0,0], [0,10,0], [10,0,0], [0,0,10]]; polyhedron(points, [[0,2,1], [0,1,3], [1,2,3], [0,3,2]]); </syntaxhighlight> {{BookCat}} 6jhvws3e84ggznzb947wv7w8o63gmc3 0 215269 4678845 4440069 2026-10-29T14:27:03Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 /* Unit systems: added Plank units */ 4678845 wikitext text/x-wiki We live in a physical universe, and a complete system of standardised units describing the physical quantities around us is required to allow us to measure and quantify the universe and its contents. Without a standard unit system, trade would be impossible and the sciences would be unable to build on previous results. This book collates information on the units of measurement in use, defining them and comparing to other units in the same and other systems. ==Contents== ===Unit systems=== *[[/SI units/]] *[[/CGS units/]] *[[/Imperial units/]] *[[/Plank units/]] ===Unit by physical quantity described=== *[[/Length/]] *[[/Area/]] *[[/Volume/]] *[[/Mass/]] *[[/Time/]] *[[/Angle/]] *[[/Frequency/]] *[[/Temperature/]] *[[/Density/]] *[[/Velocity/]] *[[/Angular velocity/]] *[[/Acceleration/]] *[[/Angular acceleration/]] *[[/Force/]] *[[/Pressure/]] *[[/Energy/]] *[[/Power/]] *[[/Action/]] *[[/Entropy/]] *[[/Viscosity/]] *[[/Surface tension/]] *[[/Thermal conductivity/]] *[[/Amount of substance/]] *[[/vibration/]] {{Shelves|Science}} {{Alphabetical|U}} {{status|0%}} pz3xsf5egiye4ge7d658hhr9i2aj68p 4678863 4678845 2026-10-29T16:47:50Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 /* Unit systems: add atomic units instead of Planck units */ 4678863 wikitext text/x-wiki We live in a physical universe, and a complete system of standardised units describing the physical quantities around us is required to allow us to measure and quantify the universe and its contents. Without a standard unit system, trade would be impossible and the sciences would be unable to build on previous results. This book collates information on the units of measurement in use, defining them and comparing to other units in the same and other systems. ==Contents== ===Unit systems=== *[[/SI units/]] *[[/CGS units/]] *[[/Imperial units/]] *[[/Atomic units/]] ===Unit by physical quantity described=== *[[/Length/]] *[[/Area/]] *[[/Volume/]] *[[/Mass/]] *[[/Time/]] *[[/Angle/]] *[[/Frequency/]] *[[/Temperature/]] *[[/Density/]] *[[/Velocity/]] *[[/Angular velocity/]] *[[/Acceleration/]] *[[/Angular acceleration/]] *[[/Force/]] *[[/Pressure/]] *[[/Energy/]] *[[/Power/]] *[[/Action/]] *[[/Entropy/]] *[[/Viscosity/]] *[[/Surface tension/]] *[[/Thermal conductivity/]] *[[/Amount of substance/]] *[[/vibration/]] {{Shelves|Science}} {{Alphabetical|U}} {{status|0%}} qo853qvnn54lgrnbrn9yhhqvo0eqm3u 0 217441 4678832 4103016 2026-10-29T11:59:57Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678832 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nerve Cells== The cells of the nervous system are generally of two types, neurons or glial cells, with each contributing different functions to the nervous system. Neurons act to receive, sustain, and transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system, that is from one neuron to another. Glial cells, which outnumber neurons on a 10 to 1 bases, increase speed and efficiency of signals being sent along a neuron as well as acting as a passage from the blood to the nervous system and responding to injury and disease. These two types of nerve cells have many different variations which serve different functions in the nervous system. <big>Classes of Neurons</big> There is no single appearance for neurons, with varying numbers of axons and dendrites extending from the cell body. These two types of extensions are called processes and through looking at the number processes a neuron has helps to form a way of categorising neurons. When there are more than two process extending directly from the cell body a neuron is said to be a multipolar neuron. These neurons may have an axon and many branches of dendrites and these make up a majority of neurons. A similar class of neuron is the multipolar interneuron which is essentially the same as a multipolar neuron except these neurons do not have axons, only many dendrites and act to concerntrate neural activity within a structure of the nervous system rather than send signals to other regions of the nervous system. Two other types of neurons include unipolar neurons which have only one process extending from its cell body of which may branch to contain both dendrite and axons, and the bipolar neuron which has two processes extending from its cell body. <big>Classes of Glial Cells</big> The list of functions glial cells perform in the nervous system are differentiated between different classes of neuroglia. The first two classes of neuroglia are oligoendrocytes and schwann cells. Oligodendrocytes are the glial cells which help speed up and improve the effectiveness of axonal conduction in the central nervous system. This is done through the cell wrapping extensions of a fatty insulating substance known as myelin around the axons of some neurons. A similar function is performed for the peripheral nervous system by another type of neuroglia known as schwann cells. However these differ from oligodendrocytes in that each schwann cell is a single myelin segment along a neuron whereas oligodendrocytes can create multiple myelin along the same or many different axons of neurons; and in that only schwann cells provide axonal regeneration after damage. A third class of neuroglia are astrocytes which are star shaped cells which attach to both blood vessels and central nervous system neuron cell bodies offering a variety of support functions such as assistance in maintaining structure and the traversing of nutrients and chemicals from blood to the nerve cell. Microglia, a fourth class of glial cell, aiding the nervous system by responding to injured or diseased neurons through consuming cellular debris and prompting an inflammatory response. Finally, during early fetal development another class of glial cell called radial glial cells form a temporary network which aids neural migration in the developing neural tube. == Nerve Impluses == <big>Membrane Potentials</big> There is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve cell which varies due to positively and negatively charged ions, which add up to result in the voltage of the neuron and its membrane potential. In a neuron's resting state, known as resting potential, the cells electrical charge is typically between -60 and -80 millivolts and in this state it is not transmitting signals, it is said to be polarized. Several factors can influence the neuron's electrical charge resulting in a further decrease electrical charge within the cell, or an increase of electrical charge within the cell which when large enough causes an action potential. The state of the neuron is a result of the number of positive or negatively charged ions, and the stimuli that open or close the cells ion channels. <big>Ions, Ion Pumps and Ion Channels</big> Due to the nature of ions they tend to be distributed in a consistent manner within the neural tissue as they move to areas of less ionic concentration than high concentration. Electrostatic pressure also causes to spread out the positive or negative charged ions relatively evenly throughout neural tissue as the ions repel like charges in the same area and are attracted to opposing charges in different areas. The distribution of ions on the inner and outer wall of the cell membrane is not equal and potassium, sodium, and chloride ions can pass through the cell membrane of the resting neuron easily due to electrostatic pressure differences driving them either in or out. Potassium ions are continuously being driven out of the nerve cell by 20 mV of pressure and sodium ions are pushed inside the cell membrane despite resistance due to 120mV of pressure. As shifts in the levels of ions in the neuron lead it to action potential there are active processes in place within the neuron to keep levels of potassium and sodium at a balance, known as sodium potassium pumps, which pump three sodium ions inside the neuron for two potassium ions outside the neuron. Chloride ions on the other hand naturally pass inside and out of the neuron depending on the electrostatic pressure until an equilibrium is reached. Another manner in which ions pass in and out of the neuron is a type of through gated ion channels which open and close in response to a stimuli associated with that gate type. Stretch-gated ion channels are found in stretch sensing cells, ligang-gated ion channels are opened or closed in response to a certain chemical, often a neurotransmitter, and are located at the cells synapse. A third type is Voltage-gated ion channels which are usually found in axons but sometimes dendrites and open or close when the membrane potential changes. Gated ion channels are the means by which nerve cells create action potentials and therefore create communication through the nervous system. <big>Axonal conduction as Signals for Action Potential</big> [[Image:Spacial and Temporal Summation.jpg|thumb|caption]] Stimuli that affect the gated ion channels of neurons influence the membrane potential of the neuron creating one of three potentials: hyper polarization, depolarization, and action potential. In hyperpolarization the cells membrane potential is decreased in charge (from -70 to -72) and in depolarization the charge is increased (from -70 to -68), larger or more frequent stimuli produce larger polarization in the appropriate direction and it is possible for both hyperpolarized and depolarized stimuli to affect the neuron which can cancel each other out to the level of their charge, likewise multiple depolarized (or hyperpolarized) stimuli can affect a neuron, a process called summation. Finally, polarization that is caused from the firing of another neuron is called postsynaptic polarization giving depolarization the name excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and hyperpolarization the name inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) because they each increase and decrease the likelihood of causing an action potential, respectively. <big>Action Potentials</big> Depolarization and hyperpolarization can increase or decrease the membrane potential of the neuron taking it close or further to what is called the threshold of excitation which is often -65 mV. When the membrane potential reached the particular threshold of excitation for that cell an action potential is generated resulting in a momentary shift in energy lasting only 1 millisecond, where the membrane potential is then inverted from -70 mV to around +50 mV. Action potentials are often referred to as all-or-none responses because when they occur they occur fully or not at all. {{BookCat}} gqrhs82qozv9j284ifvtggmzwg6y4ue 0 229801 4678968 4678473 2026-10-30T05:17:06Z ILYA125467 3627024 Added provisionally assigned characters 4678968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Unicode/Character reference}} {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Brahmi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !style="width:4%"|U+!!style="width:6%"|0!!style="width:6%"|1!!style="width:6%"|2!!style="width:6%"|3!!style="width:6%"|4!!style="width:6%"|5!!style="width:6%"|6!!style="width:6%"|7!!style="width:6%"|8!!style="width:6%"|9!!style="width:6%"|A!!style="width:6%"|B!!style="width:6%"|C!!style="width:6%"|D!!style="width:6%"|E!!style="width:6%"|F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1100x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x11003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x11004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER A|&#x11005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER AA|&#x11006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER I|&#x11007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER II|&#x11008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER U|&#x11009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER UU|&#x1100a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x1100b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x1100c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1100d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1100e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER E|&#x1100f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1101x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER AI|&#x11010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER O|&#x11011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER AU|&#x11012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER KA|&#x11013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER KHA|&#x11014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER GA|&#x11015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER GHA|&#x11016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NGA|&#x11017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER CA|&#x11018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER CHA|&#x11019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER JA|&#x1101a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER JHA|&#x1101b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NYA|&#x1101c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER TTA|&#x1101d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER TTHA|&#x1101e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DDA|&#x1101f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1102x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DDHA|&#x11020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NNA|&#x11021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER TA|&#x11022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER THA|&#x11023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DA|&#x11024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER DHA|&#x11025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER NA|&#x11026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER PA|&#x11027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER PHA|&#x11028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER BA|&#x11029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER BHA|&#x1102a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER MA|&#x1102b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER YA|&#x1102c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER RA|&#x1102d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER LA|&#x1102e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER VA|&#x1102f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1103x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER SHA|&#x11030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER SSA|&#x11031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER SA|&#x11032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER HA|&#x11033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER LLA|&#x11034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL LLLA|&#x11035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL RRA|&#x11036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL NNNA|&#x11037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN BHATTIPROLU AA|&#x11039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1103a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1103b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1103c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1103d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x1103e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x1103f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1104x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x11041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VIRAMA|&nbsp;&#x11046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DANDA|&#x11047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOT|&#x11049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT|&#x1104a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LINE|&#x1104b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION CRESCENT BAR|&#x1104c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LOTUS|&#x1104d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1105x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER ONE|&#x11052;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER TWO|&#x11053;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER THREE|&#x11054;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FOUR|&#x11055;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FIVE|&#x11056;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SIX|&#x11057;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SEVEN|&#x11058;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER EIGHT|&#x11059;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER NINE|&#x1105a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER TEN|&#x1105b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1105c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER THIRTY|&#x1105d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FORTY|&#x1105e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER FIFTY|&#x1105f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7bffe8;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1106x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SIXTY|&#x11060;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x11061;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x11062;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER NINETY|&#x11063;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x11064;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x11065;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11066;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT ONE|&#x11067;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT TWO|&#x11068;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT THREE|&#x11069;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT FOUR|&#x1106a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT FIVE|&#x1106b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT SIX|&#x1106c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1106d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1106e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI DIGIT NINE|&#x1106f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1107x |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI SIGN OLD TAMIL VIRAMA|&#x11070;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL SHORT E|&#x11071;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL SHORT O|&#x11072;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN OLD TAMIL SHORT E|&#x11073;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI VOWEL SIGN OLD TAMIL SHORT O|&#x11074;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI LETTER OLD TAMIL LLA|&#x11075;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI MINIMIZING VIRAMA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};font-size:75%"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BRAHMI NUMBER JOINER|[BNJ]}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kaithi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1108x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11080;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11081;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11082;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER A|&#x11083;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER AA|&#x11084;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER I|&#x11085;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER II|&#x11086;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER U|&#x11087;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER UU|&#x11088;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER E|&#x11089;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER AI|&#x1108a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER O|&#x1108b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER AU|&#x1108c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER KA|&#x1108d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER KHA|&#x1108e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER GA|&#x1108f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1109x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER GHA|&#x11090;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NGA|&#x11091;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER CA|&#x11092;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER CHA|&#x11093;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER JA|&#x11094;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER JHA|&#x11095;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NYA|&#x11096;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER TTA|&#x11097;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER TTHA|&#x11098;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DDA|&#x11099;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DDDHA|&#x1109a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DDHA|&#x1109b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER RHA|&#x1109c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NNA|&#x1109d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER TA|&#x1109e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER THA|&#x1109f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DA|&#x110a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER DHA|&#x110a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER NA|&#x110a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER PA|&#x110a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER PHA|&#x110a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER BA|&#x110a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER BHA|&#x110a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER MA|&#x110a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER YA|&#x110a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER RA|&#x110a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER LA|&#x110aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER VA|&#x110ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER SHA|&#x110ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER SSA|&#x110ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER SA|&#x110ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI LETTER HA|&#x110af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x110b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x110b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x110b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x110b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x110b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x110b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x110b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x110b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x110b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x110b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SIGN NUKTA|&#x110ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x110bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI ENUMERATION SIGN|&#x110bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI NUMBER SIGN|&#x110bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI SECTION MARK|&#x110be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI DOUBLE SECTION MARK|&#x110bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Cx |style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI DANDA|&#x110c0;}}||style="background:#78ffca;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x110c1;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x110c2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAITHI NUMBER SIGN ABOVE|&#x110cd;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sora Sompeng''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER SAH|&#x110d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER TAH|&#x110d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER BAH|&#x110d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER CAH|&#x110d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER DAH|&#x110d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER GAH|&#x110d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER MAH|&#x110d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER NGAH|&#x110d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER LAH|&#x110d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER NAH|&#x110d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER VAH|&#x110da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER PAH|&#x110db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER YAH|&#x110dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER RAH|&#x110dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER HAH|&#x110de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER KAH|&#x110df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER JAH|&#x110e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER NYAH|&#x110e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER AH|&#x110e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER EEH|&#x110e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER IH|&#x110e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER UH|&#x110e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER OH|&#x110e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER EH|&#x110e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG LETTER MAE|&#x110e8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|110Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT ZERO|&#x110f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT ONE|&#x110f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT TWO|&#x110f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT THREE|&#x110f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT FOUR|&#x110f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT FIVE|&#x110f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT SIX|&#x110f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT SEVEN|&#x110f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT EIGHT|&#x110f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SORA SOMPENG DIGIT NINE|&#x110f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Chakma''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1110x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11100;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11101;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11102;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER AA|&#x11103;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER I|&#x11104;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER U|&#x11105;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER E|&#x11106;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER KAA|&#x11107;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER KHAA|&#x11108;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER GAA|&#x11109;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER GHAA|&#x1110a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NGAA|&#x1110b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER CAA|&#x1110c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER CHAA|&#x1110d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER JAA|&#x1110e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER JHAA|&#x1110f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1111x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NYAA|&#x11110;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER TTAA|&#x11111;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER TTHAA|&#x11112;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DDAA|&#x11113;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DDHAA|&#x11114;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NNAA|&#x11115;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER TAA|&#x11116;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER THAA|&#x11117;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DAA|&#x11118;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER DHAA|&#x11119;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER NAA|&#x1111a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER PAA|&#x1111b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER PHAA|&#x1111c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER BAA|&#x1111d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER BHAA|&#x1111e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER MAA|&#x1111f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1112x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER YYAA|&#x11120;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER YAA|&#x11121;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER RAA|&#x11122;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER LAA|&#x11123;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER WAA|&#x11124;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER SAA|&#x11125;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER HAA|&#x11126;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN A|&#x11127;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11128;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11129;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1112a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x1112b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1112c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1112d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1112e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1112f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1113x |{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN OI|&#x11130;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA O MARK|&#x11131;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA AU MARK|&#x11132;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VIRAMA|&#x11133;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA MAAYYAA|&#x11134;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT ZERO|&#x11136;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT ONE|&#x11137;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT TWO|&#x11138;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT THREE|&#x11139;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT FOUR|&#x1113a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT FIVE|&#x1113b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT SIX|&#x1113c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x1113d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x1113e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DIGIT NINE|&#x1113f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1114x |style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA SECTION MARK|&#x11140;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DANDA|&#x11141;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11142;}}||style="background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA QUESTION MARK|&#x11143;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER LHAA|&#x11144;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11145;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA VOWEL SIGN EI|&#x11146;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|CHAKMA LETTER VAA|&#x11147;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Mahajani''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1115x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER A|&#x11150;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER I|&#x11151;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER U|&#x11152;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER E|&#x11153;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER O|&#x11154;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER KA|&#x11155;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER KHA|&#x11156;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER GA|&#x11157;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER GHA|&#x11158;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER CA|&#x11159;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER CHA|&#x1115a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER JA|&#x1115b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER JHA|&#x1115c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER NYA|&#x1115d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER TTA|&#x1115e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER TTHA|&#x1115f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1116x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DDA|&#x11160;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DDHA|&#x11161;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER NNA|&#x11162;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER TA|&#x11163;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER THA|&#x11164;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DA|&#x11165;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER DHA|&#x11166;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER NA|&#x11167;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER PA|&#x11168;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER PHA|&#x11169;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER BA|&#x1116a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER BHA|&#x1116b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER MA|&#x1116c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER RA|&#x1116d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER LA|&#x1116e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER VA|&#x1116f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1117x |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER SA|&#x11170;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER HA|&#x11171;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LETTER RRA|&#x11172;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11173;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x11174;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI SECTION MARK|&#x11175;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MAHAJANI LIGATURE SHRI|&#x11176;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sharada''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1118x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11180;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11181;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11182;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER A|&#x11183;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER AA|&#x11184;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER I|&#x11185;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER II|&#x11186;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER U|&#x11187;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER UU|&#x11188;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11189;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x1118a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1118b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1118c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER E|&#x1118d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER AI|&#x1118e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER O|&#x1118f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1119x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER AU|&#x11190;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER KA|&#x11191;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER KHA|&#x11192;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER GA|&#x11193;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER GHA|&#x11194;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NGA|&#x11195;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER CA|&#x11196;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER CHA|&#x11197;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER JA|&#x11198;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER JHA|&#x11199;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NYA|&#x1119a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER TTA|&#x1119b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER TTHA|&#x1119c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DDA|&#x1119d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DDHA|&#x1119e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NNA|&#x1119f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER TA|&#x111a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER THA|&#x111a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DA|&#x111a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER DHA|&#x111a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER NA|&#x111a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER PA|&#x111a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER PHA|&#x111a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER BA|&#x111a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER BHA|&#x111a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER MA|&#x111a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER YA|&#x111aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER RA|&#x111ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER LA|&#x111ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER LLA|&#x111ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER VA|&#x111ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER SHA|&#x111af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER SSA|&#x111b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER SA|&#x111b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA LETTER HA|&#x111b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x111b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x111b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x111b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x111b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x111b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x111b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x111b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x111ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x111bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x111bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x111bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x111be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x111bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x111c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x111c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x111c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x111c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA OM|&#x111c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DANDA|&#x111c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DOUBLE DANDA|&#x111c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x111c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SEPARATOR|&#x111c8;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SANDHI MARK|&#x111c9;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN NUKTA|&#x111ca;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL MODIFIER MARK|&#x111cb;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA EXTRA SHORT VOWEL MARK|&#x111cc;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SUTRA MARK|&#x111cd;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN PRISHTHAMATRA E|&#x111ce;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN INVERTED CANDRABINDU|&#x111cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT ZERO|&#x111d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT ONE|&#x111d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT TWO|&#x111d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT THREE|&#x111d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT FOUR|&#x111d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT FIVE|&#x111d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT SIX|&#x111d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x111d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x111d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA DIGIT NINE|&#x111d9;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA EKAM|&#x111da;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SIGN SIDDHAM|&#x111db;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA HEADSTROKE|&#x111dc;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA CONTINUATION SIGN|&#x111dd;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SECTION MARK-1|&#x111de;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA SECTION MARK-2|&#x111df;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Ex |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT ONE|&#x111e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT TWO|&#x111e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT THREE|&#x111e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT FOUR|&#x111e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT FIVE|&#x111e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT SIX|&#x111e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT SEVEN|&#x111e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT EIGHT|&#x111e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC DIGIT NINE|&#x111e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER TEN|&#x111ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER TWENTY|&#x111eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER THIRTY|&#x111ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER FORTY|&#x111ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER FIFTY|&#x111ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER SIXTY|&#x111ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|111Fx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x111f0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x111f1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER NINETY|&#x111f2;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER ONE HUNDRED|&#x111f3;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SINHALA ARCHAIC NUMBER ONE THOUSAND|&#x111f4;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khojki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1120x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER A|&#x11200;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER AA|&#x11201;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER I|&#x11202;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER U|&#x11203;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER E|&#x11204;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER AI|&#x11205;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER O|&#x11206;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER AU|&#x11207;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER KA|&#x11208;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER KHA|&#x11209;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER GA|&#x1120a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER GGA|&#x1120b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER GHA|&#x1120c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NGA|&#x1120d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER CA|&#x1120e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER CHA|&#x1120f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1121x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER JA|&#x11210;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER JJA|&#x11211;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NYA|&#x11213;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER TTA|&#x11214;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER TTHA|&#x11215;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DDA|&#x11216;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DDHA|&#x11217;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NNA|&#x11218;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER TA|&#x11219;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER THA|&#x1121a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DA|&#x1121b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DDDA|&#x1121c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER DHA|&#x1121d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER NA|&#x1121e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER PA|&#x1121f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1122x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER PHA|&#x11220;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER BA|&#x11221;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER BBA|&#x11222;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER BHA|&#x11223;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER MA|&#x11224;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER YA|&#x11225;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER RA|&#x11226;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER LA|&#x11227;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER VA|&#x11228;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER SA|&#x11229;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER HA|&#x1122a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER LLA|&#x1122b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1122c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1122d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1122e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1122f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1123x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11230;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11231;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11232;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11233;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11234;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11235;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11236;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN SHADDA|&#x11237;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI DANDA|&#x11238;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11239;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI WORD SEPARATOR|&#x1123a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SECTION MARK|&#x1123b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI DOUBLE SECTION MARK|&#x1123c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1123d;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI SIGN SUKUN|&#x1123e;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER QA|&#x1123f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1124x |style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI LETTER SHORT I|&#x11240;}}||style="background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHOJKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11241;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Landa''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1125x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1126x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1127x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Multani''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1128x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER A|&#x11280;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER I|&#x11281;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER U|&#x11282;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER E|&#x11283;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER KA|&#x11284;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER KHA|&#x11285;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER GA|&#x11286;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER GHA|&#x11288;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER CA|&#x1128a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER CHA|&#x1128b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER JA|&#x1128c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER JJA|&#x1128d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER NYA|&#x1128f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1129x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER TTA|&#x11290;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER TTHA|&#x11291;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DDA|&#x11292;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DDDA|&#x11293;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DDHA|&#x11294;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER NNA|&#x11295;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER TA|&#x11296;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER THA|&#x11297;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DA|&#x11298;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER DHA|&#x11299;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER NA|&#x1129a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER PA|&#x1129b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER PHA|&#x1129c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER BA|&#x1129d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER BHA|&#x1129f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER MA|&#x112a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER YA|&#x112a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER RA|&#x112a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER LA|&#x112a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER VA|&#x112a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER SA|&#x112a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER HA|&#x112a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER RRA|&#x112a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI LETTER RHA|&#x112a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MULTANI SECTION MARK|&#x112a9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Khudawadi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER A|&#x112b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER AA|&#x112b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER I|&#x112b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER II|&#x112b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER U|&#x112b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER UU|&#x112b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER E|&#x112b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER AI|&#x112b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER O|&#x112b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER AU|&#x112b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER KA|&#x112ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER KHA|&#x112bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER GA|&#x112bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER GGA|&#x112bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER GHA|&#x112be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NGA|&#x112bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER CA|&#x112c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER CHA|&#x112c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER JA|&#x112c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER JJA|&#x112c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER JHA|&#x112c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NYA|&#x112c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER TTA|&#x112c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER TTHA|&#x112c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DDA|&#x112c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DDDA|&#x112c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER RRA|&#x112ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DDHA|&#x112cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NNA|&#x112cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER TA|&#x112cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER THA|&#x112ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DA|&#x112cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER DHA|&#x112d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER NA|&#x112d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER PA|&#x112d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER PHA|&#x112d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER BA|&#x112d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER BBA|&#x112d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER BHA|&#x112d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER MA|&#x112d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER YA|&#x112d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER RA|&#x112d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER LA|&#x112da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER VA|&#x112db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER SHA|&#x112dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER SA|&#x112dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI LETTER HA|&#x112de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x112df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x112e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x112e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x112e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x112e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x112e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x112e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x112e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x112e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x112e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI SIGN NUKTA|&#x112e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x112ea;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|112Fx |{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT ZERO|&#x112f0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT ONE|&#x112f1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT TWO|&#x112f2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT THREE|&#x112f3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT FOUR|&#x112f4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT FIVE|&#x112f5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT SIX|&#x112f6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x112f7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x112f8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHUDAWADI DIGIT NINE|&#x112f9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Grantha''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1130x |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE|&#x11300;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11301;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11302;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11303;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER A|&#x11305;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER AA|&#x11306;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER I|&#x11307;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER II|&#x11308;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER U|&#x11309;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER UU|&#x1130a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x1130b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x1130c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER EE|&#x1130f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1131x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER AI|&#x11310;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER OO|&#x11313;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER AU|&#x11314;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER KA|&#x11315;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER KHA|&#x11316;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER GA|&#x11317;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER GHA|&#x11318;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NGA|&#x11319;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER CA|&#x1131a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER CHA|&#x1131b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER JA|&#x1131c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER JHA|&#x1131d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NYA|&#x1131e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER TTA|&#x1131f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1132x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER TTHA|&#x11320;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DDA|&#x11321;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DDHA|&#x11322;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NNA|&#x11323;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER TA|&#x11324;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER THA|&#x11325;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DA|&#x11326;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER DHA|&#x11327;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER NA|&#x11328;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER PA|&#x1132a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER PHA|&#x1132b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER BA|&#x1132c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER BHA|&#x1132d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER MA|&#x1132e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER YA|&#x1132f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1133x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER RA|&#x11330;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER LA|&#x11332;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER LLA|&#x11333;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VA|&#x11335;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER SHA|&#x11336;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER SSA|&#x11337;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER SA|&#x11338;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER HA|&#x11339;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING BINDU BELOW|&#x1133b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN NUKTA|&#x1133c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x1133d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1133e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1133f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1134x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11340;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11341;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11342;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11343;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11344;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x11347;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11348;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x1134b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1134c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1134d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1135x |style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA OM|&#x11350;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA AU LENGTH MARK|&#x11357;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA SIGN PLUTA|&#x1135d;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VEDIC ANUSVARA|&#x1135e;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VEDIC DOUBLE ANUSVARA|&#x1135f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1136x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11360;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11361;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11362;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GRANTHA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x11363;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT ZERO|&#x11366;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT ONE|&#x11367;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT TWO|&#x11368;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT THREE|&#x11369;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT FOUR|&#x1136a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT FIVE|&#x1136b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA DIGIT SIX|&#x1136c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1137x |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER A|&#x11370;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER KA|&#x11371;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER NA|&#x11372;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER VI|&#x11373;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|COMBINING GRANTHA LETTER PA|&#x11374;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tulu-Tigalari''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1138x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER A|&#x11380;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AA|&#x11381;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER I|&#x11382;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER II|&#x11383;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER U|&#x11384;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER UU|&#x11385;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11386;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11387;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11388;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11389;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER EE|&#x1138b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AI|&#x1138e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1139x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER OO|&#x11390;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER AU|&#x11391;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER KA|&#x11392;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER KHA|&#x11393;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER GA|&#x11394;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER GHA|&#x11395;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NGA|&#x11396;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER CA|&#x11397;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER CHA|&#x11398;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER JA|&#x11399;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER JHA|&#x1139a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NYA|&#x1139b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER TTA|&#x1139c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER TTHA|&#x1139d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DDA|&#x1139e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DDHA|&#x1139f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NNA|&#x113a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER TA|&#x113a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER THA|&#x113a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DA|&#x113a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER DHA|&#x113a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER NA|&#x113a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER PA|&#x113a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER PHA|&#x113a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER BA|&#x113a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER BHA|&#x113a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER MA|&#x113aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER YA|&#x113ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER RA|&#x113ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LA|&#x113ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER VA|&#x113ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER SHA|&#x113af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER SSA|&#x113b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER SA|&#x113b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER HA|&#x113b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LLA|&#x113b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER RRA|&#x113b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER LLLA|&#x113b5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x113b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x113b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x113b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x113ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x113bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x113bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x113bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x113be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x113bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x113c0;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x113c2;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x113c5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x113c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x113c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI AU LENGTH MARK|&#x113c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN CANDRA ANUNASIKA|&#x113ca;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x113cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN VISARGA|&#x113cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x113ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN LOOPED VIRAMA|&#x113cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI CONJOINER|&#x113d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI REPHA|&#x113d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI GEMINATION MARK|&#x113d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN PLUTA|&#x113d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI DANDA|&#x113d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x113d5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN OM PUSHPIKA|&#x113d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN SHRII PUSHPIKA|&#x113d8;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN OM PUSHPIKA WITH TAIL|&nbsp;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI SIGN SHRII PUSHPIKA WITH TAIL|&nbsp;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI LETTER ARCHAIC II|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Ex |&nbsp;||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VEDIC TONE SVARITA|&#x113e1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TULU-TIGALARI VEDIC TONE ANUDATTA|&#x113e2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|113Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Newa''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1140x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER A|&#x11400;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER AA|&#x11401;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER I|&#x11402;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER II|&#x11403;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER U|&#x11404;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER UU|&#x11405;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11406;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11407;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11408;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11409;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER E|&#x1140a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER AI|&#x1140b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER O|&#x1140c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER AU|&#x1140d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER KA|&#x1140e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER KHA|&#x1140f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1141x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER GA|&#x11410;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER GHA|&#x11411;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NGA|&#x11412;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NGHA|&#x11413;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER CA|&#x11414;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER CHA|&#x11415;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER JA|&#x11416;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER JHA|&#x11417;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NYA|&#x11418;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NYHA|&#x11419;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER TTA|&#x1141a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER TTHA|&#x1141b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DDA|&#x1141c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DDHA|&#x1141d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NNA|&#x1141e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER TA|&#x1141f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1142x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER THA|&#x11420;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DA|&#x11421;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER DHA|&#x11422;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NA|&#x11423;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER NHA|&#x11424;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER PA|&#x11425;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER PHA|&#x11426;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER BA|&#x11427;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER BHA|&#x11428;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER MA|&#x11429;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER MHA|&#x1142a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER YA|&#x1142b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER RA|&#x1142c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER RHA|&#x1142d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER LA|&#x1142e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER LHA|&#x1142f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1143x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER WA|&#x11430;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER SHA|&#x11431;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER SSA|&#x11432;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER SA|&#x11433;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER HA|&#x11434;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11435;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11436;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11437;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11438;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11439;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x1143a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x1143b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x1143c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x1143d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x1143e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1143f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1144x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11440;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11441;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11442;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11443;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11444;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11445;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN NUKTA|&#x11446;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x11447;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN FINAL ANUSVARA|&#x11448;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA OM|&#x11449;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIDDHI|&#x1144a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DANDA|&#x1144b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DOUBLE DANDA|&#x1144c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA COMMA|&#x1144d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA GAP FILLER|&#x1144e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1144f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1145x |{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT ZERO|&#x11450;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT ONE|&#x11451;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT TWO|&#x11452;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT THREE|&#x11453;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT FOUR|&#x11454;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT FIVE|&#x11455;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT SIX|&#x11456;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11457;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11458;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DIGIT NINE|&#x11459;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA DOUBLE COMMA|&#x1145a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA PLACEHOLDER MARK|&#x1145b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA INSERTION SIGN|&#x1145d;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SANDHI MARK|&#x1145e;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER VEDIC ANUSVARA|&#x1145f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1146x |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x11460;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA SIGN UPHADHMANIYA|&#x11461;}}||style="{{ProvUntargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NEWA LETTER HEAVY YA|&nbsp;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1147x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tirhuta''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1148x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA ANJI|&#x11480;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER A|&#x11481;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER AA|&#x11482;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER I|&#x11483;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER II|&#x11484;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER U|&#x11485;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER UU|&#x11486;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11487;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11488;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11489;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x1148a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER E|&#x1148b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER AI|&#x1148c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER O|&#x1148d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER AU|&#x1148e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER KA|&#x1148f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1149x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER KHA|&#x11490;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER GA|&#x11491;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER GHA|&#x11492;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NGA|&#x11493;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER CA|&#x11494;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER CHA|&#x11495;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER JA|&#x11496;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER JHA|&#x11497;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NYA|&#x11498;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER TTA|&#x11499;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER TTHA|&#x1149a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DDA|&#x1149b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DDHA|&#x1149c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NNA|&#x1149d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER TA|&#x1149e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER THA|&#x1149f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DA|&#x114a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER DHA|&#x114a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER NA|&#x114a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER PA|&#x114a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER PHA|&#x114a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER BA|&#x114a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER BHA|&#x114a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER MA|&#x114a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER YA|&#x114a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER RA|&#x114a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER LA|&#x114aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER VA|&#x114ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER SHA|&#x114ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER SSA|&#x114ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER SA|&#x114ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA LETTER HA|&#x114af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x114b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x114b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x114b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x114b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x114b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x114b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x114b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x114b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x114b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x114b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN SHORT E|&#x114ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x114bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x114bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN SHORT O|&#x114bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x114be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x114bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x114c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN VISARGA|&#x114c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x114c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN NUKTA|&#x114c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x114c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA GVANG|&#x114c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x114c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA OM|&#x114c7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT ZERO|&#x114d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT ONE|&#x114d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT TWO|&#x114d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT THREE|&#x114d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT FOUR|&#x114d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT FIVE|&#x114d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT SIX|&#x114d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT SEVEN|&#x114d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT EIGHT|&#x114d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TIRHUTA DIGIT NINE|&#x114d9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Tani''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|114Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Ranjana''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1150x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1151x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1152x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1153x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1154x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1155x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1156x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1157x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Siddham''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1158x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER A|&#x11580;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER AA|&#x11581;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER I|&#x11582;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER II|&#x11583;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER U|&#x11584;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER UU|&#x11585;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11586;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11587;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11588;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11589;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER E|&#x1158a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER AI|&#x1158b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER O|&#x1158c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER AU|&#x1158d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER KA|&#x1158e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER KHA|&#x1158f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1159x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER GA|&#x11590;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER GHA|&#x11591;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NGA|&#x11592;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER CA|&#x11593;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER CHA|&#x11594;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER JA|&#x11595;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER JHA|&#x11596;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NYA|&#x11597;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TTA|&#x11598;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TTHA|&#x11599;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DDA|&#x1159a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DDHA|&#x1159b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NNA|&#x1159c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TA|&#x1159d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER THA|&#x1159e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DA|&#x1159f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER DHA|&#x115a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER NA|&#x115a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER PA|&#x115a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER PHA|&#x115a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER BA|&#x115a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER BHA|&#x115a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER MA|&#x115a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER YA|&#x115a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER RA|&#x115a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER LA|&#x115a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER VA|&#x115aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER SHA|&#x115ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER SSA|&#x115ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER SA|&#x115ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER HA|&#x115ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x115af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN I|&#x115b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN II|&#x115b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN U|&#x115b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x115b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x115b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x115b5;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN E|&#x115b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x115b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN O|&#x115ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x115bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x115bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x115bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN VISARGA|&#x115be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN VIRAMA|&#x115bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN NUKTA|&#x115c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SIGN SIDDHAM|&#x115c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM DANDA|&#x115c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM DOUBLE DANDA|&#x115c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SEPARATOR DOT|&#x115c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SEPARATOR BAR|&#x115c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-1|&#x115c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-2|&#x115c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-3|&#x115c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM END OF TEXT MARK|&#x115c9;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIDENT AND U-SHAPED ORNAMENTS|&#x115ca;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIDENT AND DOTTED CRESCENTS|&#x115cb;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED CRESCENTS|&#x115cc;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED DOUBLE CRESCENTS|&#x115cd;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED TRIPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115ce;}}||style="background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK DOUBLE RING|&#x115cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK DOUBLE RING WITH RAYS|&#x115d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH DOUBLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH QUADRUPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH SEPTUPLE CRESCENTS|&#x115d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND RAYS|&#x115d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND TWO ENCLOSURES|&#x115d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND FOUR ENCLOSURES|&#x115d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER THREE-CIRCLE ALTERNATE I|&#x115d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TWO-CIRCLE ALTERNATE I|&#x115d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER TWO-CIRCLE ALTERNATE II|&#x115da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM LETTER ALTERNATE U|&#x115db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN ALTERNATE U|&#x115dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN ALTERNATE UU|&#x115dd;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|115Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Modi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1160x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER A|&#x11600;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER AA|&#x11601;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER I|&#x11602;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER II|&#x11603;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER U|&#x11604;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER UU|&#x11605;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11606;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11607;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11608;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11609;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER E|&#x1160a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER AI|&#x1160b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER O|&#x1160c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER AU|&#x1160d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER KA|&#x1160e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER KHA|&#x1160f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1161x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER GA|&#x11610;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER GHA|&#x11611;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NGA|&#x11612;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER CA|&#x11613;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER CHA|&#x11614;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER JA|&#x11615;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER JHA|&#x11616;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NYA|&#x11617;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER TTA|&#x11618;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER TTHA|&#x11619;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DDA|&#x1161a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DDHA|&#x1161b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NNA|&#x1161c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER TA|&#x1161d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER THA|&#x1161e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DA|&#x1161f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1162x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER DHA|&#x11620;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER NA|&#x11621;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER PA|&#x11622;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER PHA|&#x11623;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER BA|&#x11624;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER BHA|&#x11625;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER MA|&#x11626;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER YA|&#x11627;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER RA|&#x11628;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER LA|&#x11629;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER VA|&#x1162a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER SHA|&#x1162b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER SSA|&#x1162c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER SA|&#x1162d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER HA|&#x1162e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI LETTER LLA|&#x1162f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1163x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11630;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11631;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11632;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11633;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11634;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11635;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11636;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11637;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL|&#x11638;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11639;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x1163a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x1163b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x1163c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x1163d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN VISARGA|&#x1163e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x1163f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1164x |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN ARDHACANDRA|&#x11640;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DANDA|&#x11641;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11642;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x11643;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI SIGN HUVA|&#x11644;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1165x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11650;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT ONE|&#x11651;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT TWO|&#x11652;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT THREE|&#x11653;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11654;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11655;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT SIX|&#x11656;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11657;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11658;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MODI DIGIT NINE|&#x11659;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Mongolian Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1166x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11660;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA|&#x11661;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN DOUBLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11662;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN TRIPLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11663;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x11664;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11665;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x11666;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA|&#x11667;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x11668;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA|&#x11669;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x1166a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x1166b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MONGOLIAN TURNED SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT|&#x1166c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1167x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Takri''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1168x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER A|&#x11680;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER AA|&#x11681;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER I|&#x11682;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER II|&#x11683;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER U|&#x11684;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER UU|&#x11685;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER E|&#x11686;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER AI|&#x11687;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER O|&#x11688;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER AU|&#x11689;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER KA|&#x1168a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER KHA|&#x1168b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER GA|&#x1168c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER GHA|&#x1168d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NGA|&#x1168e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER CA|&#x1168f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1169x |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER CHA|&#x11690;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER JA|&#x11691;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER JHA|&#x11692;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NYA|&#x11693;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER TTA|&#x11694;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER TTHA|&#x11695;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DDA|&#x11696;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DDHA|&#x11697;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NNA|&#x11698;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER TA|&#x11699;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER THA|&#x1169a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DA|&#x1169b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER DHA|&#x1169c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER NA|&#x1169d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER PA|&#x1169e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER PHA|&#x1169f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER BA|&#x116a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER BHA|&#x116a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER MA|&#x116a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER YA|&#x116a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER RA|&#x116a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER LA|&#x116a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER VA|&#x116a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER SHA|&#x116a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER SA|&#x116a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER HA|&#x116a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER RRA|&#x116aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x116ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN VISARGA|&#x116ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x116ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x116ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x116af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x116b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x116b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x116b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x116b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x116b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x116b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x116b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI SIGN NUKTA|&#x116b7;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI LETTER ARCHAIC KHA|&#x116b8;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x116b9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#7ef9ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT ZERO|&#x116c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT ONE|&#x116c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT TWO|&#x116c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT THREE|&#x116c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT FOUR|&#x116c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT FIVE|&#x116c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT SIX|&#x116c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x116c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x116c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAKRI DIGIT NINE|&#x116c9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Myanmar Extended-C''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT ZERO|&#x116d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT ONE|&#x116d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT TWO|&#x116d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT THREE|&#x116d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT FOUR|&#x116d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT FIVE|&#x116d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT SIX|&#x116d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT SEVEN|&#x116d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT EIGHT|&#x116d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR PAO DIGIT NINE|&#x116d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT ZERO|&#x116da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT ONE|&#x116db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT TWO|&#x116dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT THREE|&#x116dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT FOUR|&#x116de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT FIVE|&#x116df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Ex |style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT SIX|&#x116e0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT SEVEN|&#x116e1;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT EIGHT|&#x116e2;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MYANMAR EASTERN PWO KAREN DIGIT NINE|&#x116e3;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|116Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Ahom''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1170x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER KA|&#x11700;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER KHA|&#x11701;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NGA|&#x11702;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NA|&#x11703;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER TA|&#x11704;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER ALTERNATE TA|&#x11705;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER PA|&#x11706;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER PHA|&#x11707;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER BA|&#x11708;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER MA|&#x11709;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER JA|&#x1170a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER CHA|&#x1170b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER THA|&#x1170c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER RA|&#x1170d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER LA|&#x1170e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER SA|&#x1170f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1171x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NYA|&#x11710;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER HA|&#x11711;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER A|&#x11712;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DA|&#x11713;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DHA|&#x11714;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER GA|&#x11715;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER ALTERNATE GA|&#x11716;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER GHA|&#x11717;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER BHA|&#x11718;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER JHA|&#x11719;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER ALTERNATE BA|&#x1171a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA|&#x1171d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA|&#x1171e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LIGATING RA|&#x1171f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1172x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN A|&#x11720;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11721;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11722;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11723;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11724;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11725;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11726;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AW|&#x11727;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11728;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11729;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM VOWEL SIGN AM|&#x1172a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN KILLER|&#x1172b;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#8a94ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1173x |{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT ZERO|&#x11730;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT ONE|&#x11731;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT TWO|&#x11732;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT THREE|&#x11733;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT FOUR|&#x11734;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT FIVE|&#x11735;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT SIX|&#x11736;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11737;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11738;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM DIGIT NINE|&#x11739;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM NUMBER TEN|&#x1173a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM NUMBER TWENTY|&#x1173b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN SMALL SECTION|&#x1173c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN SECTION|&#x1173d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SIGN RULAI|&#x1173e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM SYMBOL VI|&#x1173f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1174x |style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER CA|&#x11740;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER TTA|&#x11741;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER TTHA|&#x11742;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DDA|&#x11743;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER DDHA|&#x11744;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER NNA|&#x11745;}}||style="background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|AHOM LETTER LLA|&#x11746;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Zou''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1175x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1176x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1177x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1178x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1179x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Ax |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Pyu''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Bx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Cx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Dx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Ex |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|117Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Dogra''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1180x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER A|&#x11800;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER AA|&#x11801;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER I|&#x11802;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER II|&#x11803;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER U|&#x11804;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER UU|&#x11805;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER E|&#x11806;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER AI|&#x11807;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER O|&#x11808;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER AU|&#x11809;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER KA|&#x1180a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER KHA|&#x1180b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER GA|&#x1180c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER GHA|&#x1180d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NGA|&#x1180e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER CA|&#x1180f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1181x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER CHA|&#x11810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER JA|&#x11811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER JHA|&#x11812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NYA|&#x11813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER TTA|&#x11814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER TTHA|&#x11815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DDA|&#x11816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DDHA|&#x11817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NNA|&#x11818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER TA|&#x11819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER THA|&#x1181a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DA|&#x1181b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER DHA|&#x1181c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER NA|&#x1181d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER PA|&#x1181e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER PHA|&#x1181f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1182x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER BA|&#x11820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER BHA|&#x11821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER MA|&#x11822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER YA|&#x11823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER RA|&#x11824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER LA|&#x11825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER VA|&#x11826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER SHA|&#x11827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER SSA|&#x11828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER SA|&#x11829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER HA|&#x1182a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA LETTER RRA|&#x1182b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x1182c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN I|&#x1182d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN II|&#x1182e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN U|&#x1182f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1183x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN VISARGA|&#x11838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN NUKTA|&#x1183a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA ABBREVIATION SIGN|&#x1183b;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN CANDRABINDU|&nbsp;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DOGRA SIGN AVAGRAHA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1184x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sirmauri''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1185x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER A|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER I|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER U|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER E|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER KA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER KHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER GA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER GHA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER CA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER CHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER JA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER JHA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER TTA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER TTHA|&nbsp;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1186x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER DDA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER DDHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER NNA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER TA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|THA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER DA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER DHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER NA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER PA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER PHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER BA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER BHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER MA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER YA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER RA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER LA|&nbsp;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1187x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER SA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI LETTER HA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN AA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN II|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN U|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN E|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN AI|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN O|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI VOWEL SIGN AU|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI SIGN ANUSVARA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI SIGN VISARGA|&nbsp;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1188x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI SIGN HALANTA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI SIGN NUKTA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI EKAM|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT ZERO|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT ONE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT TWO|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT THREE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT FOUR|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT FIVE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT SIX|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT SEVEN|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SIRMAURI DIGIT EIGHT|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NINE|&nbsp;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1189x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Warang Citi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER NGAA|&#x118a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER A|&#x118a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER WI|&#x118a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YU|&#x118a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YA|&#x118a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YO|&#x118a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER II|&#x118a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER UU|&#x118a7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER E|&#x118a8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER O|&#x118a9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ANG|&#x118aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER GA|&#x118ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER KO|&#x118ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ENY|&#x118ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER YUJ|&#x118ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER UC|&#x118af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ENN|&#x118b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER ODD|&#x118b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER TTE|&#x118b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER NUNG|&#x118b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER DA|&#x118b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER AT|&#x118b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER AM|&#x118b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER BU|&#x118b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER PU|&#x118b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HIYO|&#x118b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HOLO|&#x118ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HORR|&#x118bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER HAR|&#x118bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER SSUU|&#x118bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER SII|&#x118be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI CAPITAL LETTER VIYO|&#x118bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER NGAA|&#x118c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER A|&#x118c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER WI|&#x118c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YU|&#x118c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YA|&#x118c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YO|&#x118c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER II|&#x118c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER UU|&#x118c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER E|&#x118c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER O|&#x118c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ANG|&#x118ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER GA|&#x118cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER KO|&#x118cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ENY|&#x118cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER YUJ|&#x118ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER UC|&#x118cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ENN|&#x118d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER ODD|&#x118d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER TTE|&#x118d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER NUNG|&#x118d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER DA|&#x118d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER AT|&#x118d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER AM|&#x118d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER BU|&#x118d7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER PU|&#x118d8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HIYO|&#x118d9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HOLO|&#x118da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HORR|&#x118db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER HAR|&#x118dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER SSUU|&#x118dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER SII|&#x118de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI SMALL LETTER VIYO|&#x118df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Ex |{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT ZERO|&#x118e0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT ONE|&#x118e1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT TWO|&#x118e2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT THREE|&#x118e3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT FOUR|&#x118e4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT FIVE|&#x118e5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT SIX|&#x118e6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x118e7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x118e8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI DIGIT NINE|&#x118e9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER TEN|&#x118ea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER TWENTY|&#x118eb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER THIRTY|&#x118ec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER FORTY|&#x118ed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER FIFTY|&#x118ee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER SIXTY|&#x118ef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|118Fx |style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x118f0;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x118f1;}}||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI NUMBER NINETY|&#x118f2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#87abff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|WARANG CITI OM|&#x118ff;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Dives Akuru''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1190x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER A|&#x11900;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER AA|&#x11901;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER I|&#x11902;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER II|&#x11903;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER U|&#x11904;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER UU|&#x11905;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER E|&#x11906;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER O|&#x11909;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER KA|&#x1190c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER KHA|&#x1190d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER GA|&#x1190e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER GHA|&#x1190f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1191x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NGA|&#x11910;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER CA|&#x11911;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER CHA|&#x11912;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER JA|&#x11913;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NYA|&#x11915;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER TTA|&#x11916;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DDA|&#x11918;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DDHA|&#x11919;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NNA|&#x1191a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER TA|&#x1191b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER THA|&#x1191c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DA|&#x1191d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER DHA|&#x1191e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER NA|&#x1191f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1192x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER PA|&#x11920;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER PHA|&#x11921;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER BA|&#x11922;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER BHA|&#x11923;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER MA|&#x11924;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER YA|&#x11925;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER YYA|&#x11926;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER RA|&#x11927;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER LA|&#x11928;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER VA|&#x11929;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER SHA|&#x1192a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER SSA|&#x1192b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER SA|&#x1192c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER HA|&#x1192d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER LLA|&#x1192e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU LETTER ZA|&#x1192f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1193x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11930;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11931;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11932;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11933;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11934;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11935;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11937;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11938;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x1193b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x1193c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN HALANTA|&#x1193d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU VIRAMA|&#x1193e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU PREFIXED NASAL SIGN|&#x1193f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1194x |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU MEDIAL YA|&#x11940;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU INITIAL RA|&#x11941;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU MEDIAL RA|&#x11942;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU SIGN NUKTA|&#x11943;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11944;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU GAP FILLER|&#x11945;}}||style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU END OF TEXT MARK|&#x11940;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1195x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT ZERO|&#x11950;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT ONE|&#x11951;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT TWO|&#x11952;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT THREE|&#x11953;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT FOUR|&#x11954;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT FIVE|&#x11955;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT SIX|&#x11956;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11957;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11958;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DIVES AKURU DIGIT NINE|&#x11959;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Vatteluttu''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1196x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1197x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1198x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|1199x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Nandinagari''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Ax |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER A|&#x119a0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER AA|&#x119a1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER I|&#x119a2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER II|&#x119a3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER U|&#x119a4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER UU|&#x119a5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x119a6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x119a7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER E|&#x119aa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER AI|&#x119ab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER O|&#x119ac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER AU|&#x119ad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER KA|&#x119ae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER KHA|&#x119af;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Bx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER GA|&#x119b0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER GHA|&#x119b1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NGA|&#x119b2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER CA|&#x119b3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER CHA|&#x119b4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER JA|&#x119b5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER JHA|&#x119b6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NYA|&#x119b7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER TTA|&#x119b8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER TTHA|&#x119b9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DDA|&#x119ba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DDHA|&#x119bb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NNA|&#x119bc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER TA|&#x119bd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER THA|&#x119be;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DA|&#x119bf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Cx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER DHA|&#x119c0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER NA|&#x119c1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER PA|&#x119c2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER PHA|&#x119c3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER BA|&#x119c4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER BHA|&#x119c5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER MA|&#x119c6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER YA|&#x119c7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER RA|&#x119c8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER LA|&#x119c9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER VA|&#x119ca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER SHA|&#x119cb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER SSA|&#x119cc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER SA|&#x119cd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER HA|&#x119ce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER LLA|&#x119cf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Dx |{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI LETTER RRA|&#x119d0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x119d1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x119d2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x119d3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x119d4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x119d5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x119d6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x119d7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x119da;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x119db;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x119dc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x119dd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x119de;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN VISARGA|&#x119df;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Ex |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x119e0;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x119e1;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM|&#x119e2;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI HEADSTROKE|&#x119e3;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|NANDINAGARI VOWEL SIGN PRISHTHAMATRA E|&#x119e4;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|119Fx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Zanabazar Square''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER A|&#x11a00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11a01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x11a02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11a03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11a04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x11a05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11a06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11a07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11a08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN REVERSED I|&#x11a09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&#x11a0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KA|&#x11a0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KHA|&#x11a0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GA|&#x11a0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GHA|&#x11a0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGA|&#x11a0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CA|&#x11a10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CHA|&#x11a11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER JA|&#x11a12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NYA|&#x11a13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTA|&#x11a14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTHA|&#x11a15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDA|&#x11a16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDHA|&#x11a17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NNA|&#x11a18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TA|&#x11a19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER THA|&#x11a1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DA|&#x11a1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DHA|&#x11a1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NA|&#x11a1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA|&#x11a1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PHA|&#x11a1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BA|&#x11a20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BHA|&#x11a21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER MA|&#x11a22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSA|&#x11a23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSHA|&#x11a24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZA|&#x11a25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZHA|&#x11a26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZHA|&#x11a27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZA|&#x11a28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER -A|&#x11a29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER YA|&#x11a2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA|&#x11a2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER LA|&#x11a2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER VA|&#x11a2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SHA|&#x11a2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSA|&#x11a2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SA|&#x11a30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER HA|&#x11a31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KSSA|&#x11a32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE FINAL CONSONANT MARK|&#x11a33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11a34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11a35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11a36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRA WITH ORNAMENT|&#x11a37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11a38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VISARGA|&#x11a39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER RA|&#x11a3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER YA|&#x11a3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER RA|&#x11a3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER LA|&#x11a3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLUSTER-FINAL LETTER VA|&#x11a3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK|&#x11a3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING HEAD MARK|&#x11a40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK TSHEG|&#x11a41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK SHAD|&#x11a42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK DOUBLE SHAD|&#x11a43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK LONG TSHEG|&#x11a44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL DOUBLE-LINED HEAD MARK|&#x11a45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING DOUBLE-LINED HEAD MARK|&#x11a46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|ZANABAZAR SQUARE SUBJOINER|&#x11a47;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Soyombo''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER A|&#x11a50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11a51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x11a52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11a53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11a54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11a55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x11a56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11a57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11a58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11a59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11a5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO VOWEL LENGTH MARK|&#x11a5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER KA|&#x11a5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER KHA|&#x11a5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER GA|&#x11a5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER GHA|&#x11a5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NGA|&#x11a60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER CA|&#x11a61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER CHA|&#x11a62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER JA|&#x11a63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER JHA|&#x11a64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NYA|&#x11a65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TTA|&#x11a66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TTHA|&#x11a67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DDA|&#x11a68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DDHA|&#x11a69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NNA|&#x11a6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TA|&#x11a6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER THA|&#x11a6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DA|&#x11a6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DHA|&#x11a6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER NA|&#x11a6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER PA|&#x11a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER PHA|&#x11a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER BA|&#x11a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER BHA|&#x11a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER MA|&#x11a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TSA|&#x11a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER TSHA|&#x11a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER DZA|&#x11a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER ZHA|&#x11a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER ZA|&#x11a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER -A|&#x11a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER YA|&#x11a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER RA|&#x11a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER LA|&#x11a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER VA|&#x11a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER SHA|&#x11a7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER SSA|&#x11a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER SA|&#x11a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER HA|&#x11a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO LETTER KSSA|&#x11a83;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&#x11a84;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&#x11a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER RA|&#x11a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER LA|&#x11a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER SHA|&#x11a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO CLUSTER-INITIAL LETTER SA|&#x11a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN G|&#x11a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN K|&#x11a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN NG|&#x11a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN D|&#x11a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN N|&#x11a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN B|&#x11a8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11A9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN M|&#x11a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN R|&#x11a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN L|&#x11a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN SH|&#x11a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN S|&#x11a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO FINAL CONSONANT SIGN -A|&#x11a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SIGN VISARGA|&#x11a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO GEMINATION MARK|&#x11a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO SUBJOINER|&#x11a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK TSHEG|&#x11a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK SHAD|&#x11a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK DOUBLE SHAD|&#x11a9c;}}||style="background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO MARK PLUTA|&#x11a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN AND TRIPLE FLAME|&#x11a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN AND FLAME|&#x11a9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11AAx |style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN|&#x11aa0;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO TERMINAL MARK-1|&#x11aa1;}}||style="background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SOYOMBO TERMINAL MARK-2|&#x11aa2;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0e0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ABx |{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HI|&#x11ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HII|&#x11ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HO|&#x11ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HOO|&#x11ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HA|&#x11ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK HAA|&#x11ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRI|&#x11ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRII|&#x11ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRO|&#x11ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHROO|&#x11ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRA|&#x11aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS NATTILIK SHRAA|&#x11abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPE|&#x11abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPI|&#x11abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPO|&#x11abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|CANADIAN SYLLABICS SPA|&#x11abf;}} |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Pau Cin Hau''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ACx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER PA|&#x11ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER KA|&#x11ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER LA|&#x11ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER MA|&#x11ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER DA|&#x11ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER ZA|&#x11ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER VA|&#x11ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER NGA|&#x11ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER HA|&#x11ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER GA|&#x11ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER KHA|&#x11aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER SA|&#x11acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER BA|&#x11acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER CA|&#x11acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER TA|&#x11ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER THA|&#x11acf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ADx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER NA|&#x11ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER PHA|&#x11ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER RA|&#x11ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FA|&#x11ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER CHA|&#x11ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER A|&#x11ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER E|&#x11ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER I|&#x11ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER O|&#x11ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER U|&#x11ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER UA|&#x11ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER IA|&#x11adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL P|&#x11adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL K|&#x11add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL T|&#x11ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL M|&#x11adf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11AEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL N|&#x11ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL L|&#x11ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL W|&#x11ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL NG|&#x11ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LETTER FINAL Y|&#x11ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE LONG|&#x11ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE|&#x11ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI GLOTTAL STOP|&#x11ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU RISING TONE FINAL|&#x11ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI GLOTTAL STOP FINAL|&#x11aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE LONG|&#x11aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE|&#x11aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU SANDHI TONE FINAL|&#x11aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU MID-LEVEL TONE|&#x11aef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#87abff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11AFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU GLOTTAL STOP VARIANT|&#x11af0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU MID-LEVEL TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11af1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU MID-LEVEL TONE FINAL|&#x11af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE LONG|&#x11af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE|&#x11af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU GLOTTAL STOP|&#x11af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE LONG FINAL|&#x11af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU LOW-FALLING TONE FINAL|&#x11af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|PAU CIN HAU GLOTTAL STOP FINAL|&#x11af8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Devanagari Extended-A''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK|&#x11b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI HEAD MARK WITH HEADSTROKE|&#x11b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN BHALE|&#x11b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN BHALE WITH HOOK|&#x11b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN EXTENDED BHALE|&#x11b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN EXTENDED BHALE WITH HOOK|&#x11b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN WESTERN FIVE-LIKE BHALE|&#x11b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN WESTERN NINE-LIKE BHALE|&#x11b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN REVERSED NINE-LIKE BHALE|&#x11b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN MINDU|&#x11b09;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI LETTER ALTERNATE DDDA|&#x11b0a;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN JIHVAMULIYA|&nbsp;}}||style="{{ProvTargeted}};{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|DEVANAGARI SIGN UPADHMANIYA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sharada Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B6x |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN OE|&#x11b60;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN OOE|&#x11b61;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN UE|&#x11b62;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN UUE|&#x11b63;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN SHORT E|&#x11b64;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN SHORT O|&#x11b65;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN CANDRA E|&#x11b66;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SHARADA VOWEL SIGN CANDRA O|&#x11b67;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Leke''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvUntargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER KA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER HKA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER NGA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER CA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER HCA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER NYA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER TA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER HTA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER NA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER SA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER PA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER HPA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER MA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER YA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER RA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER LA|&nbsp;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvUntargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11B9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER WA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER THA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER GHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER HA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER KHA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER HWA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER QA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER BA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE LETTER DA|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN DWAI THA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN TANG PI|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN THA LANG|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN THA PI|&nbsp;}} |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvUntargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN TANG DWAI|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN TANG KANG LI |&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN SEUNG NU CEU|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN THAE WEE KLEU|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN DWAI THAE WEE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN CEE CANG |&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN DWAI THA HPA HTU|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN TANG PI HPA HTU |&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN THA SOO|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN PA YA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN PA LA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN PA WA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN RAI YA|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN LONG HPU|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE SIGN LONG DU |&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;{{ProvUntargeted}};{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BBx |{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT ZERO|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT ONE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT TWO|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT THREE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT FOUR|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT FIVE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT SIX|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT SEVEN|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT EIGHT|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE DIGIT NINE|&nbsp;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|LEKE END OF SECTION|&nbsp;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Sunuwar''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER DEVI|&#x11bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER TASLA|&#x11bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER EKO|&#x11bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER IMAR|&#x11bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER REU|&#x11bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER UTTHI|&#x11bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER KIK|&#x11bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER MA|&#x11bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER APPHO|&#x11bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER PIP|&#x11bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER GIL|&#x11bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER HAMSO|&#x11bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER CARMI|&#x11bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER NAH|&#x11bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER BUR|&#x11bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER JYAH|&#x11bcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BDx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER LOACHA|&#x11bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER OTTHI|&#x11bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER SHYELE|&#x11bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER VARCA|&#x11bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER YAT|&#x11bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER AVA|&#x11bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER AAL|&#x11bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER DONGA|&#x11bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER THARI|&#x11bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER PHAR|&#x11bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER NGAR|&#x11bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER KHA|&#x11bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER SHYER|&#x11bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER CHELAP|&#x11bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER TENTU|&#x11bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER THELE|&#x11bdf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BEx |style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR LETTER KLOKO|&#x11be0;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR SIGN PVO|&#x11be1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11BFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT ZERO|&#x11bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT ONE|&#x11bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT TWO|&#x11bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT THREE|&#x11bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT FOUR|&#x11bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT FIVE|&#x11bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT SIX|&#x11bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|SUNUWAR DIGIT NINE|&#x11bf9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Bhaiksuki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER A|&#x11c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER AA|&#x11c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER I|&#x11c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER II|&#x11c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER U|&#x11c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER UU|&#x11c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11c08;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER E|&#x11c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER AI|&#x11c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER O|&#x11c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER AU|&#x11c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER KA|&#x11c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER KHA|&#x11c0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER GA|&#x11c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER GHA|&#x11c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NGA|&#x11c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER CA|&#x11c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER CHA|&#x11c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER JA|&#x11c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER JHA|&#x11c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NYA|&#x11c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER TTA|&#x11c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER TTHA|&#x11c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DDA|&#x11c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DDHA|&#x11c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NNA|&#x11c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER TA|&#x11c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER THA|&#x11c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DA|&#x11c1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER DHA|&#x11c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER NA|&#x11c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER PA|&#x11c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER PHA|&#x11c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER BA|&#x11c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER BHA|&#x11c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER MA|&#x11c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER YA|&#x11c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER RA|&#x11c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER LA|&#x11c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER VA|&#x11c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER SHA|&#x11c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER SSA|&#x11c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER SA|&#x11c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI LETTER HA|&#x11c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11c2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR|&#x11c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L|&#x11c36;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN VIRAMA|&#x11c3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C4x |style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI SIGN AVAGRAHA|&#x11c40;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DANDA|&#x11c41;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11c42;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI WORD SEPARATOR|&#x11c43;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI GAP FILLER-1|&#x11c44;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI GAP FILLER-2|&#x11c45;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT ONE|&#x11c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT TWO|&#x11c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT THREE|&#x11c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT SIX|&#x11c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI DIGIT NINE|&#x11c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER ONE|&#x11c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER TWO|&#x11c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER THREE|&#x11c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FOUR|&#x11c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FIVE|&#x11c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SIX|&#x11c5f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SEVEN|&#x11c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER EIGHT|&#x11c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER NINE|&#x11c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER TEN|&#x11c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER TWENTY|&#x11c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER THIRTY|&#x11c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FORTY|&#x11c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER FIFTY|&#x11c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SIXTY|&#x11c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER SEVENTY|&#x11c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER EIGHTY|&#x11c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI NUMBER NINETY|&#x11c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|BHAIKSUKI HUNDREDS UNIT MARK|&#x11c6c;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Marchen''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN HEAD MARK|&#x11c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN MARK SHAD|&#x11c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER KA|&#x11c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER KHA|&#x11c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER GA|&#x11c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER NGA|&#x11c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER CA|&#x11c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER CHA|&#x11c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER JA|&#x11c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER NYA|&#x11c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER TA|&#x11c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER THA|&#x11c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER DA|&#x11c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER NA|&#x11c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER PA|&#x11c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER PHA|&#x11c7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER BA|&#x11c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER MA|&#x11c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER TSA|&#x11c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER TSHA|&#x11c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER DZA|&#x11c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER WA|&#x11c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER ZHA|&#x11c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER ZA|&#x11c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER -A|&#x11c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER YA|&#x11c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER RA|&#x11c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER LA|&#x11c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER SHA|&#x11c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER SA|&#x11c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER HA|&#x11c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN LETTER A|&#x11c8f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11C9x |style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER KA|&#x11c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER KHA|&#x11c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER GA|&#x11c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER NGA|&#x11c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER CA|&#x11c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER CHA|&#x11c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER JA|&#x11c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER NYA|&#x11c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER TA|&#x11c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER THA|&#x11c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER DA|&#x11c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER NA|&#x11c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER PA|&#x11c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER PHA|&#x11c9f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER BA|&#x11ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER MA|&#x11ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER TSA|&#x11ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER TSHA|&#x11ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER DZA|&#x11ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER WA|&#x11ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER ZHA|&#x11ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER ZA|&#x11ca7;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER YA|&#x11ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER RA|&#x11caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER LA|&#x11cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER SHA|&#x11cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER SA|&#x11cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER HA|&#x11cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SUBJOINED LETTER A|&#x11caf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CBx |style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11cb0;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11cb1;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11cb2;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11cb3;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11cb4;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11cb5;}}||style="background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|MARCHEN SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11cb6;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Balti-B''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CCx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CEx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11CFx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Masaram Gondi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER A|&#x11d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER AA|&#x11d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER I|&#x11d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER II|&#x11d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER U|&#x11d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER UU|&#x11d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER E|&#x11d06;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER AI|&#x11d08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER O|&#x11d09;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER AU|&#x11d0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER KA|&#x11d0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER KHA|&#x11d0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER GA|&#x11d0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER GHA|&#x11d0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NGA|&#x11d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER CA|&#x11d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER CHA|&#x11d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER JA|&#x11d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER JHA|&#x11d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NYA|&#x11d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TTA|&#x11d16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TTHA|&#x11d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DDA|&#x11d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DDHA|&#x11d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NNA|&#x11d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TA|&#x11d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER THA|&#x11d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DA|&#x11d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER DHA|&#x11d1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER NA|&#x11d1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER PA|&#x11d20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER PHA|&#x11d21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER BA|&#x11d22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER BHA|&#x11d23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER MA|&#x11d24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER YA|&#x11d25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER RA|&#x11d26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER LA|&#x11d27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER VA|&#x11d28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER SHA|&#x11d29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER SSA|&#x11d2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER SA|&#x11d2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER HA|&#x11d2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER LLA|&#x11d2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER KSSA|&#x11d2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER JNYA|&#x11d2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI LETTER TRA|&#x11d30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11d31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11d32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11d33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11d34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11d35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11d36;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11d3a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11d3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11d3d;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11d3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11d40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11d41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11d42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN CANDRA|&#x11d43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI SIGN HALANTA|&#x11d44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI VIRAMA|&#x11d45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI REPHA|&#x11d46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI RA-KARA|&#x11d47;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#b690ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11d50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT ONE|&#x11d51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT TWO|&#x11d52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT THREE|&#x11d53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11d54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11d55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT SIX|&#x11d56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11d57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11d58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MASARAM GONDI DIGIT NINE|&#x11d59;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Gunjala Gondi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D6x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER A|&#x11d60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AA|&#x11d61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER I|&#x11d62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER II|&#x11d63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER U|&#x11d64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER UU|&#x11d65;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER EE|&#x11d67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AI|&#x11d68;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER OO|&#x11d6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER AU|&#x11d6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER YA|&#x11d6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER VA|&#x11d6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BA|&#x11d6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER BHA|&#x11d6f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D7x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER MA|&#x11d70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER KA|&#x11d71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER KHA|&#x11d72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TA|&#x11d73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER THA|&#x11d74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER LA|&#x11d75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER GA|&#x11d76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER GHA|&#x11d77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DA|&#x11d78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DHA|&#x11d79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NA|&#x11d7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER CA|&#x11d7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER CHA|&#x11d7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TTA|&#x11d7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER TTHA|&#x11d7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER LLA|&#x11d7f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D8x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER JA|&#x11d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER JHA|&#x11d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DDA|&#x11d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DDHA|&#x11d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NGA|&#x11d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PA|&#x11d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER PHA|&#x11d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER HA|&#x11d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER RA|&#x11d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI LETTER SA|&#x11d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11d8e;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11D9x |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN EE|&#x11d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11d91;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN OO|&#x11d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VOWEL SIGN AU|&#x11d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI VIRAMA|&#x11d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI OM|&#x11d98;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DAx |{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT ONE|&#x11da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT TWO|&#x11da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT THREE|&#x11da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT SIX|&#x11da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|GUNJALA GONDI DIGIT NINE|&#x11da9;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tolong Siki''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DBx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER I|&#x11db0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER E|&#x11db1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER U|&#x11db2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER O|&#x11db3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER A|&#x11db4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER AA|&#x11db5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER P|&#x11db6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER PH|&#x11db7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER B|&#x11db8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER BH|&#x11db9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER M|&#x11dba;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER T|&#x11dbb;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER TH|&#x11dbc;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER D|&#x11dbd;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER DH|&#x11dbe;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER N|&#x11dbf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DCx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER TT|&#x11dc0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER TTH|&#x11dc1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER DD|&#x11dc2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER DDH|&#x11dc3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NN|&#x11dc4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER C|&#x11dc5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER CH|&#x11dc6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER J|&#x11dc7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER JH|&#x11dc8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NY|&#x11dc9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER K|&#x11dca;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER KH|&#x11dcb;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER G|&#x11dcc;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER GH|&#x11dcd;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NG|&#x11dce;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER Y|&#x11dcf;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DDx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER R|&#x11dd0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER L|&#x11dd1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER V|&#x11dd2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER NNY|&#x11dd3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER S|&#x11dd4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER H|&#x11dd5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER X|&#x11dd6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER RR|&#x11dd7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI LETTER RRH|&#x11dd8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI SIGN SELA|&#x11dd9;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI SIGN HECAKA|&#x11dda;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI UNGGA|&#x11ddb;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DEx |style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11de0;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT ONE|&#x11de1;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT TWO|&#x11de2;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT THREE|&#x11de3;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11de4;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11de5;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT SIX|&#x11de6;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11de7;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11de8;}}||style="background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TOLONG SIKI DIGIT NINE|&#x11de9;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Bengali Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11DFx |style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BENGALI SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE|&#x11df0;}}||style="background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|BENGALI LETTER ALTERNATE BARGIYA BA|&#x11df1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Tocharian''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E0x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E1x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E2x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E3x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E4x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E5x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Khotanese''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11E9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EBx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11ECx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | ''Unassigned'' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EDx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Makasar''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EEx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER KA|&#x11ee0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER GA|&#x11ee1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER NGA|&#x11ee2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER PA|&#x11ee3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER BA|&#x11ee4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER MA|&#x11ee5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER TA|&#x11ee6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER DA|&#x11ee7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER NA|&#x11ee8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER CA|&#x11ee9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER JA|&#x11eea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER NYA|&#x11eeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER YA|&#x11eec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER RA|&#x11eed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER LA|&#x11eee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER VA|&#x11eef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#d093ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11EFx |{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER SA|&#x11ef0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR LETTER A|&#x11ef1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR ANGKA|&#x11ef2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11ef3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11ef4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11ef5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR VOWEL SIGN O|&#x11ef6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR PASSIMBANG|&#x11ef7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|MAKASAR END OF SECTION|&#x11ef8;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Kawi''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F0x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN CANDRABINDU|&#x11f00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN ANUSVARA|&#x11f01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN REPHA|&#x11f02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN VISARGA|&#x11f03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER A|&#x11f04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER AA|&#x11f05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER I|&#x11f06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER II|&#x11f07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER U|&#x11f08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER UU|&#x11f09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC R|&#x11f0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC RR|&#x11f0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC L|&#x11f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER VOCALIC LL|&#x11f0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER E|&#x11f0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER AI|&#x11f0f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F1x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER O|&#x11f10;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER KA|&#x11f12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER KHA|&#x11f13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER GA|&#x11f14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER GHA|&#x11f15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NGA|&#x11f16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER CA|&#x11f17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER CA|&#x11f18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER JA|&#x11f19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER JHA|&#x11f1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NYA|&#x11f1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER TTA|&#x11f1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER TTHA|&#x11f1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DDA|&#x11f1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DDHA|&#x11f1f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F2x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NNA|&#x11f20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER TA|&#x11f21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER THA|&#x11f22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DA|&#x11f23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER DHA|&#x11f24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER NA|&#x11f25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER PA|&#x11f26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER PHA|&#x11f27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER BA|&#x11f28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER BHA|&#x11f29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER MA|&#x11f2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER YA|&#x11f2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER RA|&#x11f2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER LA|&#x11f2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER WA|&#x11f2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER SHA|&#x11f2f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F3x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER SSA|&#x11f30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER SA|&#x11f31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER HA|&#x11f32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI LETTER JNYA|&#x11f33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN AA|&#x11f34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN ALTERNATE AA|&#x11f35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN I|&#x11f36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN II|&#x11f37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN U|&#x11f38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN UU|&#x11f39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R|&#x11f34;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN E|&#x11f3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN AI|&#x11f3f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F4x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI VOWEL SIGN EU|&#x11f40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN KILLER|&#x11f41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI CONJOINER|&#x11f42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DANDA|&#x11f43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DOUBLE DANDA|&#x11f44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION SECTION MARKER|&#x11f45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION ALTERNATE SECTION MARKER|&#x11f46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION FLOWER|&#x11f47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION SPACE FILLER|&#x11f48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION DOT|&#x11f49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT|&#x11f4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION TRIPLE DOT|&#x11f4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION CIRCLE|&#x11f4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION FILLED CIRCLE|&#x11f4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION SPIRAL|&#x11f4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI PUNCTUATION CLOSING SPIRAL|&#x11f4f;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#ffc0c0;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F5x |{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT ZERO|&#x11f50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT ONE|&#x11f51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT TWO|&#x11f52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT THREE|&#x11f53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT FOUR|&#x11f54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT FIVE|&#x11f55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT SIX|&#x11f56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT SEVEN|&#x11f57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT EIGHT|&#x11f58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI DIGIT NINE|&#x11f59;}}||style="background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|KAWI SIGN NUKTA|&#x11f5a;}}||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp;||style="background:#777777;{{text default color}};"|&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''''Pallava''''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F6x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F7x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F8x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11F9x |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FAx |&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Lisu Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FBx |style="background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|LISU LETTER YHA|&#x11fb0;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp; |- | colspan="17" style="background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center" | '''Tamil Supplement''' |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |----- style="text-align:center;background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FCx |{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE THREE-HUNDRED-AND-TWENTIETH|&#x11fc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE ONE-HUNDRED-AND-SIXTIETH|&#x11fc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE EIGHTIETH|&#x11fc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE SIXTY-FOURTH|&#x11fc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE FORTIETH|&#x11fc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE THIRTY-SECOND|&#x11fc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION THREE EIGHTIETHS|&#x11fc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION THREE SIXTY-FOURTHS|&#x11fc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE TWENTIETH|&#x11fc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE SIXTEENTH-1|&#x11fc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE SIXTEENTH-2|&#x11fca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE TENTH|&#x11fcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL FRACTION ONE 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SIGN|&#x11feb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SPENT SIGN|&#x11fec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL TOTAL SIGN|&#x11fed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL IN POSSESSION SIGN|&#x11fee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL STARTING FROM SIGN|&#x11fef;}} |----- style="text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};" !style="background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};"|11FFx |style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN MUTHALIYA|&#x11ff0;}}||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL SIGN VAKAIYARAA|&#x11ff1;}}||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||&nbsp;||style="background:#e896ff;{{text default color}};"|{{H:title|dotted=no|TAMIL PUNCTUATION END OF TEXT|&#x11fff;}} |----- style="background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};" !U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F |} tn82eetouuhllkp106ad9i4nqusmujv 0 277334 4678901 3116377 2026-10-29T17:58:29Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678901 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background#Electrical networks]] b945hgmudxiok8y40rpn9tkuk0uxcvf 0 277337 4678913 3590264 2026-10-29T18:10:55Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678913 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Two models#Variation diminishing]] t38i3o8bb5mumn1tj6ym2rii0rj5nnc 0 277423 4678902 3587801 2026-10-29T17:59:17Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678902 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background#The inverse problems]] m5jaso3ms3y10h32je7xxgc0yd4gg4b 0 277494 4678915 4567429 2026-10-29T18:12:12Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678915 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Two models#of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map]] 1dqvlt8vv6n7gv1reruri03m257r0da 0 277501 4678914 3585523 2026-10-29T18:11:35Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678914 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Two models#Schrodinger equation]] qyau9x6091ell2flb42ky1y0rr4qqf8 0 277560 4678891 4109784 2026-10-29T17:49:10Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678891 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial#Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation]] pbw390xg3kqtsnc2kk7tm6rmindjyxd 0 277680 4678886 3116374 2026-10-29T17:45:57Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678886 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial#Cauchy matrices]] 05tuglg7iwajbiwjowf8a30kzma5vyt 0 277686 4678888 3589275 2026-10-29T17:47:22Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678888 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial#Solutions of the problem]] cyvfnsj7ptduh204xkqntv4445ueyyz 0 277699 4678855 4618886 2026-10-29T15:42:11Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TCM}} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions A-B== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |A Wei Hua Pi Gao||~||Awei Huapi Plaster||To reduce masses. |- |Ai Fu Nuan Gong Wan||艾附暖宫丸||Aifu Nuangong Pills||To regulate and replenish ''qi,'' warm the uterus and regulate menstruation. |- |An Dan Tang||~||Gallbladder Calming Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and filtrate ''dampness''; To reduce unhappy feelings and dissolve stagnation |- |[[../An Gong Niu Huang Wan/]]||安宫牛黄丸||Bolus Of Calculus Bovis For Resurrection||To remove ''heat,'' counteract toxicity, relieve convulsion and promote the restoration of consciousness. |- |An Kun Zan Yu Wan||~||Ankun Zanyu Pills||To nourish ''qi'' and blood, regulating menstruation and relieving leukorrhagia. |- |An Luo Tong Pian||~||Rheumatalgia And Neuralgia Tablet||To dispel ''wind'' and remove obstruction in the ''channels'', promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |An Mo Ru||~||Massage Lotion||To promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, clear away ''heat'' and relieve pain. |- |An Nao Niu Huang Pian||~||Tablet of Cow-bezoar for Tranquilization||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, tranquilize the mind and calm ''endogenous wind'', induce resuscitation and relieve convulsion. |- |An Shen Bu Xin Wan||~||Anshen Buxin Pills, Sedative and Heart-Invigorating Pill||To nourish the heart and calm the nerves. |- |An Shen Ding Zhi Wan||安神定志丸||Pill For Calming The Mental State||To nourish the heart, calm the mental state, and balance the ''heart-fire'' and ''kidney-water''. |- |An Wei Pian||~||Anwei Tablets, Gastralgia Tablet||To counteract acidity and relieve pain. |- |An Yang Jing Zhi Gao||~||Anyang Jingzhi Plaster||To dissolve mass, remove blood stasis, relieve pain, strengthen the muscles and tendons, activate blood circulation, and to dispel ''wind and cold''. |- |Ba Bao Kun Shun Wan||~||Babao Kunshun Pills||To nourish blood and regulate menstruation. |- |Ba Wei Chen Xiang San||~||Bawei Chenxiang Powder||To remove ''heat'' from the heart, to calm the mind, and to induce resuscitation. |- |Ba Wei Qing Xin Chen Xiang San||~||Bawei Qingxin Chenxiang Powder||To remove ''heat'' from the heart and the lung, to regulate the flow of ''qi,'' and to induce sedation. |- |Ba Wei Tan Xiang San||~||Bawei Tanxiang Powder||To remove ''heat'' from the lung, relieve cough and promote expectoration. |- |Ba Zhen San||~||Eight Health Restoring Powder||To clear away ''heat'' and purge ''fire,'' induce diuresis for treating stranguria. |- |Ba Zhen Tang||八珍汤||Decoction Of Eight Treasure Ingredients, Eight Treasure Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and blood. |- |Ba Zhen Wan||~||Bazhen Pills||To replenish ''qi'' and blood. |- |Ba Zhen Yi Mu Wan||八珍益母丸||Bazhen Yimu Pills||To replenish ''qi'' and blood, and to regulate menstruation. |- |Ba Zheng San||八正散||Powder for Dispersing ''heat'' and Promoting Urination, Eight Right Powder for Rectification, Powder of Eight Ingredients to Clear ''heat'' and Dampness||To clear ''heat'' and fire. To promote urination and dispel dampness. |- |Bai Dai Wan||~||Baidai Pills||To remove ''damp-heat'' and arrest excessive leukorrhea. |- |Bai Du San||败毒散||Powder for Antiphlogosis, Antiphlogistic Powder, Poison Eliminating Powder, Powder to Release Toxins||To relieve the exterior syndrome by replenishing ''qi'' and dispelling pathogenic ''wind'' and ''dampness''. |- |Bai He Di Huang Tang||百合地黄汤||Two Herb Tonfication Decoction||To clear the heart; To tonify blood; To nourish ''yin''; To clear ''heat'' |- |Bai He Gu Jin Tang||百合固金汤||Decoction of Lillii for Strengthening Lung, Lily Decoction for Strengthening the Lung, Lilium Lung Preserving Decoction||To nourish ''yin'' to moisten the lung and resolve phlegm to arrest cough. |- |Bai He Gu Jin Wan||~||Baihe Gujin Pills||To nourish ''yin'' of the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough. |- |Bai He Hua Shi San||~||Powder of Lilii and Talcum||To nourish ''lung-yin'' , to tranquilize, to clear away internal ''heat'' and promote diuresis |- |Bai Hu Cheng Qi Tang||白虎乘气汤||White Tiger Qi-Supporting Decoction||To clear ''qi''; To promote bowel movement. |- |Bai Hu Jia Gui Zhi Tang||白虎加桂枝汤||White Tiger Plus Cassia Twig Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and smooth the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems) |- |Bai Hu Jia Ren Shen Tang||白虎加人参汤||White Tiger Plus Ginseng Decoction||To clear ''heat''; To reduce agitation; To benefit ''qi''; To produce saliva |- |[[../Bai Hu Tang/]]||白虎汤||White Tiger Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and promote the production of body fluids. |- |Bai Mai An Shen Yin||~||||To benefit ''qi'' and tonify ''yin''; To clear ''heat'' and calm the spirit |- |Bai Tong Tang||白通汤||Decoction For Activating Yang, Allium Unblocking Decoction||To rescue the depleted ''yang'', rescue the patient from danger, and harmonise the ''yang'' energy of the upper with that of the lower part of the body. |- |Bai Tou Weng Tang||白头翁汤||Decoction Of Pulsatillae||To clear ''heat'' and release toxins. To cool the blood and relieve dysentery. |- |Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan||柏子养心丸||Baizi Yangxin Pills, Mind-Easing Tonic Bolus with Arborvitae Seed||To replenish ''qi'' and blood and induce sedation. |- |Ban Long Wan||斑龙丸||Banlong Pill||To nourish and invigorate the kidney-essence, preserving sperm and tranquilizing. |- |Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang||半夏白术天麻汤||Decoction of Pinelliae, Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Gastrodiae||To dry ''dampness'' and resolve phlegm. To pacify the liver and eliminate ''wind''. |- |[[../Ban Xia Hou Po Tang/]]||半夏厚朴汤||Decoction of Pinelliae and Magnoliae Officinalis||To promote the circulation of ''qi'' to alleviate mental depression, to lower the adverse flow of ''qi'' and resolve phlegm. |- |Ban Xia Lu||~||Pinellia Syrup||To relieve cough and reduce sputum. |- |Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang||半夏泻心汤||Decoction of Pinelliae for Purging Stomach Fire||To regulate the stomach and purge the adverse flow of ''qi,'' and relieve stagnation and flatulence. |- |Bao Chan Wu You San||保产无忧散||Powder For Threatened Abortion||To invigorate vital energy, nourish blood, strengthen the kidney and soothe the fetus. |- |Bao Chi San||~||Baochi Powder||To promote digestion, remove retained food, eliminate phlegm and induce sedation. |- |Bao Fu Kang Shuan||~||Baofukang Suppositories||To activate the flow of ''qi'' and remove blood stasis, ''heat'' ulcer, and to relieve pain. |- |Bao Gu Jiu||~||Medicated Wine with Leopard Bone||To expel pathogenic ''wind'' and dampness. |- |Bao He Wan||保和丸||Pill for Promoting Digestion, Lenitive Pill||To promote digestion and regulate the stomach. |- |Bao Ke Ning Ke Li||~||Baokening Granules||To remove ''heat,'' expel superficial evils, relieve cough and eliminate phlegm. |- |Bao Long Wan||抱龙丸||Baolong Pill||To dispel wind, to invigorate the stomach. |- |Bao Tai Fang||~||Fetus Support Recipe||To tonify spleen and benefit kidney; To nourish blood and support fetus |- |Bao Yuan Tang||保元汤||Origin Protection Decoction||To tonify ''qi''; To warm ''yang'' |- |Bei Ling Jiao Nang||~||Beiling Capsules||To remove ''heat'' and resolve phlegm. |- |Bei Ling San||~||Powder of Fritillary Bulb and Antelope's Horn||To remove ''heat-phlegm''. |- |Bei Mu Gua Lou San||贝母瓜蒌散||Powder of Fritillariae Cirrhosae and Trichosanthis||To nourish the lung and clear away ''heat,'' regulate ''qi'' and resolve phlegm. |- |Bei Xie Fen Qing Yin||~||Clearing Decoction of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae||To warm the kidney; To ''benefit dampness''; To ''resolve turbid'' |- |Bi Wen San||~||Biwen Powder||To expel ''summer-heat'' and ''evil'' factors, to promote resuscitation, and to alleviate pain. |- |Bi Xie Fen Qing Yin||萆解分清饮||Decoction of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae for Clearing Turbid Urine||To warm kidney, eliminate dampness and separate the clear and turbid fluid. |- |Bi Xue Shen Shi Tang||~||Decoction of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae for Promoting Diuresis||To clear away dampness-heat, activate blood circulation and eliminate toxic material. |- |Bi Yan Pian||~||Biyan Tablets||To dispel ''wind'' and remove toxic ''heat'' from the nose. |- |Bian Hua Li Zhong Tang||~||Change and Interior Modulation Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and strengthen spleen; To warm interior and control blood |- |Bie Jia Jian Wan||鳖甲煎丸||Turtle Shell Fries Bolus||To move qi; To resolve lump; To soften hard object |- |Bie Jia Yin Zi||~||Decoction of Carapax Trionycis, Purifying and (Spleen) Swelling Reducing Drink||To soften hard masses, disperse stagnation, promote the circulation of vital energy and blood, invigorate the vital energy and strengthen the spleen. |- |Bing Lang Chen Qi Tang||~||Semen Arecae Qi Supporting Decoction||To promote bowel movement and kill roundworms |- |Bing Lang Si Xiao Wan||~||Binglang Sixiao Pills, Digestion Pill of Betel Nut||To promote digestion, to remove undigested food, to promote the flow of ''qi,'' and to cause purgation. |- |Bing Peng San||冰硼散||Bingpeng Powder||To remove ''heat,'' to counteract toxicity, to promote the subsidence of swelling and to alleviate pain. |- |Bo Yun Tui Yi Wan||~||Boyun Tuiyi Pills||To dispel wind, to clear the eye of corneal opacity and to improve vision. |- |Bu Dai Wan||布袋丸||Budai Pill ||To expel intestinal parasites, relieve infantile malnutrition, invigorate vital energy and strengthen the spleen. |- |Bu Fei E Jiao Tang||~||Decoction of Colla Corii Asini for Invigorating Lung (Decoction of Colla Corii Asini)||To nourish ''yin'', invigorate the lung, clear away ''lung-heat'' and relieve cough |- |Bu Fei Shen Ji Tang||~||Lung Tonification Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and tonify lung; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Bu Gan Yi ''qi'' Tang||~||Liver Tonification Decoction||To warm and tonify liver ''qi''; To suppress ''wind'' and disperse ''coldness'' |- |Bu Qi Gu Jing Tang||~||Qi Tonification Period Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and strengthen the spleen; To contain period flow and modulate period |- |Bu Qi Zhen Li Tang||~||Qi Tonification Decoction||To strengthen spleen and benefit ''qi''; To tonify and revitalize blood; To open the ''jing'' and ''luo''. |- |Bu Qian Tang||~||Tonification and Guide Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To dissolve stagnation and open the ''luo''. |- |Bu Shen Gu Chi Wan||~||Bushen Guchi Pills||To nourish the kidney to strengthen the teeth, to activate blood circulation and counteract toxicity. |- |Bu Shen Ju Xian Tang||~||Kidney Tonification Decoction||To warm the spleen and support ''yang''; To benefit ''qi'' and support the fetus |- |Bu Shen Qiang Shen Pian||~||Tonic Tablet for Kidney-Reinforcing||To reinforce the kidney and strengthen the body. |- |Bu Shen Shen Xue Tang||~||Kidney and Blood Tonification Decoction||To tonify spleen and fulfill sperm; To benefit ''qi'' and produce blood |- |Bu Shen Yang Xue Yu Tang||~||Kidney and Blood Tonification Decoction||To reinforce ''yang'' and tonify kidney; To nourish blood and dissolve stagnation; To soften hardness and stop pain |- |Bu Shen Yi Nao Pian||~||Bushen Yinao Tablets, Kidney-Brain-Nourishing Tablet||To replenish the kidney and ''qi,'' to nourish blood and the essence of life. |- |Bu Shen Yi Nao Tang||~||Kidney Tonification and Brain Benefiting Decoction||To tonify the spleen and benefit the brain; To dissolve stagnation and open ''luo''. |- |Bu Xin An Shen Gao||~||Heart Tonification and Calming Cream||To strengthen spleen and calm spirit; To nourish and tonify liver and spleen; To modulate stomach and intestine |- |Bu Xue Ning Shen Pian||~||Tablet for Blood-Enriching and Mind-Tranquilizing||To nourish yin, tonify the kidney, enrich the blood and tranquilize the mind. |- |Bu Xue Tiao Jing Tang||~||Blood Tonifying Period Modulation Decoction||To tonify qi; To nourish blood; To modulate period |- |Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang||~||Decoction for Invigorating Yang, Decoction Invigorating Yang for Recuperation||To invigorate ''qi,'' and promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis from the channels. |- |Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang||补中益气汤||Decoction for Strengthening the Middle-jiao and Benefiting Vital Energy||To invigorate the spleen, replenish ''qi'' and elevate the spleen-yang to treat ''qi'' collapse. |- |Bu Zhong Yi Qi Wan||~||Bolus for Reinforcing the Middle-jiao and Replenishing Qi||To strengthen the ''middle-jiao'', replenish ''qi'' and elevate ''yang'' to treat prolapses of the internal organs. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions C-D== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Cai Hu Qing Gan Yin||柴胡清肝饮||Radix Bupleuri Liver Clearing Decoction||To clear the liver; To reduce ''fire''; To soothe ''qi'' |- |Cai Hu Qing Gu San||柴胡清骨散||Radix Bupleuri Bone Soothing Powder||To soothe bone; To reduce hot-feeling; To nourish ''yin'' and to reduce ''fire'' |- |Cai Hu Yu Jin Pai Shi Tang||~||Stone Remover Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and dissolve stagnation; To soothe the liver and benefit the gallbladder |- |Cai Shi Tui Re Tang||~||Cai Shi Heat-Reduction Decoction||To clear ''heat''; To relieve muscles; To soothe the ''exterior''; To remove ''evil'' |- |Can Shi Tang||蚕矢汤||Decoction of Excrementum Bombycis, Bombyx Droppings Decoction||To clear away ''heat,'' promote diuresis, lift up ''clear substances'' and ''lower down turbid evil.'' |- |Cang Bai Zhi Dai Tang||~||Leucorrhoea Stopping Decoction||To clear ''heat''; To address ''dampness''; To stop abnormal discharge |- |Cang Er Zi San||~||Heat Clearing Powder of Fructus Xanthii Sibirici||To smooth ''wind''; To clear ''heat''; To reduce ''dampness''; To open the mind |- |Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang||柴葛解饥汤||Decoction of Bupleuri and Puerariae for Expelling Evil from the Muscles||To expel pathogenic factors from the muscles and skin and reduce fever. |- |Chai Hu Gui Zhi Tang||柴胡桂枝汤||Bupleurum Cinnamomum Decoction|| |- |Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang||柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤||Decoction of Bupleuri and Os Draconis and Concha Ostreae||To regulate ''Shaoyang'', disperse phlegm, to tranquilize, support healthy energy and eliminate ''evil.'' |- |Chai Hu Kou Fu Ye||~||Chaihu Oral Liquid||To remove ''heat,'' expell superfical evils. |- |Chai Hu Shu Gan San||柴胡舒肝散||Powder of Bupleuri for Dispersing the Depressed Liver Energy, Bupleurum Liver Clearing Powder||To disperse the stagnated ''liver-qi'', to active the flow of ''qi,'' to relieve distension and pain. |- |Chan Fu Kang Ke Li||~||Chanfukang Granules||To nourish ''qi'' and blood, to remove blood stasis and produce new blood. |- |Chan Su Ding||~||Troche of Toad Venom||To promote blood circulation, remove toxic substances, relieve swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Chan Su Wan||蟾酥丸||Pill of Toad Venom||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, relieve swelling and pain. |- |Chang Yong Tang||~||Intestine Relieving Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit ''dampness''; To move ''qi'' and revitalize blood |- |Chen Xiang Hua Qi Wan||~||Chenxiang Huaqi Pills||To regulate the flow of ''qi'' in the liver and the stomach, and to remove the retention of undigested food. |- |Chi Shi Zhi Yu Yu Liang Tang||赤石脂愚余粮汤||Double Ingredients Anti-Diarrhea Decoction||To constrict the intestine; To stop diarrhea |- |Chong Cao Bu Tian Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Cordyceps||To supplement ''qi,'' nourish ''yin'' and the blood. |- |Chu Feng Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Chicken Fetus||To warm the kidney, invigorate ''yang'', and replenish ''qi'' and nourish the blood. |- |Chu Ling Tang||~||Decoction of Poria||To strengthen the spleen to promote diuresis, regulate vital energy. |- |Chu Shi Juan Bi Tang||除湿蠲痹汤||Decoction for Eliminating Dampness and Relieving Rheumatism||To strengthen the spleen, eliminate ''dampness'', expel ''wind'', dissipate phlegm, relieve rheumatism, and alleviate pain. |- |Chu Shi Wei Ling Tang||除湿胃苓汤||Weiling Decoction for Eliminating Dampness||To clear away ''heat,'' eliminate ''dampness'' and toxic material, and relieve swelling. |- |Chuan Bei Qing Fei Tang Jiang||~||Lung-heat-Clearing Syrup of Sichuan Fritillary Bulb||To clear away lung-heat and moisten dryness, arrest cough and eliminate phlegm. |- |Chuan Bei Xue Li Gao||~||Chuanbei Xueli Concentrated Decoction||To nourish the ''yin'' of lung, relieve cough, to promote the production of body fluids and to eliminate phlegm. |- |Chuan Xin Lian Pian||~||Andrographis Tablet||To remove ''heat'' and toxic materials and relieve inflammation. |- |Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San||川芎茶调散||Powder of Ligutici Chuanxiong Mixed With Camelliae Sinensis||To dispel ''wind'' and to relieve pain. |- |Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao Wan||~||Chuanxiong Chatiao Pills||To dispel ''wind'' and to relieve pain. |- |Chuan Xiong Zhi Tong Tang||~||Pain Stopping Decoction||To suppress ''wind'' and stop pain; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Ci Wu Jia Jin Gao||~||Manyprickle Acanthopanax Extract|| |- |Wu Jia Pian||~||Acanthopanax Root Tablet||To strengthen body resistance to consolidate the constitution, replenish ''qi,'' invigorate the spleen and tonify the spleen and tonify the kidney to relieve mental strain. |- |Ci Zhu Wan||磁朱丸||Pill of Magnetite and Cinnabar||To relieve palpitation and tranquilize the mind, suppress asthenic ''yang'' and improve eyesight. |- |Cong Bai Qi Wei Yin||葱白七味饮||Cong Bai Decoction Of Seven-Ingredients||To nourish blood; To relieve exterior syndrome |- |Cong Gu Tang||葱鼓汤||Allium Glycine Decoction||To smooth ''yang'' and relieve exterior syndrome |- |Cui Tang Wan||催汤丸||Cuitang Pills||To induce diaphoresis, to reduce fever, to relieve cough, and to arrest pain. |- |Da An Wan||大安丸||Major Settling Pill|| |- |Da Ban Xia Tang||大半夏汤||Decoction of Larger Dosage of Pinelliae||To decrase fluid retention, disperse stagnation, lower the abnormal rising energy, stop vomiting, benefit vital energy and moisten dryness. |- |Da Bu Yin Wan||大补阴丸||Bolus for Invigorating Yin, Bolus For Replenishing Vital Essence||To nourish ''yin'' and purge pathogenic ''fire''. |- |Da Bu Yuan Jian||大补元煎||Tonic Decoction for Debility||To tonify kidney, produce essence, invigorate the spleen and nourish blood. |- |Da Chai Hu Tang||大柴胡汤||Decoction Of Bupleuri For Regulating Shaoyang And Yangming||To treat ''shaoyang'' disease by mediation and purging away internal stasis of ''heat.'' |- |Da Cheng Qi Tang||大乘气汤||Decoction for Potent Purgation||To purge the bowels and internal ''heat.'' |- |Da Ding Feng Zhu||大定风珠||Bolus for Serious Endogenous Wind Syndrome, Major Wind Calming Pill||To nourish ''yin'' and calm ''wind''. |- |Da Fang Feng Tang||大防风汤||Major Decoction Of Ledebouriellae||To expel ''wind'' and ''dampness'', strengthen the bones and tendons, benefit vital energy and nourish blood. |- |Da Huang Fu Zi Tang||大黄附子汤||Decoction of Rhei and Aconiti Praeparata||To warm the interior to disperse the ''cold'', relax the bowels to relieve pain. |- |Da Huang Huang Lian Xie Xin Tang||~||Rheum Coptis Heart Clearing Decoction||To disperse heat; To reduce lumps |- |Da Huang Mu Dan Tang||大黄牡丹汤||Decoction of Rhei and Moutan Radicis||To purge ''heat'' and eliminate blood stasis with potent drugs, remove pathogenic accumulation and relieve swelling. |- |Da Huang Qing Wei Wan||~||Dahuang Qingwei Pills||To remove toxic ''heat,'' and to relax the bowels. |- |Da Huang Zhe Chong Wan||大黄蔗虫丸||Bolus Of Rhei And Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga||To promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis, and to stimulate menstrual flow and disintegrate masses. |- |Da Huo Luo Wan||大活络丸||Large Bolus for Activating Channels and Collaterals||To dispel ''wind'' and remove ''dampness'' from the body, relieve rigidity of muscles and activate energy flow in the channels and collaterals. |- |Da Jian Zhong Tang||大建中汤||Major Central Supporting Decoction||To warm the ''interior and tonify deficiency''; To ''download adversary''; To stop pain |- |Da Ju Pi Tang||~||Decoction Of Citri Grandis||To activate the circulation of vital energy, promote diuresis and clear away ''dampness-heat''. |- |Da Qing Jiao Tang||大秦艽汤||Decoction Of Gentianae Macrophyllae||To disperse exopathic ''wind'' and clear away pathogenic ''heat''. |- |Da Qing Long Tang||大青龙汤||Big Blue Dragon Decoction, Major Green Dragon Decoction||To expel ''wind-cold'' from the body surface and clear away ''heat'' stagnated in the interior. |- |Da Shan Zha Chong Ji||~||Infusion Of Hawthorn Fruit ||To strengthen the stomach and promote digestion. |- |Da Shan Zha Wan||~||Dashanzha Pills||To induce appetite and promote digestion. |- |Da Xian Xiong Tang||大陷胸汤||Decoction For Severe Phlegm-Heat Syndrome in the Chest, Major Chest (Blockage) Relieving Decoction||To purge ''heat'' and remove water retention by hydragogue. |- |Da Xian Xiong Wan||大陷胸丸||Collapsed Chest Bolus||To clear ''heat'' and remove fluid |- |Da Yuan Yin||达原饮||Decoction With Direct Effect On Moyuan, Purifying Drink||To expel pathogenic factors at ''moyuan'', and eliminate ''dampness evil.'' |- |Da Zao Wan||~||Dazao Bolus (Dazao Bolus of Placenta Hominis)||To nourish the lung and kidney, clear away asthenic ''fire'' and lower hectic fever due to ''yin-deficiency''. |- |Dai Ge San||黛蛤散||Daige Powder, Isatis Venerupis Powder||To cool the liver and lung, to keep the adverse ''qi'' downwards, to ease the mind. |- |Dai Huang Fu Zi Tang||~||Decoction of Rhubarb and Aconite||To warm ''yang'' and dispel pathogenic cold, relieve constipation and promote the circulation of ''qi.'' |- |Dai Wen Jiu Gao||~||Daiwenjiu Plaster||To warm meridians and promote blood circulation, to dispel cold and relieve pain. |- |Dan Dao Pai Shi Er Hao Fang||~||Recipe No. 12 for Removing Gallstones||To clear away ''heat,'' normalize the function of the gallbladder, soothe the liver and regulate the circulation of ''qi'' to remove gallstones. |- |Dan Dao Pai Shi Tang||胆道排石汤||Gallstone Expelling Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To move ''qi'' and stop pain; To benefit gallbladder and remove cholelith |- |Dan Qi Tang||~||Dan Qi Decoction||To support rightness and suppress evil; To benefit ''qi'' and dissolve stagnation |- |Dan Yi Tang||~||Roundworm Decoction||To kill worms and modulate qi; To clear ''heat'' and disperse spleen |- |Dan Zhi Xiao Yao San||~||Ease Powder with Moutan Bark and Capejasmine Fruit, Paeonia Gardenia Care free Powder||To soothe the liver, strengthen the spleen and nourish menstruation by regulating the flow of blood. |- |Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang||当归补血汤||Decoction of Angelicae Sinesis for Enriching Blood||To tonify ''qi'' and promote the production of blood. |- |Dang Gui Jian Zhong Tang||当归建中汤||Decoction of Angelicae Sinensis for Warming Middle Jiao, Angelica Central Strengthening Decoction||To warm middle jiao, tonify, activate blood circulation and alleviate pain. |- |Dang Gui Jing Gao Pian||~||Chinese Angelica Extract Tablet||To enrich and regulate blood, regulate menstruation to alleviate pain, moisturize pathogenic dryness to loosen the bowel. |- |Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang||当归六黄汤||Decoction of Angelicae Sinensis with Six Drugs||To replenish ''yin'' and reduce fire. To consolidate the exterior and stop sweeting. |- |Dang Gui Long Hui Wan||当归龙荟丸||Danggui Longhui Pills, Angelica Gentiana Aloe Pill||To quench ''fire'' and relax bowels. |- |Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang||当归拈痛汤||Decoction of Angelicae Sinensis for Analgesic||To dry dampness, clear away ''heat,'' activate blood circulation and expel wind. |- |Dang Gui Shao Yao San||当归芍药散||Powder of Angelicae Sinensis and Paeoniae||To enrich blood, regulate the liver, strengthen the spleen and eliminate dampness. |- |Dang Gui Sheng Jiang Yang Rou Tang||当归生姜羊肉汤||Decoction of Angelicae Sinensis, Zingiberis Recens and Mutton||To enrich blood, regulate the function of the liver, expel cold and alleviate pain. |- |Dang Gui Si Ni Tang||当归四逆汤||Chinese Angelica Decoction for Restoring Yang; Dang Gui and Frigid Extremities Decoction||To warm the ''meridians and dispel cold''; To nourish the blood. |- |Dang Gui Yang Xue Wan||~||Danggui Yangxue Pills||To nourish blood to regulate the menstrual function. |- |Dang Gui Zhi Tong Tang||~||Dang Gui Pain Relieving Decoction||To nourish and revitalize blood; To modulate period and stop pain |- |Dao Chi San||导赤散||Powder for Promoting Diuresis, Powder for Treating Dark Urine, ''heat'' Reducing Diuretic||To remove pathogenic ''heat'' from the heart and nourish yin, including diuresis for treating stranguria. |- |Dao Chi Wan||~||Daochi Pills||To remove ''heat,'' quench ''fire,'' relieve dysuria and to relax bowels. |- |Dao Shui Fu Ling Tang||导水茯苓汤||Decoction of Poria for Eliminating Fluid||To promote the circulation of vital energy, disperse dampness, promote diuresis and relieve edema. |- |Dao Tan Tong Luo Tang||~||Phlegm Guide Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and dissolve phlegm; To revitalize blood and open the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems); To remove dampness and soothe qi |- |Dao Zhi Yun Pi Fang||~||Stagnation Relieving Recipe||To disperse stagnation and modulate spleen |- |De Sheng Wan||~||Desheng Pills||To replenish blood and remove blood stasis, to regulate menstruation. |- |Di Huang Yin Zi||地黄引子||Decoction of Rehmanniae||To invigorate ''kidney-yang'', nourish ''kidney-yin'', clear orifices and disperse phlegm. |- |Di Tan Hua Yu Tang||~||Phlegm Dissolving Decoction||To cleanse phlegm and soothe heart; To dissolve stagnation and resuscitate spirit |- |Di Yu Wan||地榆丸||Pill of Sanguisorbae||To cool blood, remove toxic material, stop bleeding and diarrhea. |- |Dian Qie Liu Jin Gao||~||Belladonna Liquid Extract||~ |- |Die Da Huo Xue San ||~||Dieda Houxue Powder||To soothe the tendons, promote blood circulation, remove stasis and relieve pain. |- |Die Da Wan ||跌打丸||Dieda Pills||To promote blood circulation, remove stasis, induce the subsidence of swelling and relieve pain. |- |Ding Chuan Tang||定喘汤||Decoction for Relieving Asthma, Asthma-relieving Decoction||To facilitate the flow of the lung-qi and remove heat-phlegm to relieve asthma. |- |Ding Kun Dan||~||Dingkun Pills, Bolus for Woman Diseases||To nourish ''qi'' and blood, to regulate menstruation, and to soothe the depressed liver. |- |Ding Tong Tang||~||Pain Releasing Decoction ||To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To warm jin (nervous, circulatory, and immune systems) and disperse coldness; To open the luo (nervous, circulatory, and immune systems) and stop pain |- |Ding Xian Wan||定痫丸||Pill for Relieving Epilepsy||To eliminate phlegm, resuscitate, tranquilize, suppress ''wind'' and relieve convulsion. |- |Ding Xiang Shi Di Tang||丁香柿蒂汤||Decoction of Caryophylli and Calyx Kaki, Clove and Persimmon Calyx Decoction||To lower the adverse rising of gas, relieve hiccup, warm the ''middle-jiao'' and benefit vital energy. |- |Ding Xuan Tang||~||Mind-Clearing Decoction||To stablize liver and suppress dizziness; To soothe neck and wake-up brain |- |Ding Zhi Wan||定志丸||Mind Stablizing Bolus||To benefit qi; To nourish heart; To stablize spirit; To benefit mind |- |Dong Chong Xia Cao Jiao Nang||~||Capsule of Chinese Caterpillar Fungus||To resist arrhythmia, relieve inflammation and tonify the kidney. |- |Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang||独活寄生汤||Decoction of Angelicae , Angelica Liver Kidney Strengthening and ''evil'' Dissipating Decoction||To dispel wind-dampness, arrest pain due to arthralgia-syndrome, tonify the liver and kidney, invigorate ''qi'' and nourish the blood. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions E-F== {| class="wikitable sortable" |-fuke zaizao wan !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Du Yi Wei Pian||~||Duyiwei Tablets||To activate blood circulation, to relieve pain. |-conceive |E Jiao Yi Shou Jing||~||Longevity Extract of Donkey-hide Gelatin||To invigorate ''qi'' and replenish the blood. |- |E Jiao Zi Bu Jing||~||Tonic Infusion of Donkey-hide Gelatin||To nourish the liver and kidney, invigorate ''qi'' and blood. |- |Er Cha Er Huang San||~||Catechu and Two Yellownes Powder||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic mateirals; To remove rotten materials and produce muscle; To constrict and stop pain |- |Er Chen Tang||二陈汤||Erchen Decoction, Two Cured Decoction||To remove dampness to resolve phlegm, and regulate the stomach. |- |Er Chen Wan||~||Erchen Pill||To remove damp-phlegm and regulate the stomach function. |- |Er Dong Gao||~||Erdong Concentrated Decoction||To nourish ''yin'' of the lung. |- |Er Dong Tang||二冬汤||Decoction of Asparagi and Ophiopogonis||To clear away ''heat,'' promote the production of body fluid, benefit vital energy and relieve thirst. |- |Er Long Zuo Ci Wan||耳聋左磁丸||Erlong Zuoci Pills||To improve hearing, replenish the kidney and subdue hyperactivity of the liver. |- |Er Miao San||二妙散||Powder of Phellodendri and Atractylodis||To clear ''heat'' and dry dampness. |- |Er Miao Wan||~||Ermiao Pills||To remove damp-heat. |- |Er Shi Wu Wei Shan Hu Wan||~||Ershiwuwei Shanhu Pills (a Tibetan formula)||To promote the restoration of consciousness, to promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |Er Shi Wu Wei Song Shi Wan||~||Ershiwuwei Songshi Pills (a Tibetan formula)||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity, to regulate the flow of ''qi'' in the liver and gall-bladder, to eliminate blood stasis. |- |Er Shi Wu Wei Zhen Zhu Wan||~||Ershiwuwei Zhenzhu Pills (a Tibetan formula)||To induce sedation, to promote the restoration of consciousness. |- |Er Tong Qing Fei Wan||~||Ertong Qingfei Pills||To remove ''heat'' from lung, to resolve phlegm and relieve cough. |- |Er Xian Gao||~||Semifluid Extract of Ginseng and Antler Glue||To nourish ''yin'' and strengthen yang, supplement ''qi'' and nourish blood. |- |Er Yin Jian||~||Double Yin Fries||To nourish yin; To relieve fire; To smooth the heart and the kidney |- |Er Zhi Wan||二至丸||Erzhi Pills||To replenish ''yin'' of the liver and the kidney and arrest bleeding. |- |Er Zhu Ling Pi Tang||~||Er Zhu Ling Pi Decoction||To strengthen spleen and remove dampness; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To soothe joints |- |Fang Fan Pian||~||Tablet for Preventing Common Cold||To replenish ''qi,'' invigorate the spleen, strengthen the body resistance, consolidate superficial resistance and arrest sweating. |- |Fang Feng Tong Sheng San||防风通圣散||Powder of Ledebouriellae for Dispersing the Superficies, Miraculous Pill of Ledebouriellae, Saposhnikovia High Efficacy Powder||To expel ''wind'' from the body surface, clear away ''heat'' and promote bowel movement. |- |Fang Feng Tong Sheng Wan||~||Fangfeng Tongsheng Pills||To induce diaphoresis and laxation, remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity. |- |Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang||防己黄芪汤||Decoction of Stephaniae Tetrandrae and Astragali seu Hedysari, Tetrandra and Astragalus Decoction||To invigorate ''qi'' and dispel wind, strengthen the spleen and promote the circulation of ''qi.'' |- |Fang Nian Lian Tang||~||Anti-Sticking Decoction||To modulate ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To open interior and dissolve stagnation |- |Fei Er Le San Ji||~||Digestion Powder for Infants||To strengthen the spleen, regulate the stomach, promote digestion and eliminate indigested food. |- |Fei Er Wan||肥儿丸||Infant Fattening Pill||To kill worms; To dissolve stagnation; To strengthen spleen; To clear heat |- |Fei Lian Fen Qing Tang||~||Fei Lian Clearing Decoction||To cleanse and benefit ''heat-dampness''; To strengthen spleen and benefit the kidney |- |Fen Qing Wu Lin Wan||~||Fenqing Wulin Pills||To remove ''damp-heat'' and relieve dysuria. |- |Feng Liao Xing Feng Shi Die Da Yao Jiu||~||Fengliaoxing Fengshi Dieda Wine||To relieve rheumatic conditions, and to promote blood circulation and arrest pain. |- |Feng Liao Xing Yao Jiu||冯了性药酒||Fengliaoxing Medicated Wine||To expel pathogenic ''wind'' and dredge the ''channel'', dispel ''cold'' and arrest pain. |- |Feng Re He Ji||~||Wind And Heat Combination Recipe||To cool and relieve towards exterior; To remove toxic materials; To clear ''heat '' |- |Feng Ru Jiao Nang||~||Royal Jelly Capsule||To nourish the human body. |- |Fu Fang Ban Lan Gen Chong Ji||~||Compound Infusion of Isatis Root||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, cool blood and subdue swelling. |- |Fu Fang Chan Yi Yin||~||Combined Chan Yi Nephritis Decoction||To disperse ''wind'' and clear heat; To disperse dampness and remove toxic materials |- |Fu Fang Chuan Bei Jing Pian||复方川贝精片||Compound Tablet Of Sichuan Fritillary Bulb||To relieve cough, reduce sputum, moisturize the lung and relieve asthma. |- |Fu Fang Da Qing Ye He Ji||~||Compound Oral Liquid Of Isatis Leaf||To clear away ''pestilence'' and toxic materials. |- |Fu Fang Dan Shen Gao||~||Compound Semifluid Extract Of Red Sage Root||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis, reduce hypertension and tranquilize the mind. |- |Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian||付方丹参片||Compound Salvia Tablets||To activate blood circulation, eliminate blood stasis, regulate the flow of ''qi'' and relieve pain. |- |Fu Fang Dan Shen Zhu She Ye||付方丹参注射液||Compound Liquid Of Red Sage Root||To promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis and improve microcirculation. |- |Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian||~||Compound Tablet Of Red Sage Root||To promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, induce resuscitaiton by means of aromatics and regulate the blood flow of ''qi'' to alleviate pain. |- |Fu Fang Gan Yan Chong Ji||~||Compound Hepatitis-Treating Infusion||To clear away ''heat,'' disperse the depressed ''liver-qi'', normalize the functioning of the gallbladder. |- |Fu Fang Jiang Zhi Tang||~||Lipid Reduction Combination Decoction||To tonify liver and spleen; To benefit ''qi'' and nourish blood |- |Fu Fang Jin Yin Hua Chong Ji||~||Compound Infusion Of Honeysuckle Flower||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Fu Fang Lei Gong Teng Jian Ji||~||||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To tonify the kidney and revitalize blood |- |Fu Fang Qian Zheng Gao||~||Compound Qianzheng Plaster||To promote blood circulation, strengthen the muscles and tendon, regulate the function between ''qi'' and blood. |- |Fu Fang She Dan Chuan Bei San||复方蛇胆川贝散||Compound Powder of Snake-bile and Fritillary Bulb||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, relieve cough and eliminate phlegm. |- |Fu Fang Wu Cai Xiong Huang Tang||~||Combined Recipe Wu Cai Xiong Huang Decoction||To disperse heat and warm the kidney; To calm the stomach and strengthen the spleen; To modulate uncontroled ''yin''; To cleanse and benefit junior ''yang'' |- |Fu Fang Xiao Yao San||~||Combined Recipe Pleasure Powder||To soothe the liver and modulate ''qi''; To strengthen the spleen and regulate blood |- |Fu Fang Yi Bai He Ji||~||Combined Yi Bai Multi-Ingredient Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To facilitate urine |- |Fu Fang Zang Lian Wan||~||Combined Recipe Untidiness Control Bolus||To nourish ''yin'' and clear ''heat''; To moisturize the intestines and stop bleeding |- |Fu Gan Tang||~||Liver Recovery Decoction||To strengthen spleen and benefit ''qi''; To soothe the liver and modulate ''qi''; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Fu Gu Tang||~||Bone Recovery Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Fu Kang Ning Pian||~||Tablet for Women's Health and Tranquilness||To regulate menstruation, replenish blood and regulate ''qi'' to relieve pain. |- |Fu Ke Fen Qing Wan||~||Fuke Fenqing Pills||To remove ''damp-heat'', promote blood circulation and alleviate pain. |- |Fu Ke Shi Wei Pian||~||Tablet of Ten Ingredients for Woman Diseases||To regulate ''qi,'' promote blood circulation and regulate menstruation. |- |Fu Ke Tong Jing Wan||~||Fuke Tongjing Pills||To remove blood stasis, emmenagogue, alleviate mental depression,relieve pain. |- |Fu Ling Gui Zhi Bai Zhu Gan Cao Tang||~||Decoction of Poria, Cinnamomi, Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Glycyrrhizae||To strenthen the spleen, promote diuresis, warm the ''yang-energy'',and eliminate phlegm. |- |Fu Ling Pi Tang||~||Decoction of Cortex Poria||To clear away ''heat,'' promote diuresis, activate the circulation of vital energy and eliminate ''dampness''. |- |Fu Man Ling Ruan Gao||~||Acaricide Unguent||To destroy mites, relieve itching and pain. |- |Fu Ming Pei Tu Tang||~||Life Support and Soil Care Decoction||To warm the kidney and strengthen spleen; To benefit ''qi'' and tonify blood |- |Fu Ning Shuan||~||Suppository For Relieving Women's Diseases||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, remove ''dampness'' and destroy trichomonad and fungus, remove the necrotic tissue and promote granulation, and arrest pain by removing blood stasis. |- |Fu Tu Dan||~||Pellet Of Poria And Cuscutae||To strenthen the spleen, support the kidney, and relieve nocturnal emission. |- |Fu Tu Wan||~||Poria Cuscuta Pill||To nourish the heart; To tonify the kidney; To support and stop the release of sperm |- |Fu Yan Jing Jiao Nang||~||Fuyanjing Capsules||To remove ''heat'' and ''dampness'', promoting the flow of ''qi'' and relieve pain. |- |Fu Yan Shuan||~||Anti-inflammatory Suppository For Gynecopathy||Antiseptic and anti-inflammation. |- |Fu Yuan Huo Xue Tang||复元活血汤||Decoction For Recovery And Activating Blood Circulation, Circulation Enhancing Decoction||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis , soothe the liver and remove the obstruction in the ''channels''. |- |Fu Zheng Gu Ben Fang||~||Rightness Supporting Recipe||To tonify the lung; To strengthen the spleen and benefit ''qi'' |- |Fu Zheng Jie Yu Tang||~||Rightness Supporting Antidepressant Decoction||To tonify the spleen; To benefit the kidney; To calm the heart; To soothe the liver; To dissolve unhappy feelings; To modulate period |- |Fu Zheng Tong Ru Tang||~||Rightness Supporting Milk-Promoting Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish blood; To open ''luo'' and produce milk |- |Fu Zi Da Huang Tang||~||Fu Zi Da Huang Decoction||To warm and tonify spleen and kidney; To benefit ''qi'' and dissolve turbid |- |Fu Zi E Jiao||~||Fuzi Donkey-hide Gelatin||To nourish ''yin'', reinforce the weakened body, arrest bleeding, moisten dryness, invigorate the ''chong'' and ''ren'' channels and prevent miscarriage. |- |Fu Zi Li Zhong Wan||附子理中丸||Fuzi Lizhong Pills, Aconite Bolus For Regulating The Function Of Middle-jiao||To warm and reinforce the spleen and the stomach. |- |Fu Zi Xie Xin Tang||附子泻心汤||Aconitum Heart Clearing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and reduce lumps; To support ''yang''; To strengthen the ''exterior'' |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions G-H== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Gan Cao Gan Jiang Ling Zhu Tang||~||Decoction of Glycyrrhizae, Zingiberis, Poria and Atractylodis Macrocephalae||To warm the spleen and eliminate dampness. |- |Gan Cao Gan Jiang Tang||甘草干姜汤||Decoction Of Glycyrrhizae And Zingiberis||To strengthen ''spleen-yang''. |- |Gan Cao Jin Gao||~||Liquorice Extract||Anti-irritant, often used in combination with expectorants and antitussives to diminish irritation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx. It also has spasmolytic action for relieving spasms of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and desoxycorticosterone-like |- |Gan Cao Liu Jin Gao||~||Liquorice Liquid Extract|| |- |Gan Cao Xiao Mai Da Zao Tang||~||Decoction of Glycyrrhizae, Tritici Levis And Ziziphi Jujubae||To nourish the heart, and tranquilize, regulate the ''middle-jiao'' and soothe mental tension. |- |Gan Cao Xie Xin Tang||甘草泻心汤||Glycyrrhiza Heart Clearing Decoction||To benefit ''qi''; To soothe the stomach; To reduce lumps; To stop vomiting |- |Gan Cao Ze Xie Tang||~||Gan Cao Ze Xie Pulse Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and nourish blood; To restore the pulse |- |Gan Ji San||~||Ganji Powder||To eliminate the retention of undigested food and remedy malnutrition. |- |Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan||甘露消毒丹||Pill Likes Manna For Detoxification, Sweet Dew Poison Eliminating Pill||To clear away ''dampness-evil'', and turbid ''evil.'' |- |Gan Lu Yin||甘露饮||Sweet Dew Decoction||To nourish ''yin'', clear away ''heat'' and regulate vital energy. |- |Gan Mai Da Zao Tang||甘麦大枣汤||Licorice, Wheat, And Jujube Decoction||To nourish blood; To calm the spirit; To harmonize the ''interior''; To reduce agitation |- |Gan Mai Long Mu Tang||~||To soothe liver and clear ''heat''; ||To constrain ''qi'' and strengthen spleen; To calm spirit |- |Gan Mao Qing Pian||~||Tablet for treating Common Cold||To resist influenza viruses. |- |Gan Mao Qing Re Chong Ji||~||Infusion for Treating Coryza of Wind-Cold Type||To expel ''wind'' and cold pathogens, and induce diaphoresis to reduce fever. |- |Gan Mao Qing Re Ke Li||~||Ganmao Qingre Granules||To dispel ''wind-cold'', induce diaphoresis and remove ''heat.'' |- |Gan Mao Tui Re Chong Ji||感冒退热冲剂||Cold-Fever-Treating Infusion||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Gan Mao Tui Re Ke Li||~||Ganmao Tuire Granules||To remove toxic ''heat.'' |- |Gan Wei Bai He Tang||~||Liver and Stomach Bai He Decoction||To soothe liver and modulate ''qi''; To disperse ''heat'' and harmonize the stomach |- |Gan Xi Le||~||Liver-Tonic Tablet||To relieve the depressed liver and removing toxic substances, strengthen the body resistance and restore the normal functioning of body to consolidate the constitution. |- |Gan Zhu Li Shui Xing Nao Tang||~||Brain Waking Decoction||To tonify spleen and ''benefit water''; To revitalize blood and ''wake'' the brain |- |Ge Gen Huang Lian Tang||~||Decoction of Puerariae , Scutellariae and Coptidis||To clear away interior ''heat'' ''evil'' and expel the superficial ''evils'' from the body surface. |- |Ge Gen Huang Qin Huang Lian Tang||葛根黄芩黄连汤||Decoction of Pueraria, Scutellaria and Coptis Combination; Kudzu, Coptis, and Scutellaria Decoction||To release the exterior. To clear ''heat.'' |- |Ge Gen Jie Ji Tang||~||Ge Gen Muscle-Relieving Decoction||To relieve muscle; To clear ''heat,'' To accelerate rash, To stop cough |- |Ge Gen Qin Lian Pian||~||Gegen Qinlian Tablets||To induce diaphoresis, remove ''heat,'' and counteract toxicity. |- |Ge Gen Qin Lian Wei Wan||~||Gegen Qinlian Micropilis||Expelling the ''evils'' in the muscle, to remove ''heat,'' relieving diarrhea and dysentery. |- |Ge Gen Tang||葛根汤||Pueraria Decoction||To relieve muscle and promote sweating |- |Ge Hua Jie Cheng Tang||葛花解酲汤||Decoction of Puerariae for Alcoholism||To eliminate alcoholic dampness, and strengthen the spleen and stomach. |- |Ge Hua Jie Xing Tang||~||Ge Flower Waking-Up Decoction||To remove dampness from alcohol drinking; To warm interior; To strengthen spleen |- |Ge Jie Ding Chuan Wan||~||Gejie Dingchuan Pills, Asthma-Relieving Bolus of Gecko||To nourish ''yin'' and cool lung, relieving cough and asthma. |- |Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang||膈下逐瘀汤||Decoction for Dissipating Blood Stasis under Diaphram, Subdiaphragmatic Blood Mobilizing Decoction||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis and promote circulation to remove blood stasis and promote circulation of ''qi'' to relieve pain. |- |Geng Nian An||~||Climacteric-Syndrome-Relieving Tablet||To nourish ''yin'' and clear away ''heat,'' relieve restlessness and tranquilize the mind, regulate the equilibrium of the human body, improve health and prolong life. |- |Gong Ti Wan||巩堤丸||Pill for Controlling Fluid||To tonify kidney, relieve nocturnal emission, strengthen spleen and control fluid. |- |Gong Wai Yun Fang||宫外孕方||Prescription for Extrauterine Pregnancy, Ectopic Pregnancy Decoction||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis and abdominal mass and relieve pain. |- |Gou Pi Gao||~||Goupi Plaster, Dog-skin Plaster||To dispel wind-cold, soothe the tendons, promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |Gou Teng Yin||钩藤饮||Decoction of Uncrcariae cum Uncis||To clear away ''heat,'' suppress wind, support healthy energy and expel ''evil''. |- |Gou Teng Zhu Huang Tang||~||~||To clear ''heat'' and relieve exterior syndrome; To stop cough and dissolve phlegm; To modulate lung and contain heavy breathing |- |Gou Zai Hua He Ji||~||~||To clear heat; To disperse dampness; To produce saliva |- |Gu Chong Tang||固冲汤||Decoction for Strengthening Chong Channel, Vaginal Bleeding Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and strengthen the spleen. To consolidate the ''Chong channel'' and control the blood. |- |Gu Ci Wan||~||Bone Piercing Bolus||To tonify bone and benefit kidney; To produce sperm and benefit bone marrow; To revitalize blood and stop pain |- |Gu Jing Wan||固经丸||Pill for Controlling Menstruation||To nourish yin, clear away ''heat,'' stop bleeding and control menstruation. |- |Gu Tong Yao Fang||~||Bone Pain Essential Recipe||To suppress ''wind'' and disperse ''coldness''; To warm ''jing'' and open the ''luo''; To tonify blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Gu Yin Jian||固阴煎||Decoction for Keeping Yin||To invigorate kidney-essence, norish liver and regulate menstruation. |- |Gua Di San||瓜蒂散||Powder of Pedicellus Melo||To induce vomiting and relieve the stagnation of phlegm and food. |- |Gua Lou Qu Mai Wan||~||Pill of Trichosanthis and Dianthi||To warm yang, release stagnated energy, promote the production and circulation of body fluid and relieve thirst. |- |Gua Lou Xie Bai Bai Jiu Tang||瓜蒌薤白白酒汤||Decoction Trichosanthis and Allii Macrostemi, Decoction of Trichosanthes and Macrostem with Liquor; Tricosanthes Allium Wine Decoction||To disperse obstruction of ''chest-yang'', promote the circulation of ''qi'' to expel phlegm. |- |Guan Xin Er Hao Yao||~||Coronary Heart Disease No. 2 Pill||To move ''qi'' and stop pain; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To nourish ''yin'' and calm the spirit |- |Guan Xin Dan Shen Pian||~||Guanxin Danshen Tablets||To promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, regulating the flow of ''qi'' and reliving pain. |- |Guan Xin Er Hao Fang||~||Recipe No. 2 for Coronary Heart Disease||To promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis to relieve pain. |- |Guan Xin Su He Wan||冠心苏合丸||Storax Pill for Coronary Heart Disease; Storax Pill for Treating Coronary Heart Disease||To induce the resuscitation with aromatics and promote the flow of ''qi'' to relieve pain. |- |Gui Fu Li Zhong Wan||~||Guifu Lizhong Pills||To tonify the kidney yang, and to warm and invigorate the spleen and stomach. |- |Gui Fu Yi Lin Tang||~||Gui Fu Yi Lin Decoction||To warm period and disperse coldness; To revitalize blood and stop pain |- |Gui Ling Gan Lu San||桂苓甘露散||Powder of Cinnamomi and Poria||To clear away summer-heat and eliminate dampness. |- |Gui Ling Ji||~||Longevity Powder||To nourish the kidney, strengthen ''yang'' and replenish the vital essence. |- |Gui Lu Bu Shen Wan||~||Guilu Bushen Pills||To strengthen the tendons and bones, to nourish ''qi'' and blood, to invigorate kidney and strengthen yang. |- |Gui Pi Tang||~||Decoction for Invigorating Spleen and Nourishing Heart; Codonopsis Spleen Restoring Decoction||To nourish vital energy, strengthen spleen, invigorate the heart and nourish blood. |- |Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan||桂枝茯苓丸||Bolus of Cinnamomi and Poria||To activate blood circulation, remove blood stasis and abdominal mass. |- |Gui Zhi Fu Zi Tang||桂枝附子汤||Decoction of Cinnamomi and Aconiti||To expel ''wind'' and dampness, warm meridians and eliminate cold. |- |Gui Zhi Gan Cao Long Gu Mu Li Tang||桂枝甘草龙骨牡蛎汤||Decoction of Cinnamomi, Glycyrrhizae, Fossilia Ossis Mastodi, and Ostreae Concha||To warm heart-yang energy and tranquilize. |- |Gui Zhi Jia Gui Tang||~||Decoction of Cinnamomi Adding Cinnamomi||To activate yang-energy, elminate cold, lower adverse rising energy. |- |Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang||桂枝芍药知母汤||Decoction of Cinnamomi, Paeoniae and Anemarrhenae||To expel ''wind'' and dampness, activate yang-energy, relieve arthralgia, regulate ''yin'' and clear away ''heat.'' |- |Gui Zhi Tang||桂枝汤||Decoction of Cinnamomi; Cinnamomum Decoction||To expel pathogenic factors from the muscles and skin and regulate ying and wei to relieve exterior syndrome. |- |Gui Zhih Jia Ge Gen Tang||桂枝加葛根汤||Cinnamomum Pueraria Decoction|| |- |Gun Tan Wan||滚痰丸||Pill for Eliminating Phlegm Evil||To purge ''fire'' and eliminate phlegm. |- |Guo Gong Jiu||~||Guogong Wine; Medicated Wine of Guogong||To relieve rheumatic conditions and muscular contracture. |- |Guo Shi Huo Xue Shu Gan Tang||~||Guo's Blood Revitalization Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To soothe liver and modulate qi; To open jin and reactivate the ''luo''. |- |Hai Long Ge Jie Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Sea Dragon and Gecko||To tonify the liver and kidney, replenish vital essence and blood. |- |Hai Zao Xiao Ying Tang||~||Sargassum Tumor Reduction Decoction||To dissolve phlegm and soften hardness; To revitalize blood |- |Hai Zao Yu Hu Tang||海藻玉壶汤||Decoction of Sargassum for Gortier ||To disperse phlegm, soften masses, regulate vital energy and dispel stagnation. |- |Han Lian Cao Jian||~||Han Lian Cao Fries||To tonify spleen and benefit qi; To fulfill spleen and benefit sperm |- |Hao Qin Qing Dan Tang||蒿芩清胆汤||Decoction of Artemisiae Annuae and Scutellariae for Clearing Away Dampness ''heat'' in Gallbladder||To clear ''heat'' and dampness in the gall bladder. To harmonize the stomach and resolve phlegm. |- |He Che Ba Wei Wan||~||Bolus of Placenta Homimis||To invigorate kidney, benefit essence and vital energy and nourish blood. |- |He Che Da Zao Wan||河车大造丸||Heche Dazao Pills||To nourish ''yin'' and remove ''heat'' of the kidney and lung. |- |He Zi Pi San||~||He Zi Skin Powder||To warm interior; To disperse coldness; To stop diarrhea |- |Hei Xi Dan||黑锡丹||Black Xi Pill||To warm and strenghten yuang in lower part; To control wavering yang; To destroy adversary; To soothe heavy breathing. |- |Hong Ling San||~||Hongling Powder||To dispel summer-heat, induce restoration of consciousness and counteract toxicity. |- |Hong Yao Tie Gao||~||Hongyao Plaster||To remove blood stasis and replenish blood, to promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |Hong Zao Hei Dou Tang||~||Red Jujube and Black Bean Decoction||To warm and tonify ''kidney yang''; To stop abnormal vaginal discharge . |- |Hou Po Da Huang Tang||厚朴大黄汤||Hou Po Da Huang Intestine and Stomach Soothing Decoction||To smooth stomach and intestines |- |Hou Po San Wu Tang||厚朴三物汤||Decoction of Magnoliae Officinalis and Other Two Drugs||To activate vital energy, relieve abdominal fullness, and induce bowel movement. |- |Hou Po Sheng Jiang Ban Xia Gan Cao Ren Shen Tang||~||Decoction of Magnoliae Officinalis, Zingiberis Recens, Pinelliae, Glycyrrhizae and Ginseng ||To strengthen the spleen, benefit the stomach, soothe the middle jiao and relieve fullness. |- |Hou Po Wen Zhong Tang||厚朴温中汤||Decoction of Magnoliae Officinalis for Warming Middle Jiao||To warm interior and smooth qi; To dry dampness; To dissolve stagnation |- |Hou Zheng Wan||喉症丸||Pill for Throat Diseases||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, subdue swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Hu Gan Pian||~||Hugan Tablet; Liver-Protecting Tablet||To disperse the stagnated ''liver-qi'', invigorate the spleen and relieve dyspepsia, depress transaminase. |- |Hu Gu Yao Jiu||~||Medicated Wine with Tiger Bone||To expel pathogenic ''wind'' and cold, relax muscles and tendons, activate the flow of ''qi'' and blood in the channels and collaterals. |- |Hu Po Bao Long Wan||琥珀抱龙丸||Hupo Baolong Pills||To induce tranquilization, and to remove ''heat'' and resolve phlegm. |- |Hu Po Xiao Shi Chong Ji||~||Lithagogue Infusion of Amber||To clear away ''heat,'' remove dampness, induce diuresis and remove stones. |- |Hu Qian Wan||虎潜丸||Huqian Bolus||To nourish kidney-yin, lower the asthenic ''fire,'' strengthen the tendon and bone. |- |Hua Ban Tang||化斑汤||Decoction for Rashes Subsidence; Rash Dissolving Decoction||To clear away ''heat'' ''evil'' and toxic material, cool blood and leet the rashes subsided. |- |Hua Gan Jian||化肝煎||Liver Dissolving Fries||To comfort liver; To reduce unhappy feeling; To soothe qi; To disperse fire |- |Hua Shuan Tong Mai Tang||~||Blockade Dissolving Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To dissolve blockage and ''open'' the pulse; To suppress ''wind'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Hua Shui Zhong Zi Tang||~||Decoction for Sterility||To warm the kidney, strengthen the spleen and promote diuresis. |- |Hua Tuo Zai Zao Wan||~||Huatuo Zaizao Pills||To promote blood circulation, to remove blood stasis, to resolve phlegm, and to remove obstruction from the collateral. |- |Hua Yu Qing San Tang||~||Stagnation Dissolving Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To cleanse and disperse heat |- |Hua Yu Yang Yin Tang||~||Stagnation Dissolving and Yin Nourishing Decoction||To dissolve stagnation and nourish ''yin''; To produce saliva and benefit kidney |- |Hua Yu Zhi Beng Tang||~||Stagnation Dissolving Period Decoction||To dissolve stagnation; To stop bleeding; To modulate period |- |Hua Zheng Hui Sheng Pian||~||Huazheng Huisheng Tablets||To remove blood stasis and dissolve masses. |- |Huai Hua San||槐花散||Powder of Sophorae; Sophora Powder||To clear the bowels to stop bleeding, dispel pathogenic ''wind'' to keep the adverse ''qi'' flowing downward. |- |Huai Hua Xiao Zhi Tang||~||Tree Flower Haemorrhoid Control Decoction||To cool blood and stop bleeding; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To revitalize blood and stop pain; To remove stagnation and dissolve haemorrhoid |- |Huan Shao Dan||还少丹||Pill for Restoring Yang||To warm and invigorate ''kidney-yang'', preserve essence and tranquilize. |- |Huan Shen Tang||~||Spirit Pleasing Decoction||To cheer the spirit and calm the heart; To dissolve phlegm and ''open'' the mind; To reduce unhappy feelings and strengthen the spleen |- |Huan Xin Dan||~||Coronary Heart Disease Pill||To promote coronary circulation to remove obstruction in the heart-vessels. |- |Huan Yin Jiu Ku Tang||~||Decoction for Restoring Yin and Purging Fire||To purge ''fire,'' eliminate toxic material, cool blood and disperse stagnation. |- |Huang Lian E Jiao Tang||黄连阿胶汤||Decoction of Coptidis and Colla Corii Asini||To clear away heart-fire and nourish kidney-yin. |- |Huang Lian Jiang Tang San||~||Huanglian Diabetes Reduction Powder||To benefit ''qi'' and nourish yin; To cool and release heat |- |Huang Lian Jie Du Tang||黄连解毒汤||Decoction of Coptidis for Detoxification, Antidotal Decoction of Coptis; Coptis Poison Eliminating Decoction||To purge pathogenic ''fire'' and lessen virulence of any pathogenic organism. |- |Huang Lian Shang Qing Wan||黄连上清丸||Coptis Bolus for Clearing the Upper Heat; Coptis Upper Cooling Pill||To disperse pathogenic ''wind'', to relieve pain. To clear away ''heat'' and loosen the bowels. |- |Huang Lian Tang||黄连汤||Decoction of Coptidis||To regulate ''cold'' and ''heat,'' to regulate the functions of the stomach and lower the ''adverse rising energy''. |- |Huang Long Tang||黄龙汤||Yellow Dragon Decoction||To relax the bowels to expel ''heat-evil'', invigorate vital energy and nourish the blood. |- |Huang Qi Bie Jia San||黄芪鳖甲散||Astragali And Carapax Trionycis Powder||To invigorate vital energy, benefit the ''wei'' (defensive) level, nourish ''yin'' and clear away ''heat.'' |- |Huang Qi Dan Shen Huang Jing Tang (Wan)||~||Huang Qi Dan Shen Huang Jing Decoction (Pill)||To strengthen the spleen and tonify the kidney; To dissolve stagnation and lumps; To cleanse and relieve ''heat-dampness''. |- |Huang Qi Gui Di Tang||~||Huang Qi Gui Di Decoction||To nourish liver and kidney; To nourish blood and modulate period |- |Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang||黄芩桂枝五物汤||Decoction Of Five Drugs Containing Astragali seu Hedysari and Cinnamomi||To benefit vital energy, regulate the ying-level (nutritive-level), activate the ''yang-energy'', and relieve vessel obstruction. |- |Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang||黄芩建中汤||Decoction of Astragali seu Hedysari for Warming Middle Jiao; Astragalus Central-Strengthening Decoction||To warm the ''middle jiao'', tonify, alleviate pain, harmonize ''yin'' and ''yang'', and regulate the ying and wei levels (nutritive and defensive levels). |- |Huang Qi Yi Shen Tang||~||Huang Qi Kidney Benefiting Decoction||To tonify the kidney and strengthen the spleen; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To revitalize blood and reduce swelling |- |Huang Qi Zhu Fu Tang||~||Huang Qi Zhu Fu Decoction||To warm the kidney and strengthen the spleen; To nourish blood and soothe the liver |- |Huang Qin Hua Shi Tang||黄芩滑石汤||Decoction of Scutellariae and Talcum; Scrutellaria Talc Decoction||To clear ''dampness-heat evil.'' |- |Huang Qin Tang||黄芩汤||Radix Scutellariae Decoction||To clear ''heat''; To stop diarrhea; To reduce pain. |- |Huang Teng Nan Chang Tang||~||Huang Teng Nan Chang Stroke Decoction||To revitalize blood and stop bleeding; To dissolve phlegm and ''open'' the mind |- |Huang Tu Tang||黄土汤||Decoction of Terra Flava Usta, Decoction of Baked Yellow Earth; Yellow Earth Decoction||To warm yang, strengthen the spleen, nourish the blood and stop bleeding. |- |Hui Chun Dan||~||Pill for Infantile Convulsion||To clear away and disperse phlegm, resuscitate and relieve convulsion. |- |Hui Tian Zai Zao Wan||~||Restorative Bolus with Tremendous Power||To dispel ''wind'', resolve phlegm and promote blood circulation, to remove obstruction in the ''channels''. |- |Hui Xiang Ju He Wan||茴香橘核丸||Huixiang Juhe Pills; Foeniculum Citrus Pill||To dispel cold, promote the flow of ''qi,'' induce the subsidence of swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Hui Yan Zhu Yu Tang||会厌逐瘀汤||Stagnation Dissolving Decoction||To revitalize blood; To remove blood stagnation; To nourish yin; To benefit throat |- |Huo Bu San Ren Tang||~||Huo Bu Plus Three Gentlmen Cold Relieving Decoction||To resolve ''dampness''; To promote sweating and relieve exterior; To soothe qi; To strengthen the spleen; To modulate the intestine and stomach |- |Huo Dan Wan||~||Huodan Pills||To remove ''heat,'' eliminating dampness, to release nasal obstruction. |- |Huo Luo Dan||活络丹||Bolus for Activating Meridians||To warm the channels, activate the circulation of collaterals, expel ''wind evil'', eliminate dampness and phlegm and remove blood stasis. |- |Huo Luo Tong Bi Tang||活络通痺汤||Luo Revitalizing Decoction||To tonify spleen and reinforce yang; To modulate ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To open ''jing'' and ''luo''. |- |Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Kou Fu Ye||~||Huoxiang Zhengqi Oral Liquid||To induce diaphoresis, resolve ''damp'', regulate the function of the spleen and the stomach. |- |Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San||霍香正气散||Powder of Agastachis for Restoring Healthy Energy; Agastache ''qi'' Restoring Powder||To release the exterior and resolve dampness. To regulate ''qi'' and harmonize the spleen and stomach. |- |Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Shui||霍香正气水||Huoxiang Zhengqi Solution||To induce diaphoresis, ''resolve damp'', regulate the function of the spleen and the stomach. |- |Huo Xue Chu Xuan Tang||~||Blood Revitalizing Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To suppress ''wind'' and soothe the liver |- |Huo Xue Run Zao Sheng Jin San||~||Powder for Activitating Blood Circulation, Moistening Dryness and Promoting the Production of Body Fluid||To nourish blood, activate blood circulation, promote the production of body fluid and moisten dryness. |- |Huo Xue Shu Jin Tang||~||Blood Revitalizing and Muscle Relaxing Decoction||To move ''qi'' and dissolve stagnation; To modulate ''qi'' and stop pain; To soothe muscles and open ''luo''; To dissolve lumps |- |Huo Xue Tong Luo Tang||~||Blood Revitalizing and Luo Opening Decoction||To revitalize blood and open ''luo''; To modulate ''qi'' and stop pain |- |Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian||~||Tablet for Promoting Coronary Circulation||To promote coronary circulation, strengthen the heart and relieve pain. |- |Huo Xue Xiao Zhong Tang||~||Blood Revitalizing and Swelling Dissolving Decoction||To revitalize blood and disperse dampness; To reduce swelling and stop pain |- |Huo Xue Zhi Tong Gao||~||Blood Revitalizing and Pain Relieving Decoction||To move ''qi'' and dissolve stagnation; To revitalize blood; To open ''luo''; To stop pain |- |Huo Xue Zhi Tong San||~||Huoxue Zhitong Powder||To activate blood circulation, eliminate stasis, promote the subsidence of swelling and alleviate pain. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions I-J== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Ji Chuan Jian||济川煎||Jichuan Decoction||To warm, lubricate and promote bowel movement. |- |Ji Jiao Li Huang Wan||己椒苈黄丸||Pill of Stephaniae Tetrandrae, Zanthoxyli, Lepidii seu Descurainiae and Rhei||To eliminate the retained fluid and discharge the evils from the lower part. |- |Ji Ming San||~||Cock-Crowing Powder||To warm and expel cold-dampness evil, activate circulation of vital energy, and lower turbid ''evil.'' |- |Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan||济生肾气丸||Jisheng Shenqi Pills; Kidney Qi Restoring Edema Reducing Pill||To warm the kidney and cause diuresis. |- |Ji Xue Teng Gao||鸡血藤膏||Jixueteng Concentrated Decoction||To replenish blood, activate circulation and regulate menstruation. |- |Ji Xue Teng Tang||鸡血藤汤||Blood Tonification Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish blood; To produce sperm and bone marrow |- |Jia Jian Ba Zhen Tang||~||Plus and Minus Eight Pearl Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish ''yin'' |- |Jia Jian Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang||加减补中益气汤||Plus and Minus Interior Tonification Decoction||To tonify ''qi''; To lift ''collapseness''; To support the fetus |- |Jia Jian Dang Gui Si Ni Tang||~||Plus and Minus Dang Gui and Frigid Extremities Decoction||To warm and open blood circulation; To dissolve ''qi'' and ''move water'' |- |Jia Jian Da Huang Tang||~||Plus and Minus Da Huang Decoction||To strengthen spleen and ''benefit water''; To benefit ''qi'' and address weakness |- |Jia Jian Fu Mai Tang||加减复脉汤||Modified Pulse Restoring Decoction|| |- |Jia Jian Qing Hai Wan||~||Plus and Minus Sea Cleansing Bolus||To nourish liver and spleen; To nourish blood; To cool blood; To modulate period |- |Jia Jian Tuo Hua Jian||~||Plus and Minus Flower Remover Fries||To revitalize blood and move qi; To dissolve stagnation and promote delivery |- |Jia Jian Wei Rui Tang||加减葳蕤汤||Modified Decoction of Polygonati Odorati||To replenish the ''yin'' and clear ''heat.'' To promote sweating and release the exterior. |- |Jia Jian Xiao Cai Hu Tang||~||Plus and Minus Small Radix Bupleuri Decoction||To harmonize ''junior yang''; To support ''rightness'' Qi and disperse ''evil'' |- |Jia Jian Xiao Yao San||加减消遥散||Plus and Minus Pleasure Powder||To soothe the liver and resolve depression; To cool blood and stop bleeding |- |Jia Jian Yi Qi Gu Chong Tang||~||Plus and Minus Qi Benefiting Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and benefit kidney; To contain flow and stop bleeding |- |Jia Jian Zheng Qi Tian Xiang San||~||Plus and Minus Rightness Sandalwood Powder||To modulate ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To regulate period and stop pain |- |Jia Jian Zhu Qi Bu Tai Tang||~||Plus and Minus Qi Assisting Fetus Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and contain blood; To disperse ''fire'' and calm the fetus |- |Jia Kang Ping Wan||~||Hyperthyroidism Reduction Bolus||To nourish yin; To stablize liver; To contain yang; To dissolve phlegm; To soften hardness; To disperse stagnation |- |Jia Liu Wan||~||Hyperthyroidism Tumor Bolus||To cleanse liver and dissolve phlegm; To soften hardness and disperse stagnation; To revitalize blood and dissolve lump |- |Jia Wei Bai He Di Huang Tang||~||Added Flavor Baihe Dihuang Decoction||To nourish ''yin'' and tonify blood; To reduce agitation and calm the spirit |- |Jia Wei Ban Xia Hou Po Tang||~||Added Flavor Banxia Houpo Decoction||To soothe liver and remove unhappy feeling; To modulate ''qi'' and dissolve phlegm; To promote qi; To open ''luo'' and dissolve stagnation |- |Jia Wei Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang||~||Added Flavor Interior Tonification Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish the blood |- |Jia Wei Dai Fan San||~||Added Flavor Dai Fan Powder||To remove ''dampness and benefit water''; To suppress ''fire'' and remove ''yellow'' |- |Jia Wei Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang||~||Added Flavor Dang Gui Blood Tonification Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish blood; To disperse coldness and stop pain |- |Jia Wei Dang Gui Si Ni Tang||~||Added Flavor Dang Gui Frigid Extremities Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and nourish blood; To warm ''yang'' and ''jin'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems); To ''open the pulse'' |- |Jia Wei Dang Gui Yin||~||Added Flavor Dang Gui Drink||To nourish blood; To disperse wind; To stop itching. |- |Jia Wei Di Fu Zi Tang||~||Added Flavor Di Fu Zi Heat Clearing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To facilitate urine |- |Jia Wei Fu Xie Ning||~||Added Flavor Diarrhea Suppressor||To strengthen the spleen and resolve ''dampness'' |- |Jia Wei Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang||~||Added Flavor Fu Zi Interior Modulation Decoction||To warm and tonify spleen and kidney; To remove toxic materials and contain bowel movement. |- |Jia Wei Ge Gen Qin Lian Tang||加味葛根芩连汤||Added Flavor Ge Gen Qin Lian Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and disperse dampness; To modulate ''qi'' and harmonize the blood |- |Jia Wei Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan||~||Added Flavor GZFL Bolus||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Jia Wei Jiao Ai Si Wu Tang||~||Added Flavor JA Four Object Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish blood; To stop bleeding and calm the fetus |- |Jia Wei Jiao Hong Yin||~||Added Flavor Jiao Hong Drink||To revitalze blood and dissolve stagnation; To clear ''heat'' and cool blood; To nourish blood and stop bleeding |- |Jia Wei Li Yu Tang||~||Added Flavor Cyprinus Carpio Soup||To strengthen spleen and disperse dampness; To nourish blood and calm the fetus |- |Jia Wei Liang Di Tang||~||Added Flavor Two Place Decoction||To benefit ''yin'' and clear heat; To nourish blood and modulate period |- |Jia Wei Si Ni San||~||Added Flavor Four Adverary Powder||To soothe liver and modulate qi; To harmonize body and dissolve unhappy feelings; To ''benefit water'' and dissolve spasm |- |Jia Wei Wu Pi Yin||~||Added Flavor Five Skin Drink||To tonify qi; To strengthen spleen; To ''benefit water'' |- |Jia Wei Wu Yao Tang||加味乌药汤||Decoction of Linderae with Addition||To disperse the stagnated ''liver-energy'', promote circulation of vital energy and relieve pain. |- |Jia Wei Xiang Su San||加味香苏散||Powder of Two Effective Ingredients with Cyperus Peel and Perilla Leaf||To promote sweating and release the exterior. |- |Jia Wei Xiao Yao San||加味消遥散||Added Flavor Happiness Powder||To soothe liver; To strengthen spleen; To modulate blood; To modulate period |- |Jia Wei Xiao Yao Wan||~||Jiawei Xiaoyao Pills||To Disperse the stagnated liver-qi, to remove ''heat,'' invigorate the spleen and nourishing blood. |- |Jia Wei ''yin'' Qiao San||~||Added Flavor ''yin'' Qiao Powder||To soothe ''wind'' and clear heat; To cool and relieve exterior syndrome; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials |- |Jia Wei Zhi Zhuo Gu Ben Tang||~||Added Flavor Turbid Removing Decoction||To strengthen spleen and support kidney |- |Jian Bu Wan||~||Jianbu Pills||To replenish the liver and kidney and strengthen the tendons and bones. |- |Jian Gu Tang||~||Decoction for Strenthening the Spleen and Supporting the Kidney||To strengthen the spleen and support the kidney. |- |Jian Nao An Shen Tang||~||Brain Strengthening Decoction||To strengthen the brain and calm the spirit |- |Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan||~||Brain-Invigorating and Kidney-Tonifying Pill||To invigorate the brain, replenish ''qi,'' tonify the kidney and strengthen the essence of life. |- |Jian Nao Chong Ji||~||Brain-Strengthening Infusion||To nourish blood and tranquilize the mind, tonify the kidney and strengthen the brain. |- |Jian Nao San||~||Brain Strengthening Powder||To tonify ''qi'' and blood; To nourish liver and spleen; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To remove swelling and stop pain |- |Jian Ning Tang||~||Shoulder Condensation Decoction||To tonify spleen and benefit liver; To revitalize blood and open the ''luo''. |- |Jian Pi Ding Xian Tang||~||Spleen Enhancing Decoction||To strengthen spleen and dissolve phlegm; To soothe liver and suppress wind |- |Jian Pi Wan||健脾丸||Pill for Strengthening Spleen, Pill for Invigorating the Spleen||To strengthen the spleen and regulate the stomach, promote digestion and arrest diarrhea. |- |Jian Shen Fang||~||Kidney Strengthening Recipe||To benefit ''qi'' and strengthen spleen; To tonify kidney and dissolve stagnation |- |Jian Shen Tang||~||Health Boosting Decoction||To tonify kidney and strengthen spleen; To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood |- |Jian Wei Cha||~||Stomach Strengthening Tea||To strengthen spleen and benefit stomach; To soothe ''qi'' and stop pain |- |Jian Xin Fu Mai Lin||~||Heart Strengthening and Pulse Recovery Recipe||To benefit qi; To revitalize blood; To restore pulse |- |Jiang Can Er Huang San||~||JC Two Yellow-Stuff Powder||To dissolve phlegm and reduce unhappy feeling; To lift ''clean'' and contain the ''turbid''; To modulate ''qi'' and blood; To calm spirit and heart |- |Jiang Liu Jin Gao||~||Ginger Liquid Extract||Stomachic and carminative |- |Jiang Tang Wan||~||Jiantang Pills||To nourish ''qi'' and yin, to promote the production of body fluid and quench thirst. |- |Jiang Tang Yin||~||Diabetes Relieving Drink||To clear lung heat; To nourish spleen yin; To strengthen spleen qi; To benefit kidney jing (spirit) |- |Jiang Ya Ping Pian||~||Antihypertensive Tablet||To relieve hypertension and refresh oneself. |- |Jiang Zhi Pian||~||Lipid Reduction Pill||To revitalize blood and soothe pulse; To cleanse and clear liver heat |- |Jiao Ai Tang||胶艾汤||Decoction of Colla Corii Asini and Artemisiae Argyi||To tonify blood and stop bleeding. To regulate menstruation and calm down restlessness of the fetus. |- |Jiao Mei Bing Guan Tang||~||Guts Decoction||To silence and kill worms; To modulate ''qi'' and stop pain |- |Jiao Tai Wan||交泰丸||Mutually Sedating Pill||To keep communication open between heart and spleen; To reduce fire; To calm spirit |- |Jie Bai Wan||~||Jiebai Pills||To invigorate the spleen and regulate the stomach function to relieve pain and vomiting, and to cure dysuria. |- |Jie Biao Tui Re Fang||~||Exterior Sydrome and ''heat'' Reduction Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and remove fire; To lift and disperse evil |- |Jie Du Huo Xue Tang||解毒活血汤||Detoxification and Blood Revitalizing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To revitalize blood and stop pain |- |Jie Du Nei Xiao Tang||~||Detoxification Decoction||To soothe liver and reduce unhappy feeling; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To dissolve phlegm |- |Jie Du San Jie Tang||~||Detoxification and Stagnation Dissolving Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To cleanse swelling and dissolve stagnation; To revitalize blood and stop pain |- |Jie Du Tui Huang Tang||~||Detoxification and Yellowness Removing Decoction||To cleanse and benefit heat-dampness; To soothe liver and benefit gallbladder |- |Jie Gu Gao||~||Bone Joining Ointment||To join bones and muscle; To revitalize blood and reduce swelling |- |Jie Ji Ning Sou Wan||~||Jieji Ningsou Pills||To induce diaphoresis, relieve cough and resolve phlegm. |- |Jie Jing Tang||~||Spasm Relieving Decoction||To strengthen the spleen and modulate the stomach; To warm ''jing'' and open ''luo''; To nourish the heart and calm the spirit |- |Jie Nue ''qi'' Bao Yin||截疟七宝饮||Decoction of Seven Fine Drugs for Malaria||To dry dampness and resolve phlegm. To relieve malaria. |- |Jie Re He Ji||~||Heat Clearing Combination Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials |- |Jie Xiao Tang||~||Heavy Breathing Relieving Decoction||To soothe lung and control qi; To suppress ''wind'' and stop cough; To dissolve phlegm and suppress heavy breathing |- |Jin Fei Cao San||金沸草散||Powder of Inulae||To expel cold from the body surface, disperse phlegm, and relieve cough. |- |Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan||~||Kidney-Qi Tonifying Bolus; Kidney Qi Pill from the Golden Cabinet (a classical text on Traditional Chinese Medicine)||To tonify the ''kidney-qi'' and invigorate the ''Ming Men'' (kidney/gate of life). |- |Jin Ji Chong Ji||~||Infusion of Cherokee Rose and Spatholobus Stem||To remove obstruction in the channels and promote blood circulation. |- |Jin Lian Mao Gong Yin||~||Jin Lian Mao Gong Yin Nephritis Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To remove toxic materials and dissolve swelling |- |Jin Ling Zi San||金铃子散||Powder of Sichuan Chinaberry Combination; Melia Powder||To promote ''qi'' in the liver. To invigorate blood and stop pain. |- |Jin Pu Tang||~||Jinpu Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To move ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To connect to interior and promote bowel movement |- |Jin Suo Gu Jing Wan||金锁固精丸||Golden Lock Pill for Keeping the Kidney Essence, Golden Lock Pill for Keeping the Kidney Essence; Gold Lock Semen Conserving Pill||To consolidate the kidney to treat emission. |- |Jin Yin Tang||~||Jin Yin Decoction||To kill roundworms; To kill worms; To move qi; To stop pain. |- |Jing Zhi Guan Xin Pian||~||Jingzhi Guanxin Tablets||To promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. |- |Jing Zhui Fang||~||Neck Bone Recipe||To move ''qi'' and harmonize blood; To contain ''wind'' and remove dampness. |- |Jiu Fen San||~||Jiufen Powder; Nine Fen Powder||To activate blood circulation, remove stasis, promote the subsidence of swelling and relieve pain. |- |Jiu Qi Nian Tong Wan||~||Jiuqi Niantong Pills||To arrest pain by regulating the flow of ''qi'' and promote blood circulation. |- |Jiu Sheng San||~||Jiusheng Powder||To counteract toxicity, induce subsidence of swelling, remove ''damp'' and relieve itching. |- |Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Keli||~||Jiuwei Oianghuo Granules||To expel superficial evils and eliminate ''dampness''. |- |Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang||九味羌活汤||Decoction of Nine Ingredients Containing Notopterygii||To promote sweating and eliminate dampness. To clear interior ''heat.'' |- |Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Wan||~||Jiuwei Qianghuo Pills||To induce diaphoresis and remove ''damp''. |- |Jiu Wei Shi Hui Hua San||~||Jiuwei Shihuihua Powder||To remove toxic ''heat,'' to relieve cough, and to induce sedation. |- |Jiu Wei Xiao Ding Yin||~||Nine Herb Furuncle Drink||To clear ''heat,'' cool blood and remove toxic materials |- |Jiu Wei Zi Shen Wan||九味资生丸||Nine-Ingredients Life-Spporting Bolus||To strengthen spleen; To enhance appetite; To promote digestion; To harmonize the ''interior'' |- |Jiu Xian San||九仙散||Powder Containing Nine Drugs; Nine Immortal Powder||To benefit vital energy, invigorate the lung, keep lung-energy and relieve cough. |- |Jiu Yi San||九一散||Jiuyi Powder||To drain the pus, eradicate toxicity, eliminate the dead tissue and promote the growth of new tissue. |- |Ju Fang Zhi Bao San||居方至宝散||Ju Fang Zhi Treasured Bolus||To induce resuscitation, relieve convulsion and clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Ju He Wan||橘核丸||Bolus of Citri Grandis||To promote ''qi'' and stop pain. To soften hardness and remove nodules. |- |Ju Hong Wan||橘红丸||Tangerine Peel Bolus||To remove ''heat'' from the lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough. |- |Ju Pi Zhu Ru Tang||橘皮竹茹汤||Decoction of Citri Grandis and Bambusae in Taeniam, Tangerine Peel and Bamboo Shavings Decoction; Citrus Phyllostachys Decoction||To lower the adverse flow of ''qi'' to relieve vomiting, invigorate ''qi'' and clear away ''heat.'' |- |Ju Yuan Jian||举元煎||Decoction for Raising Primordial Energy||To benefit vital energy to control blood. |- |Juan Bi Tang||蠲痹汤||Decoction for Treating Rheumatism; Dampness Dissolving (Qi Enhancing) Decoction||To expel ''wind'' and dampness, benefit vital energy and nourish blood. |- |Juan Bi Zhen Tong Tang||~||Nerve Pain Relieving Decoction||To disperse coldness and reduce dampness; To stop pain |- |Juan Tong Tang||~||Pain Control Decoction||To tonify and benefit liver and spleen; To suppress ''wind'' and remove ''dampness''; To disperse ''coldness'' and open the ''luo''. |- |Jun Li Tang||~||Infectious Diarrhea Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To cool blood and stop diarrhea |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions K-L== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Kai Wei Qi Cao||~||Appetite Opening Qi Fries||To strengthen the spleen and benefit the stomach; To dissolve stagnation; To enhance appetite |- |Kai Xiong Shun ''qi'' Wan||~||Digestion-Promoting Pill||To remove retention of undigested food, promote the flow of ''qi'' and relieve pain. |- |Kan Li Sha||~||Kanli Coarse Powder||To dispel wind-cold, promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |Kang Bai Huo He Ji||抗白喉合剂||Decoction to Treat Diphtheria||To nourish ''yin'' and moisten dryness. To clear ''heat'' and release toxins. |- |Kang Bao Kou Fu Ye||~||Oral Liquid for Health||To invigorate ''qi'' and the kidney, strengthen the spleen and regulate the stomach, and nourish the heart to calm the mind. |- |Kang Gan Ke Li||~||Kanggan Granules||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity. |- |Kang Gu Sui Yan Pian||~||Tablet for Treating Osteomyelitis||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, dissipate blood stasis and promote the subsidence of swelling. |- |Kang Gu Zeng Shen Yin||~||Anti-Bone Growth Drink||To tonify and benefit the liver and spleen; To strengthen muscle and bone; To revitalize blood and open the ''luo''; To dissolve swelling and reduce lumps |- |Kang Gu Zeng Sheng Wan||~||Kanggu Zengsheng Pills||To nourish loins and kidney and strengthen the tendons and bones, activate blood circulation and ''qi'' flow, to relieve pain. |- |Kang Yuan Tang||~||Anti-Origin Decoction||To soothe the liver and modulate the kidney; To clear ''heat'' to ''benefit dampness'', and remove toxic materials |- |Ke Xue Fang||咳血方||Prescription for Treating Hemoptysis; Coughing of Blood Formula||To clear ''fire'' and resolve phlegm. To astringe the lungs and stop cough. |- |Kong Dong Xing Fei Jie He Xiao Fang||~||Empty Cave Tuberculosis Recipe||To nourish ''yin'' and moisturize the lungs; To suppress ''fire'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Kong Xian Wan||~||Kongxian Pills||To eliminate phlegm and retained fluid. |- |Ku Shen Tang||苦参汤||Bitter Shen Decoction for Modulating The Heart||To cleanse and suppress heart fire; To calm the spirit |- |Ku Shen Tong Lin Tang||~||Bitter Shen Decoction for Promoting Urine||To clear ''heat'' and disperse dampness; To facilitate urine |- |Ku Shen Zhi Yang Tang||~||Bitter Shen Itching Stopper Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and soothe wind; To kill worms and stop itching |- |Kui Yang He Ji||~||Ulcer Combination Pill||To warm interior and strengthen spleen; To move ''qi'' and stop pain |- |Kui Yang Kang Tang||~||Ulcer Decoction||To contain lump and remove ulcer |- |Kui Yang Pian||~||Ulcer Pill||To soothe ''qi'' and stop pain; To dissolve lump and grow muscle |- |Kun Hai Pai Shi Tang||~||Kun Hai Stone Removing Decoction||To facilitate urine and benefit dampness; To revitalize blood and remove stagnation; To soften hardness; To dissolve and remove stone |- |Kuo Qing Yin||廓清饮||Kuoqing Decoction||To eliminate dampness, promote diuresis and activate vital energy. |- |Lai Zhi San||~||Lai Zhi Powder||To move qi; To revitalize blood; To dissolve stagnation |- |Lan Di Tang||~||Lan Di Cold Relieving Decoction||To nourish yin; To clear heat; To soothe lung; To remove toxic materials |- |Lan Wei Xiao Yan Pian||~||Appendictis Tablet||To resist bacteria, relieve inflammation, promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, subdue swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Leng Xiao Wan||冷哮丸||Pill for Asthma; Cold Wheeze Pill||To warm the lung, expel cold and eliminate sputum. |- |Li Dan Pai Shi Pian||~||Lidan Paishi Tablets; Cholagogic and Lithagogue Tablet||To remove damp-heat, increase the flow of bile and expel calculi. |- |Li Dan Pian||~||Cholagogic Tablet||Cholagogic and anti-inflammation. |- |Li Gan Long Pian||~||Liver-Restoring Tablet||To relieve the depressed liver, clear away the ''heat'' and remove dampness by diuresis, strengthen body resistance and restore the nomal functions of body. |- |Li Gan Pian||~||Liver-Benefiting Tablet||To remove ''heat'' and dampness from the liver and gallbladder. |- |Li Huang Tang||~||Li Huang Heart Decay Decoction||To relieve lung and suppress heavy breathing; To strengthen heart |- |Li Ling Tang||~||Decoction Containing Poria for Regulating Middle Jiao||To warm the jiao, dry dampness and promote diuresis. |- |Li Pi Su Fei Tang||~||Spleen and Lung Modulation Decoction||To strengthen spleen and dsiperse dampness; To contain lung ''qi'' |- |Li ''qi'' Shu Xin Pian||~||Qi-Regulating and Heart-Soothing Tablet||To regulate the flow of ''qi'' and tranquilize the mind, alleviate pain by removing blood stasis and inducing appetite and digestion. |- |Li Shi Hua Yu Tang||~||Dampness and Stagnation Decoction||To boost dampness and remove phlegm; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Li Zhong Wan||理中丸||Bolus for Regulating the Middle Jiao||To warm the middle-warmer to dispel cold and replenish ''qi'' to invigorate the spleen. |- |Lian Bu Yin||~||Lian Bu ''heat'' Clearing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and reduce dampness; To modulate intestine and stomach |- |Lian Kui Yu ''yang'' Tang||~||Ulcer Containing Decoction||To strengthen spleen and remove dampness; To soothe ''qi'' and dissolve stagnation; To remove lump and stop bleeding |- |Lian Mei An Hui Tang||连梅安蛔汤||Roundworm Decoction||To clear heat; To kill worms |- |Lian Po Yin||连朴饮||Decoction of Coptidis and Magnoliae Officinalis; Coptis Magnolia Drink||To clear away ''heat,'' dry dampness, promote circulation of vital energy and disperse turbid ''evil.'' |- |Liang Di Tang||~||Decoction of Rehmanniae and Obstetrics||To nourish kidney-yin and clear away asthenic ''heat.'' |- |Liang Fu Wan||良附丸||Liangfu Pills||To warm stomach and regulate the flow of remove ''qi.'' |- |Liang Ge San||凉膈散||Powder for Clearing Away Heat in the Upper or Middle Jiao||To clear away ''heat'' ''evil'' from the upper jiao and relax bowel movement. |- |Liang Shen Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Ginseng and Acanthopanax||To supplement ''qi,'' nourish the blood, and strengthen the body. |- |Lin Zhe Qing Jiang Tang||~||Lin Zhe Clearing and Lowering Decoction||To cleanse and reduce ''qi'' and ''fire'' |- |Ling Bao Hu Xin Dan||灵宝护心丹||Lingbao Huxin Micropills||Strengthen the heart and replenish ''qi,'' activating ''yang'' and blood circulation, promoting the restoration of consciousness with drugs of fragnant flavour, relieving pain. |- |Ling Gan Wu Wei Jiang Xin Tang||苓甘五味姜辛汤||Decoction of Poria, Glycyrrhizae, Schisandrae, Zingiberis and Asari||To warm the lung to reduce phlegm-fluid retention. |- |Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang||~||Decoction of Poria, Bighead Atractylodes, Cinnamon and Licorice; Poria Cinnamomum Atractylodes Glycyrrhiza Decoction||To strengthen the spleen and excrete dampness, warm and resolve the retention of phlegm and fluid. |- |Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang||羚角钩藤汤||Decoction of Cornu Saigae Tataricae and Uncariae cum Uncis, Decoction of Antelope's Horn and Uncaria Stem||To remove pathogenic ''heat'' from the liver and calm endogenous ''wind'' and increase body fluid to relax muscles and tendons. |- |Ling Qiao Jie Du Wan||羚翘解毒丸||Saiga Horn and Lonicera Poison-Relieving Pill|| |- |Ling Yang Mao Pian||~||Tablet of Antelope's Horn for Common Cold||To dispel wind, remove ''heat'' and induce diaphoresis to reduce fever. |- |Ling Yang Fei San||~||Powder of Antelope's Horn for Clearing Lung-heat||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, expel phlegm and arrest cough. |- |Ling Yang Qing Fei Wan||~||Lingyang Qingfei Pills||To cool lung, release discomfort in pharynx, remove epidemic evils, and to relieve cough. |- |Ling Yi Bai Jiang Tang||~||Turbid Control Decoction||To clear heat; To reduce dampness; To remove toxic materials |- |Liu He Ding Zhong Wan||~||Liuhe Dingzhong Pills; Stomach-Regulating Pill||To remove summer-damp, regulate the function of the spleen and stomach and promote digestion. |- |Liu Shen Wan||六神丸||Pill of Six Miraculous Drugs; Pill of Six Ingredients with Magical Effects||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic material, relieve swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Liu Wei An Xiao San||~||Six Flavors Anxiao Powder||To regulate the stomach, invigorate the spleen, and remove undigested food. |- |Liu Wei Di Huang Wan||六味地黄丸||Bolus of Six Drugs Including Rehmannia; Six Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia; Pill of Six Ingredients with Rehmannia||To nourish and enrich the liver and kidney. |- |Liu Yi Bing Zhu San Ma You Hu||~||First Of June Bing Zhu San Sesame Soup||To disperse stagnation and dissolve swelling; To stop pain and remove toxic materials; To prevent ''rotteness'' and produce muscle |- |Liu Yi San||六一散||Six To One Powder||To eliminate dampness, clear ''heat'' and relieve ''summer-heat''. |- |Liu Ying Wan||~||Liuying Pills; Anti-inflammatory Pill||To counteract inflammation, caused subsidence of swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Long Dan Xie Gan Tang||龙胆泻肝汤||Decoction of Gentianae for Purging Liver Fire; Gentiana Liver Clearing Decoction||To purge excessive ''fire'' from the liver and gallbladder and remove ''damp-heat'' from the lower-warmer. |- |Long Dan Xie Gan Wan||~||Longdan Xiegan Pills; Bolus of Gentian for Purging Liver-fire||To remove ''damp-heat'' from the live and the gall bladder. |- |Lou Xing Chen Qi Tang||~||Louxing Qi Supporting Decoction||To smooth abdomen and dissolve phlegm |- |Lu He Xiao Dian Tang||~||Luhe Pigment Removing Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and tonify blood; To stop bleeding and produce blood |- |Lu Jiao Jiao||~||Antler Gelatin||To warm and invigorate the liver and kidney, replenish the vital essence and nourish the blood. |- |Lu Jin Yin||~||Lu Jin Drink||To clear ''heat'' and promote urine; To remove and dissolve stone |- |Lu Shang Yu Zhen||~||Head Injury Decoction||To contain dizziness and stop pain; To wake-up brain and calm spirit; To contain evil and stop vomiting |- |Lu Si Ka Wan||鹭鸶咯丸||Lusika Pills||Releasing stagnated lung-qi, dissipating phlegm, to relieve cough. |- |Lu Tai Gao||~||Semifluid Extract of Deer Foetus||To nourish the blood and supplement ''qi,'' warm the kidney and regulate menstruation. |- |Luo Han Guo Zhi Ke Chong Ji||~||Infusion of Grosvenor Momordica Fruit for Arresting Cough||To expel phlegm and arrest cough. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions M-N== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Ma Huang Bai Zhu Tang||~||Mahuang Baizhu Decoction||To warm and tonify spleen and kidney; To dissolve ''qi'' and ''move water'' |- |Ma Huang Tang||麻黄汤||Decoction of Ephedrae; Ephedra Decoction||To promote sweating and release the exterior. To promote the lung's function in dispersing and descending. To soothe asthma. |- |Ma Huang Xi Xin Fu Zi Tang||~||Decoction of Ephedrae, Asari and Aconiti||To strengthen ''yang'' to expel superficial evils. |- |Ma Huang Xing Ren Yi Yi Gan Cao Tang||麻黄杏仁薏苡甘草汤||Decoction of Ephedrae, Armeniacae Amarum, Coicis and Glycyrrhizae||To expel ''wind'' and dampness and alleviate pain. |- |Ma Pu San||~||Mapu Mastitis Powder||To ''soothe water''; To remove toxic materials and dissolve stagnation |- |Ma Qian Zi San||~||Maqianzi Powder||To dispel ''wind and dampness''; To promote blood circulation. |- |Ma Ren Run Chang Wan||~||Maren Runchang Pills||To cause laxation. |- |Ma Xin Er San Tang||~||Ma Xin Two Plus Three Heavy Breathing Decoction||To dissolve phlegm and promote the drinking of water; To control ''qi'' and suppress heavy breathing; To benefit the kidney and the spleen |- |Ma Xin Long Xie Xiong Tang||~||Ma Xin Heavy Breathing Controlling Decoction||To contain lung ''qi''; To relieve spasm; To revitalize the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems); To suppress heavy breathing |- |Ma Xin Qin Ting Tang||~||Ma Xin Qin Ting Decoction||To modulate lung and contain heavy breathing; To clear ''heat'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Ma Xin Shi Wei Tang||~||Ma Xin Shi Wei Decoction||To modulate lung and contain heavy breathing; To disperse ''wind'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang||~||Decoction of Ephedrae, Armeniacae Amarum, Glycyrrhizae and Gypsum Fibrosum||To release the inihibited lung-energy, purge ''heat'' evil, relieve asthma and cough. |- |Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang||~||Decoction of Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice; Ephedra Prunus Gypsum Glycyrrhiza Decoction||To expel pathogenic ''heat'' with pungent and cool drugs, clear away lung-heat to relieve asthma. |- |Ma Zi Ren Wan||麻子仁丸||Bolus of Cannabis (Bolus of Cannabis for Regulating Spleen); Cannabis pill||To moisten the intestines to relieve constipation. |- |Mai Jie Xiao Yao Tang||~||Mai Jie Pleasure Decoction||To soothe liver and modulate qi; To promote lung qi |- |Mai Men Dong Tang||麦门冬汤||Decoction of Ophiopogonis, Ophiopogon Decoction||To nourish the lung and the stomach, lower the adverse flow of ''qi'' and regulate the stomach. |- |Mai Wei Di Huang Wan||麦味地黄丸||Maiwei Dihuang Pills; Lung Kidney Deficiency Cough Pill||To nourish ''yin'' of the kidney and the lung. |- |Man Gan Jiu Wei Tang||~||Nine Herb Chronic Hepatitis Decoction||To strengthen spleen and harmonize stomach; To support earth and suppress wood |- |Mei Hua Dian She Wan||~||Meihua Dianshe Pills||To remove ''heat,'' counteract toxicity, promote the subsidence of swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Meng Shi Gun Tan Wan||~||Mengshi Guntan Pills; Chlorite Phlegm Eliminating Pill||To remove phlegm-fire. |- |Mi Niao Xi Jie Shi Fang||~||Recipe for Removing Urinary Tract Stone||To clear away ''heat,'' induce diuresis, soften and resolve hard stone. |- |Mi Yuan Jian||秘元煎||Mi Yuan Fries||To nourish heart; To strengthen spleen; To nonify kidney; To support sperm |- |Mi Zhen Tang||~||Hidden True Decoction||To strengthen spleen and suppress dampness; To support kidney |- |Miao Ji Wan||~||Miaoji Pills||To strengthen the tendons and bones, to remove ''damp'' and obstruction from the collaterals, to promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |Mie Ao Tang||~||Hepatitis B Removing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To soothe liver and revitalize blood |- |Mie Di Ku Shen Tang||~||Roundworm Killing Decoction||To clear heat; To disperse dampness; To kill parasite worms |- |Mie Di Tang||~||Worm Killing Decoction||To strengthen spleen and benefit dampness; To kill worms and stop diarrhea |- |Ming Mu Di Huang Wan||~||Rehmannia Bolus for Improving Eyesight||To nourish the kidney and liver to improve eyesight. |- |Ming Mu Shang Qing Wan||明目上清丸||Eyesight-Improving and Upper-Heat-Removing Bolus||To remove ''heat,'' expel wind, improve eyesight and alleviate pain. |- |Mu Dan Pi Tang||~||Cortex Moutan Radicis Clearing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To cleanse turbid secretion |- |Mu Fang Ji Tang||~||Decoction of Stephaniae Tetrandrae||To activate circulation of body fluid, disperse stagnation, dredge the passage of yang-energy, lower adverse rising energy and clear away lung-heat. |- |Mu Gua Wan||木瓜丸||Mugua Pills; Chaenomeles Fruit Pill||To dispel wind-cold, remove obstruction from collateral channels and relieve pain. |- |Mu Li San||牡蛎散||Oyster Shell Powder; Oyster Shell Powder||To consolidate the superficial-qi to arrest sweating, replenish the heart to suppress the sthenic yang. |- |Mu Li Ze Xie San||~||Powder of Concha Ostreae and Alismatis||To soften the hard masses, disperse phlegm, eliminate fluid and relieve swelling. |- |Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wang||木香槟榔丸||Pill of Aucklandiae and Arecae||To promote the flow of ''qi,'' to purge away ''heat'' and relax bowels. |- |Mu Xiang Fen ''qi'' Wan||~||Muxiang Fenqi Pills||To regulate the flow of ''qi'' in the chest, to eliminate the retention of undigested food, relieve vomiting. |- |Mu Xiang Shun ''qi'' Wan||木香顺气丸||Mu Xiang ''qi'' Soothing Bolus||To soothe qi; To dissolve dampness; To promote digestion; To dissolve stagnation |- |Nang Chong Wan||~||Worm Pill||To kill worms and dissolve phlegm; To revitalize blood and suppress wind |- |Nao De Sheng Pian||~||Naodesheng Tablets||As described under Naodesheng Wan. |- |Nao Le Jing||~||Naolejing Syrup||To nourish heart, strengthen brain, to induce sedation. |- |Nao Ling Su Pian||~||Brain-Invigorating Tablet||To invigorate ''qi'' and blood, nourish the heart and kidney, invigorate the brain and strengthen the mind. |- |Nao Xue Shuan Pian||~||Anti-Cerebral-Thrombosis Tablet||To promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, restore consciousness, remove obstruction in the channels, suppress the hyperfunction of liver-yang and stop endogenous ''wind'' to relieve convulsion. |- |Nei Bu Wan||内补丸||Pill for Leucorrhagia||To warm kidney, strengthen yang, supplement essential substance and relieve leucorrhagia. |- |Nei Shu Huang Lian Tang||~||Decoction of Coptidis for Detoxification||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic material, activate blood circulation, relieve swelling and promote bowel movement. |- |Niao Shi 1 Hao||~||Urine Stone No 1||To facilitate urine and remove stone; To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness |- |Ning Sou Lu||~||Cough Syrup||To relieve cough and reduce sputum. |- |Ning Xin Tang||~||Heart-Calming Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To benefit ''qi'' and nourish ying |- |Niu Bang Jie Ji Tang||牛蒡解肌汤||Decoction of Arctii for Soothing Muscles||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic material, expel ''wind'' from the body surface and reduce swelling. |- |Niu Huang Bao Long Wan||牛黄抱龙丸||Niuhuang Baolong Pills||To remove ''heat,'' relieve convulsions and dispel wind-phlegm. |- |Niu Huang Jie Du Pian||~||Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets; Detoxification Tablet of Cow-bezoar||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity. |- |Niu Huang Jie Du Wan||~||Cow-bezoar Antitoxic Bolus||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan||牛黄清心丸||Niuhuang Qingxin Pills; Cow-bezoar Sedative Bolus||To ease the mind, to resolve phlegm , and arrest the convulsion. |- |Niu Huang Shang Qing Wan||牛黄上清丸||Cow-bezoar Bolus for Clearing away ''heat'' of the Upper Part of the Body||To clear away ''heat'' and purge pathogenic ''fire,'' dispel ''wind'' and relieve pain. |- |Niu Huang Yi Jin Pian||~||Tablet of Cow-bezoar for Throat Trouble||To clear away ''heat'' and relieve sore throat, subside swelling and arrest pain. |- |Niu Huang Zhen Jing Wan||牛黄镇惊丸||Niuhuang Zhenjing Pills; Convulsion-Relieving Pill of Cow-bezoar||To arrest convulsions and calm the nerves. |- |Nu Bao||~||Menstruation-Regulating Capsule||To regulate menstruation and arrest bleeding, warm the womb and arrest leucorrhagia, promote blood circulation to remove stasis and promote generation of blood. |- |Nuan Gan Jian||暖肝煎||Decoction for Warming Liver; Liver Warming Fry||To warm and invigorate liver and kidney, activate circulation of vital energy and relieve pain. |- |Nuan Qi Gao||~||Nuanqi Plaster||To dispel cold, promote the flow of ''qi'' and relieve pain. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions O-P== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Oleum Menthae||~||Peppermint Oil||Aromatic, flavouring agent, carminative. Apply to the skin or mucous membrane to give cooling feeling and to relieve pain or other uncomfortable symptoms. |- |Pai Shi Chong Ji||~||Lithagogue Infusion||To promote diuresis, treat stranguria, remove urinary calculus. |- |Pai Shi He Ji||~||Stone Remover Combination Recipe||To cleanse and benefit heat-dampness; To dissolve stagnation and stone; To facilitate urine |- |Pang Xie Jie Gu San||~||Crab Bone-Joining Powder||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To soothe muscle and revitalize luo; To link bones and recover damage |- |Pi Yan Ling Ying Gao||~||Dermatitis Adhesive Plaster||To eliminate dampness and relieve itching. |- |Ping Dian Tang||~||Pigment Remover Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and cool blood; To benefit ''qi'' and contain blood; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Ping Gan Shu Luo Wan||~||Pinggan Shuluo Pills; Liver Settling Circulation Regulating Pill||Calming the liver and resolving stasis of liver-''qi,'' to promote blood circulation and dispel wind. |- |Ping Wei San||平胃散||Peptic Powder||To dry dampness and strengthen the spleen, promote the circulation of ''qi'' and regulate the stomach. |- |Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin ||普济消毒饮||Decoction for General Antiphlogistic; General Poison Eliminating Drink||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic material, and dispel ''wind'' and other exopathogens. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions Q-R== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Qi Bao Mei Ran Ke Li||~||Qibao Meiran Granules||To nourish the liver and kidney. |- |Qi Gong Tang||~||Fetus Serving Decoction||To significantly tonify ''qi'' and blood; To revitalize blood and promote delivery |- |Qi Guan Yan Wai Tie Fang||~||Asthma External Use Recipe||To control cough and contain heavy breathing; To disperse ''wind'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Qi Ju Di Huang Wan||~||Qiju Dihuang Pills; Lycium Chrysanthemum Rehmannia Pill||To nourish ''yin'' of the liver and the kidney. |- |Qi Li San||七厘散||Seven Li Powder; Anti-bruise Powder||To remove blood stasis, promote the subsidence of swelling, relieve pain and arrest bleeding. |- |Qi Long Tang||~||Qi Long Prostate Decoction||To warm ''yang'' and benefit ''qi''; To ''move liquid'' |- |Qi Pi Wan||启脾丸||Qipi Pills||To invigorate the function of the spleen and regulate the function of the stomach. |- |Qi Shao Ji Cao Tang||~||Qi Shao Ji Cao Stomach Decoction||To strengthen spleen and benefit ''qi''; To revitalize blood and stop pain; To reduce acid and stop bleeding |- |Qi Shi Wei Zhen Zhu Wan||~||Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills||To induce sedation, to promote the blood circulation, regulating the function between ''qi'' and blood, to promote the restoration of consciousness. |- |Qi Shu Hua Fen Tang||~||Qi Shu Flower Powder Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and nourish ''yin''; To produce saliva and stop thirst |- |Qi Wei Du Qi Wan||~||Qiwei Duqi Pills; Seven Ingredient Qi Restoring Pill||Improving inspiration by invigorating the kidney, treating emission. |- |Qi Wei Guang Zao Wan||~||Qiwei Guangzao Pills||To nourish blood, relenish ''qi,'' and induce tranquilization. |- |Qi Wei Ke Teng Zi Wan||~||Qiwei Ketengzi Pills||To expel ''summer-heat,'' regulate the function of the spleen and stomach, and relieve spasm and pain. |- |Qi Wei Pu Tao San||~||Qiwei Putao Powder||To remove ''heat'' from the lung, and to relieve cough and dyspnea. |- |Qi Wei Tie Xie Wan||~||Qiwei Tiexie Pills||To promote the flow of ''qi'' and blood, to subdue the hyperactivity of the liver, and to relieve pain. |- |Qi Wei Zhi Shen Tang||~||Seven Ingredients Kidney Decoction||To soothe lung and relieve exterior syndrome; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To suppress ''wind'' and ''move water'' |- |Qi Zhen Wan||~||Qizhen Pills||To arrest convulsion and eliminate phlegm, and to remove food stagnancy and relax bowels. |- |Qian Bai Bi Yan Pian||~||Qianbai Biyan Tablets; Rhinitis Tablet of Climbing Groundsel and Spikemoss||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity, to dispel ''wind'' and promote blood circulation. |- |Qian Jin Zhi Dai Wan||~||Qianjin Zhidai Pills||To restore vital energy, arrest excessive leukorrhea and regulate menstruation. |- |Qian Lie Shu Wan||~||Qianlieshu Pills||To support the healthy energy and consolidating the essence, to nourish ''yin'' and kidney, diuresis. |- |Qian Yin Tang Jiang||~||Qian Yin Syrup||To clear ''heat'' and remove dampness; To revitalize blood and remove toxic materials |- |Qian Zheng San||牵正散||Powder for Treating Face Distortion||To expel ''wind'' evil, disperse phlegm, dredge the passage of meridians and stop convulsion. |- |Qiang Gao Yin Qiao Tang||~||Qiang Gao Yin Qiao Powder||To soothe ''wind'' and relieve exterior syndrome; To clear ''heat'' and modulate lung |- |[[../Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang/]]||羌活胜湿汤||Decoction Notoptergii for Expelling Dampness, Decoction of Notopterygium for Rheumatism||To expel wind-dampness, arrest pain and relieve the exterior syndrome. |- |Qiang Xin Ying||~||Heart Boosting Decoction||To warm ''yang'' and benefit qi; To revitalize blood and ''open'' the pulse |- |Qiang Yang Shen Wan||~||Qiangyang Baoshen Pills||To tonify the kidney and promote virility. |- |Qin Jiu Bie Jia Yin||~||Qin Jiu Turtle Shell Decoction||To soothe ''wind''; To relieve muscle; To relieve towards ''exterior''; To soothe lung; To smooth ''qi'' |- |Qin Lian Pian||~||Qinlian Tablets||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity, to relieve swelling and pain. |- |Qin Lian Si Wu Tang||芩连四物汤||Lung Fire Clearing Decoction||To nourish yin; To nourish blood; To soothe lung; To stop cough |- |Qing Bing San||~||Light-Weight Ice Powder||To suppress rottenness and produce muscle; To revitalize blood and stop pain; To nourish ''yin'' and cool blood |- |Qing Chun Bao Kou Fu Ye||~||Oral Liquid for Youth Recovery||To replenish ''qi'' and nourish the blood, reinforce ''yin'' and promote the production of body fluid, strengthen constitution and resist senilism. |- |Qing Chun Bao Pian||~||Youth Recovery Tablet||To replenish ''qi'' and nourish blood, reinforce ''yin'' and promote the production of body fluid, strengthen constitution and delay senility. |- |Qing Dai Tang||清带汤||Discharge Clearing Decoction||To control white vaginal discharge during period; To benefit kidney; To strengthen spleen |- |Qing Fei Huo Gan Li Lao Tang||~||Lung Clearing Decoction||To cleanse lung; To revitalize liver; To modulate tuberculosis |- |Qing Fei Yi Huo Wan||~||Qingfei Yihuo Pills||To remove ''heat'' from the lung, relieve cough, resolve phlegm and relax bowels. |- |Qing Fei Yin Zi||~||Decoction for Clearing Away Lung Heat||To clear away lung-heat and promote diuresis. |- |Qing Gan An Tai Yin||~||Liver Cleansing Fetus Calming Drink||To clear liver heat; To tonify spleen spirit; To stop pain and calm the fetus |- |Qing Gan He Jie Tang||~||Liver Clearing Decoction||To soothe ''wind'' and cleanse liver; To modulate ''qi'' and remove unhappy feelings; To stop pain |- |Qing Gan Shen Shi Tang||~||Decoction for Purging Liver Fire and Eliminating Dampness||To clear away ''heat'' and ''dampness'', disperse the stagnated ''liver-energy'', alleviate pain, activate the circulation of blood and relieve swelling. |- |Qing Gong Tang||清宫汤||Pericardium Heat Dissipating Decoction||To clear ''heat'' in heart; To nourish ''yin'' liquid |- |Qing Gu San||清骨散||Powder for Clearing Bone-heat; Hyperthermia Cooling Powder||To clear away fever of deficiency type and remove hectic fever due to ''yin-deficiency''. |- |Qing Guo Wan||~||Qingguo Pills||To remove ''heat,'' to relieve discomfort of oropharynx, dissolving swelling, relieving pain. |- |Qing Hao Bie Jia Tang||~||Decoction of Artemisiae Annuae and Carapax Trinycis; Artemisia Amyda Decoction||To replenish ''yin'' and dispel ''heat.'' |- |Qing Hou Yan He Ji||~||Qinghouyan Mixture||To nourish yin, soothe sore throat and counteract toxicity. |- |Qing Hua Ning Jing Tang||~||Clearing and Stablizing Period Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and cool blood; To disperse stagnation and modulate period |- |Qing Li An Shen Tang||~||Clearing and Kidney-Calming Decoction||To disperse ''wind'' and clear heat; To promote urine and decrease pressure; To revitalize blood and remove toxic materials; To cool blood and stop bleeding; To support rightness and calm the kidney |- |Qing Li Tang||~||Clearing and Benefiting Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To facilitate urine |- |Qing Lin He Ji||~||Clearing and Urine Promoting Combination Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To disperse dampness; To cool blood and stop bleeding |- |Qing Nao Jiang Ya Pian||~||Qingnao Jiangya Tablets||To calm the liver and suppress the asthenic ''yang'', to promote the restoration of consciousness, decrease blood pressure. |- |Qing Nao Jiang Ya Tang||~||Mind Clearing and Anti-Hypertensive Decoction||To soothe liver and suppress wind; To nourish ying and contain yang |- |Qing Ning Wan||清宁丸||Qingning Pills||To remove ''heat,'' quench ''fire'' and relax bowels.= |- |Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan||清气化痰丸||Pill for Clearing Away ''heat'' in Qifen and Dispersing Phelgm, Bolus for Clearing ''qi'' and Phlegm; Qi Clearing Phlegm Dissolving pill||To clear away ''heat,'' dissolve phlegm, regulate ''qi'' and relieve cough. |- |Qing Re Gu Chong Tang||~||Heat Clearing Period Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and cool blood; To contain period flow and stop bleeding |- |Qing Re Jie Du Kou Fu Ye||清热解毒口服液||Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid (Qīngrè  Jiědú Kǒufúyè)||To remove ''heat'' and counteract (dispel) toxicity. |- |Qing Re Zhen Jin Tang||~||Heat Clearing and Spirit Calming Decoction||To cleanse the liver and clear ''heat''; To suppress ''wind'' and calm the spirit |- |Qing Shi Yi Qi Tang||~||Decoction for Clearing Away Summer Heat and Benefiting Energy, Decoction for Clearing Away Summer-heat and Replenishing Qi; Haet Cooling Qi Enhancing Decoction||To clear away ''summer-heat'' and replenish ''qi,'' nourish ''yin'' and promote the production of body fluid. |- |Qing Wei Huang Lian Wan||~||Qingwei Huanglian Pills||To quench ''fire'' of the stomach, counteract toxicity and promote the subsidence of swelling. |- |Qing Wei San||清胃散||Powder for Clearing Away Stomach Heat; Stomach Cooling Powder||To clear stomach-heat and remove ''heat'' from the blood. |- |Qing Wen Bai Du Yin||清瘟败毒饮||Decoction for Clearing Away Pestilent Factors and Detoxification, Antipyretic and Antitoxic Decoction; Poison Eliminating Cooling Drink||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, remove ''heat'' from the blood and purge pathogenic ''fire'' from the body, nourish ''yin'' and arrest bleeding. |- |Qing Wen Jie Du Wan||~||Antipyretic and Antitoxic Bolus||To have antipyretic and antitoxic functions. |- |Qing Xin Chai Huo Tang||~||Heart Clearing Decoction||To disperse ''fire'' and suppress madness; To open the mind and ''wake'' the brain; To modulate ''qi'' and contain ''evil''; To modulate ''yin'' and ''yang'' |- |Qing Xin Lian Zi Yin||清心莲子饮||Decoction of Nelumbinis for Eliminating Heart Fire||To clear away ''heart-fire'', eliminate ''dampness-heat'' and benefit vital energy and ''yin''. |- |Qing Xuan Wan||清眩丸||Qingxuan Pills||To dispel ''wind-heat''. |- |Qing Yan Tang||~||Throat Clearing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit throat; To cool blood and stop pain |- |Qing Yan Wan||~||Qingyan Pills||To remove ''heat,'' releasing discomfort from pharynx. |- |Qing Yi Yi Hao||~||Pancreas Clearing Number One||To connect to the interior and clear heat; To soothe the liver and modulate ''qi'' |- |Qing Ying Jie Du Tang||~||Qing Ying Stagnation Dissovling Decoction ||To cleanse and clear ''jin'' and ''rou heat'' |- |Qing Ying Tang||清营汤||Decoction for Clearing Away Heat Evil in Yingfen||To clear and dispel pathogenic ''heat'' from the ying system, nourish ''yin'' and promote blood circulation. |- |Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang||清燥救肺汤||Decoction for Clearing Away Dryness and Treating Lung Disorders; Dryness Cooling Lung Saving Decoction ||To dispel pathogenic dryness and moisten the lung. |- |Qiong Yu Gao||琼玉膏||Qiongyu Extractum||To tonify ''kidney-yin'' and moisturize lung-dryness. |- |Qu Feng Shu Jin Wan||~||Qufeng Shujin Pills||To dispel wind-cold, relieve muscle contracture and remove obstructions of the collaterals. |- |Qu Feng Zheng Rong Tang||~||Wind Dispersing Decoction||To suppress ''wind'' and disperse coldness; To move ''qi'' and open ''luo''. |- |Qu Feng Zhi Tong Pian||~||Qufeng Zhitong Tablets; Wind-Expelling and Pain-Alleviating Tablet||To promote blood circulation and strengthen the muscle, tendon and bone, to dispel ''wind'' and relieve pain. |- |Qu Mai San||~||Qu Mai Powder ||To promote diuresis, relieve stranguria, clear away ''heat'' and stop bleeding. |- |Qu Tao Tang||驱绦汤||Tapeworm-Expelling Decoction ||To kill worms; To dissolve stagnation |- |Quan Long Si Zi Tang||~||All Dragon Plus Four Sons Asthma Decoction ||To suppress ''wind'' and soothe lung; To support spleen and dissolve phlegm; To revitalize blood and open the ''luo''; To stop cough and suppress heavy breathing |- |Re Du Qing||~||Heat and Toxics Remover ||To dissolve wind-heat; To remove toxic materials; To benefit throat |- |Re Yan Ning Ke Li||~||Reyanning Granules ||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity. |- |Ren Qing Chang Jue||~||Renqing Changjue Pills ||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity, to compromise and invigorate the body. |- |Ren Qing Mang Jue||仁青芒觉||Renqing Mangjue Pills ||To remove ''heat'' and counteract toxicity, to nourish liver and stomach, curing sore, to improve consciousness, to tonify the body. |- |Ren Shen Bai Du San||~||Ginseng Detoxification Powder ||To benefit qi; To relieve towards exterior; To disperse ''wind'' and remove ''dampness'' |- |Ren Shen Ding Chuan Tang||~||~||To constrict lung; To stop cough; To benefit qi; To control heavy breathing |- |Ren Shen Feng Huang Jiang||~||Oral Liquid of Ginseng and Royal Jelly ||To nourish the human body. |- |Ren Shen Gui Pi Wan||~||Ginseng Spleen-Invigorating Bolus ||To invigorate the spleen, nourish the heart,replenish ''qi'' and enrich the blood. |- |Ren Shen Huang Qi San||人参黄芪散||Powder of Ginseng and Astragali seu Hedysari ||To benefit vital energy, promote the production of body fluid, nourish yin, lower fever, disperse phlegm and stop cough. |- |Ren Shen Jian Pi Wan||~||Renshen Jianpi Pills ||To invigorate the spleen and regulate the stomach function to replenish ''qi'' and promote digestion. |- |Ren Shen Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Ginseng Tonic||To powerfully reinforce primordial ''qi,'' tranquilize the mind and promote the production of body fluid. |- |Ren Shen Ru Bai Yu Gan You||~||Milky White Cod-liver Oil of Ginseng ||To nourish the body, strengthen the physical function and promote metabolism. |- |Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang||人参养荣汤||Decoction of Ginseng for Nourishing Vital Energy and Ying ||To invigorate ''qi'' and blood, tranquilize the mind and promote mentality. |- |Ren Shen Yang Rong Wan||~||Ginseng Tonic Bolus ||To invigorate ''qi'' and blood, tranquilize the mind and promote mentality. |- |Ren Shen Zai Zao Wan||人参再造丸||Ginseng Restorative Bolus ||To supplement ''qi,'' activate blood circulation, dispel pathogenic ''wind'' and remove obstruction in the channels. |- |Ren Shen Zi Bu Gao||~||Tonic Semifluid Extract of Ginseng ||To invigorate ''qi'' and blood, replenish the essence and marrow, strengthen the bones and muscles. |- |Rou Gan Xi Feng Tong Luo Tang||~||Liver Soothing and Wind Dispersing Decoction ||To soothe liver and suppress wind; To open the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems) and revitalize blood |- |Ru He Yin||~||Breast Pit Drink ||To soothe liver and modulate qi; Top revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To dissolve phlegm |- |Ru Kuai Xiao Pian||~||Rukuaixiao Tablets ||To disperse the stagnated liver-qi and promote the flow of ''qi,'' activate blood circulation and remove blood stasis, to dissolve the mass in breasts. |- |Ru Kuai Xiao Tang||~||Breast Scleroma Dissolving Decoction ||To soothe liver and reduce unhappy feeling; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To dissolve phlegm |- |Ru Mi Niao Tang||~||Decoction for Chyluria ||To clear ''heat'' and dampness, nourish ''yin'' and promote blood circulation. |- |Ru Pi Xiao Pian||~||Rupixiao Tablets||To dissolve mass, activate blood circulation, to cure mastitis, to dispel ''heat'' and counteract toxicity. |- |Ru Xian Xiao Liu Tang||~||Breast Tumor Dissolving Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To soothe liver and modulate qi; To dissolve stagnation and remove phlegm; To soften hardness |- |Ru Xiang Ding Tong Wan||乳香定痛丸||Bolus of Olibanum for Alleviating Pain ||To expel ''wind and dampness'', warm the meridians, eliminate ''cold'', activate the circulation of collaterals and alleviate pain. |- |Run Chang Tang||润肠汤||Intestine Moisturizing Bolus||To moisturize the intestines; To promote bowel movement; To revitalize blood; To suppress ''wind'' |- |Run Chang Wan||润肠丸||Pill for Lubricating Intestine; Intestine Lubricating Pill||To activate blood circulation, expel ''wind'', lubricate the intestines and promote bowel movement. |- |Run Fei Gao||~||Lung-Nourishing Semifluid Extract ||To supplement ''qi,'' nourish the lung, stop cough and eliminate phlegm. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions S-T== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |San Ao Tang||三拗汤||Decoction of Three Ingredients ||To soothe lung; To relieve towards the ''exterior'' |- |San Bai Tang||~||Three White Stomach Decoction ||To strengthen spleen and stomach; To modulate and soothe ''qi''; To nourish stomach ''yin''; To open ''jin''; To revitalize blood |- |San Bian Bu Jiu||~||Tonic Tincture of Three-Animal Penises ||To promote the generation of vital essence, replenish the blood, invigorate the brain and tonify the kidney. |- |San Cai Feng Sui Dan||三才封髓丹||Bone-Marrow Containing Pill||To suppress ''fire''; To retain sperm; To nourish spleen; To benefit ''qi'' |- |San Huang Shi Gao Tang||三黄石膏汤||~||Decoction of Gypsum Fibrosum and Three Yellows To expel the pathogens from the interior and the superficies, purge ''fire'' and eliminate toxic material. |- |San Jia Fu Mai Tang||三甲复脉汤||~||Three Skin Pulse Restoring Decoction |- |San Liang Ban Yao Jiu||~|| San Liang Liquor|| To invigorate ''qi'' and promote blood circulation, dispel wind. |- |San Miao Wan||三妙丸||Sanmiao Pills ||To remove damp-heat. |- |San Qi Shang Yao Pian||三七伤药片||Sanqi Shangyao Tablets; Fracture and Sprain Tablet of Notoginseng ||To promote blood circulation and strengthen the tendons, to alleviate pain and remove blood stasis. |- |San Ren Tang||三仁汤||Decoction of Three Kinds of Seeds; Three Nut Decoction ||To promote the functional activities of ''qi'' and eliminate dampness and ''heat.'' |- |San Shen Er Bai Tang||~||Three Ginseng and Two White Colon Disease Decoction ||To strengthen spleen and benefit qi; To remove dampness and harmonize interior |- |San Shen Tang||~||Three Rawness Decoction ||To disperse ''fire'' and cleanse phlegm; To contain liver and suppress nervousness |- |San Sheng San||三圣散||Three Saint Stroke Powder||To promote the spitting of ''wind'' phlegm |- |San Wei Ji Li San ||~||Sanwei Jili Powder ||To remove ''damp-heat'' and induce diuresis. |- |San Wu Bei Ji Wan||三物备急丸||Pill of Three Drugs for Emergency|| To eliminate the stagnated cold, promote bowel movement and alleviate pain. |- |San Wu Xiao Bai San||~||Minor White Powder of Three Drugs (White Powder of Platycodi) ||To induce vomiting of sthenic phlegm and purge accumulated ''cold''. |- |San Ye Tang||~||Three Leaf Decoction ||To contain bacteria and reduce inflammation; To constrict and produce muscle |- |San Yu Xiao Zhong Gao||~||Stagnation Dissolving Ointment ||To revitalize blood and remove stagnation; To reduce swelling and stop pain; To reduce inflammation and stop bleeding |- |San Zi San||~||Sanzi Powder ||To reduce ''heat'' in blood and counteract toxicity. |- |San Zi Yang Qin Tang||三子养亲汤||Decoction Containing Three Kinds of Seeds for the Aged, Decoction of Three Kinds of Seed for the Aged ||To send down the abnormally ascending ''qi'' to relieve the discomfort in the chest, and resolve phlegm and promote digestion. |- |Sang Ju Yin||桑菊饮||Decoction of Mori and Chrysanthemi; Mulberry and Chrysanthemum Drink ||To relieve the exterior syndrome with drugs pungent in flavor and cool in property, facilitate the flow of the lung-qi to relieve cough. |- |Sang Piao Xiao San||桑螵蛸散||Paratenodera Powder|| |- |Sang Xin Shi Gao Tang||~||Sang Xin Shi Gao Decoction ||To soothe ''wind'' and clear heat; To benefit throat and stop cough |- |Sang Xing Tang||桑杏汤||Decoction of Mori and Armeniaceae Amarum ||To expel pathogenic dryness-heat and moisten the lung to arrest cough. |- |Sha Ji Lu||~||Syrup of Seabuckthorn Fruit ||To promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, resolve sputum and relieve stuffiness in the chest, tonify the spleen and strengthen the stomach. |- |Sha Mai Yu Tian Tang||~||Sha Mai Yu Tian Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and relieve exterior syndrome; To cleanse lung and nourish stomach; To produce saliva and moisturize fire |- |Sha Shen Mai Dong Tang||沙参麦冬汤||Decoction of Adenophorae Strictae and Ophiopogonis; Glehnia Ophiopogon Decoction||To nourish the lung and stomach, promote the production of fluid, moisten the dryness ''evil.'' |- |Sha Yao Wan||~||Shayao Pills ||To dispel ''summer-heat'', counteract toxicity, prevent the attack of ''evil'' factors and promote the restoration of normal consciousness. |- |Shan Zha Hua Zhi Wan||~||Shanzha Huazhi Pills ||To promote digestion and to relax bowels. |- |Shan Zha Xiao Mi Tang||~||Fructus Crataegi Turbid Removing Decoction ||To strengthen spleen and benefit dampness; To promote digestion and dissolve turbidness |- |Shang Dong E Jiao Gao||~||Semi-fluid Extract of Shandong Donkey-hide Gelatin ||To nourish the blood, arrest bleeding, restore ''qi'' and moisten dryness. |- |Shang Gan Tang||~||Upper Cold Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and relieve exterior syndrome; To calm spirit and promote digestion |- |Shang Qing Wan||~||Bolus for Clearing Away ''heat'' of the Upper Part of the Body ||To expel ''wind'' and ''heat,'' purge pathogenic ''fire'' and relax the bowels. |- |Shang Shi Zhi Tong Gao||伤湿止痛膏||Shangshi Zhitong Plaster; Adhesive Plaster for Relieving Sprain, Rheumatalgia and Myalgia ||To relieve rheumatic conditions, promote blood circulation and alleviate pain. |- |Shang Zhong Xia Tong Yong Tong Feng Fang||~||Prescription for General Severe Arthralgia ||To expel ''wind'' and ''dampness'', activate blood circulation, dry phlegm, clear away ''heat'' and promote diuresis. |- |Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang||~||Decoction For Removing Blood Stagnation In The Lower Abdomen; Lower Abdomen Blood Mobilizing Decoction||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis, and warm the channels to relieve pain. |- |Shao Fu Zhu Yu Wan||少腹逐瘀丸||Shaofu Zhuyu Pill ||To promate blood flow, remove blood stasis, dispel ''cold'' and relieve pain. |- |Shao Lin Feng Shi Die Da Gao||~||Shaolin Fengshi Dieda Plaster ||To promote blood flow,remove blood stasis, relieve spasm and pain,to dispel ''wind'' and cold. |- |Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang||芍药甘草汤||Decoction of Paeoniae and Glycyrrhizae ||To benefit the yin, soothe the liver, relax spasm and relieve pain. |- |Shao Yao Tang||芍药汤||Decoction of Paeoniae; Peony Decoction||To clear away ''damp-heat'' and toxic material and regulate ''qi'' and blood. |- |She Dan Chen Pi San||~||Shedan Chenpi Powder ||To relieve cough, resolve phlegm, and to promote digestion. |- |She Dan Chuan Bei San||蛇胆川贝散||Shedan Chuanbei Powder ||To remove ''heat'' from the lung, arrest cough and eliminate phlegm. |- |She Gan Ma Huang Tang||射干麻黄汤||Decoction of Belamcandae and Ephedrae; Belamcanda Ephedra Decoction ||To warm the lung to disperse phlegm, relieve cough and dyspnea. |- |She Xiang Bao Xin Wan||麝香保心丸||Shexiang Baoxin Pills; Heart Pill of Musk||To remove obstruction in blood vessels by means of aromatics, to replenish ''qi,'' and to strengthen the heart . |- |She Xiang Zhen Tong Gao||~||Pain-Alleviating Adhesive Plaster of Musk ||To dispel ''wind'' and dampness and promote blood circulation to stop pain. |- |Suo Yang Tang || ~||Yang Controling Decoction||To benefit qi; To stablize the exterior; To nourish yin; To contain yang |- |Shen Fu Tang||参附汤||Decoction of Ginseng and Aconiti; Ginseng Aconitum Decoction ||To restore the ''yang-qi.'' |- |Shen Jiang Xie Xin Tang||~||Ginger Heart Clearing Decoction ||To harmonize stomach, disperse water and dissolve lumps |- |Shen Jin Dan Jiao Nang||~||Relaxing Muscles and Tendons Capsule ||To relax muscles and tendons, activate the flow of ''qi'' and blood in the channels and collaterals, promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis and relieve swelling and pain. |- |Shen Kang Ning Pian||~||Tablet for Chronic Nephritis ||To warm the kidney, replenish ''qi,'' regulate the blood an eliminate ''dampness''. |- |Shen Ling Bai Zhu San||参苓白术散||Powder of Ginseng, Poria and Atractylodis Macrocephalae; Codonopsis Poria Atractylodes Powder ||To nourish ''qi'' and strengthen the spleen, regulate the stomach and eliminate dampness. |- |Shen Lu Bu Gao||~||Tonic Semifluid Extract of Ginseng and Venison ||To supplement ''qi'' and nourish the blood, reinforce the kidney and strengthen yang. |- |Shen Lu Yin||~||Decoction of Rhizoma Ginseng ||To promote spitting of phlegm |- |Shen Mai San||~||Pulse Promoting Powder ||To benefit qi; To produce fluid; To restrict yin; To stop sweating |- |Shen Qi Chong Ji||~||Infusion of Pilose Asiabell and Wolfberry Fruit ||To moisten the lung, promote the production of body fluid, strengthen the spleen and stomach and nourish the liver and kidney. |- |Shen Qi Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Ginseng and Astragalus ||To replenish ''qi,'' invigorate the spleen, tranquilize the mind and exert a tonic effect on the heart to induce diuresis. |- |Shen Qi Shan Jia Tang||~||Shen Qi Shan Jia Blood Tonification Decoction ||To benefit ''qi'' and produce blood; To nourish liver and benefit kidney |- |Shen Qi Wan||~||Pill of Invigorating Kidney Energy, Golden Cabinet Pill of Invigorating Kidney Energy, Bolus for Tonifying the Kidney-qi; Kidney Qi Pill || To warm and tonify the ''kidney-yang''. |- |Shen Qi Wang Jiang Yang Xue Jing||~||Blood-Nourishing Oral Liquid of Royal Jelly, Ginseng and Astragalus Root||To supplement ''qi'' and replenish the blood, strengthen the heart and invigorate the spleen. |- |Shen Rong Bai Feng Wan||~||Shenrong Baifeng Pills||To invigorate ''qi'' and replenish blood, regulating menstruation, miscarriage prevention. |- |Shen Rong Bao Tai Wan||~||Shenrong Baotai Pills||To nourish liver and kidney, replenish blood, prevent miscarriage. |- |Shen Rong E Jiao Wan||~||Donkey-hide Gelatin with Ginseng and Pilose Antler Pill||To enrich the blood and promote the generation of vital essence. |- |Shen Rong Jiu||~||Medicated Wine of Ginseng and Pilose Antler||To invigorate ''qi'' and support yang, nourish the blood and promote the generation of vital essence, tonify the liver and kidney, strengthen the muscles and bones. |- |Shen Su Wan||~||Shensu Pills ||To dispel ''wind-cold'', promote expectoration and relieve cough. |- |Shen Su Yin||参苏饮||Decoction of Codonopsis Pilosulae and Perillae ||To benefit and regulate vital energy, expel the ''evils'' from the body surface and eliminate sputum. |- |Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang||~||Decoction for Relieving Pantalgia due to Blood Stagnation ||To promote circulation of blood and ''qi'' to remove blood stasis from the channels, and treat arthralgia-syndrome and relieving other pain. |- |Shen Xue Pian||~||Blood Producing Pill ||To benefit bone marrow and tonify kidney; To produce blood and stop bleeding |- |Shen Zhu San||~||Shenzhu Powder ||To expel the dirty and turbid pathogens, dry dampness, activate the spleen, promote the circulation of vital energy and regulate the function of the stomach. |- |Sheng Bai Chong Ji||~||White Lifting Recipe||To tonify ''qi'' and produce blood; To strengthen spleen and benefit kidney |- |Sheng Ge Er Chong Tang||~||Sheng Ge Two Worm Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Sheng Hua Tang||生化汤||Decoction for Puerperal Blood Stasis; Generation and Transformation Decoction||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis and warm the ''channels'' to relieve pain. |- |Sheng Jiang Xie Xin Tang||生姜泻心汤||Fresh Ginger Heart Clearing Decoction|| |- |Sheng Li Pian||~||Lifter Blood Tonification Pill ||To benefit ''qi'' and tonify blood; To strengthen the spleen; To nourish ''yin'' and clear ''heat'' |- |Sheng Ma Ge Gen Tang||升麻葛根汤||Decoction of Cimicifugae and Puerariae|| To expel the ''evil'' from the muscles and promote skin eruptions, cool the blood and detoxify. |- |Sheng Ma Huang Qin Tang||升麻黄芩汤||Decoction of Cimicifugae and Astragali seu Hedysari||To benefit vital energy, lift ''yang'' and activate vital energy. |- |Sheng Mai San||生脉散||Powder for Restoring Pulse Beating, Pulse-activating Powder; Pulse Generating Powder||To supplement ''qi'', promote the production of body fluid, astringe yin-fluid and arrest sweat. |- |Sheng Mai Yin||~||Shengmai Yin Oral Liquid; Pulse-Activating Decoction ||To replenish ''qi,'' restore the normal pulse, nourish ''yin'' and promote the production of body fluid. |- |Sheng Xue Wan||~||Shengxue Pills ||To tonic the kidney and spleen, to promote the essence and nourish the bone marrow. |- |Sheng Ya Tang||~||Pressure Relieving Decoction ||To tonify the liver and spleen; To cleanse the liver and suppress fire; To revitalize the blood and open ''luo''; To dissolve phlegm and lumps |- |Sheng Yang San Huo Tang||生阳散火汤||Decoction for Lifting Up Yang and Expelling Fire||To clear away ''heat'' and fire, lift up the yang-energy to release depressed energy. |- |[[../Sheng Yang Yi Wei Tang/]]||生阳益胃汤||Decoction for Lifting Yang Energy and Benefiting Stomach; Yang Raising Stomach Benefiting Decoction||To lift ''yang'' energy, invigorate the spleen, benefit the stomach, expel ''wind'' and dampness. |- |Sheng Yi Xuan Hua Tang||~||Lifting and Benefiting Decoction ||To lift ''freshness'' and clear ''turbidity''; To benefit ''qi'' and strengthen the spleen; To soothe the lung and ''benefit water''; To warm the kidney. |- |Shi Er Wei Yi Shou San||~||Shi'erwei Yishou Powder ||To remove toxic ''heat.'' |- |Shi Gao Er Huang Tang||~||Shi Gao Two Yellowness Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and relieve ''exterior syndromes''; To dissolve phlegm and modulate the lung |- |Shi Guo Gong Jin Jiu Fang||~||Shi Guo Gong's Prescription for Medicated Wine||To expel ''wind'' and ''dampness'', nourish blood, relax the tendons. |- |Shi Hu Si Jin Tang||~||Dendrobium Four Gold Decoction||To dissolve stone and facilitate urine; To modulate ''qi'' and stop pain |- |Shi Hu Ye Guang Wan||~||Bolus of Dendrobium for Poor Vision||To nourish ''yin'' and supplement the kidney, remove ''heat'' from the liver and improve the acuity of vision. |- |Shi Hui San||十灰散||Powder of Ten Drugs' Ashes; Ten Ashes Powder||To cool blood and stop bleeding. |- |Shi Lin Tong Pian||~||Stranguria-Treating and Calculus-Removing Tablet||To clear ''dampness-heat'', induce diuresis and remove calculus. |- |Shi Pi San||十脾散||Powder for Invigorating Spleen ||To warm yang, strengthen the spleen, activation circulation of vital energy and promote diuresis. |- |Shi Pi Yin||~||Spleen Strengthening Decoction ||To warm ''yang''; To strengthen the spleen; To move ''qi''; To ''soothe water'' |- |Shi Qu Gan Ce Da Zao Tang||~||Shi Qu Gan Ce Da Zao Decoction ||To ''benefit water'' and reduce swelling; To revitalize blood and stop bleeding |- |Shi Quan Da Bu Gao||~||Tonic Semi-fluid Extract of Ten Ingredients||To powerfully reinforce both ''qi'' and blood. |- |Shi Quan Da Bu Wan||~||Shiquan Dabu Pills; Bolus of Ten Powerful Tonics||To warm and replenish ''qi'' and blood. |- |Shi San Wei Bang Ga San||十三味榜嘎散||Shisanwei Bangga Powder||To remove ''heat'' from the liver and clear jaundice. |- |Shi Wei San||~||Powder of Pyrrosiae||To promote diuresis, relieve stranguria, activate blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis. |- |Shi Wu Wei Chen Xiang Wan||~||Fifteen Flavors Chenxiang Pills||To regulate the flow of ''qi'' and blood, to relieve cough, and to induce tranquilization. |- |Shi Xiang Fan Sheng Wan||~||Shixiang Fansheng Pills ||To promote resuscitation, to resolve phlegm, and to induce sedation. |- |Shi Xiang Zhi Tong Wan||十香止痛丸||Ten Fragrant Flavors Analgesic Pill||To regulate the flow of ''qi'' and alleviate mental depression, to dispel ''cold'' and relieve pain. |- |Shi Xiao San||失笑散||Sudden Smile Powder||To revitalize blood; To dissolve stagnation; To resolve lump; To stop pain |- |Shi Xiao Wan||~||Shixiao Pill||To eliminate mass, reduce fullness, strengthen spleen and regulate the stomach. |- |Shi Yi Wei Neng Xiao Wan||~||Shiyiwei Nengxiao Pills||To remove blood stasis and promote the blood flow, to stimulate menstrual discharge, and to induce labour. |- |Shi Yu Tang||~||Decoction for Eliminating Dampness||To promote spleen function, eliminate ''dampness'', expel ''wind'' and alleviate pain. |- |Shi Zao Tang||十枣汤||Decoction of Ziziphi Jujubae; Ten Jujube Decoction ||To drain ''harmful water'' and fluids. |- |Shou Wu Wan||~||Shouwu Pills||To replenish the liver and the kidney, strengthen the tendons and bones, and blacken the hair. |- |Shu Feng Ding Tong Wan||~||Shufeng Dingtong Pills ||To dispel ''wind and cold'', activating blood circulation, to relieve pain. |- |Shu Gan An Shen Tang||~||Liver Soothing and Spirit Calming Decoction ||To soothe the liver and resolve depression; To nourish heart; To calm spirit; To reinforce determination |- |Shu Gan Chong Ji||~||Liver-Soothing Infusion ||To soothe the liver and regulate the circulation of ''qi,'' clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Shu Gan He Wei Wan||~||Shugan Hewei Pills; Pill for Soothing the Liver and Regulating the Stomach||To smooth the depressed liver, to regulate the stomach function, and to relieve pain. |- |Shu Gan Huo Xue Tang||~||Liver Soothing Decoction ||To soothe liver and revitalize blood; To benefit dampness and remove toxic materials |- |Shu Gan Li Dan Tang||~||Liver and Gallbladder Benefiting Decoction ||To soothe the liver and benefit the gallbladder |- |Shu Gan San Jie Fang||~||Liver Soothing and Stagnation Dissolving Recipe ||To soothe the liver and disperse stagnation |- |Shu Gan San Jie Tang||~||Liver Soothing and Stagnation Dissolving Decoction ||To soothe the liver and resolve depression; To open the ''luo'' and stop pain |- |Shu Gan Wan||~||Liver-Soothing Bolus ||To regulate the liver, nomalize the funciton of stomach and regulate the flow of ''qi'' to alleviate pain. |- |Shu Gan Xiao He Fang||~||Liver Soothing and Sclerma Removing Recipe||To soothe the liver and reduce unhappy feelings; To strengthen the spleen and dissolve phlegm; To revitalize blood; To stop pain |- |Shu Gan Yang Xin Tang||~||Liver and Mind Soothing Decoction||To soothe the liver and resolve depression; To tonify blood and calm the spirit |- |Shu Gan Zhu Yun Tang||~||Liver Soothing and Pregency Assisting Decoction ||To soothe liver and reduce depression; To modulate ''qi'' and harmonize blood |- |Shu Guang Zhi Jing San||~||Sunrise Spasm Stopping Powder||To soothe liver and suppress ''wind''; To dissolve phlegm and stop pain |- |Shu Jin Huo Luo Jiu||~||Shujin Huoluo Wine ||To relieve rheumatic conditions and muscular contracture. |- |Shu Jin Huo Xue Pian||舒筋活血片||Tablet for Relieving Rigidity of Muscles and Promoting Blood Circulation||To relax muslces and tendons and activate the flow of ''qi'' and blood in the channels and collaterals, and promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis. |- |Shu Jin Huo Xue Tang||舒筋活血汤||Muscle Relaxing Decoction ||To soothe muscles; To revitalize blood; To open the ''luo''. |- |Shu Jin Wan||~||Shujin Pills||To dispel ''wind'' and dampness, strengthen muscle and tendon, activate blood circulation. |- |Shu Xin Kou Fu Ye||~||Shuxin Oral Liquid ||To tonify heart-qi, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. |- |Shu Xiong Pian||~||Shuxiong Tablets||To activate blood circulation, to remove blood stagnation,and to relieve pain. |- |Shu Yu Wan||薯蓣丸||Pill of Dioscoreae ||To expel ''wind'' and tonify. |- |Shu Zao ''yin'' Zi||疏凿饮子||Soothing Drink ||To soothe wind; To open the route to exterior; To facilitate urine and bowel movement |- |Shun Jing Tang||~||Decoction for Retrograde Menstruction||To nourish lung and kidney, clear away ''heat'' and cool heat. |- |Si Chong Huo Xue Tang||~||Four Insect Blood Revitalization Decoction ||To break blood and dissolve stagnation; To benefit qi |- |Si Fo He Ji||~||Four Buddhas Combination Asthma Recipe ||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To stop cough and dissolve phlegm; To support rightness and nourish base |- |Si Jun Zi Tang||四君子汤||Four Mild Drugs Decoction; Four Gentlemen Decoction ||To replenish ''qi'' and strengthen the spleen. |- |Si Jun Zi Wan||~||Four Gentlemen Pill||To replenish ''qi'' and invigorate the spleen function. |- |Si Ling He Qin Shao Tang||~||Decoction of Four Drugs Containing Poria and Scutellaria, Paeonia Alba ||To clear away ''heat'' and promote diuresis. |- |Si Miao Yong An Tang||四妙勇安汤||Decoction of Four Wonder Drugs for Detoxifying and Activating Blood Circulation, Decoction of Four Wonderful Drugs for Quick Restoration of Health ||To remove ''heat'' and toxins and activate blood flow to alleviate pain. |- |Si Ni Jia Ren Shen Tang||四逆加人参汤||~||Four Contrary Plus Ginseng Decoction |- |Si Ni San||四逆散||~||Powder for Regulating the Liver and Spleen; Four Contrary Powder To disperse pathogens and alleviate mental depression, soothe the liver and regulate the spleen. |- |Si Ni Tang||四逆汤||Decoction for Treating Yang Exhaustion; Frigid Extremities Decoction||To dispel cold and cause restoration from collapse. |- |Si Shen Fu Mai Tang||~||Four Shen Pulse Recovery Decoction ||To benefit ''qi''; To nourish ''yin''; To revitalize blood; To keep the pulse passage-way open |- |Si Shen Wan||四神丸||Pill of Four Miraculous Drugs; Four Deity Pill ||To warm and tonify the spleen and kidney to relieve diarrhea with astringency. |- |Si Sheng Wan||四生丸||Pills of Four Fresh Ingredients ||To cool blood and stop bleeding. |- |Si Wei Huang Qi Xuan Fu Pian||~||Four Flavor Asthma Pill of Cortex Engelhardtiae roxburghianae||To stop cough; To suppress phlegm; To suppress heavy breathing; To dissolve inflammation; To support rightness and nourish base |- |Si Wei Tu Mu Xiang San||~||Siwei Tumuxiang Powder||To cure exterior syndromes in epidemic diseases. |- |Si Wu Tang||四物汤||Decoction Containing Four Drugs; Four Ingredient Decoction||To nourish and regulate the blood. |- |Si Zheng Wan||~||Sizheng Pills ||To drive away summer-heat, expel ''superficial evils'', eliminate dampness, to relieve diarrhea. |- |Si Zi Tui Huang Tang||~||Four Sons Yellowness Removing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove dampness; To soothe the liver and benefit the gallbladder |- |Snag Piao Xiao San||~||Powder of Ootheca Mantidis, Mantis Egg-case Powder||To regulate and tonify the heart and the kidney to treat emission and enuresis. |- |Sou Feng Tong Luo Tang||~||Wind Chasing Decoction||To ''chase wind'' |- |Su He Xiang Wan||苏和香丸||Bolus Of Storax; Liquidambar Orientalis Pill||To induce resuscitation with aromatics, and to promote the circulation of ''qi'' to relieve pain. |- |Su Wei Tang||~||Danger Relieving Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and relieve exterior syndrome; To dissolve swelling and benefit throat |- |Su Xiao Niu Huang Wan||~||Quick-Acting Cow-bezoar Bolus||To remove ''heat'' and toxic substance, relieve convulsion and induce resuscitation. |- |Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang||苏子降气汤||Decoction of Perillae for Keeping Energy Downward; Perilla ''qi'' Lowering Decoction||To lower the abnormally ascending ''qi'' to relieve asthma and expel phlegm to arrest cough. |- |Su Zi Jiang Qi Wan||~||Anti-asthmatic Pill of Perilla Fruit ||To send down the abnormally ascending ''qi'' and resolve phlegm, warm the kidney and improve inspiraiton. |- |[[../Suan Zao Ren Tang/]]||酸枣仁汤||Decoction of Ziziphi Spinosae, Wild Jujube Seed Decoction; Ziziphus Decoction||To nourish the blood and tranquilize the mind and clear away pathogenic ''heat'' to relieve restlessness. |- |Suo Pi Yin||~||Decoction for Warming the Spleen to Reliveve Vomiting ||To warm the spleen , stop vomiting, clear away ''summer-heat'' and eliminate ''dampness''. |- |Suo Yang Gu Jing Wan||锁阳固精丸||Suoyang Gujing Pills||To warm the kidney and arrest seminal discharge. |- |Tai Shan Ling Zhi Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Taishan Lucidum Ganoderma||To nourish ''qi'' and blood, promote the heart and tranquilize the mind. |- |Tai Shan Pan Shi San||~||Powder for Calming Fetus||To invigorate vital energy, strengthen spleen, nourish blood and calm fetus. |- |Tai Yi Gao||~||Taiyi Plaster||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis, subdue swelling and alleviate pain. |- |Tan Du Jian||~||Phlegm Toxics Fries ||To disperse ''wind'' and clear heat; To dissolve phlegm; To dissolve swelling |- |Tang Shen Yi Tang||~||Diabetes and Kidney Decoction ||To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To nourish ''yin'' and tonify ''yang'' |- |Tao He Cheng Qi Tang||桃核乘气汤||Decoction of Persicae for Purgation ||To eliminate blood stasis and purge ''heat'' ''evil''. |- |Tao Hong Si Wu Tang||桃红四物汤||Four Substances Decoction with Safflower and Peach Pit||To revitalize blood; To dissolve stagnation; To harmonize period and stop pain |- |Tao Hua San||~||Pink Powder||To remove heat-phlegm, relieve cough and asthma. |- |Tao Hua Tang||桃花汤||Peach Blossom Decoction; Peach Blossom (Dysentery) Decoction||To warm middle ''jiao'' and stop diarrhea. |- |Tao Ren Cheng Qi Tang||~||Decoction of Peach Seed Combination||To resolve stagnation, promote blood flow and reduce ''heat'' in period |- |Ti Qi Yi Zhong Tang||~||Qi Lifting Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and lift the spirit |- |Tian Jin Gan Mao Pian||~||Tianjin Cold-Treating Tablet||To clear away pathogenic ''heat'' and wind, relieve exterior syndrome and reduce fever. |- |Tian Jin Zhi Ke Tang Jiang||~||Tianjin Cold Syrup||To clear away ''heat,'' arrest cough, resolve phlegm and relieve asthma. |- |Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin||天麻钩藤饮||Decoction of Gastrodia and Uncaria; Gastrodia Uncaria Drink||To calm the liver to stop endogenous wind, clear away pathogenic ''heat,'' promote blood circulation and nourish the liver and kidney. |- |Tian Ma Jiao Nang||~||Gastrodia Capsule||To expel ''wind'' and disperse cold, relieve rigidity of muscles and activate the ''channels''. |- |Tian Ma Wan||天麻丸||Tianma Pills; Gastrodia Tuber Bolus||To relieve rheumatic conditions, alleviate muscle contracture, remove obstructions from collateral channels, promote blood circulation and relieve pain. |- |Tian Nan Xing Wan||~||Bolus of Arisaematis||To expel ''wind'' ''evil'' and phlegm, wake up the patient and dredge the meridians. |- |Tian Tai Wu Yao San||天台乌药散||Tiantai Powder of Linderae; Lindera Hernia Powder||To promote the circulation of ''qi'' in the liver. To dispel cold and stop pain. |- |Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan||天王补心丹||King of Heaven Tonic Pill for Mental Discomfort; Divine Ruler Heart Restoring Pill; Cardiotonic Bolus ||To nourish ''yin'' to remove ''heat'' and tonify the blood to tranquilize the mind. |- |Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan||~||Tianwang Buxin Pills||To nourish ''yin'' and blood of the heart and calm the nerves. |- |Tiao Gan Tang||调肝汤||Decoction for Nourishing Liver||To invigorate liver and kidney. |- |Tiao Qi Yi Wei Tang||~||Qi Modulation Stomach Benefiting Decoction||To soothe liver and relieve unhappy feeling; To strengthen spleen and harmonize stomach; To lift ''yang'' and ptosis |- |Tiao Wei Cheng Qi Tang||调胃乘气汤||Purgative Decoction for Coordinating the Function of Stomach; Stomach and ''qi'' Regulating Decoction ||To promote bowel movement; To soften hard stool; To modulate stomach; To clear heat |- |Tiao Wei He Ji||~||Stomach Modulating Combination Recipe||To strengthen spleen and harmonize stomach; To relieve symptoms and stop pain; To dissolve stagnation and produce freshness |- |Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang||葶苈大枣泻肺汤||Decoction to Purge the Lungs with Lepidium Seed and Jujube; Lepidium Ziziphus Lung Clearing Decoction||To purge the lungs and promote water-metabolism. To descend ''qi'' and soothe asthma. |- |Ting Tao Chen Qi Tang||~||Ting Tao Qi Supporting Decoction||To dissolve stagnation and soothe lung; To promote bowel movement and ''move water'' |- |Tong Guan Wan ||通关丸||Pill for Relieving Trismus and Resurrection (Pill for Nourishing the Kidney)||To clear away dampness-heat from lower jiao and regulate the function of bladder. |- |Tong Jing Zhi Ke Tang||~||Pain Relieving Cough Decoction||To soothe lung; To relieve towards exterior; To stop spasm; To stop cough |- |Tong Jing Zhi Tong Tang||~||Period Pain Relieving Decoction||To disperse ''wind'' and remove dampness; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To dissolve phlegm and open the ''luo'' |- |Tong Li San||~||Opening Powder||To soothe abdomen and clear heat; To dissolve stagnation and promote urine |- |Tong Mai Yang Xin Wan||~||Pulse-Invigorating and Heart-Nourishing Pill||To nourish the heart, enrich the blood and promote coronary circulation to relieve pain. |- |Tong Qiao Huo Xue Tang||通窍活血汤||Decoction on Activating Blood Circulation; Conduit Opening Circulation Enhancing Decoction||To activate blood circulation and open the orificies. |- |Tong Qie Zhen Tong Tang||~||Mind Opening and Pain Relieving Decoction||To revitalize blood and open mind; To calm spirit and stop pain |- |Tong Xie Yao Fang||~||Prescription for Treating Diarrhoea with Abdominal Pain; Dysentery Prescription||To purge ''liver-fire'' and strengthen the spleen. |- |Tong Xuan Li Fei Wan||通宣理肺丸||Lung-Ventilating-Regulating Bolus||To induce diaphoresis to dispel cold and ventilate the lung to arrest cough. |- |Tong You Tang||通幽汤||Decoction for Dysphagia||To nourish blood, activate blood circulation and relieve dysphagia. |- |Tou Nong San||透脓散||Powder for Letting Out Pus, Powder for Promoting Pus Discharge||To replenish ''qi'' and enrich the blood, promote pus discharge and expel toxins. |- |Tou Tong Ting Tang Jiang||~||Headach Syrup||To revitalize blood and dissolve lump; To soothe the ''jing'' and ''lou'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems); To warm ''yang'' and stop pain |- |Tu Si Zi Wan||菟丝子丸||Pill of Cuscutae||To warm and invigorate, kidney-energy and preserve fluid. |- |Tui Re Yin Qiao San||~||Heat Reduction Yin Qiao Powder||To clear heat; To remove toxic materials; To cool and relieve towards exterior |- |Tuo Hua Jian||脱花煎||Tuohua Decoction||To warm meridians, and activate blood circulation. Used as an agent that promotes rapid labor by stimulating contractions of the myometrium (oxytocic). |- |Tuo Li Ding Tong Tang||~||Decoction for Pus Drainage and Relieving Pain||To nourish blood, promote granulation, eliminate blood stasis and relieve pain. |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions U-X== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Wan Dai Tang||完带汤||Decoction for Treating Leucorrhagia||To reinforce the middle ''jiao'' and strengthen the spleen. To resolve ''dampness'' and relieve leukorrhagia. |- |Wan Kuang Tang||~||Madness Suppressant Recipe||To promote spitting of phlegm; To ''open'' the heart and the mind |- |Wan Shi Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan||~||Bolus of Cow-bezoar for Clearing Heat-fire||To remove ''heat'' from the heart to restore consciousness and reduce ''heat'' and eliminate phlegm for resuscitation. |- |Wan Ying Gao||~||Panchrest Plaster||To promote blood circulation to stop pain. |- |Wu Wei Zi Jiao Nang||~||Capsule of Schisandra Fruit||To invigorate and restore ''qi,'' nourish the liver to improve visual acuity, induce appetite and digestion and decrease transaminase markedly. |- |Wei An Gao||~||Adhesive Plaster for Treating Gastric Trouble||To warm the middle-jiao to dispel cold and arrest pain by activating ''qi.'' |- |Wei Chang Fu Yuan Tang||~||Stomach and Intestine Recovery Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To move ''qi'' and promote bowel movement; To remove remaining toxic materials after surgical operation |- |Wei Hu Tang||~||Mighty Tiger Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To open jin and stop pain |- |Wei Jing Tang||苇茎汤||Decoction of Phragmitis; Phragmites Decoction||To clear away pathogenic ''heat'' and resolve phlegm, remove obstruction and promote pus discharge. |- |Wei Kang Ling Jiao Nang||~||Stomach-Recovering Capsule||To nourish the liver,regulate the stomach, dissipate blood stasis, arrest the bleeding, relieve spasm and pain, remove the necrotic tissue and promote the granulation. |- |Wei Qi Shuang Jie Tang||~||Qi Protection Double Solution Decoction||To clear heat; To relieve exterior syndrome |- |Wei Te Ling Pian||~||Gastralgia Tablet||To relieve hyperacidity and gastralgia. |- |Wei Tong San||~||Stomach Pain Powder||To strengthen spleen and tonify qi; To harmonize blood and stop pain; To contain phlegm and produce freshness |- |Wei Wan Tong Fang||~||Stomach Pain Recipe||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To soothe ''qi'' and stop pain |- |Wei Yan Yan Fang||~||Stomach Pain Tested Recipe||To warm interior and tonify spleen; To clear ''heat'' and soothe ''qi'' |- |Wen Dan Kang Shuan Tang||~||Gallbladder Warming Decoction||To remove dampness and dissolve phlegm; To revitalize blood and open ''luo'' |- |Wen Dan Tang||温胆汤||Decoction for Clearing Away Gallbladder Heat; Gallbladder Warming Decoction||To regulate the flow of ''qi'' and resolve phlegm, clear away ''heat'' from gallbladder and regulate the stomach. |- |Wen Fei Hua Yin Tang||~||Lung Warming Decoction||To warm lung, To dissolve phlegm; To contain ''evil'' |- |Wen Hua Tong Jing Tang||~||Warming and Opening Period Decoction||To warm and disperse cold-dampness; To modulate ''qi'' and open period |- |Wen Jing Huo Xue Tang||~||Jing Warming Decoction||To warm ''jing'' and disperse coldness; To revitalize blood and open ''luo''. |- |Wen Jing Tang||温经汤||Decoction for Warming Channels; Meridian Warming Decoction||To warm the channels and expel cold, nourish the blood and dispel blood stasis. |- |Wen Pi Tang||温脾汤||Decoction for Warming Spleen; Spleen Warming Decoction||To warm and invigorate the spleen-yang and eliminate cold accumulation. |- |Wen Yang Tong Mai Tang||~||Yang Warming Pulse Decoction||To warm and soothe heart yang; To dissolve stagnation and lumps |- |Wen Yang Yi Qi Tong Mai Tang||~||Yang-Warming and ''qi'' Benefiting Decoction||To revitalize chest yang; To tonify heart qi; To open pulse and luo (nervous, circulatory and immune systems) |- |Wu Cao Tang||~||Five Herb Nephritis Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To soothe lung; To strengthen spleen and benefit water |- |Wu Chong Si Teng Tang||~||Five Insect and Four Vine Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To kep open pulse and luo (nervous, circulatory and immune systems) |- |Wu Ji Bai Feng Wan||乌鸡白凤丸||White Phoenix Bolus of Black-bone Chicken||To repenish ''qi'' and nourish blood, regulate menstruation and arrest leukorrhagia. |- |Wu Ji San||五积散||Powder for Expelling Five Kinds of Stagnation; Five Accumulation Powder||To purge liver-fire, regulate the functions of the spleen and stomach. |- |Wu Jia Qiang Xin Tang||~||Five Plus Heart Strengthening Decoction||To soothe qi; To revitalize blood; To dissolve stagnation; To benefit qi |- |Wu Jia Shen Chong Ji||~||Acanthopanax Infusion||To strengthen the body resistance and restore the normal functions of the body to consolidate the constitution, relieve mental stress and promote intelligence. |- |Wu Jia Shen Jing||~||Syrup of Acanthopanax Root||To refresh oneself and strengthen the brain, improve hearing and vision, reinforce the kidney and spleen. |- |Wu Ling San||五苓散||Powder of Five Drugs Containing Poria; Five Ingredient Powder with Poria; Powder of Five Ingredients with Poria ||To promote water metabolism and eliminate ''dampness''. To warm ''yang'' and promote production of ''qi.'' |- |Wu Long Jian Ji||~||Wu Long Fries Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and disperse dampness; To facilitate period and cool blood; To stop diarrhea |- |Wu Mei Chen Qi Tang||~||Qi Supporting Decoction||To open interior and strike lower body; To silence worm and stop pain |- |Wu Mei Tang||~||Roundworm Stablizing Decoction of Fructus Mume||To warm internal organs; To kill worms; To stop pain |- |Wu Mei Wan||乌梅丸||Pill of Mume; Mume Pill||To warm the internal viscera. To dispel the parasites. |- |Wu Pi San||五皮散||Powder (Decoction) Containing Five Kinds of Peel, Powder of Peel of Five Drugs||To remove dampness to alleviate edema, regulate the flow of ''qi'' to strengthen the spleen. |- |Wu Pi Yin||五皮饮||Five Skin Drink||To smooth liquid; To redoce swollen things; To move qi; To strengthen spleen |- |Wu Shao She Yin||~||Wu Decoction||To disperse ''wind'' and soothe lung; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To ''benefit water'' and reduce swelling |- |Wu Shi Tang||~||Five Stone Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To facilitate urine and remove urinary stones |- |Wu Tou Gui Zhi Tang ||乌头桂枝汤||Decoction of Aconiti and Cinnamomi ||To expel cold, alleviate pain, regulate ''ying'' and ''wei'' levels. |- |Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin||五味消毒饮||Decoction of Five Ingredients for Antiphlogistic; Five Ingredient Poison Eliminating Drink||To clear ''heat'' and release toxins. |- |Wu Yao Shun Qi San||~||Radix Linderae Qi Soothing Powder||To soothe liver; To smooth ''qi''; To modulate ''yin'' and ''yang'' |- |Wu Zhu Yu Tang||吴茱萸汤||Decoction of Evodiae; Evodia Decoction||To warm and tonify the spleen and stomach. To conduct perversion of ''qi'' downward and stop vomiting. |- |Xi Huang Wan||犀黄丸||Bolus of Calculus Bovis; Pill of Cow-bezoar||To activate blood flow and alleviate pain, remove toxic materials and relieve swelling. |- |Xi Jiao Di Haung Tang||犀角地黄汤||Decoction of Cornu Rhinocerotis and Rehmanniae; Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic material and cool blood and remove blood stasis. |- |Xi Ling Jie Du Pian||~||Detoxification Tablet Of Rhinoceros Horn And Antelope Horn||To relieve exterior syndrome, clear away ''heat'' and toxic substances. |- |Xi Xian Gou Ji Xian Lin Pi Tang||~||~||To modulate and tonify pulse; To open ''jing'' and ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory, and immune systems); To revitalize blood |- |Xi Yang Shen Feng Wang Jiang||~||Oral Liquid of American Ginseng and Royal Jelly||To strengthen the constitution. |- |Xian Fang Huo Ming Yin||仙方活命饮||Miraculous Decoction for Local Infection, Fairy Decoction for Treating Cutaneous Infections||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, subdue swelling and resolve masses, activate blood flow and alleviate pain. |- |Xian Jia Tong Luo Tang||~||Saint Cover Luo Opening Decoction||To soothe muscle and revitalize the ''luo''; To dissolve stagnation and stop pain; To chase ''wind'' and suppress ''dampness'' |- |Xian Qi Tang||先期汤||Menstrual Decoction to Stop Bleeding||To dissolve stagnation and stop bleeding |- |Xian Qi Yin|||先期饮||Early Stage Menstrual Decoction||To clear heat; To disperse fire; To modulate period |- |Xiang Lian Wan||香连丸||Aucklandia-Coptis Pill; Saussurea Coptis Pill||To clear away pathogenic ''heat'' and dampness, promote the circulation of ''qi'' and remove obstruction. |- |Xiang Ru San||香薷散||Powder of Elsholtziae seu Moslae||To expel the ''evils'' from the body surface, eliminate ''cold'', ''summer-heat'' and ''dampness''. |- |Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Wan||香砂六君子丸||Aucklandia, Amomum & Six Gentlemen Pill||To supplement ''qi,'' invigorate the spleen and regulate the stomach. |- |Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan||香砂养胃丸||Stomach Pill of Aucklandia and Amomum Fruit||To supplement ''qi'' and strengthen the stomach, promote disgestion and stop vomiting. |- |Xiang Su San||香苏散||Powder Of Cyperi And Perillae||To expel the ''wind-cold evil'', regulate vital energy and the ''middle-jiao''. |- |Xiao Ban Qing Dai Yin||消斑青黛饮||Decoction Of Indigo Naturalis For Rashes Subsidence||To purge ''evil'' ''fire,'' eliminate toxic material, cool blood and disperse rashes. |- |Xiao Ban Tang||消斑汤||Pigment Dissolving Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To cool blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Xiao Ban Xia Tang||小半夏汤||Decoction Of Smaller Dosage Pinelliae||To eliminate phlegm and stop vomiting. |- |Xiao Chai Hu Tang||小柴胡汤||Decoction Of Bupleuri For Regulating Shaoyang; Minor Bupleurum Decoction||To harmonize the ''Shaoyang channels''. |- |Xiao Cheng Qi Tang||小乘气汤||Minor Decoction for Purging Down Digestive Qi; Minor Qi Facilitating Decoction||To relieve ''heat'' accumulation by mild effect. |- |Xiao Er Fei Bao||~||Lung Powder For Children||To reinforce the spleen to benefit the lung, invigorate ''qi,'' arresting asthma. Relieving cough and resolving sputum. |- |Xiao Er Gan Mao Pian||~||Children's Cold Tablet||To expel pathogenic factors from the muscles and skin by means of inducing diaphoresis, clear away ''heat'' and expel pathogenic factors from the ''exterior''. |- |Xiao Er Hui Chun Dan||小儿回春丹||Children Recovery Pill||To suppress ''wind''; To stop pain; To dissolve phlegm; To ''open'' the mind |- |Xiao Er Jie Re Shuan||~||Fever-Reducing Suppository for Children||To reduce fever and relieve inflammation. |- |Xiao Er Jin Dan Pian||~||Children's Welfare Tablet||To dispel ''wind'' and phlegm, clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Xiao Er Niu Huang Pian||~||Tablet Of Cow-bezoar For Children||To clear away ''heart-fire'', reduce fever, eliminate phlegm and calm convulsion. |- |Xiao Er Qi Ying Wan||~||Infantile Convulsion Pill||To reduce fever and calm infantile convulsion. |- |Xiao Er Qing Re He Ji||~||Children Heat Clearing Combination Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To reduce high-temperature and relieve exterior syndrome |- |Xiao Er Sheng Xue Ling||~||Infusion For Iron-deficiency Anemia Of Children||To invigorate ''qi'' and enrich the blood, remove stagnation of indigested food and regulate the spleen. |- |Xiao Er Xiao Shi Pian||~||Children's Indigestion Tablet||To strengthen the spleen, regulate the stomach, promote digestion and eliminate indigested food. |- |Xiao Er Xiao Yan Shuan||~||Anti-inflammatory Suppository for Children||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, resist bacteria and relieve inflammation. |- |Xiao Er Yi Niao Fang||~||Child's Urine Recipe||To tonify spleen and benefit lung; To tonify kidney and promote urine; To wake and open the spirit |- |Xiao Feng San||消凤散||Powder For Dispersing Pathogenic Wind||To dispel pathogenic wind, nourish the blood, clear away ''heat'' and remove ''dampness''. |- |Xiao Gu Lin||~||Liver Soothing Effector||To soothe liver and tonify qi; To benefit gallbladder and remove water |- |Xiao Huo Luo Dan||小活络丹||Bolus For Activating Energy Flow In The Channels And Collaterals; Small Bolus For Activating Channels and Collaterals||To warm the channels and activate the collaterals, dispel pathogenic ''wind-dampness'' and remove phlegm and blood stasis. |- |Xiao Ji Hua Tan Tang||~||Stagnation And Phlegm Dissolving Decoction||To clear the lung and dissolve phlegm; To dissolve stagnation and stop cough |- |Xiao Ji Yin Zi||小蓟饮子||Decoction Of Cephalanoploris; Cephalanoplos Drink||To remove ''heat'' from the blood to stop bleeding and induce diuresis to treat stranguria. |- |Xiao Jian Zhong Tang||小建中汤||Decoction For Mildly Warming The Middle Jiao; Minor Central Supporting Decoction||To warm the middle-warmer, tonify deficiency and relieve spasm and pain. |- |Xiao Jie Tang||~||Stagnation Removing Decoction||To soothe the liver and modulate ''qi''; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To soften hardness |- |Xiao Jin Dan||小金丹||Xiaojin Pellet||To eliminate cold, expel phlegm, remove blood stasis and reduce swelling. |- |Xiao Luo Tong Pian||~||Rheumatalgia -Relieving Tablet||To expel ''wind'' and dampness pathogens |- |Xiao Luo Wan||~||Scrofula Dissolving Pill||To dissolve phlegm; To dissolve stagnation |- |Xiao Qing Long Tang||~||Small Blue Dragon Decoction; Minor Green Dragon Decoction||To relieve superficial syndrome by means of inducing diaphoresis, remove fluid-retention, arrest cough and relieving asthma. |- |Xiao San Duo Tang||~||Three Excess Remover Decoction||To nourish and tonify liver and spleen; To nourish ''yin'' and moisturize fire; To benefit ''qi'' and clear heat; To produce saliva and stop thirst |- |Xiao Tan Hua Jie Tang||~||Phlegm And Stagnation Dissolving Decoction||To soften hardness and dissolve phlegm; To clear ''heat'' and relieve exterior syndrome |- |Xiao Tong Tang||~||Pustule Dissolving Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To remove pus and carbuncles |- |Xiao Xian Xiong Tang||小陷胸汤||Decoction for Mild Phlegm-Heat Syndrome in the Chest; Minor Chest (Blockage) Relieving Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and resolve phlegm. To ease the chest and remove stagnation. |- |Xiao Xu Ming Tang||小续命汤||Decoction for Mild Hemiplegia; Minor Life Extending Decoction||To warm meridians, promote the motion of yang-energy, support healthy energy and eliminate wind. |- |Xiao Yan Shen Ji He Ji||~||Anti-inflammation Combination Recipe||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To remove pustule; To remove rotten materials and produce muscle |- |Xiao Yao San||消遥散||Xiaoyao Decoction; Carefree (Liver Unblocking Spleen Restoring) Powder||To promote ''qi'' circulation in the liver and remove stagnation. To strengthen the function of the spleen and harmonize the ''Ying'' (nutrient) system. |- |Xiao Yao Wan||~||Ease Pill||To soothe the liver, strengthen the spleen, and nourish the blood to restore normal menstruation. |- |Xiao Yi Tang||~||Left-Over Cleansing Decoction||To calm heart and spirit; To lift freshness and clear turbidness; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Xiao Ying Jian||小营煎||Lump Dissolving Fries||To tonify ''yin'' and clear heat; To dissolve phlegm and remove lump; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Xiao Ying Tang||消瘿汤||Tumor Removing Decoction||To dissolve phlegm and remove stagnation; To dissolve swelling |- |Xiao Zhi Shuan||~||Hemorrhoid-Eliminating Suppository||To astringe exudation, subdue swelling, alleviate pain and arrest bleeding. |- |Xie Bai San||泻白散||Powder for Expelling Lung ''heat,'' Lung-Heat Expelling Powder||To purge pathogenic ''heat'' accumulated in the lung to relieve cough and asthma. |- |Xie Fei Tiao Zhong Fang||~||Lung Dispersing Interior Modulation Recipe||To flush lung and contain heavy breathing; To harmonize lung and modulate qi |- |Xie Huang San||泻黄散||Powder for Expelling Hidden ''fire'' of Spleen and Stomach, Spleen-heat Expelling Powder; Spleen ''fire'' Cathartic Powder||To purge latent ''fire'' in the spleen and stomach. |- |Xie Qing Wan||泻青丸||Pill for Purging Liver Fire; (Liver) ''fire'' Cathartic Pill||To clear excessive ''heat'' in the liver. To conduct dampness and ''heat'' downward. |- |Xie Shi Tang||~||Decoction for Clearing Away Dampness||To clear away ''heat'' and dampness, regulate vital energy and activate the spleen. |- |Xin Jia Huang Long Tang||新加黄龙汤||Decoction of Yellow Dragon with Supplements||To nourish yin, replenish the vital ''qi'' and purge the accumulation of pathogenic ''heat.'' |- |Xin Jia Xiang Ru Yin||~||Decoction of Elsholtzia with Some New Herbs Added||To dispel summer-heat and release the exterior. To clear ''heat'' and resolve dampness. |- |Xin Shen Yin||~||New Born Drink||To soothe liver and benefit gallbladder; To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Xin Shuai He Ji||~||Heart Decay Combination Recipe||To relieve lung and benefit water; To benefit ''qi'' and nourish heart; To revitalize blood and open the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems) |- |Xin Xue Ning Pian||~||Tablet for Coronary Heart Diseases and Hypertension||To dilate coronary artery, increase the amount of blood flow in coronary artery and cerebral artery, reduce blood-lipid, strengthen cardiac contractility and lower blood presure. |- |Xing Jun San||行军散||Powder Prepared for Long Journey (Zhuge's Powder for Long Journey; Wuhou's Powder for Long Journey); March Powder||To clear away heart-fire, eliminate toxic material and relieve fainting. |- |Xing Su San||杏苏散||Powder of Armeniacae Amarum and Folium Perillae; Prunus Perilla Powder||To dispel pathogenic cool-dryness removing pathogenic ''heat'' from the lung and dissolve phlegm. |- |Xu Shi Tong Jing Fang||~||Xu's Period Recipe||To warm period and nourish blood; To dissolve stagnation and stop pain |- |Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang||宣白乘气汤||Decoction for Purging Lung Heat; ''qi'' Facilitating Decoction||To open the stagnated lung-energy, disperse phlegm and purge ''heat-evil.'' |- |Xuan Bi Tang||宣痹汤||Decoction for Removing the Meridian Obstruction||To clear away ''dampness-heat'' ''evil'' and dredge the passage of meridians. |- |Xuan Fei Zhi Ke Tang||~||Lung Soothing Cough Decoction||To soothe lung and control qi; To relieve cough and dissolve phlegm |- |Xuan Fu Dai Zhe Tang||旋覆代赭汤||Decoction of Inulae and Haematitium; Inula Hematite Decoction||To lower the adverse flow of ''qi'' and resolve phlegm, invigorate ''qi'' and regulate the function of the stomach. |- |Xuan Jiang Tang||~||Soothing and Containing Decoction||To disperse ''exterior evil''; To modulate the lungs and contain ''qi'' |- |Xuan Shen Gou Teng Tang||~||Yuan Shen Anti-Hypertensive Decoction||To nourish the ''ying'' level and soothe the liver |- |Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang||血府逐瘀汤||Decoction for Removing Blood Stasis in the Chest; Contusion Clearing Decoction||To promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis and promote circulation to remove blood stasis and promote circulation of ''qi'' to relieve pain. |- |Xue Xie Gua Lou Tang||~||Xue Xie Gua Lou Mastitis Decoction||To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation; To clear ''heat'' |} ==Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions Y-Z== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Chinese Name!!Chinese Character!!Common Name!!Usage |- |Yan De Ping Jiao Nang||~||Anti-inflammation Capsule||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, remove ''heat'' from blood and subdue swelling. |- |Yan Li Xiao Jiao Nang||~||Quick-Acting Anti-inflammation Capsule||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Yang He Tang||阳和汤||Decoction for Warming Yang; ''yang'' Warming Decoction||To warm ''yang'' and enrich the blood, and remove pathogenic cold and obstruction. |- |Yang Wei Li Qi Tang||~||Stomach Tonification Decoction||To soothe ''qi'' and nourish stomach |- |Yang Xin Tang||养心汤||Heart Strengthening Decoction||To nourish heart; To calm spirit |- |Yang Xue Dang Gui Jing||~||Oral Liquid of Chinese Angelica for Nourishing Blood||To enrich the blood and regulate menstruation. |- |Yang Xue Qu Feng Tang||~||Blood Tonification and ''wind'' Dispersing Decoction||To tonify blood and disperse wind; To disperse coldness and dissolve dampness |- |Yang Xue Run Chang Jian||~||Blood Tonification and Intestine Moisturizing Fries||To nourish ''yin'' and blood; To moisturize the intestines and promote smooth bowel movement |- |Yang Yin Li Yan Tang||~||Yin Tonification and Throat Benefiting Decoction||To nourish ''yin'' and benefit throat; To produce saliva |- |Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang||养阴清肺汤||Decoction for Nourishing Yin and Clearing Away Lung Heat; Yin Generating Lung Clearing Decoction||To nourish ''yin'', clear away ''lung-heat'', reduce fever and relieve sore-throat. |- |Yi Chan He Ji||~||Yi Chan Nephritis Combination Recipe||To benefit dampness and dissolve swelling; To disperse towards exterior and soothe lung |- |Yi Gan Tang||~||Hepatitis B Decoction||To cleanse the liver and ''benefit the gallbladder''; To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood; To benefit liver and spleen |- |Yi Gong San||异功散||Spleen Qi Strengthening And Regulating Powder|| |- |Yi Guan Jian||一贯煎||Yiguan Decoction; Yin Generating Liver Opening Prescription||To nourish the liver and kidney, soothe the liver and regulate the circulation of ''qi.'' |- |Yi Huang San||益黄散||Yellow Benefiting Powder||To warm interior; To soothe qi; To strengthen spleen; To stop diarrhea |- |Yi Huang Tang||易黄汤||Decoction For Changing Yellow Leukorrhea||To strengthen the spleen and dry dampness. To clear ''heat'' and relieve leukorrhagia. |- |Yi Jia Jian Zheng Qi San||一加减正气散||First Modified Powder For Regulating Vital Energy||To eliminate ''dampness evil'' and regulate vital energy. |- |Yi Mu Cao Gao||易母草膏||~||To regulate menstruation and promote blood circulation, dissipate blood stasis and alleviate pain. |- |Yi Mu Cao Liu Jin Gao||~||Liquid Extract of Motherwort Herb||Hysterotonic. Used for the treatment of abnormal menstruation, post partum metrorrhagia, incomplete reduction of uterus. |- |Yi Nao Fu Jian Wan||~||Pill For Cerebral Thrombosis||To supplement the brain and invigorate vitality, relax the channels and collaterals, and promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis, wake up the patients form unconsciousness by eliminating phlegm. |- |Yi Nian Jin||一捻金||Yinianjin Powder (Decoction) for Infants; Children's Indigestion Powder||To clear away ''heat,'' induce bowel movement and activate vital energy. |- |Yi Qi Chu Tan Fang||~||Qi Benefiting and Phlegm Dissolving Recipe||To tonify ''qi'' and strengthen spleen; To remove phlegm and dissolve stagnation |- |Yi Qi Hua Ji Jie Du Tang||~||Detoxification and ''qi'' Benefiting Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and dissolve stagnation; To remove toxic materials; To benefit ''dampness'' |- |Yi Qi Huo Xue Pian||~||Qi Benefiting and Blood Revitalizing Pill||To benefit ''qi'' and revitalize blood |- |Yi Qi Ju Xian Tang||~||Qi Benefiting Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and lift ptosis |- |Yi Qi Pai Shi Tang||~||Qi Benefiting Stone Remover Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and support rightness; To clear ''heat'' and benefit dampness; To attack hardness and remove stone |- |Yi Qi Shen Xue Tang||~||Qi Benefiting and Blood Producing Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and strengthen spleen; To nourish and tonify liver and kidney; To stop bleeding and dissolve stagnation |- |Yi Qi Tiao Gan Jiang Ya Tang||~||Qi and Liver Modulating Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and tonify spleen; To modulate liver and suppress evil; To retain yang |- |Yi Qi Yang Yin Tang||~||Qi Benefiting and Yin Nourishing Decoction||To benefit ''qi'' and nourish ''yang'' |- |Yi Ren Chong Jiu Tang||~||Yi Ren Worm Alcohol Decoction||To suppress dampness and revitalize blood; To soothe bone and muscle; To benefit waist |- |Yi Shen Tang||~||Kidney Benefiting Decoction||To dissolve stagnation and reduce swelling; To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials |- |Yi Yi Fu Zi Bai Jiang San||薏苡附子败酱散||Powder of Coix Seed, Aconite Root and Patrinia||To promote pus discharge and relieve swelling. |- |Yi Yi Zhu Ye San||~||Powder Coicis and Lophatheri||To clear away dampnes-heat and let out the ''evils''. |- |Yi Zhong Huo Xue Tang||~||Interior Benefiting Stamoch Decoction||To tonify ''qi'' and warm interior; To revitalize blood and dissolve stagnation |- |Yin Cai San||~||Yin Cai Cold Relieving Powder||To clear heat; To cool and relieve towards exterior |- |Yin Chai Chong Ji||~||Infusion of Honeysuckle Stem and Chinese Thorowax||To relieve inflammation, clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Yin Chen Ban Lan Gen Tang||~||Yin Chen Ban Lan Gen Decoction ||To clear ''heat'' and remove ''dampness''; To soothe the liver and revitalize blood |- |Yin Chen Hao Tang||茵陈蒿汤||Artemisia Decoction||To clear away ''heat'' and eliminate dampness to treat jaundice. |- |Yin Chen Jiang Zhi Fang||~||Yin Chen Blood lipid Recipe||To cleanse liver and benefit gallbladder; To clear ''heat'' and dissolve ''dampness''; To resuscitate the spleen and reduce fat |- |Yin Huang Kou Fu Ye||~||Oral Liquid of Honeysuckle Flower and Scutellaria||To clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials, and relieve inflammation. |- |Yin Jun Hu She Tang||~||Tiger and Snake Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit ''dampness''; To soothe liver and benefit gallbladder; To strengthen the spleen and move ''qi'' |- |Yin Pu Xiao Du Yin||~||Yin Pu Detoxification Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To benefit ''dampness'' and facilitate urine; To move ''qi'' and revitalize blood |- |Yin Qiao Er Ding Tang||~||Yin Qiao Double Ding Decoction||To clear heat; To remove toxic materials; To dry ''dampness'' |- |Yin Qiao Jie Du Wan||银翘解毒丸||Anti-toxic Bolus of Honeysuckle Flower and Forsythia; Lonicera Poison Relieving Pill||To relieve exterior syndrome with drugs pungent in flavor and cool in property, clear away ''heat'' and toxic materials. |- |Yin Qiao San||银翘散||Powder of Lonicerae and Forsythiae; Lonicera Powder||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; |- |Yin Qiao Tang||银翘汤||Yin Qiao Decoction||To nourish ''yin''; To relieve exterior syndrome |- |Yin Yan Qing Gan Tang||~||Yin Yan Liver Clearing Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove dampness; To strengthen the spleen and harmonize the ''interior''. |- |Yin Zhi Huang Zhu She Ye||~||Anti-hepatitis-jaundice Liquid||To clear away ''heat'' and eliminate dampness, treat jaundice and remove toxic materials. |- |Ying Bao Jian||~||Ying Treasure Fries||To dissolve stagnation and soften hardness; To soothe ''qi'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Ying Liu San Jie Tang||~||Tumor Dissovling Decoction||To soothe the liver and modulate ''qi''; To dissolve stagnation; To dissolve phlegm; To soften hardness and remove ''stone'' |- |You Gui Yin||右归饮||Right-kidney Decoction; Right Return Drink||To warm and invigorate ''kidney-yang'' |- |Yu Nu Jian||玉女煎||Jade Maid Decoction, Gypsum Decoction; Maiden's Fry||To clear ''stomach-heat'' and nourish ''yin''. |- |Yu Ping Feng San||玉屏风散||Jade Screen Powder; Jade Windscreen Powder||To invigorate ''qi'' and consolidate the superficial resistance to arrest perspiration. |- |Yu Quan Wan||玉泉丸||Diabetes Pill||To promote the produciton of body fluid to relieve thirst, clear away ''heat'' to arrest irritability, and nourish ''yin'' and the kidney. |- |Yu Yin Zhi Beng Tang||~||Yin Nourishing Period Decoction||To nourish ''yin''; To reduce heavy flow in period |- |Yu Zha Chong Ji||~||Infusion of Fragrant Solomonseal and Hawthorn Fruit||To decrease blood-lipid and restrain atherosclerosis. |- |Yu Zhen San ||玉真散||Yuzhen Powder||To expel ''evil wind'', disperse phlegm and stop convulsion. |- |Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Jiao Nang||~||Analgesic Capsule Of Corydalis Tuber||To arrest pain by regulating ''qi,'' remove blood stasis by promoting blood circulation. |- |Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Pian||~||Tablet Of Corydalis Tuber For Alleviating Pain||To promote blood circulation, to remove blood stasis and regulate the flow of ''qi'' to alleviate pain. |- |Yuan Zhi Liu Jin Gao||~||Thinleaf Milkwort Liquid Extract||Expectorant. |- |Yue Bi Jia Shu Tang||越婢加术汤||Wind Dissipating Plus Decoction||To disperse water-dampness; To clear interior ''heat'' |- |Yue Bi Tang||越婢汤||Wind Dissipating Decoction||To disperse ''water-dampness''; To soothe the lung; To clear ''heat'' |- |Yue Ju Wan||越鞠丸||Yueju Pill (Pill of Ligustici Chuanxiong and Atractylodis), Pill For Relieving Stagnancy||To promote the circulation of ''qi'' to relieve stagnation. |- |Yun Qi San||匀气散||Qi Mixing-Up Powder||To move ''qi''; To strengthen the spleen; To warm the ''interior'' |- |Yun Zhi Gan Tai Chong Ji||~||Tonic Infusion Of Versicolor For Liver||To clear away pathogenic ''heat'' and subdue inflammation, adjust immunologic functon. |- |Zai Zao San||再造散||Zaizao Powder||To support ''yang-energy'' to promote sweating, benefit vital energy and expel superficial ''evils'' from the body surface. |- |Zai Zhang Sheng Xue Pian||~||Tablet For Replenishing Blood And Treating Aplastic Anemia||To strengthen the spleen and tonify the kidney, supplement ''qi'' and nourish blood. |- |Zan Yu Dan||赞育丹||Pellet For Impotence||To invigorate the kidney and strengthen ''yang''. |- |Zao Du Fu Jiang Tang||~||Zaodufu Ginger Decoction||To disperse ''wind'' and remove ''dampness''; To suppress ''coldness'' and stop pain |- |Zeng Ye Cheng Qi Tang||增液乘气汤||Decoction for Fluid Increasing and Purgation; Moistening ''qi'' Regulating Decoction||To nourish ''yin'' to promote the production of body fluid, induce bowel movement to expel the ''heat'' ''evil.'' |- |Zeng Ye Tang||增液汤||Decoction to Increase Body Fluids||To nourish ''yin'' and clear ''heat.'' To moisten dryness and promote bowel movements. |- |Zhang Tong Fang||~||Pain Relieving recipe||To soothe ''qi'' and comfort the liver and stomach |- |Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang||镇肝熄风汤||Decoction for Calming Liver Wind, Tranquilizing Liver-wind Decoction; Liver Controlling Wind Extinguishing Decoction||To tranquilize the liver to calm endogenous wind. |- |Zhen Jiang Gao Yao||~||Zhenjiang Plaster||To dispel ''wind'' and alleviate pain, relax muscles and tendons and promote blood circulation. |- |Zhen Ren Yang Zang Tang||真人养脏汤||Zhenren Decoction For Nourishing Viscera; Genuine Zang Nourishing Decoction||To warm and tonify the ''spleen-yang'' to arrest diarrhea. |- |Zhen Wu Tang||真武汤||Zhenwu Decoction; Kidney Warming Spleen Strengthening Decoction||To warm ''yang'' to induce diuresis. |- |Zhen Xin An Shen Tang||~||Mind Stablizing Decoction||To calm heart and spirit |- |Zhen Xin Di Tan Tang||~||Heart Stablizing Decoction||To remove phlegm and open mind; To nourish ''yin'' and suppress ''wind''; To calm the heart and spirit |- |Zhen Zhu Mu Wan||珍珠母丸||Pill of Margarita; Mother of Pearl Pill||To nourish yin, calm mental state and relieve palpitation. |- |Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan||知柏地黄丸||Anemarrhena Phellodendron Rehmannia Pill|| |- |Zhi Bao Dan||至宝丹||Bolus of Precious Drugs; Greatest Treasure Special Precious Pill||To eliminate turbid pathogenic factor to induce resuscitation and clear away ''heat'' and toxins. |- |Zhi Bao San Bian Wan||~||Treasured Three Animal Penes Pill||To invigorate the kidney, strengthen yang, replenish the vital essence, promote mentality, improve health and promoting longevity. |- |Zhi Chuang Xun Xi Fang||~||Haemorrhoid Smoking and Cleansing Recipe||To revitalize blood and remove stagnation; To remove toxic materials and dissolve swelling |- |Zhi Dai Fang||止带方||Prescription for Stoppping Leucorrhea ||To clear away dampness-heat, cool blood and relieve leucorrhagia. |- |Zhi Gan Cao Tang||炙甘草汤||Decoction of Glycyrrhizae Praeparata; Decoction for Restoring Pulse Beating; Roast Glycyrrhiza Decoction||To replenish ''qi,'' enrich the blood and nourish ''yin'' to restore pulse. |- |Zhi Ke Pi Pa Chong Ji||~||Cough Infusion of Loquat Leaf||To remove ''heat'' from the lung and promote the dispersing function of lung, resolve phlegm and relieve cough. |- |Zhi Ke Pi Pa Tang Jiang||~||Cough Syrup of Loquat Leaf||To resolve phlegm and relieve cough. |- |Zhi Kuang Fang||~||Madness Control Recipe||To open the mind; To contain ''fire''; To cleanse phlegm; To calm the spirit |- |Zhi Mi Fu Ling Wan||~||Pill of Poria ||To dry dampness, promote circulation of vital energy, expel stubborn phlegm. |- |Zhi Pian Tou Tong Fang||~||Headache Recipe||To cleanse liver and contain ''yang''; To revitalize blood and open ''luo'' |- |Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan ||枳实导滞丸||Pill of Aurantii Immaturus for Relieving Stagnation, Pill of Immature Bitter Orange for Removing Stagnancy; Poncirus Obstruction Removing Pill||To promote digestion to remove stagnated food and eliminate ''dampness-heat''. |- |Zhi Shi Shen Bu Tang||~||Zhi Shi Shen Bu Ptosis Decoction||To tonify spleen and benefit qi; To modulate ''qi'' and promote digestion |- |Zhi Shi Xiao Pi Wan||枳实消痞丸||Pill with Immature Bitter Orange for Disintegrating Masses and Relieving Stuffness||To disintegrate masses and relieve distension and fullness, strengthen the spleen and regulate the stomach. |- |Zhi Shi Xie Bai Gui Zhi Tang||枳实薤白桂枝汤||Poncirus Allium Cinnamomum Decoction|| |- |Zhi Shu He Wei Tang||~||Zhi Shu Stomach Soothing Decoction||To modulate liver and harmonize spleen; To harmonize stomach and contain ''evil'' |- |Zhi Sou Ding Chuan Gao||~||Semifluid Extract for Relieving Cough and Asthma||To moisten the lung, resolve phegm, arrest cough and relieve asthma. |- |Zhi Sou San||~||Cough Powder; Cough Suppressing Powder||To arrest cough and resolve phlegm, and induce diaphoresis and ventilate the lung. |- |Zhi Tong Juan Bi Tang||~||Pain Stopping Decoction||To revitalize and nourish blood; To move ''qi'' and open the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory and immune systems); To stop pain |- |Zhi Xue San||~||Bleeding Stopping Powder||To dissolve stagnation and stop bleeding |- |Zhi Xue Tang||~||Bleeding Control Decoction||To stop bleeding; To contain blood |- |Zhi Zhi Tang||~||Haemorrhoid Control Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and remove toxic materials; To remove dampness and reduce swelling; To cool blood and remove stagnation |- |Zhi Zhu Wan||枳术丸||Pill of Aurantii Immaturus and Atractylodis Macrocephalae; Poncirus Atractylodes Pill||To strengthen the spleen and relieve fullness. |- |Zhi Zhuo Gu Ben Wan||~||Turbid Control and Base Stablizing Bolus||To clear ''heat'' and benifit dampness; To support kidney; To strengthen the spleen |- |Zhi Zi Chi Tang||栀子豉汤||Decoction of Gardeniae and Sojae Praeparatum||To discharge the stagnated ''heat'' and relieve irritability. |- |Zhi Zi Gan Jiang Tang||栀子干姜汤||Decoction of Gardeniae and Zingiberis ||To clear away ''heat,'' warm the middle-jiao and eliminate ''cold''. |- |Zhi Zi Hou Po Tang||栀子厚朴汤||Zhizi Tonifying Decoction||To clear heat; To reduce agitation; To soothe the interior; To dissolve stagnation |- |Zhong Man Fen Xiao Wan||中满分消丸||Pill for Relieving the Distention of Middle Jiao||To activate the spleen and vital energy, clear away ''heat'' and promote diuresis. |- |Zhou Che Wan||舟车丸||Vessel and Vehicle (Diuretic) Pill||To soothe qi; To remove fluid |- |Zhou Ju Wan||~||Zhouju Pill||To promote circulation of vital energy, induce diarrhea with potent purgatives. |- |Zhu Gui Tang||~||Decoction of Atractylodis and Cinnamomi||To expel cold and ''dampness'', warm the spleen and stomach. |- |Zhu Huang Bei Mu Tang||~||||To clear ''heat'' and dissolve phlegm |- |Zhu Ling Tang||猪苓汤||Decoction Of Polyporus Umbellatus; Poria Polyporus Decoction||To clear away ''heat,'' induce diuresis and nourish ''yin'' to arrest bleeding. |- |Zhu Sha An Shen Wan||朱砂安神丸||Pill Of Cinnabaris For Tranquilizing, Pill of Tranquilizing, Sedative Bolus of Cinnabar; Cinnabar Sedating Pill||To relieve palpitation, tranquilize the mind, remove pathogenic ''heat'' and nourish the blood. |- |Zhu Shi Tang||~||Stone Repulsion Decoction||To clear ''heat'' and benefit water; To remove stone and facilitate urine; To open the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory, and immune systems) and stop pain |- |Zhu Ye He Ji||~||Bamboo Leaf Combination recipe||To clear ''heat'' and relieve exterior syndrome; To disperse ''fire'' and promote bowel movement |- |Zhu Ye Mai Dong Shi Gao Tang||~||||To tonify ''qi'' and nourish yin; To contain ''evil'' and stop vomiting |- |Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang||竹叶石膏汤||Decoction Of Lophatheri And Gypsum Fibrosum||To clear away ''heat'' and promote the production of body fluid, replenish ''qi'' and regulate the stomach. |- |Zhuang Yao Jian Shen Wan||~||Loins-Strengthening and Kidney-Invigorating Bolus||To strengthen the loins, invigorate the kidney, dispel pathogenic wind, remove dampness and activate the collaterals to relieve pain. |- |Zhuang Yao Qu Feng Zhen Tong Tang||~||Waist Strengthening Decoction||To disperse wind; To disperse coldness; To warm ''jing'' and open the ''luo'' (nervous, circulatory, and immune systems); To soothe ''jin'' and revitalize blood |- |Zhui Feng Gao||~||Rheumatalgia-Relieving Plaster||To expel ''wind'' and disperse cold, promote blood circulation to stop pain. |- |Zi Bu Tiao Jing Tang||~||Tonification and Period Modulation Decoction ||To nourish and tonify the liver and spleen; To nourish blood and modulate period |- |Zi Dian Tang||~||Pigment Control Decoction||To strengthen the spleen and benefit ''qi''; To nourish ''yin'' and cool blood; To dissolve stagnation and stop bleeding |- |Zi Shen Rong Jing Wan||~||Kidney Nourishing Bolus||To nourish the kidney and support the ''base''; To tonify the liver and spleen; To revitalize blood and open the ''luo'' |- |Zi Shou Jie Yu Tang||~||Decoction For Lengthening Life-span And Relieving Aphasia||To warm the spleen, disperse phlegm, suppress ''wind'' and wake the patient from unconsciousness. |- |Zi Xue Dan||~||Purple Snow Pellet; Purple Snow Special (Epidemic Preventing) Pill;Purple Snowy Powder||To wake the patient up from unconsciousness by clearing away pathogenic ''heat,'' tranquilizing the mind and allaying excitement. |- |Zi Yin Qing Hua Tang||~||Yin Nourishing Digestion Decoction||To modulate and tonify the liver and kidney; To clear ''heat'' and cool blood; To dissolve stagnation and stop pain |- |Zi Yin Rou Gan Tang||~||Yin and Liver Nourishing Decoction||To nourish ''yin'' and contain ''yang''; To soothe the liver and calm the spirit |- |Zi Yin Xuan Fei Tang||~||Yin Nourishing Lung Modulation Decoction ||To nourish ''yin''; To modulate the lung; To dissolve phlegm |- |Zuo Gui Wan||左归丸||Kidney-Yin Tonifying Bolus||To nourish ''yin'' and tonify the kidney. |- |Zuo Gui Yin||左归饮||Left-Kidney Decoction||To nourish ''kidney-energy''. |- |Zuo Jin Wan||左金丸||Zuojin Bolus (Huiling Bolus); Left Gold Pill; Liver-fire Purging And Stomach-Regulating Pill||To clear ''fire'' in the liver. To descend the perversion of ''qi'' and stop vomiting. |} {{TCM}} {{BookCat}} qrpo6dqbhvqskmg9tbljp1pvx8yy0ch 0 279393 4678918 4678216 2026-10-29T18:22:45Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 book is somewhat confusing and difficult to navigate for new readers; attempted to consolidate and improve navigation to make more intuitive 4678918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rfd}} [[File:Book cover.jpg|center|frameless]] <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE -->== Front matter == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book|About the book]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Overview|Overview]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Bibliography|Bibliography]] == The Volume I == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background|Basic definitions and background]]<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Graphs and manifolds|Graphs and surfaces]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Harmonic functions|Harmonic functions]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/On random processes|On random processes]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Special matrices|Special matrices and determinants]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Electrical networks|Electrical networks]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems|The inverse problems]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Classics|Classics and hopscotch]]<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/On the inverse problem of Calderon|On the inverse problem of Calderon]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?"|"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?"]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/On inhomogeneous string of Krein|On inhomogeneous string of Krein]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Embedded|Embedded graphics and printed counts]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial|Radially symmetric inverse problems]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Notation|<math>notifications</math> & note notions]]<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Fourier coordinates|Fourier transform]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Stieltjes continued fractions|Stieltjes continued fractions]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Solution of the inverse problem|Solution of the inverse problem]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The square root case|The square root of the operah/tor minus]] Garfield/Laplacian<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The case of the unit disc|The case of the unit disc]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/An infinite example|An infinite example]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Zolotarev problem|Zolotarev problem]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Two models|Duel maps & naps]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/redial|Halloween]] == The Volume II == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Ai|Ai]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Papirus|Paper Papyrus]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Rotation|Spinning Spectrum Disc]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Spatial|Spatial Spectrum Spiritual Geometry]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Characteristic|Characteristic: companion and circulant matrices]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Area|Energy integral sum]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Orthogonal|Gravity is optional]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Echo|Echo response]] == The volume III: Piracy!? == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/4|Ghost Spiderweb]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/5|Shape-shifting network]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/6|Six colors suffices surface]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Zeta zeros|Zeta-function zeros]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Eta|Ln(2)]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex|Discrete complex analysis]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Continuous|Continuum hypothesis]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Genes|Genealogy geometry]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Inferno|<math>\ln_2(\infty)</math>]] == Conclusions == ===[[On 2D Inverse Problems/The Cure|Cure of complexity]]=== {{Shelves|Mathematical collections}} {{Alphabetical|2}} {{status|75%}} {{reading level|Beginner}} {{BookCat}} mu8o5o6kfw473pk0ccoexx7f95at5wj 4678920 4678918 2026-10-29T18:23:04Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 notoc 4678920 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{rfd}} [[File:Book cover.jpg|center|frameless]] <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE -->== Front matter == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book|About the book]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Overview|Overview]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Bibliography|Bibliography]] == The Volume I == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background|Basic definitions and background]]<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Graphs and manifolds|Graphs and surfaces]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Harmonic functions|Harmonic functions]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/On random processes|On random processes]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Special matrices|Special matrices and determinants]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Electrical networks|Electrical networks]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The inverse problems|The inverse problems]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Classics|Classics and hopscotch]]<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/On the inverse problem of Calderon|On the inverse problem of Calderon]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?"|"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?"]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/On inhomogeneous string of Krein|On inhomogeneous string of Krein]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Embedded|Embedded graphics and printed counts]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial|Radially symmetric inverse problems]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Notation|<math>notifications</math> & note notions]]<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Fourier coordinates|Fourier transform]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Stieltjes continued fractions|Stieltjes continued fractions]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Solution of the inverse problem|Solution of the inverse problem]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The square root case|The square root of the operah/tor minus]] Garfield/Laplacian<!--=== [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The case of the unit disc|The case of the unit disc]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/An infinite example|An infinite example]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Zolotarev problem|Zolotarev problem]] ===--> * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Two models|Duel maps & naps]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/redial|Halloween]] == The Volume II == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Ai|Ai]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Papirus|Paper Papyrus]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Rotation|Spinning Spectrum Disc]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Spatial|Spatial Spectrum Spiritual Geometry]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Characteristic|Characteristic: companion and circulant matrices]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Area|Energy integral sum]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Orthogonal|Gravity is optional]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Echo|Echo response]] == The volume III: Piracy!? == * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/4|Ghost Spiderweb]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/5|Shape-shifting network]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/6|Six colors suffices surface]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Zeta zeros|Zeta-function zeros]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Eta|Ln(2)]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Complex|Discrete complex analysis]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Continuous|Continuum hypothesis]] * [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Genes|Genealogy geometry]] ** [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Inferno|<math>\ln_2(\infty)</math>]] == Conclusions == ===[[On 2D Inverse Problems/The Cure|Cure of complexity]]=== {{Shelves|Mathematical collections}} {{Alphabetical|2}} {{status|75%}} {{reading level|Beginner}} {{BookCat}} 9pm3j55rdu40pwep0ek6g6olej9wv8y 0 279399 4678861 4677751 2026-10-29T16:35:13Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Restoring revision 4675488 by [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|DVD206]]: unambiguous evidence of LLM generated content in violation of [[WB:AI]]; restoring prior version 4678861 wikitext text/x-wiki The inverse problems, that are the main objects of this book, have their roots in the study of the relationships between local and global properties of the embedded graphs and surfaces. The two-dimensional setting has an important structure, due to the duality b/w the harmonic conjugate functions and the connection to classical special matrices, that can be viewed as two-dimensional objects. Also, the dimension of the unknown parameter fits the dimension of the measurement data in several important instances of the inverse problems. [[File:DN approximation (1).jpg|thumbnail|Discretisation technique]] The solutions of the inverse problems are presented in a way bridging the discrete and continuous settings. The techniques of solutions are motivated by the following commutative diagram: [[File:Discrete and Contiuous Inverse problems.jpg|thumbnail|center|Calculation scheme]] The context of the inverse problems provides a unified point of view on the work of many great mathematicians, and even though there are references to many areas of mathematics in this book, it is practically self-contained, and is intended for a wide audience of readers interested in the subject. There are exercises, ranked by difficulty, through most of the chapters of the book, and it can be used as a textbook for an applied mathematics class. In the later volumes we'll discuss the connection and relationship between the spectrum of the interior operator <math>\partial_s^2=(\partial_\theta+ln(s))^2</math> and its boundary data Dirichlet-to-Neumann map (eigenvalues of the monodromy with singularity at the origin) and eta and zeta zeros (trivial and non-trivial kernels of the operator <math>\Lambda_s\Rightarrow\Lambda^s</math> and the function <math>\det(\Lambda_s)</math>. {{BookCat}} eodo49lmseyr0vrdet5buumqeq4ag7s 0 279648 4678860 4676855 2026-10-29T16:33:49Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 Restoring revision 3039306 by [[Special:Contributions/DVD206|DVD206]]: unambiguous evidence of LLM generated content in violation of [[WB:AI]]—restoring to version before addition 4678860 wikitext text/x-wiki This book is about the inverse problems that take its roots in medical imaging such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and similar imaging methods from geophysics with applications to the oil & gas production industry. The study was motivated by the practical needs of non-destructive and non-intrusive methods for imaging of hidden objects such as internal human/animal organs or Earth's natural resources. The inverse problems are formulated as the mathematical problems of recovering the coefficients of systems of differential/difference equations from their solutions. These problems are opposite in some sense to the forward problems of evaluating functions. The study of the inverse problems is well suited for computer simulations and many fundamental mathematical problems can be naturally restated as inverse problems. <!--- The techniques of study and solutions of the inverse problems considered in this book allow one to "see inside" a body, using the sound waves or electro-magnetic fields data at the boundary or outside the body.---> [[File:Book cover.jpg|thumbnail| center]] {{BookCat}} gn1ev5407s65s6zfg9is2b4m7rdr7ve 0 279649 4678906 4675772 2026-10-29T18:01:51Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678906 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Embedded#Medials]] k54eui6sawgszhn4yq7u93wg23yseqc 0 279650 4678889 3040438 2026-10-29T17:48:01Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678889 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial#Stieltjes continued fractions]] swqikjpmmraj57az46viiivehs5p6dc 0 279653 4678883 4302548 2026-10-29T17:44:36Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678883 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Classics#"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?"]] rg0psq5gw95tb8zzl0o9wgwf5nwab2t 4678884 4678883 2026-10-29T17:45:06Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 fix 4678884 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Classics#"Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?" by Kac]] g32vuzy1d1ws4l3emxkfomj4hleas1c 0 279654 4678882 3041473 2026-10-29T17:44:23Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678882 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Classics]] gy2kj49eksfux841l3h9ilgkqo18n7v 0 279656 4678885 2544496 2026-10-29T17:45:18Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678885 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Classics#On the inverse problem of Calderon]] 58jeqk2vzgvp9u7s9oqt9yavbm9r2qo 0 279832 4678910 3039804 2026-10-29T18:05:30Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678910 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The square root case#The coin case]] 30dmijcu80zjktsla590iuphk5b7znt 0 279833 4678890 3040448 2026-10-29T17:48:34Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678890 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial#Fourier coordinates]] cnamcvyhujwycgkpe01t3rde10z9v48 0 279835 4678907 2954864 2026-10-29T18:02:25Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678907 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Embedded#Y-Δ moves and star-mesh]] qv9la1pylobz9yaiv7zds4qtn6tl1ow 0 279836 4678911 3040439 2026-10-29T18:06:23Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678911 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/The square root case#An infinite case]] dzds9v2czs9f6vr9cy9n6wnpyrj71sr 0 280340 4678895 3116379 2026-10-29T17:55:00Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678895 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background#Graphs and surfaces]] hkqbwy7oqk2qwoaxr9dwd6v77bnlqfw 0 280341 4678899 3116383 2026-10-29T17:56:44Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678899 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background#On random processes]] nhpnww41vedfc6pw3858wfjryxj5kil 0 280342 4678897 3116381 2026-10-29T17:56:01Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678897 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background#Harmonic functions]] du65analtb4c5nquejnpjncwi1oh5ej 0 280574 4678900 4675771 2026-10-29T17:57:33Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678900 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Basic definitions and background#Special matrices and determinants]] h1fki6naya6oo0tsly36m8rpkrfn8tn 0 280766 4678903 3587800 2026-10-29T17:59:31Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge short subpages together for ease of navigation and clarity; redirecting as needed 4678903 wikitext text/x-wiki The main subjects of study of this book are the local and global characteristices of graphs embedded in surfaces (2D manifolds) and the connections b/w their discrete and continuous properties. This chapter gives the definitions and the overview of the main mathematical objects that are involved in the inverse problems discussed in the book. These include the domains of definitions of the functions and operators, the boundary and spectral data and interpolation/extrapolation and restriction techniques. == Graphs and surfaces == Throughout this book a '''graph''' ''G(V,E)'' is a pair of sets, where ''E'' is a subset of pairs of elements of the set ''V''. The elements of ''V'' are called '''vertices''', and the elements of ''E'' '''edges'''. For every edge ''(a,b)'' in ''E'' we call ''b'' a neighbor of ''a''. A '''graph w/boundary''' is a graph w/chosen subset ''∂G'' of boundary nodes. A '''surface''' ''S'' is a topological space, such that around its every point ''p'' there is an open set ''U'' homeomorphic to the open unit disc ''D'': : <math> \begin{cases} p\in U, \\ \phi_U(p) = 0, \\ \phi_U(U) = \mathbf{D}. \end{cases} </math> or neighborhood homeomorphic to the half of the unit disc for the boundary nodes: : <math> \begin{cases} p\in U, \\ \phi_U(p) = 0, \\ \phi_U(U) = \mathbf{D}\cap\{z: \Im z \ge 0 \}, \\ \phi_U(U\cap\partial S) = (-1,1). \end{cases} </math> A '''simple arc''' in a surface ''S'' is an image of a homeomorphism of the interval ''[0,1]'' to the surface. An '''embedding''' of a graph ''G(V,E)'' to a surface ''S'' is a representation of the vertices ''V'' of the graph by distinct points of ''S'', w/the boundary of the graph on the boundary of the surface and the edges ''E'' by the simple non-intersecting and non-touching simple arcs connecting corresponding endpoints. For a graph ''G'' embedded in a surface ''S'' the connected components of ''S\E'' are called faces. The embedding is '''proper''' if the faces are simply connected, except possibly the unbounded infinite one. The embedded graph ''G^*'' is called dual to graph ''G'' if its vertices are located in distinct (and all) faces of graph ''G'' and vice versa, and its edges connect vertices w/corresponding adjacent faces. The edges of the graph ''G'' and its dual ''G*'' are in the ''1-to-1'' correspondence. The embedded graph and its dual can be unified in a single construction of the '''medial graph''' ''M(G)'' defined later in the book. It will be clear from the context how to slightly modify the definitions for graphs w/boundary. A graph that can be embedded in the plane or the sphere is called '''planar graph'''. == Harmonic functions == Harmonic functions can be defined as solutions of differential and difference [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation%7C Laplace equation] as follows. A function/vector ''u'' defined on the vertices of a graph w/boundary is harmonic if its value at every interior vertex ''p'' is the average of its values at neighboring vertices. That is, : <math> u(p) = \sum_{p\rightarrow q} \gamma(pq)u(q)/\sum_{p\rightarrow q} \gamma(pq). </math> Or, alternatively, ''u'' satisfies [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws%7C Kirchhoff's law] for potential at every interior vertex ''p'': : <math> \sum_{p\rightarrow q} \gamma(pq)(u(p) - u (q)) = 0. </math> A harmonic function on a manifold ''M'' is a twice continuously differentiable function u : M → R, where ''u'' satisfies Laplace equation: : <math> \Delta_\gamma u = \nabla\cdot(\gamma\nabla u) = 0. </math> A harmonic function defined on open subset of the plane satisfies the following differential equation: : <math> (\gamma u_x)_x+(\gamma u_y)_y = 0. </math> The harmonic functions satisfy the following properties: * mean-value property The value of a harmonic function is a weighted average of its values at the neighbor vertices, * maximum principle Corollary: the maximum (and the minimum) of a harmonic functions occurs on the boundary of the graph or the manifold, * harmonic conjugate One can use the system of '''Cauchy-Riemann equations''' : <math> \begin{cases} \gamma u_x = v_y, \\ \gamma u_y = - v_x \end{cases} </math> to define the harmonic conjugate. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_continuation%7C Analytic/harmonic continuation] is an extension of the domain of a given harmonic function. [[File:Harmonic_continuation.jpg|thumb|Harmonic/analytic continuation on a square grid]] === Dirichlet problem === Harmonic functions minimize the energy integral or the sum : <math> \int_{\Omega}\gamma|\nabla u|^2 \mbox{ and } \sum_{e=(p,q)\in E} \gamma(e)(u(p) - u (q))^2 </math> if the values of the functions are fixed at the boundary of the domain or the network in the continuous and discrete models respectively. The minimizing function/vector is the solution of the [[wikipedia:Dirichlet_problem|Dirichlet problem]] with the prescribed boundary data. == On random processes == In this section the endpoints of edges of a considered graph can have an order, making it a '''directed graph'''. A graph with positive function/vector defined on its edges is called '''weighted graph'''. '''[[On 2D Inverse Problems/Random walk|Random walk]]''' of a particle on a graph G with discrete time is the following process: * At moment ''t = 0'' the particle occupies a vertex ''v'' of ''G''. * At moment ''t = n+1'' the particle moves to a neighbor of its position at the moment ''t = n'' w/probability proportional to the weight of the edge connecting/pointing to the neighbor. Choosing a subset of vertices of a graph as '''boundary''', the '''[[On 2D Inverse Problems/harmonic measure|harmonic measure]]''' of a subset ''S'' of the boundary is the function/vector on vertices of ''G'' that equals the probability that a particle, starting its random walk at a vertex ''p'', occupies a boundary vertex in the set ''S'' before a boundary vertex not in ''S''. It follows from the definition that the harmonic measure at ''p'' of a single boundary node ''b'' equals to the sum over the finite paths through interior from ''p'' to ''b'': : <math> u_b(p) = \sum_{p\xrightarrow[]{path} b}(\prod_{e\in path}w(e)/\prod_{q\in (path-\{b\})}\sum_{q\rightarrow r}w(qr)), </math> or : <math> u_b(p) = \sum_{p\xrightarrow[]{path} b}\prod_{e=(qr)\in path}\frac{w(e)}{\sum_{q\rightarrow r}w(qr)}. </math> Note, that an edge or a vertex may appear multiple times in a path. The '''[[On 2D Inverse Problems/Brownian motion|Brownian motion]]''' is a continuous/limiting analog of the random walk. It follows from the averaging property of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_operator%7CLaplace operator] that the hitting probabilities of a particle under Brownian motion are described by harmonic functions, defined in the previous section. The harmonic functions are [[On 2D Inverse Problems/conformaly invariant|conformaly invariant]]. == Special matrices and determinants == An important object containing information about a weighted graph ''G(V,E,w)'' is its '''Laplacian matrix'''. Given a numbering of the vertices of the graph, it's an ''n'' by ''n'' square matrix ''L_G'', where ''n'' is the number of vertices in the graph, with the entries: : <math>l_{kl}:= \begin{cases} \sum_{v_k \rightarrow v_l} w_{kl} \mbox{ if}\ k = l, \\ -w_{kl} \mbox{ if}\ v_k \rightarrow v_l, \\ 0, \mbox{ otherwise,} \end{cases} </math> where ''v''_k → ''v''_l means that there is a directed edge from vertex ''v''_k to the vertex ''v''_l, and where ''w'' is the weight function. : '''Exercise (*)'''. Given a directed graph ''G'' without cycles, prove that one can number its vertices so that the corresponding Laplacian matrix ''L_G'' is triangular. Given a weighted graph with boundary it is often convenient to number its boundary vertices first and to write its Laplacian matrix in the block form. : <math> L_G = \begin{pmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{pmatrix} </math><!-- :'''Exercise (*).''' Prove that a function/vector ''u'' is harmonic at the interior nodes of a graph ''G'' if :<math> u|_{int G} = -D^{-1}Cu|_{\partial G}. </math> Let <math>M=\begin{pmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{pmatrix}</math> be a block matrix with an invertible square block ''D''. --> The '''Schur complement''' of the matrix <math>L_G</math> w/respect of the invertible block ''D'' is the matrix <math> L_G/D = A-BD^{-1}C.</math><!-- The (a multilinear function in the rows and columns) of a square ''n'' by ''n'' matrix ''M'' is: :<math>\det M = \sum_{\sigma \in S_n} \sgn(\sigma) \prod_{k=1}^n M_{k,\sigma_k}.</math> --> : '''Exercise (*).''' Prove the following determinant identity:<math>\det L_G = \det(L_G/D) \det D.</math> The following matrix ''W(G)'' consisting of random walk exiting probabilities (sums over weighted paths in a graph) plays an important role as boundary measurement for inverse problems. Suppose a weighted graph ''G'' has ''N'' boundary nodes, then the ''kl'' 'th entry of the ''N'' by ''N'' matrix equals to the probability that the first boundary vertex, that a particle starting its random walk at the boundary vertex ''v_k'' occupies, is the boundary vertex ''v_l''. For a finite connected graph the columns of the matrix ''W(G)'' add up to ''1''. : '''Exercise (**).''' Derive an explicit formula for the matrix <math>W_G</math> in terms of the blocks of Laplace matrix <math>L_G</math>of the graph ''G'': <math>W_G = I - D_A^{-1}(A - BD^{-1}C).</math> : '''Exercise (***).''' Prove the following expansion formulas for entries and blocks of the matrix ''W(G)'', * for two boundary vertices ''p_k'' and ''p_l'' of a graph ''G'' : <math> w_{kl} = \sum_{v_k\xrightarrow[]{path} v_l}\prod_{e=(p,q)\in path}w(e)/l_{pp}, </math> Hint: use the Leibniz definition of the determinant * for two distinct boundary vertices ''v_k'' and ''v_l'' of a graph ''G'' : <math> w_{kl}\det D = \frac{1}{l_{kk}}\sum_{v_k\xrightarrow{path}v_l}\prod_{e\in path}l(e)\det D(\tilde{path},\tilde{path}), </math> where <math> \tilde{path} = V-(\partial G\cup path).</math> * for two disjoint subsets of boundary vertices ''P'' and ''Q'' of size ''n'' of a graph ''G'', see [6],[7] and [14] : <math> \det W(P,Q) \det D = \pm\frac{\sum_{\sigma\in S_{n}}(-1)^{\sgn(\sigma)}\sum_{p_k\xrightarrow{paths}q_{\sigma_k}}\prod_{e\in paths}l(e)\det D(\tilde{paths},\tilde{paths})}{\prod_{p\in P}l_{pp}}, </math> where : <math> \tilde{paths} = V-(\partial G\cup paths).</math> The exercises above provide a bridge b/w connectivity property of graph ''G'' and ranks of submatrices of its Laplacian matrix ''L(G)'' and the matrix of hitting probabilities ''W(G)''. : '''Exercise (*).''' Let ''G'' be a planar graph w/natural boundary, numbered circulary. Let ''P'' and ''Q'' be two non-interlacing subsets of boundary nodes of size ''n''. Prove that : <math> (-1)^{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}\det\Lambda_G(P,Q) \ge 0, </math> w/the strict inequality iff there is a disjoint set of paths from ''P'' to ''Q''. : '''Exercise (*).''' Show that the numbers of paths in the following graph are equal to the binomial coefficients. [[File:Pascal_paths_(1).jpg|center|300x300px|The numbers of the paths of the graph are binomial coefficients]] Gluing the graphs w/out loops corresponds to multiplication of the weighted paths matrices. : '''Exercise (**).''' Use the result of the previous exercise to it to prove the following '''Pascal triangle''' identity, see[13], : <math> \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \ldots \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & \ldots \\ 1 & 3 & 6 & \ldots & \ddots \\ 1 & 4 & 10 & \ldots & \ddots \\ 1 & \ldots & \ldots & \ddots & \ddots \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 & \ddots \\ 1 & 3 & 3 & \ldots & \ddots \\ 1 & \ldots & \ldots & \ddots & \ddots \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & \ldots \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & \ldots \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 3 & \ddots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & \ddots \\ 0 & \ldots & \ldots & \ddots & \ddots \\ \end{pmatrix}. </math><!-- '''Exercise (***).''' Give a proof of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menger%27s_theorem Menger's theorem] based on the results of the exercise above: Let ''G'' be a finite graph and ''p'' and ''q'' two vertices that are not neighbors. Then the size of the minimum vertex cut for ''p'' and ''q'' (the minimum number of vertices whose removal disconnects ''p'' and ''q'') is equal to the maximum number of pairwise vertex-independent paths from ''p'' to ''q''.--> # the self-similar pattern lets you treat the entire system through its core parameters. Whether you look at it as a repeating algebraic seed or a self-similar grid, it's the mathematical backbone of how complex, large-scale systems can be completely understood by looking at their foundational building blocks!? == Electrical networks == An '''electrical network''' can be defined as a weighted graph with boundary <math>G(V, \partial G, E, \gamma), \partial G\subset V.</math> The weight function defined on the edges of the graph is called '''conductivity'''. The Laplacian matrix of an electrical network is symmetric. It is often called Kirchhoff matrix. The boundary measurements for inverse problems can be expressed conveniently in terms of the matrix blocks. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is a special type of Poincaré–Steklov operator. On a surface w/boundary it is the '''pseudo-differential operator''' from the Dirichlet boundary values (potential) to the Neumann boundary values (current) of the harmonic functions. It is well-defined because of uniqueness and existence of the solution of the Dirichlet problem. [[File:DN_operator_(1).jpg|center|300x300px|Definition of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator for a domain]] : '''Exercise (*).''' Prove that the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of an electrical network equals to the Schur complement of its Kirchhoff matrix. <math> \Lambda_G = \begin{pmatrix} A & B \\ B^T & C \end{pmatrix} / (C) = A-BC^{-1}B^T. </math> The Laplace equation gives the direct connection between the hitting probability of the random walk started at the boundary and the value of a harmonic function at a vertex/point, see [10]. The connection follows from the sum of the geometric series identity applied to the blocks of the Kirchhoff matrix of the network/graph <math> \Lambda_G= D_A(I-W_G) = A-B^T D_C \sum_k(I-D_C^{-1}C)^k B.</math> This is a special case of the convergent geometric Neumann series applied to the diagonally dominated matrix. The '''effective conductivity''' b/w two nodes of an electrical network ''G'' equals to the ratio b/w the total current and the difference of potentials b/w the two nodes. The effective conductivities can be calculated in terms of the Schur complement of the Kirchhoff matrix of the network. '''Exercise (*)'''. Prove that the effective conductivities b/w all pairs of boundary nodes of a network ''G''. determine the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of ''G'', and vice versa. '''Exercise (***)'''. Prove that the effective conductivities b/w all pairs of nodes of a network ''G'' determine the conductivities of the edges of the network ''G'', and vice versa.<!-- The following problem is classical: :'''Exercise (**).''' Find the effective conductivity between two neighboring nodes of the electrical network that is an infinite rectangular grid ''Zⁿ'' w/all conductivities equal to ''1''. --> == The inverse problems == The inverse problems, that we discuss in this book are the problems of inferring the local and global properties of networks or manifolds from the solutions of difference/differential equations defined on the domains (the measurement data). There're two types of the problems: inverse boundary problems (the boundary values of the solutions) and inverse spectral problems (the spectral data of difference or differential operators). This book considers both and also the relationship b/w the continuous/discrete inverse problems on the manifolds/embedded networks. '''Exercise (*).''' Restate the problem of finding roots of a polynomial as an inverse problem for the weighted directed graph of the following type: [[File:Elementary_symmetric_functions_(1).jpg|center|450x450px|The weights of the paths are elementary symmetric functions of the weights of individual edges]] (Hint). The boundary data consists of values of the elementary symmetric functions of the weights ''a,b,c,d''.<!-- :'''Exercise (*).''' Prove that the matrix of hitting probabilities of a rotation invariant planar graph is a circulant matrix, and is determined by its eigenvalues. --><nowiki> </nowiki>{{BookCat}} nj9148w4lozw88fqg8ec5xwoo2fzfbt 0 284325 4678849 4665695 2026-10-29T15:01:18Z Jonathan Webley 8170 /* Self defined conditionals */ 4678849 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{LaTeX/Top}} </noinclude> While you play with LaTeX macros, you will notice that it is quite limited. You may wonder how all these packages you are using every day have been implemented with so little. In fact, LaTeX is a set of Plain TeX macros and most packages use Plain TeX code. Plain TeX is much more low-level, it has much more capabilities at the cost of a steep learning curve and complex programming. Up to a few exceptions, you can use the full Plain TeX language within a valid LaTeX document whereas the opposite is false. ==Vocabulary== To avoid confusion it seems necessary to explain some terms. * A ''group'' is everything after an opening brace and before the matching closing brace. * A ''token'' is a character, a control sequence, or a group. * A ''control sequence'' is anything that begins with a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}}. It is not printed as is, it is expanded by the TeX engine according to its type. * A ''command'' (or ''function'' or ''macro'') is a control sequence that may expand to text, to (re)definition of control sequences, etc. * A ''primitive'' is a command that is hard coded in the TeX engine, ''i.e.'' it is not written in Plain TeX. * A ''register'' is the TeX way to handle variables. They are limited in numbers (256 for each type of register in classic TeX, 32767 in e-TeX). * A ''length'' is a control sequence that contains a length (a number followed by a unit). See [[LaTeX/Lengths|Lengths]]. * A ''font'' is a control sequence that refers to a font file. See [[LaTeX/Fonts|Fonts]]. * A ''box'' is an object that is made for printing. Anything that ends on the paper is a box: letters, paragraphs, pages... See [[LaTeX/Boxes|Boxes]]. * A ''glue'' is a certain amount of space that is put between boxes when they are being concatenated. * A ''counter'' is a register containing a number. See [[LaTeX/Counters|Counters]]. There may be more terms, but we hope that it will do it for now. ==Catcodes== In TeX some characters have a special meaning that is not to print the associated glyph. For example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}} is used to introduce a control sequence, and will not print a backslash by default. To distinguish between different meanings of the characters, TeX splits them into ''category codes'', or ''catcodes'' for short. There are 16 category codes in TeX. A powerful feature of TeX is its ability to redefine the language itself, since there is a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\catcode<!---->}} function that will let you change the category code of any characters. However, this is not recommended, as it can make code difficult to read. Should you redefine any catcode in a class or in a style file, make sure to revert it back at the end of your file. If you redefine catcodes in your document, make sure to do it after the preamble to prevent clashes with package loading. {|class="wikitable" ! Code ! Description ! Default set |- | 0 || Escape character and control sequences || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}} |- | 1 || Beginning of group || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={<!---->}} |- | 2 || End of group || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=}<!---->}} |- | 3 || Math shift || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$<!---->}} |- | 4 || Alignment tab || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&<!---->}} |- | 5 || End of line || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^M<!---->}} (ASCII return) |- | 6 || Macro parameter || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#<!---->}} |- | 7 || Superscript || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^K<!---->}} |- | 8 || Subscript || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=_<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^A<!---->}} |- | 9 || Ignored character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^@<!---->}} (ASCII null) |- | 10 || Space || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=␣<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^I<!---->}} (ASCII horizontal tab) |- | 11 || Letter || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A...Z<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=a...z<!---->}} |- | 12 || Other character || everything not listed in the other catcodes. Most notably, @. |- | 13 || Active character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=~<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^L<!---->}} (ASCII form feed) |- | 14 || Comment character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=%<!---->}} |- | 15 || Invalid character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^?<!---->}} (ASCII delete) |} ===Active characters=== Active characters resemble macros: they are single characters that will expand before any other command. {{LaTeX/Example|code= \catcode`{{!}} = 13 \def{{!}}{\TeX} ... This is a stupid example of {{!}}. |render= This is a stupid example of TeX. }} Note that an active character needs to be directly followed by a definition, otherwise the compilation will fail. ===Examples=== ;Texinfo [[w:Texinfo|Texinfo]] uses a syntax similar to TeX with one major difference: all functions are introduced with a @ instead of a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}}. This is not by chance: it actually uses TeX to print the PDF version of the files. What it basically does is inputting <code>texinfo.tex</code> which redefines the control sequence character. Possible implementation: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \catcode`\@=0 @def@@{@char64} % To write '@' character. \catcode`\\=13 @def\{<!---->{@tt @char92}<!---->} The @TeX command was previously written '\TeX'. It is now written '@@TeX'. |render= The TeX command was previously written '\TeX'. It is now written '@TeX'. }} With this redefinition, the '@' should now introduce every command, while the '\' will actually print a backslash character. ;Itemize Some may find the LaTeX syntax of list environments a bit cumbersome. Here is a quick way to define a wiki-like itemize: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \catcode`{{!}} = 13 \def{{!}}{\item {--}<!---->} \def\itemize#1{<!---->{\leftskip = 40 pt #1 \par}<!---->} \itemize{ {{!}} First item {{!}} Second item } }} ;Dollar and math If you have many 'dollar' symbols to print, you may be better off to change the math shift character. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \catcode`$ = 11 \catcode`{{!}} = 3 It costs $100. Let's do the math: {{!}}50+50=100{{!}}. Let's highlight it: {{!}}{{!}}50+50=100{{!}}{{!}} }} ===''\makeatletter'' and ''\makeatother''=== If you have done a bit of LaTeX hacking, you must have encountered those two commands, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatletter<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatother<!---->}}. In TeX the '@' character belongs to catcode 11 ''letters'' by default. It means you can use it for macro names. LaTeX makes use of the catcode to specify a rule: all non-public, internal macros that are not supposed to be accessed by the end-user contains at least one '@' character in their name. In the document, LaTeX changes the catcode of '@' to 12, ''others''. That's why when you need to access LaTeX internals, you must enclose all the commands accessing private functions with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatletter<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatother<!---->}}. All they do is just changing the catcode: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\makeatletter{\catcode`@ = 11} \def\makeatother{\catcode`@ = 12} }} ==Plain TeX macros== {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newcommand<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand<!---->}} are LaTeX-specific control sequences. They check that no existing command gets shadowed by the new definition. In Plain TeX, the primitives for macro definition make no check on possible shadowing. It's up to you to make sure you are not breaking anything. The syntax is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def<macroname>#1<sep1>#2<sep2>{macro content, use of argument #1, blah, #2 ...} }} You can use (almost) any sequence of character between arguments. For instance let's write a simple macro that will convert the decimal separator from point to comma. First try: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\pointtocomma #1.#2{(#1,#2)} %%... \pointtocomma 123.456 }} This will print ''(123,4)56''. We added the parentheses just to highlight the issue here. Each parameter is the shortest possible input sequence that matches the macro definition, separators included. Thus {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#1<!---->}} matches all characters up to the first point, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#2<!---->}} matches the first token only, ''i.e.'' the first character, since there is no separator after it. Solution: add a second separator. A space may seem convenient: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\pointtocomma #1.#2 {(#1,#2)} }} As a general rule, everytime you expect several parameters with specific separators, think out the last separator. If you do not want to play with separators, then Plain TeX macros are used just as LaTeX macros (without default parameter): {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\mymacro#1#2#3{<!---->{\bf #1}#2{\bf #3}<!---->} %% ... \mymacro{word1}{word2 word3}{!!!} }} ===Expanded definitions=== TeX has another definition command: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}}, which stands for ''expanded def''. The syntax remains the same: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \edef<macroname><argumentslist>{<expanded content>} }} The content gets expanded (but not executed, ''i.e.'' printed) at the point where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}} is used, instead of where the defined macro is used. Macro expansion is not always obvious... Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\intro{Example} \edef\example#1{\intro~---~#1} \def\intro{Exercise} \example{This is an example} }} Here the redefinition of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\intro<!---->}} will have no effect on {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\example<!---->}}. ===Global definitions=== Definitions are limited to their scope. However it might be convenient sometimes to define a macro inside a group that remains valid outside the group, and until the end of the document. This is what we call a ''global definition''. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= { \def\LocalTeX{Local\TeX} \global\def\GlobalTeX{Global\TeX} } I can still access the \GlobalTeX{} macro here. }} You can also use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\global<!---->}} command with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}}. Both commands have a shortcut: * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\gdef<!---->}} for {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\global\def<!---->}} * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\xdef<!---->}} for {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\global\edef<!---->}} ===Long definitions=== The previous definition commands would not allow you to use them over multiple paragraphs, ''i.e.'' text containing the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\par<!---->}} command -- or double line breaks. You can prefix the definition with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\long<!---->}} command to allow multi-paragraph arguments. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \long\def\dummy#1{#1} \dummy{First paragraph\par Second paragraph} }} ===Outer definitions=== This prefix macro prevent definitions from being used in some context. It is useful to consolidate macros and make them less error-prone because of bad contexts. ''Outer macros'' are meant to be used outside of any context, hence the name. For instance the following code will fail: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \outer\def\test{a test} \def\failure{\test} }} Outer macros are not allowed to appear in: * macro parameters * skipped conditional * ... ===''let'' and ''futurelet''=== {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\let<csname><token><!---->}} is the same as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\expandafter\def\expandafter<csname>\expandafter{<content>}<!---->}}. It defines a new control sequence name which is equivalent to the specified {{LaTeX/Parameter|token}}. The {{LaTeX/Parameter|token}} is usually another control sequence. Note that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\let<!---->}} will expand the {{LaTeX/Parameter|token}} one time only, contrary to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}} which will expand recursively until no further expansion is possible. Example<ref>From [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/8163/what-is-the-difference-between-let-and-edef tex.stackexchange.com]: What is the difference between \let and \edef?</ref>: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= Using let:\par \def\txt{a} \def\foo{\txt} \let\bar\foo \bar % Prints a \def\txt{b} \bar % Prints b Using edef:\par \def\txt{a} \def\foo{\txt} \edef\bar{\foo} \bar % Prints a \def\txt{b} \bar % Prints a }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\futurelet<csname><token1><token2>...<!---->}} works a bit differently. First, {{LaTeX/Parameter|token2}} is assigned to {{LaTeX/Parameter|csname}}, then TeX processes the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=<token1><token2>...<!---->}} sequence. So {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\futurelet<!---->}} allows you to assign a token while using it right after. ===Special control sequence name=== Some macros may have a name that is not directly writable as is. This is the case of macros whose name is made up of macro names. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\status{full} \def\varempty{This is empty} \def\varfull{This is full} \csname var\status \endcsname }} The last line will print a sentence depending on the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\status<!---->}}. This command actually does the opposite of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\string<!---->}} which prints a control sequence name without expanding it: {{LaTeX/Example|code= {\tt \string\TeX} |render= <code>\TeX</code> }} ===Controlling expansion=== {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\expandafter{token1}{token2}<!---->}} will expand {{LaTeX/Parameter|token2}} before {{LaTeX/Parameter|token1}}. It is sometimes needed when {{LaTeX/Parameter|token2}} expansion is desired but cannot happen because of {{LaTeX/Parameter|token1}}. {{LaTeX/Example|code= {\tt \expandafter\string\csname TeX\endcsname} |render= <code>\TeX</code> }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\noexpand<!---->}} is useful to have fine grained control over what gets expanded in an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}}. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\intro{Example} \def\separator{~---~} \edef\example#1{\intro\noexpand\separator#1} \example{no expand makes the separator dynamic in an {\tt \string\edef}.} \def\intro{For instance} \def\separator{~:~} \example{the separator changed, but not the first word.} }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\the<!---->}} control sequence will let you see the content of various TeX types: * catcodes * chardef * font parameters * internal parameters * lengths * registers * ... Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= Text dimensions: $ \the\hsize \times \the\vsize $ }} ==Registers== Registers are kind of typed variables. They are limited in numbers, ranging from 0 to 255. There are 6 different types: {| class="wikitable" ! Type ! Description |- | box || one box |- | count || an integer |- | dimen || a length |- | muskip || a glue (in mu unit) |- | skip || a glue |- | toks || a sequence of tokens |} TeX uses some registers internally, so you would be better off not using them. List of reserved registers: * \box255 is used for the contents of a page * \count0-\count9 are used for page numbering Scratch registers (freely available): * \box0-\box254 * \count255 * \dimen0-\dimen9 * \muskip0-\muskip9 * \skip0-\skip9 Assign register using the '=' control character. For box registers, use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\setbox<!---->}} command instead. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255=17 \setbox\mybox=\hbox{blah} }} You may use one of the following reservation macro to prevent any clash: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newbox \newcount \newdimen \newmuskip \newskip \newtoks }} These macros use the following syntax: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\new*<csname><!---->}}. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newbox\mybox \setbox\mybox=\hbox{blah} }} These commands can not be used inside macros, otherwise every call to the macro would reserve another register. You can print a register using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\the<!---->}} command. For counters use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\number<!---->}} command instead. For boxes use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\box<!---->}} command. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \the\hsize \number\count255 \box\mybox }} ==Arithmetic== The arithmetic capabilities of TeX are very limited, although this base suffice to extend it to some interesting features. The three main functions: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \advance <register> by <number> \multiply <register> by <number> \divide <register> by <number> }} {{LaTeX/Parameter|register}} may be of type count, dimen, muskip or skip. It does not make sense for box nor toks. ==Conditionals== The base syntax is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \if* <test><true action>\fi \if* <test><true action>\else<false action>\fi }} where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if*<!---->}} is one command among the following. {| class="wikitable" ! Control sequence ! Description |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if <a><b><!---->}} | True if two character codes are equal. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifcat <a><b><!---->}} | True if two category codes are equal. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifdim <a><rel><b><!---->}} | Dimension relation, either <code><</code>, <code>></code> or <code>=</code>. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifeof<!---->}} | True if End-Of-File or non-existent file. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iffalse<!---->}} | Always false. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifhbox <reg><!---->}} | True if box register contains a horizontal box. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifhmode<!---->}} | True if in horizontal mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifinner<!---->}} | True if in internal mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifmmode<!---->}} | True if in math mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifnum <a><rel><b><!---->}} | Number relation, either <code><</code>, <code>></code> or <code>=</code>. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifodd <num><!---->}} | True if number is odd. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iftrue<!---->}} | Always true. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifvbox <reg><!---->}} | True if box register contains a vertical box. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifvmode<!---->}} | True if in vertical mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifvoid <reg><!---->}} | True if box register is empty. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifx <a><b><!---->}} | True if two macros expands to the same, or if two character codes are equal, or if two category codes are equal. |- |} Example: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \ifnum 5>6 This is true \else This is false \fi |render= This is false }} === Self-defined conditionals === You can create new conditionals (as a kind of ''boolean variables'') with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newif<!---->}} command. With this self defined conditionals you can control the output of your code in an elegant way. The best way to illustrate the use of conditionals is through an example. Two versions of a document must be generated. One version for group A the other one for the rest of people (i.e. not belonging to group A): 1. We use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newif<!---->}} to define our conditional (i.e. boolean variable). {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newif\ifgroupA }} 2. In the following way we set a value (true or false) for our conditional {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \groupAtrue % or \groupAfalse }} that is: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \<conditionalsname>true \<conditionalsname>false }} depending on which value we want to set in our conditional. 3. Now we can use our conditional anywhere after in an ''if control structure''. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \ifgroupA % Here we write the code of the document that is % intended for the group A \else % Here we write the code of the document that is % intended for the rest of the people \fi }} A full example is: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \newif\ifdirector %I set the conditional to false \directorfalse \ifdirector I write something for the director. \else I write something for common people. \fi | render = I write something for common people. }} ===Case statement=== The syntax is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifcase <number><case0>\or<case1>\or...\else<defaultcase>\fi<!---->}}. If {{LaTeX/Parameter|number}} is equal to the case number, its content will be printed. Note that it starts at 0. {{LaTeX/Example|code= \ifcase 2 a\or b\or c\or d\else e\fi |render= c }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\else<!---->}} is used to specify the default case (whenever none of the previous cases have matched). ==Loops== The base syntax is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \loop <content> \if*<condition><true action>\repeat }} As always, {{LaTeX/Parameter|content}} and {{LaTeX/Parameter|true action}} are arbitrary TeX contents. {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if*<!---->}} refers to any of the [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]. Note that there is no {{LaTeX/Parameter|false action}}, you cannot put an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\else<!---->}} between {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if*<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\repeat<!---->}}. In some case this will be the opposite of what you want; you have to change the condition or to define a new conditional using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newif<!---->}}. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255 = 1 \loop \TeX \ifnum\count255 < 10 \advance\count255 by 1 \repeat }} The above code will print TeX ten times. ==Doing nothing== Sometimes it may be useful to tell TeX that you want to do nothing. There are two commands for that: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\relax<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\empty<!---->}}. Classic example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\myspace{\hskip 25pt\relax} \myspace{} plus 10pt }} The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\relax<!---->}} prevents undesired behaviour if a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=plus<!---->}} or a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=minus<!---->}} is encountered after the command. The difference between {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\empty<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\relax<!---->}} lies in the expansion: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\empty<!---->}} disappears after macro expansion. ==TeX characters== ===''char''=== We can print all characters using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\char {charcode}<!---->}} command. The charcode is actually the byte value. For example {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \char65 = \char `A = \char `\A }} Most characters correspond to the ASCII value (e.g. A-Za-z), some replace the non-printable characters from ASCII. ===''chardef'' and ''mathchardef''=== You can define control sequence to expand to a specific char. The syntax is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chardef<control sequence>=<charcode><!---->}}. The following sequences do the same thing. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \chardef\myA=65 \chardef\myA=`A \chardef\myA=`\A }} Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \mathchardef\alphachar = "010B $\alphachar$ }} ===Font encoding map=== We can use the above primitive to print the font encoding map. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255 = 0 \loop [\number\count255 =\char\number\count255] \ifnum\count255 < 127 \advance\count255 by 1 \repeat }} Another version, with different fonts, one entry per line: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255 = 0 \loop [\number\count255 = \char\number\count255 \ {\tt \char\number\count255} {\it \char\number\count255} ] \hfil\break \ifnum\count255 < 127 \advance\count255 by 1 \repeat }} == Verbatim lines and spaces == It is rather confusing to discover (La)TeX treats all whitespace as the same type of spacing glue. Plain TeX provides some commands to preserve the spacing and newlines as you wrote it: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \begingroup \obeylines \obeyspaces Relevant text here \endgroup }} which means that you will probably need to combine your own verbatim environment, and your command: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newenvironment{myverbatim}{\begingroup \obeylines \obeyspaces}{\endgroup} \newcommand{\mycommand}[n]{do something with #1 .. #n} }} and then in your tex file: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \begin{myverbatim} \mycommand{ whichever text it is important you preserve the spacing and newslines for, like when you want to generate a verbatim block later on. } \end{myverbatim} }} ==Macros defining macros== This is useful in some case, for example to define language commands as explained in [[LaTeX/Internationalization#Multilingual versions|Multilingual versions]], where the end user can write {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \en{some english text} \de{etwas deutscher Text} }} and make sure it switches to the appropriate Babel language. Let's define a macros that will define language commands for instance. These commands are simple: if the argument is the value of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\locale<!---->}} variable, then the corresponding macro prints its content directly. Otherwise, it does nothing. Basically, what we want to do is extremely simple: define a bunch of macros like this: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newcommand{\de}[1]{#1} \newcommand{\en}[1]{} \newcommand{\fr}[1]{} }} In the previous snippet of code, only the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\de<!---->}} command in going to output its content, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\en<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fr<!---->}} will print nothing at all. That's what we want. The problem arises when you want to automate the task, or if you have a lot of languages, and you want to change the language selection. You just have to move the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#1<!---->}}, but that's not convenient and it makes it impossible to choose the Babel language from command line. Think this out... What we are going to do is to define the language commands dynamically following the value of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\locale<!---->}} variable (or any variable of your choice). Hence the use of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\equal<!---->}} command from the {{LaTeX/Package|ifthen}} package. Since it is hardly possible to write it in LaTeX, we will use some Plain TeX. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\locale{de} \def\localedef#1{ \ifthenelse{ \equal{\locale}{#1} }{ %% Set the Babel language. %% Define the command to print the content. }{ %% Define the command to print nothing. } } }} Another problem arises: how to define a command whose name is a variable? In most programming languages that's not possible at all. What we could be tempted to write is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\#1 #1{#1} }} It will fail for two reasons. # The two last '#1' are supposed to refer to the arguments of the ''new'' macro, but they get expanded to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\localedef<!---->}} macro first argument because they are in the body of that macro. # {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\#1<!---->}} gets expanded to two tokens: '#' and '1', and the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\def<!---->}} command will fail as it requires a valid control sequence name. The solution to problem 1 is simple: use '##1', which will expand to '#1' when the macro is executed. For problem 2, it is a little bit tricky. It is possible to tell <code>tex</code> that a specific token is a control sequence. This is what the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\csname...\endcsname<!---->}} is used for. However {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\csname#1\endcsname ##1{##1} }} will fail because it will redefine {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\csname<!---->}} to '#1', which is not what we want, then <code>tex</code> will encounter {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\endcsname<!---->}}, which will result in an error. We need to delay the expansion of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\def<!---->}}, ''i.e.'' to tell <code>tex</code> to expand the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\csname<!---->}} stuff first, then to apply {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\def<!---->}} on it. There is a command for that: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\expandafter{token1}{token2}<!---->}}. It will expand {{LaTeX/Parameter|{token2}<!---->}} before {{LaTeX/Parameter|{token1}<!---->}}. Finally if we want to set language from command line, we must be able to set the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\locale<!---->}} variable so that the one in the source code is the default value that can be overridden by the one in the command line. This can be done with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\providecommand<!---->}}: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \providecommand\locale{fr} }} The final code is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= %% Required package. \usepackage{ifthen} %% TeX function that generates the language commands. \def\localedef#1#2{ \ifthenelse{ \equal{\locale}{#1} }{ \selectlanguage{#2} \expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname ##1{##1} }{ \expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname ##1{} } } %% Selected language. Can be placed anywhere before the language commands. \providecommand\locale{fr} %% Language commands. \localedef{de}{ngerman} \localedef{en}{english} \localedef{fr}{frenchb} %% ... }} And you can compile with latex '\providecommand\locale{en}\input{mydocument.tex}' ==Notes and References== {{reflist}} ;Further reading * [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/texbook The TeXbook], ''Donald Knuth'' * [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/texbytopic TeX by Topic], ''Victor Eijkhout'' * [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/impatient TeX for the Impatient], ''Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry and Kathryn A. Hargreaves'' * [[TeX]] command reference in wikibooks <noinclude> {{LaTeX/Bottom|Macros|Creating Packages}} </noinclude> 1d24e3nl6gudk7zh2rsqgues5zcora2 4678850 4678849 2026-10-29T15:03:47Z Jonathan Webley 8170 /* Self-defined conditionals */ 4678850 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{LaTeX/Top}} </noinclude> While you play with LaTeX macros, you will notice that it is quite limited. You may wonder how all these packages you are using every day have been implemented with so little. In fact, LaTeX is a set of Plain TeX macros and most packages use Plain TeX code. Plain TeX is much more low-level, it has much more capabilities at the cost of a steep learning curve and complex programming. Up to a few exceptions, you can use the full Plain TeX language within a valid LaTeX document whereas the opposite is false. ==Vocabulary== To avoid confusion it seems necessary to explain some terms. * A ''group'' is everything after an opening brace and before the matching closing brace. * A ''token'' is a character, a control sequence, or a group. * A ''control sequence'' is anything that begins with a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}}. It is not printed as is, it is expanded by the TeX engine according to its type. * A ''command'' (or ''function'' or ''macro'') is a control sequence that may expand to text, to (re)definition of control sequences, etc. * A ''primitive'' is a command that is hard coded in the TeX engine, ''i.e.'' it is not written in Plain TeX. * A ''register'' is the TeX way to handle variables. They are limited in numbers (256 for each type of register in classic TeX, 32767 in e-TeX). * A ''length'' is a control sequence that contains a length (a number followed by a unit). See [[LaTeX/Lengths|Lengths]]. * A ''font'' is a control sequence that refers to a font file. See [[LaTeX/Fonts|Fonts]]. * A ''box'' is an object that is made for printing. Anything that ends on the paper is a box: letters, paragraphs, pages... See [[LaTeX/Boxes|Boxes]]. * A ''glue'' is a certain amount of space that is put between boxes when they are being concatenated. * A ''counter'' is a register containing a number. See [[LaTeX/Counters|Counters]]. There may be more terms, but we hope that it will do it for now. ==Catcodes== In TeX some characters have a special meaning that is not to print the associated glyph. For example, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}} is used to introduce a control sequence, and will not print a backslash by default. To distinguish between different meanings of the characters, TeX splits them into ''category codes'', or ''catcodes'' for short. There are 16 category codes in TeX. A powerful feature of TeX is its ability to redefine the language itself, since there is a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\catcode<!---->}} function that will let you change the category code of any characters. However, this is not recommended, as it can make code difficult to read. Should you redefine any catcode in a class or in a style file, make sure to revert it back at the end of your file. If you redefine catcodes in your document, make sure to do it after the preamble to prevent clashes with package loading. {|class="wikitable" ! Code ! Description ! Default set |- | 0 || Escape character and control sequences || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}} |- | 1 || Beginning of group || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code={<!---->}} |- | 2 || End of group || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=}<!---->}} |- | 3 || Math shift || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=$<!---->}} |- | 4 || Alignment tab || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=&<!---->}} |- | 5 || End of line || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^M<!---->}} (ASCII return) |- | 6 || Macro parameter || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#<!---->}} |- | 7 || Superscript || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^K<!---->}} |- | 8 || Subscript || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=_<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^A<!---->}} |- | 9 || Ignored character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^@<!---->}} (ASCII null) |- | 10 || Space || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=␣<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^I<!---->}} (ASCII horizontal tab) |- | 11 || Letter || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=A...Z<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=a...z<!---->}} |- | 12 || Other character || everything not listed in the other catcodes. Most notably, @. |- | 13 || Active character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=~<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^L<!---->}} (ASCII form feed) |- | 14 || Comment character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=%<!---->}} |- | 15 || Invalid character || {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=^^?<!---->}} (ASCII delete) |} ===Active characters=== Active characters resemble macros: they are single characters that will expand before any other command. {{LaTeX/Example|code= \catcode`{{!}} = 13 \def{{!}}{\TeX} ... This is a stupid example of {{!}}. |render= This is a stupid example of TeX. }} Note that an active character needs to be directly followed by a definition, otherwise the compilation will fail. ===Examples=== ;Texinfo [[w:Texinfo|Texinfo]] uses a syntax similar to TeX with one major difference: all functions are introduced with a @ instead of a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\<!---->}}. This is not by chance: it actually uses TeX to print the PDF version of the files. What it basically does is inputting <code>texinfo.tex</code> which redefines the control sequence character. Possible implementation: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \catcode`\@=0 @def@@{@char64} % To write '@' character. \catcode`\\=13 @def\{<!---->{@tt @char92}<!---->} The @TeX command was previously written '\TeX'. It is now written '@@TeX'. |render= The TeX command was previously written '\TeX'. It is now written '@TeX'. }} With this redefinition, the '@' should now introduce every command, while the '\' will actually print a backslash character. ;Itemize Some may find the LaTeX syntax of list environments a bit cumbersome. Here is a quick way to define a wiki-like itemize: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \catcode`{{!}} = 13 \def{{!}}{\item {--}<!---->} \def\itemize#1{<!---->{\leftskip = 40 pt #1 \par}<!---->} \itemize{ {{!}} First item {{!}} Second item } }} ;Dollar and math If you have many 'dollar' symbols to print, you may be better off to change the math shift character. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \catcode`$ = 11 \catcode`{{!}} = 3 It costs $100. Let's do the math: {{!}}50+50=100{{!}}. Let's highlight it: {{!}}{{!}}50+50=100{{!}}{{!}} }} ===''\makeatletter'' and ''\makeatother''=== If you have done a bit of LaTeX hacking, you must have encountered those two commands, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatletter<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatother<!---->}}. In TeX the '@' character belongs to catcode 11 ''letters'' by default. It means you can use it for macro names. LaTeX makes use of the catcode to specify a rule: all non-public, internal macros that are not supposed to be accessed by the end-user contains at least one '@' character in their name. In the document, LaTeX changes the catcode of '@' to 12, ''others''. That's why when you need to access LaTeX internals, you must enclose all the commands accessing private functions with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatletter<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\makeatother<!---->}}. All they do is just changing the catcode: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\makeatletter{\catcode`@ = 11} \def\makeatother{\catcode`@ = 12} }} ==Plain TeX macros== {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newcommand<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\renewcommand<!---->}} are LaTeX-specific control sequences. They check that no existing command gets shadowed by the new definition. In Plain TeX, the primitives for macro definition make no check on possible shadowing. It's up to you to make sure you are not breaking anything. The syntax is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def<macroname>#1<sep1>#2<sep2>{macro content, use of argument #1, blah, #2 ...} }} You can use (almost) any sequence of character between arguments. For instance let's write a simple macro that will convert the decimal separator from point to comma. First try: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\pointtocomma #1.#2{(#1,#2)} %%... \pointtocomma 123.456 }} This will print ''(123,4)56''. We added the parentheses just to highlight the issue here. Each parameter is the shortest possible input sequence that matches the macro definition, separators included. Thus {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#1<!---->}} matches all characters up to the first point, and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#2<!---->}} matches the first token only, ''i.e.'' the first character, since there is no separator after it. Solution: add a second separator. A space may seem convenient: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\pointtocomma #1.#2 {(#1,#2)} }} As a general rule, everytime you expect several parameters with specific separators, think out the last separator. If you do not want to play with separators, then Plain TeX macros are used just as LaTeX macros (without default parameter): {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\mymacro#1#2#3{<!---->{\bf #1}#2{\bf #3}<!---->} %% ... \mymacro{word1}{word2 word3}{!!!} }} ===Expanded definitions=== TeX has another definition command: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}}, which stands for ''expanded def''. The syntax remains the same: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \edef<macroname><argumentslist>{<expanded content>} }} The content gets expanded (but not executed, ''i.e.'' printed) at the point where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}} is used, instead of where the defined macro is used. Macro expansion is not always obvious... Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\intro{Example} \edef\example#1{\intro~---~#1} \def\intro{Exercise} \example{This is an example} }} Here the redefinition of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\intro<!---->}} will have no effect on {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\example<!---->}}. ===Global definitions=== Definitions are limited to their scope. However it might be convenient sometimes to define a macro inside a group that remains valid outside the group, and until the end of the document. This is what we call a ''global definition''. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= { \def\LocalTeX{Local\TeX} \global\def\GlobalTeX{Global\TeX} } I can still access the \GlobalTeX{} macro here. }} You can also use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\global<!---->}} command with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}}. Both commands have a shortcut: * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\gdef<!---->}} for {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\global\def<!---->}} * {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\xdef<!---->}} for {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\global\edef<!---->}} ===Long definitions=== The previous definition commands would not allow you to use them over multiple paragraphs, ''i.e.'' text containing the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\par<!---->}} command -- or double line breaks. You can prefix the definition with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\long<!---->}} command to allow multi-paragraph arguments. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \long\def\dummy#1{#1} \dummy{First paragraph\par Second paragraph} }} ===Outer definitions=== This prefix macro prevent definitions from being used in some context. It is useful to consolidate macros and make them less error-prone because of bad contexts. ''Outer macros'' are meant to be used outside of any context, hence the name. For instance the following code will fail: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \outer\def\test{a test} \def\failure{\test} }} Outer macros are not allowed to appear in: * macro parameters * skipped conditional * ... ===''let'' and ''futurelet''=== {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\let<csname><token><!---->}} is the same as {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\expandafter\def\expandafter<csname>\expandafter{<content>}<!---->}}. It defines a new control sequence name which is equivalent to the specified {{LaTeX/Parameter|token}}. The {{LaTeX/Parameter|token}} is usually another control sequence. Note that {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\let<!---->}} will expand the {{LaTeX/Parameter|token}} one time only, contrary to {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}} which will expand recursively until no further expansion is possible. Example<ref>From [http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/8163/what-is-the-difference-between-let-and-edef tex.stackexchange.com]: What is the difference between \let and \edef?</ref>: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= Using let:\par \def\txt{a} \def\foo{\txt} \let\bar\foo \bar % Prints a \def\txt{b} \bar % Prints b Using edef:\par \def\txt{a} \def\foo{\txt} \edef\bar{\foo} \bar % Prints a \def\txt{b} \bar % Prints a }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\futurelet<csname><token1><token2>...<!---->}} works a bit differently. First, {{LaTeX/Parameter|token2}} is assigned to {{LaTeX/Parameter|csname}}, then TeX processes the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=<token1><token2>...<!---->}} sequence. So {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\futurelet<!---->}} allows you to assign a token while using it right after. ===Special control sequence name=== Some macros may have a name that is not directly writable as is. This is the case of macros whose name is made up of macro names. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\status{full} \def\varempty{This is empty} \def\varfull{This is full} \csname var\status \endcsname }} The last line will print a sentence depending on the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\status<!---->}}. This command actually does the opposite of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\string<!---->}} which prints a control sequence name without expanding it: {{LaTeX/Example|code= {\tt \string\TeX} |render= <code>\TeX</code> }} ===Controlling expansion=== {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\expandafter{token1}{token2}<!---->}} will expand {{LaTeX/Parameter|token2}} before {{LaTeX/Parameter|token1}}. It is sometimes needed when {{LaTeX/Parameter|token2}} expansion is desired but cannot happen because of {{LaTeX/Parameter|token1}}. {{LaTeX/Example|code= {\tt \expandafter\string\csname TeX\endcsname} |render= <code>\TeX</code> }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\noexpand<!---->}} is useful to have fine grained control over what gets expanded in an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\edef<!---->}}. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\intro{Example} \def\separator{~---~} \edef\example#1{\intro\noexpand\separator#1} \example{no expand makes the separator dynamic in an {\tt \string\edef}.} \def\intro{For instance} \def\separator{~:~} \example{the separator changed, but not the first word.} }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\the<!---->}} control sequence will let you see the content of various TeX types: * catcodes * chardef * font parameters * internal parameters * lengths * registers * ... Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= Text dimensions: $ \the\hsize \times \the\vsize $ }} ==Registers== Registers are kind of typed variables. They are limited in numbers, ranging from 0 to 255. There are 6 different types: {| class="wikitable" ! Type ! Description |- | box || one box |- | count || an integer |- | dimen || a length |- | muskip || a glue (in mu unit) |- | skip || a glue |- | toks || a sequence of tokens |} TeX uses some registers internally, so you would be better off not using them. List of reserved registers: * \box255 is used for the contents of a page * \count0-\count9 are used for page numbering Scratch registers (freely available): * \box0-\box254 * \count255 * \dimen0-\dimen9 * \muskip0-\muskip9 * \skip0-\skip9 Assign register using the '=' control character. For box registers, use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\setbox<!---->}} command instead. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255=17 \setbox\mybox=\hbox{blah} }} You may use one of the following reservation macro to prevent any clash: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newbox \newcount \newdimen \newmuskip \newskip \newtoks }} These macros use the following syntax: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\new*<csname><!---->}}. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newbox\mybox \setbox\mybox=\hbox{blah} }} These commands can not be used inside macros, otherwise every call to the macro would reserve another register. You can print a register using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\the<!---->}} command. For counters use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\number<!---->}} command instead. For boxes use the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\box<!---->}} command. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \the\hsize \number\count255 \box\mybox }} ==Arithmetic== The arithmetic capabilities of TeX are very limited, although this base suffice to extend it to some interesting features. The three main functions: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \advance <register> by <number> \multiply <register> by <number> \divide <register> by <number> }} {{LaTeX/Parameter|register}} may be of type count, dimen, muskip or skip. It does not make sense for box nor toks. ==Conditionals== The base syntax is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \if* <test><true action>\fi \if* <test><true action>\else<false action>\fi }} where {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if*<!---->}} is one command among the following. {| class="wikitable" ! Control sequence ! Description |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if <a><b><!---->}} | True if two character codes are equal. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifcat <a><b><!---->}} | True if two category codes are equal. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifdim <a><rel><b><!---->}} | Dimension relation, either <code><</code>, <code>></code> or <code>=</code>. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifeof<!---->}} | True if End-Of-File or non-existent file. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iffalse<!---->}} | Always false. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifhbox <reg><!---->}} | True if box register contains a horizontal box. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifhmode<!---->}} | True if in horizontal mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifinner<!---->}} | True if in internal mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifmmode<!---->}} | True if in math mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifnum <a><rel><b><!---->}} | Number relation, either <code><</code>, <code>></code> or <code>=</code>. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifodd <num><!---->}} | True if number is odd. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\iftrue<!---->}} | Always true. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifvbox <reg><!---->}} | True if box register contains a vertical box. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifvmode<!---->}} | True if in vertical mode. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifvoid <reg><!---->}} | True if box register is empty. |- | {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifx <a><b><!---->}} | True if two macros expands to the same, or if two character codes are equal, or if two category codes are equal. |- |} Example: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \ifnum 5>6 This is true \else This is false \fi |render= This is false }} === Self-defined conditionals === You can create new conditionals (as a kind of ''boolean variables'') with the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newif<!---->}} command. With such self-defined conditionals you can control the output of your code in an elegant way. The best way to illustrate the use of conditionals is through an example. Suppose that two versions of a document must be generated. One version is for group A and the other one for group B: 1. We use {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newif<!---->}} to define our conditional (i.e. boolean variable). {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newif\ifgroupA }} 2. In the following way we set a value (true or false) for our conditional {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \groupAtrue % or \groupAfalse }} that is: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \<conditionalsname>true \<conditionalsname>false }} depending on which value we want to set in our conditional. 3. Now we can use our conditional anywhere after in an ''if control structure''. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \ifgroupA % Here we write the code of the document that is % intended for the group A \else % Here we write the code of the document that is % intended for the rest of the people \fi }} A full example is: {{LaTeX/Example|code= \newif\ifdirector %I set the conditional to false \directorfalse \ifdirector I write something for the director. \else I write something for common people. \fi | render = I write something for common people. }} ===Case statement=== The syntax is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\ifcase <number><case0>\or<case1>\or...\else<defaultcase>\fi<!---->}}. If {{LaTeX/Parameter|number}} is equal to the case number, its content will be printed. Note that it starts at 0. {{LaTeX/Example|code= \ifcase 2 a\or b\or c\or d\else e\fi |render= c }} {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\else<!---->}} is used to specify the default case (whenever none of the previous cases have matched). ==Loops== The base syntax is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \loop <content> \if*<condition><true action>\repeat }} As always, {{LaTeX/Parameter|content}} and {{LaTeX/Parameter|true action}} are arbitrary TeX contents. {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if*<!---->}} refers to any of the [[#Conditionals|conditionals]]. Note that there is no {{LaTeX/Parameter|false action}}, you cannot put an {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\else<!---->}} between {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\if*<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\repeat<!---->}}. In some case this will be the opposite of what you want; you have to change the condition or to define a new conditional using {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\newif<!---->}}. Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255 = 1 \loop \TeX \ifnum\count255 < 10 \advance\count255 by 1 \repeat }} The above code will print TeX ten times. ==Doing nothing== Sometimes it may be useful to tell TeX that you want to do nothing. There are two commands for that: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\relax<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\empty<!---->}}. Classic example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\myspace{\hskip 25pt\relax} \myspace{} plus 10pt }} The {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\relax<!---->}} prevents undesired behaviour if a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=plus<!---->}} or a {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=minus<!---->}} is encountered after the command. The difference between {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\empty<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\relax<!---->}} lies in the expansion: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\empty<!---->}} disappears after macro expansion. ==TeX characters== ===''char''=== We can print all characters using the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\char {charcode}<!---->}} command. The charcode is actually the byte value. For example {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \char65 = \char `A = \char `\A }} Most characters correspond to the ASCII value (e.g. A-Za-z), some replace the non-printable characters from ASCII. ===''chardef'' and ''mathchardef''=== You can define control sequence to expand to a specific char. The syntax is {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\chardef<control sequence>=<charcode><!---->}}. The following sequences do the same thing. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \chardef\myA=65 \chardef\myA=`A \chardef\myA=`\A }} Example: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \mathchardef\alphachar = "010B $\alphachar$ }} ===Font encoding map=== We can use the above primitive to print the font encoding map. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255 = 0 \loop [\number\count255 =\char\number\count255] \ifnum\count255 < 127 \advance\count255 by 1 \repeat }} Another version, with different fonts, one entry per line: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \count255 = 0 \loop [\number\count255 = \char\number\count255 \ {\tt \char\number\count255} {\it \char\number\count255} ] \hfil\break \ifnum\count255 < 127 \advance\count255 by 1 \repeat }} == Verbatim lines and spaces == It is rather confusing to discover (La)TeX treats all whitespace as the same type of spacing glue. Plain TeX provides some commands to preserve the spacing and newlines as you wrote it: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \begingroup \obeylines \obeyspaces Relevant text here \endgroup }} which means that you will probably need to combine your own verbatim environment, and your command: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newenvironment{myverbatim}{\begingroup \obeylines \obeyspaces}{\endgroup} \newcommand{\mycommand}[n]{do something with #1 .. #n} }} and then in your tex file: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \begin{myverbatim} \mycommand{ whichever text it is important you preserve the spacing and newslines for, like when you want to generate a verbatim block later on. } \end{myverbatim} }} ==Macros defining macros== This is useful in some case, for example to define language commands as explained in [[LaTeX/Internationalization#Multilingual versions|Multilingual versions]], where the end user can write {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \en{some english text} \de{etwas deutscher Text} }} and make sure it switches to the appropriate Babel language. Let's define a macros that will define language commands for instance. These commands are simple: if the argument is the value of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\locale<!---->}} variable, then the corresponding macro prints its content directly. Otherwise, it does nothing. Basically, what we want to do is extremely simple: define a bunch of macros like this: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \newcommand{\de}[1]{#1} \newcommand{\en}[1]{} \newcommand{\fr}[1]{} }} In the previous snippet of code, only the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\de<!---->}} command in going to output its content, {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\en<!---->}} and {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\fr<!---->}} will print nothing at all. That's what we want. The problem arises when you want to automate the task, or if you have a lot of languages, and you want to change the language selection. You just have to move the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=#1<!---->}}, but that's not convenient and it makes it impossible to choose the Babel language from command line. Think this out... What we are going to do is to define the language commands dynamically following the value of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\locale<!---->}} variable (or any variable of your choice). Hence the use of the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\equal<!---->}} command from the {{LaTeX/Package|ifthen}} package. Since it is hardly possible to write it in LaTeX, we will use some Plain TeX. {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\locale{de} \def\localedef#1{ \ifthenelse{ \equal{\locale}{#1} }{ %% Set the Babel language. %% Define the command to print the content. }{ %% Define the command to print nothing. } } }} Another problem arises: how to define a command whose name is a variable? In most programming languages that's not possible at all. What we could be tempted to write is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\#1 #1{#1} }} It will fail for two reasons. # The two last '#1' are supposed to refer to the arguments of the ''new'' macro, but they get expanded to the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\localedef<!---->}} macro first argument because they are in the body of that macro. # {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\#1<!---->}} gets expanded to two tokens: '#' and '1', and the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\def<!---->}} command will fail as it requires a valid control sequence name. The solution to problem 1 is simple: use '##1', which will expand to '#1' when the macro is executed. For problem 2, it is a little bit tricky. It is possible to tell <code>tex</code> that a specific token is a control sequence. This is what the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\csname...\endcsname<!---->}} is used for. However {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \def\csname#1\endcsname ##1{##1} }} will fail because it will redefine {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\csname<!---->}} to '#1', which is not what we want, then <code>tex</code> will encounter {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\endcsname<!---->}}, which will result in an error. We need to delay the expansion of {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\def<!---->}}, ''i.e.'' to tell <code>tex</code> to expand the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\csname<!---->}} stuff first, then to apply {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\def<!---->}} on it. There is a command for that: {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\expandafter{token1}{token2}<!---->}}. It will expand {{LaTeX/Parameter|{token2}<!---->}} before {{LaTeX/Parameter|{token1}<!---->}}. Finally if we want to set language from command line, we must be able to set the {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\locale<!---->}} variable so that the one in the source code is the default value that can be overridden by the one in the command line. This can be done with {{LaTeX/LaTeX|code=\providecommand<!---->}}: {{LaTeX/Usage|code= \providecommand\locale{fr} }} The final code is {{LaTeX/Usage|code= %% Required package. \usepackage{ifthen} %% TeX function that generates the language commands. \def\localedef#1#2{ \ifthenelse{ \equal{\locale}{#1} }{ \selectlanguage{#2} \expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname ##1{##1} }{ \expandafter\def\csname#1\endcsname ##1{} } } %% Selected language. Can be placed anywhere before the language commands. \providecommand\locale{fr} %% Language commands. \localedef{de}{ngerman} \localedef{en}{english} \localedef{fr}{frenchb} %% ... }} And you can compile with latex '\providecommand\locale{en}\input{mydocument.tex}' ==Notes and References== {{reflist}} ;Further reading * [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/texbook The TeXbook], ''Donald Knuth'' * [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/texbytopic TeX by Topic], ''Victor Eijkhout'' * [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/impatient TeX for the Impatient], ''Paul W. Abrahams, Karl Berry and Kathryn A. Hargreaves'' * [[TeX]] command reference in wikibooks <noinclude> {{LaTeX/Bottom|Macros|Creating Packages}} </noinclude> 8ccxudzb4dnaszj6mojy8ffq3g790ha 0 284339 4678892 3116389 2026-10-29T17:50:00Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678892 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Radial#Solutions of the problem]] cyvfnsj7ptduh204xkqntv4445ueyyz 0 284595 4678908 3116395 2026-10-29T18:03:39Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678908 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Embedded#Two new spectral theorems]] bqnc19ag13veb33a3sdy3t9e0m8zlxe 0 284779 4678912 3585607 2026-10-29T18:06:34Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge short subpages together for ease of navigation and clarity; redirecting as needed 4678912 wikitext text/x-wiki Considered double sided cases: == The coin case == === The operator equation === The continuous Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator can be calculated explicitly for certain domains, such as a half-space, a ball and a cylinder and a shell with uniform conductivity. For example, for a unit ball in ''N''-dimensions, writing the '''Laplace equation''' in spherical coordinates: : <math>\Delta f = r^{1-N}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\left(r^{N-1}\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\right) + r^{-2}\Delta_{S^{N-1}}f, </math> and, therefore, the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator satisfies the following equation: : <math>\Lambda(\Lambda-(N-2)Id)+\Delta_{S^{N-1}} = 0</math>. In two-dimensions the equation takes a particularly simple form: : <math>\Lambda^2=-\Delta_{S^{1}}.</math> The study of material of this chapter is largely motivated by the question of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Washington Gunther Uhlmann: "Is there a discrete analog of the equation?"<!-- :'''Exercise (**)''': Prove that for the unit ball the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator satisfies the quadratic equation above. :'''Exercise (*)''': Prove that for the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of a half-space of ''R''^N with uniform conductivity ''1'', : <math>\Lambda^2 = -\Delta_{R^{N-1}}.</math> --> === The network setting === To match the functional equation for the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of the unit disc with uniform conductivity, is to find the self-dual layered planar network with rotational symmetry. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator for such graph ''G'' is equal to: : <math> \Lambda^2_G = L, </math> where ''-L'' is equal to the Laplacian on the circle: : <math> L = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & -1 & 0 & \ldots & -1 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & 2 & -1 \\ -1 & 0 & \ldots & -1 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} . </math> : '''Exercise(*).''' Prove that the entries of the cofactor matrix of <math>\Lambda_G</math> are ±1 w/the chessboard pattern. The problem then reduces to calculating a Stieltjes continued fraction equalled to ''1'' at the non-zero eigenvalues of ''L''. For the ''(2n+1)''-case, where ''n'' is a natural number, the eigenvalues are ''0'' with the multiplicity one and : <math> 2\sin(\frac{k\pi}{2n+1}), k = 1,2,\ldots n </math> w/multiplicity two. The existence and uniqueness of such fraction with ''n'' levels follow from our results on layered networks, see [BIMS]. : '''Exercise (***).''' Prove that the continued fraction is given by the following formula: : <math>\beta(z) = \cot(\frac{n\pi}{2n+1}) z + \cfrac{1}{\cot(\frac{(n-1)\pi}{2n+1})z + \cfrac{1}{ \ddots + \cfrac{1}{\cot(\frac{\pi}{2n+1}) z} }}.</math> : '''Exercise 2 (*).''' Use the previous exercise to prove the trigonometric formula: : <math> \tan(\frac{n\pi}{2n+1}) = 2\sum_k\sin(\frac{k\pi}{2n+1}). </math> : '''Exercise 3(**).''' Find the right signs in the following trigonometric formula : <math> \tan(\frac{l\pi}{2n+1}) = 2\sum_k(\pm)\sin(\frac{k\pi}{2n+1}), l = 1,2,\ldots n. </math> Example: the following picture provides the solution for ''n=8'' w/white and black squares representing ''1''s and ''-1''s. [[File:Sage17.png|thumb|Correct signs]] == An infinite case == The following construction provides an example of an infinite network (featured on the cover of the book), which Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator satisfies the equation in the title of this chapter. <math> \Lambda_G = \sqrt{L}. </math> The matrix equation reflects the self-duality and self-symmetry of the network. : '''Exercise (**).''' Prove that the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of the network on the picture w/the natural boundary satisfies the equation. [[File:Book_cover.jpg|center|300x300px|The self-dual self-symmetric infinite graph w/its dual]] (Hint:) Use the fact that the operator/matrix is the fixed point of the Schur complement]]: <math> \Lambda_G = \begin{pmatrix} 2I & B \\ B^T & \Lambda + 2I \end{pmatrix}/ (\Lambda + 2I), </math> where <math> B =-\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} </math> is the circulant matrix, such that <math>L_G = 4I-BB^T.</math>{{BookCat}} 392wzqt9mqgyi1eydzew6lmn6pg66i4 0 286123 4678989 4678672 2026-10-30T08:38:51Z Jeff1138 301139 4678989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 512Mb+ RAM Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working but not much tested esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi500 wedge with up to date bootloader via PiOS - working but not much testing esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 C1 (Rev1.0) - untested * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with '''fan''' to prevent overheating cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] ====64bit==== '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://pi.amiga.icu/ Repository] '''Not recommended''' but [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ and alternative site and nightly2] which is a test version of '''very few''' apps with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html raspi-aarch64-smp-system multicore is available] [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2138&pid=15057#post_15057 Aros forum thread], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewforum.php?f=179 Raspberry Pi Aros Dev and User forums], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 previous Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] *Pi500+ untested usb3 booting or nvme ssd *Pi500 untested usb3 booting *Pi5 untested usb3 booting *Pi400 boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd *Pi4 untested (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) *Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested *Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 not supported at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device *cdnsgem Pi5 Pi500 Pi500+ RP1 i/o for cadencegem (network prefs may forget random information when rebooted) Summary <pre> *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working and ethernet works *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 wifi and ethernet untested *500 wifi and ethernet untested *500+ wifi works </pre> Type in 'aarch64' in the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=search&tool=simple search box] and you will see available software packages / apps. apkg can be used to inspect and install applications. [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=80 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load or resolve (no JIT). Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. Html5test gives 189 (1.29), 300 (1.31), 301 (1.39) out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates or free up space. Be aware [https://pianetaamiga.it/en/reportage-pianeta-amiga-2026/ some site pages] can use up hundreds of MBs of cache very quickly DNS lookup failed... close browser and reboot and setup wifi again - repeat until it works again youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded - Settings -> Soundoutput - AHI Any restriction to lower resolutions is due to [https://docs.invidious.io/faq/#q-where-are-the-360p480p1080p-quality-options bandwidth]. Either CPU/GPU, internet speed and/or video quality. Pi3 can expect up to 480p (wifi) and up to 720p (ethernet). Pi4 expect (wifi) (ethernet). If no separate audio stream error - set settings -> Video quality to 360p or lower as Youtube has a fallback mode at that level https://t.me/s/channel_name for Telegram public messages from [https://t.me/s/AROS_official AROS_official] [https://t.me/s/vamped_amiga vamped_amiga] [https://t.me/s/demoscenecracktros demoscenecracktros] *art local js apps like dpaint.js There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but that has changed recently [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://github.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/pios/trixie/debian/firmware/broadcom firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 <pre> *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices </pre> Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use ntp services [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/29cd4116330dc7f692d90757eacc59fb3f31ae70 sntp] with time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use date in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc with dtoverlay=i2c-rtc,ds3231 in config.txt] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+]. Alternative of [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox]. Will need developer clang gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/kaffeine1/kaffeine kaffeine] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] Hopefully getting Pi3 up to 25Mhz 68040 (non JIT) and 50Mhz 68040 (JIT) Pi4 maybe getting up to 50Mhz 68040 (no JIT) and 100Mhz 68040 (JIT) [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell (Cntrl + C to end) GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHt_k_QkHe0 AmiWest 2026 Day 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA2fnaOt1Ik Amiwest 2026 Day 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== 32bit ==== For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon Macs] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] with [https://github.com/pomaros pomaros]. There is a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2076&highlight=jonx&pid=14193#post_14193 work in progress native Mac Apple silicon M1 M2 M3 version] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 From the Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] Instructions on building 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS and cross-compiler from sources. You will need: - Ubuntu 24.04 or 26.04 - qemu-system-aarch64 installed - Internet connection - rpi-scripts.tar.gz downloaded (https://axrt.org/download/aros/rpi/rpi-scripts.tar.gz) 1) Install prerequisites: sudo apt install git gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib byacc python3-mako cmake yasm curl nasm 2) Clone sources cd <project-directory> git clone https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS.git --recurse-submodules 3) Extract rpi-scripts.tar.gz. Copy all files into your project directory so that you have: AROS (the directory with cloned sources) fix-dotdot.py rebuild.sh recreate-sdcard.sh run-qemu.sh update-sdcard.sh 4) Run ./rebuild.sh. Select option 1) toolchain-core-aarch64 This will execute process of building a cross-compiler. During this process packages will be downloaded from Internet. This process can take up to 2 hours. If there are some missing dependencies, install them with 'sudo apt install' and restart this step. 5) Run ./rebuild.sh again. Select option 2) core-raspi-aarch64 This will build system files for 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS. This process can take around an hour. 6) Run ./recreate-sdcard.sh This will create an sdcard.img file with contents of previous step. 7) Run ./run-qemu.sh This will start QEMU with SD card image and ROM images. It will boot into AROS. =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/7016ce28bfdb754182edb16011c98faaf5413c29/arch/aarch64-raspi/boot/mmakefile.src#L180 boot makefile] ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/v3d.html significantly different] The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback maybe affected due to the lack of custom support in the GPU with Aros. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv/wiki/VideoCore-IV-Programmers-Manual Dual VDP] and scalable QPU in [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/vc4.html VC4] and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B v1.1 RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S04016 4GB RAM 16Gb KLMAG1JETD-B041 CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Doubtful, on any [https://www.web3d.org/ Web3d] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL_API WebGL] or [https://github.com/immersive-web/webxr WebXR] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API Device API] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XRInputSource XRInputSource] support. Hopefully, never/limited support features like location, peer-to-peer, invasive web apps, unwarranted storage, payments, proprietary video streaming etc *spreadsheet [https://git.sheetjs.com/sheetjs/sheetjs sheetjs] [https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid SlickGrid javascript] [https://github.com/6pac/SlickGrid SlickGrid typescript] [https://github.com/jspreadsheet/ce jspreadsheet ce] probably without xlsx support *presentations [https://github.com/impress/impress.js/ impress.js simplified] [https://github.com/bwlewis/slides slides] [https://zenomt.github.io/mdslides/ github markdown slides] [https://github.com/Patternslib/slides Patternslib slides markdown] probably without pptx support *ai office [https://github.com/dream-num/univer/ univer], [https://github.com/dream-num/Luckysheet Luckysheet] [https://github.com/ruilisi/fortune-sheet fortune-sheet] *weather [https://github.com/Himanshu3412/Weather-Forecast Weather Forecast], [https://github.com/kaushalsahu07/weather weather needs API key], ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2], [https://github.com/Joshua-Riek/armbian-build Linux Armbian builds for old mobile devices], [], [https://tube.cadence.moe/ Cloudtube], [https://github.com/TeamPiped/documentation/blob/main/content/docs/public-instances/index.md TeamPiped], [], [], [], [https://hyperpipe.codeberg.page/ hyperpipe], [https://ytify.pp.ua/ ytify], [], [], [ ytdl], [https://github.com/golddominik893/liberatube liberatube] [https://git.lolcat.ca/lolcat/4get 4get], [https://github.com/hnhx/librex librex], [], [], {{BookCat}} 3s76g4ibm9crn050366b88tptyl1nvw 4678990 4678989 2026-10-30T08:50:10Z Jeff1138 301139 4678990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 512Mb+ RAM Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working but not much tested esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi500 wedge with up to date bootloader via PiOS - working but not much testing esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 C1 (Rev1.0) - untested * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with '''fan''' to prevent overheating cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] ====64bit==== '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://pi.amiga.icu/ Repository] '''Not recommended''' but [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ and alternative site and nightly2] which is a test version of '''very few''' apps with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html raspi-aarch64-smp-system multicore is available] [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2138&pid=15057#post_15057 Aros forum thread], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewforum.php?f=179 Raspberry Pi Aros Dev and User forums], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 previous Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] *Pi500+ untested usb3 booting or nvme ssd *Pi500 untested usb3 booting *Pi5 untested usb3 booting *Pi400 boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd *Pi4 untested (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) *Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested *Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 not supported at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device *cdnsgem Pi5 Pi500 Pi500+ RP1 i/o for cadencegem (network prefs may forget random information when rebooted) Summary <pre> *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working and ethernet works *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 wifi and ethernet untested *500 wifi and ethernet untested *500+ wifi works </pre> Type in 'aarch64' in the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=search&tool=simple search box] and you will see available software packages / apps. apkg can be used to inspect and install applications. [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=80 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load or resolve (no JIT). Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. Html5test gives 189 (1.29), 300 (1.31), 301 (1.39) out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates or free up space. Be aware [https://pianetaamiga.it/en/reportage-pianeta-amiga-2026/ some site pages] can use up hundreds of MBs of cache very quickly DNS lookup failed... close browser and reboot and setup wifi again - repeat until it works again youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded - Settings -> Soundoutput - AHI Any restriction to lower resolutions is due to [https://docs.invidious.io/faq/#q-where-are-the-360p480p1080p-quality-options bandwidth]. Either CPU/GPU, internet speed and/or video quality. Pi3 can expect up to 480p (wifi) and up to 720p (ethernet). Pi4 expect (wifi) (ethernet). If no separate audio stream error - set settings -> Video quality to 360p or lower as Youtube has a fallback mode at that level https://t.me/s/channel_name for Telegram public messages from [https://t.me/s/AROS_official AROS_official] [https://t.me/s/vamped_amiga vamped_amiga] [https://t.me/s/demoscenecracktros demoscenecracktros] *art local js apps like dpaint.js There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but that has changed recently [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://github.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/pios/trixie/debian/firmware/broadcom firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 <pre> *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices </pre> Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use ntp services [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/29cd4116330dc7f692d90757eacc59fb3f31ae70 sntp] with time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use date in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc with dtoverlay=i2c-rtc,ds3231 in config.txt] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+]. Alternative of [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox]. Will need developer clang gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/kaffeine1/kaffeine kaffeine] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] Hopefully getting Pi3 up to 25Mhz 68040 (non JIT) and 50Mhz 68040 (JIT) Pi4 maybe getting up to 50Mhz 68040 (no JIT) and 100Mhz 68040 (JIT) [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell (Cntrl + C to end) GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHt_k_QkHe0 AmiWest 2026 Day 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA2fnaOt1Ik Amiwest 2026 Day 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== 32bit ==== For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon Macs] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] with [https://github.com/pomaros pomaros]. There is a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2076&highlight=jonx&pid=14193#post_14193 work in progress native Mac Apple silicon M1 M2 M3 version] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 From the Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] Instructions on building 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS and cross-compiler from sources. You will need: - Ubuntu 24.04 or 26.04 - qemu-system-aarch64 installed - Internet connection - rpi-scripts.tar.gz downloaded (https://axrt.org/download/aros/rpi/rpi-scripts.tar.gz) 1) Install prerequisites: sudo apt install git gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib byacc python3-mako cmake yasm curl nasm 2) Clone sources cd <project-directory> git clone https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS.git --recurse-submodules 3) Extract rpi-scripts.tar.gz. Copy all files into your project directory so that you have: AROS (the directory with cloned sources) fix-dotdot.py rebuild.sh recreate-sdcard.sh run-qemu.sh update-sdcard.sh 4) Run ./rebuild.sh. Select option 1) toolchain-core-aarch64 This will execute process of building a cross-compiler. During this process packages will be downloaded from Internet. This process can take up to 2 hours. If there are some missing dependencies, install them with 'sudo apt install' and restart this step. 5) Run ./rebuild.sh again. Select option 2) core-raspi-aarch64 This will build system files for 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS. This process can take around an hour. 6) Run ./recreate-sdcard.sh This will create an sdcard.img file with contents of previous step. 7) Run ./run-qemu.sh This will start QEMU with SD card image and ROM images. It will boot into AROS. =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/7016ce28bfdb754182edb16011c98faaf5413c29/arch/aarch64-raspi/boot/mmakefile.src#L180 boot makefile] ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/v3d.html significantly different] The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/caecd66a9508acb0e9ef0a07169a14c33007b208 VideoCore hardware decoding through VCHIQ/MMAL (Pi 1–4)], All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback maybe affected due to the lack of custom support in the GPU with Aros. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv/wiki/VideoCore-IV-Programmers-Manual Dual VDP] and scalable QPU in [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/vc4.html VC4] and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B v1.1 RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S04016 4GB RAM 16Gb KLMAG1JETD-B041 CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Doubtful, on any [https://www.web3d.org/ Web3d] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL_API WebGL] or [https://github.com/immersive-web/webxr WebXR] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API Device API] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XRInputSource XRInputSource] support. Hopefully, never/limited support features like location, peer-to-peer, invasive web apps, unwarranted storage, payments, proprietary video streaming etc *spreadsheet [https://git.sheetjs.com/sheetjs/sheetjs sheetjs] [https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid SlickGrid javascript] [https://github.com/6pac/SlickGrid SlickGrid typescript] [https://github.com/jspreadsheet/ce jspreadsheet ce] probably without xlsx support *presentations [https://github.com/impress/impress.js/ impress.js simplified] [https://github.com/bwlewis/slides slides] [https://zenomt.github.io/mdslides/ github markdown slides] [https://github.com/Patternslib/slides Patternslib slides markdown] probably without pptx support *ai office [https://github.com/dream-num/univer/ univer], [https://github.com/dream-num/Luckysheet Luckysheet] [https://github.com/ruilisi/fortune-sheet fortune-sheet] *weather [https://github.com/Himanshu3412/Weather-Forecast Weather Forecast], [https://github.com/kaushalsahu07/weather weather needs API key], ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2], [https://github.com/Joshua-Riek/armbian-build Linux Armbian builds for old mobile devices], [], [https://tube.cadence.moe/ Cloudtube], [https://github.com/TeamPiped/documentation/blob/main/content/docs/public-instances/index.md TeamPiped], [], [], [], [https://hyperpipe.codeberg.page/ hyperpipe], [https://ytify.pp.ua/ ytify], [], [], [ ytdl], [https://github.com/golddominik893/liberatube liberatube] [https://git.lolcat.ca/lolcat/4get 4get], [https://github.com/hnhx/librex librex], [], [], {{BookCat}} ey3bwc7h7lev13zi9ym47nnylgb9h8k 4678991 4678990 2026-10-30T08:55:48Z Jeff1138 301139 4678991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 512Mb+ RAM Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working but not much tested esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi500 wedge with up to date bootloader via PiOS - working but not much testing esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 C1 (Rev1.0) - untested * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with '''fan''' to prevent overheating cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] ====64bit==== '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://pi.amiga.icu/ Repository] '''Not recommended''' but [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ and alternative site and nightly2] which is a test version of '''very few''' apps with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html raspi-aarch64-smp-system multicore is available] [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2138&pid=15057#post_15057 Aros forum thread], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewforum.php?f=179 Raspberry Pi Aros Dev and User forums], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 previous Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] *Pi500+ untested usb3 booting or nvme ssd *Pi500 untested usb3 booting *Pi5 untested usb3 booting *Pi400 boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd *Pi4 untested (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) *Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested *Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 not supported at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device *cdnsgem Pi5 Pi500 Pi500+ RP1 i/o for cadencegem (network prefs may forget random information when rebooted) Summary <pre> *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working and ethernet works *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 wifi and ethernet untested *500 wifi and ethernet untested *500+ wifi works </pre> Type in 'aarch64' in the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=search&tool=simple search box] and you will see available software packages / apps. apkg can be used to inspect and install applications. [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=80 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load or resolve (no JIT). Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. Html5test gives 189 (1.29), 300 (1.31), 301 (1.39) out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates or free up space. Be aware [https://pianetaamiga.it/en/reportage-pianeta-amiga-2026/ some site pages] can use up hundreds of MBs of cache very quickly DNS lookup failed... close browser and reboot and setup wifi again - repeat until it works again youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded - Settings -> Soundoutput - AHI Any restriction to lower resolutions is due to [https://docs.invidious.io/faq/#q-where-are-the-360p480p1080p-quality-options bandwidth]. Either CPU/GPU, internet speed and/or video quality. Pi3 can expect up to 480p (wifi) and up to 720p (ethernet). Pi4 expect (wifi) (ethernet). If no separate audio stream error - set settings -> Video quality to 360p or lower as Youtube has a fallback mode at that level https://t.me/s/channel_name for Telegram public messages from [https://t.me/s/AROS_official AROS_official] [https://t.me/s/vamped_amiga vamped_amiga] [https://t.me/s/demoscenecracktros demoscenecracktros] *art local js apps like dpaint.js There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but that has changed recently [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://github.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/pios/trixie/debian/firmware/broadcom firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 <pre> *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices </pre> Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use ntp services [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/29cd4116330dc7f692d90757eacc59fb3f31ae70 sntp] with time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use date in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc with dtoverlay=i2c-rtc,ds3231 in config.txt] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+]. Alternative of [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox]. Will need developer clang gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/kaffeine1/kaffeine kaffeine] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] Hopefully getting Pi3 up to 25Mhz 68040 (non JIT) and 50Mhz 68040 (JIT) Pi4 maybe getting up to 50Mhz 68040 (no JIT) and 100Mhz 68040 (JIT) [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell (Cntrl + C to end) GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHt_k_QkHe0 AmiWest 2026 Day 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA2fnaOt1Ik Amiwest 2026 Day 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== 32bit ==== For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon Macs] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] with [https://github.com/pomaros pomaros]. There is a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2076&highlight=jonx&pid=14193#post_14193 work in progress native Mac Apple silicon M1 M2 M3 version] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 From the Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] Instructions on building 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS and cross-compiler from sources. You will need: - Ubuntu 24.04 or 26.04 - qemu-system-aarch64 installed - Internet connection - rpi-scripts.tar.gz downloaded (https://axrt.org/download/aros/rpi/rpi-scripts.tar.gz) 1) Install prerequisites: sudo apt install git gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib byacc python3-mako cmake yasm curl nasm 2) Clone sources cd <project-directory> git clone https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS.git --recurse-submodules 3) Extract rpi-scripts.tar.gz. Copy all files into your project directory so that you have: AROS (the directory with cloned sources) fix-dotdot.py rebuild.sh recreate-sdcard.sh run-qemu.sh update-sdcard.sh 4) Run ./rebuild.sh. Select option 1) toolchain-core-aarch64 This will execute process of building a cross-compiler. During this process packages will be downloaded from Internet. This process can take up to 2 hours. If there are some missing dependencies, install them with 'sudo apt install' and restart this step. 5) Run ./rebuild.sh again. Select option 2) core-raspi-aarch64 This will build system files for 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS. This process can take around an hour. 6) Run ./recreate-sdcard.sh This will create an sdcard.img file with contents of previous step. 7) Run ./run-qemu.sh This will start QEMU with SD card image and ROM images. It will boot into AROS. =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/7016ce28bfdb754182edb16011c98faaf5413c29/arch/aarch64-raspi/boot/mmakefile.src#L180 boot makefile] ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/v3d.html significantly different] The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 as Pi3 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/caecd66a9508acb0e9ef0a07169a14c33007b208 VideoCore hardware decoding through VCHIQ/MMAL (Pi 1–4)], H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback maybe affected due to the lack of custom support in the GPU with Aros. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv/wiki/VideoCore-IV-Programmers-Manual Dual VDP] and scalable QPU in [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/vc4.html VC4] and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B v1.1 RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S04016 4GB RAM 16Gb KLMAG1JETD-B041 CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Doubtful, on any [https://www.web3d.org/ Web3d] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL_API WebGL] or [https://github.com/immersive-web/webxr WebXR] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API Device API] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XRInputSource XRInputSource] support. Hopefully, never/limited support features like location, peer-to-peer, invasive web apps, unwarranted storage, payments, proprietary video streaming etc *spreadsheet [https://git.sheetjs.com/sheetjs/sheetjs sheetjs] [https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid SlickGrid javascript] [https://github.com/6pac/SlickGrid SlickGrid typescript] [https://github.com/jspreadsheet/ce jspreadsheet ce] probably without xlsx support *presentations [https://github.com/impress/impress.js/ impress.js simplified] [https://github.com/bwlewis/slides slides] [https://zenomt.github.io/mdslides/ github markdown slides] [https://github.com/Patternslib/slides Patternslib slides markdown] probably without pptx support *ai office [https://github.com/dream-num/univer/ univer], [https://github.com/dream-num/Luckysheet Luckysheet] [https://github.com/ruilisi/fortune-sheet fortune-sheet] *weather [https://github.com/Himanshu3412/Weather-Forecast Weather Forecast], [https://github.com/kaushalsahu07/weather weather needs API key], ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2], [https://github.com/Joshua-Riek/armbian-build Linux Armbian builds for old mobile devices], [], [https://tube.cadence.moe/ Cloudtube], [https://github.com/TeamPiped/documentation/blob/main/content/docs/public-instances/index.md TeamPiped], [], [], [], [https://hyperpipe.codeberg.page/ hyperpipe], [https://ytify.pp.ua/ ytify], [], [], [ ytdl], [https://github.com/golddominik893/liberatube liberatube] [https://git.lolcat.ca/lolcat/4get 4get], [https://github.com/hnhx/librex librex], [], [], {{BookCat}} 5a512ry43q9y1p0r4ehu4b0w9j52g0y 4678992 4678991 2026-10-30T08:56:34Z Jeff1138 301139 4678992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ArosNav}} [[#Native]] [[#Hosted]] [[#Build]] [[#Hardware]] [[#References]] [[#Future]] ==Introduction== [[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]] Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 512Mb+ RAM Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. *With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb. *With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c *With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c * Pi500+ keyboard wedge - working but not much tested esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi500 wedge with up to date bootloader via PiOS - working but not much testing esp [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/48e9c8edcca4b5c1e1fe0b1123f2129f624af67b power button] * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 D0 (rev1.1) - untested * Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 "southbridge" with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 C1 (Rev1.0) - untested * Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - * Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 * Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with '''fan''' to prevent overheating cpu 82C+ throttling * Pi02W - Quad A53 64bit - boots but [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 usb not working but did in the past], * Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible * Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible * Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible ===Native=== * 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work * 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb * 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5] * 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM] ====64bit==== '''Download''' A [https://archive.org/details/piAROS Pi Distribution (Distro) has started] and the contents copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be drawers/folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi. And power on. [https://pi.amiga.icu/ Repository] '''Not recommended''' but [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 nightly builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ and alternative site and nightly2] which is a test version of '''very few''' apps with both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd to a SD or SSD as appropriate. 64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html raspi-aarch64-smp-system multicore is available] [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Remember Aros Arm uses FAT32 and Aros can detect issues with this format very acutely (once fault found, FAT 0x0FFFFFF7 bad cluster so no files written after that, no repair). Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2138&pid=15057#post_15057 Aros forum thread], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewforum.php?f=179 Raspberry Pi Aros Dev and User forums], [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 previous Raspberry Pi forum thread]. Any bugs or issues can be [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues described here to fix] *Pi500+ untested usb3 booting or nvme ssd *Pi500 untested usb3 booting *Pi5 untested usb3 booting *Pi400 boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd *Pi4 untested (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) *Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested *Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card Speed write wise (top faster) <pre> *NVME Pi5 untested >1000MB/sec or faster if matched correctly *Sata3 ssd 500MB/sec *SD V90 90MB/sec 4K maybe 8K *SD V60 60MB/sec 1080p *SD U3 V30 30MB/sec 720p *SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2 10MB/sec minimum should be used now *SD C06 6MB/sec *SD C04 4MB/sec </pre> As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -> View -> All files Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. Zune like MUI gui interface, has a unique quirk in that after changing a setting in a text box, you may sometimes need to press Enter/Return before clicking OK, Save, etc Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage If your cursor should '''appear''' to vanish, fear not it is still there. Please head to the top of the screen i.e. the title bar, hold down the left click mouse and drag the screen down a little and the cursor will appear again. Then you can drag the screen up again. Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++ or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice For wireless, please use the Wifi prefs and already selected device bwfm.device. Press Scan and double right click on the router and enter password. You may need to setup after every power off *if asking for password again - press cancel and go to Network Prefs, Wireless Networks tab and highlight the router line and hit the remove button and press the cancel button. Retry with Wifi prefs again *...waiting for an address - Disconnect and try Connect Until, Connected to <router> - 192.168.x.x For lan ethernet port, please use Network prefs and the following hardware is *lan9514 Pi3b Pi2 not supported at the moment *lan7515 Pi3b+ type into Device usblan78xx.device as net0: remove other device(s) *bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device *cdnsgem Pi5 Pi500 Pi500+ RP1 i/o for cadencegem (network prefs may forget random information when rebooted) Summary <pre> *3b ethernet not supported, usb ethernet not working but wifi prefs setup works *3b+ wifi working and ethernet works *4 untested *400 wifi and ethernet untested *5 wifi and ethernet untested *500 wifi and ethernet untested *500+ wifi works </pre> Type in 'aarch64' in the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=search&tool=simple search box] and you will see available software packages / apps. apkg can be used to inspect and install applications. [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&cat=network/browser amelinium web browser (JS 1.6 ES9 ECMASCript 2018)] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&page=80 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb JavaScript 1.5 (ECMAScript 3)] as css and javascript websites can be slow to load or resolve (no JIT). Press Cancel at screenmode selector or -wb argument to get windowed version. You could use the Shift + Del shortcut or mouse wheel should work to delete all text at once. Html5test gives 189 (1.29), 300 (1.31), 301 (1.39) out of 555. You may have to delete the cache (Menu -> Page -> Delete cache) to fully retest big Amelinium updates or free up space. Be aware [https://pianetaamiga.it/en/reportage-pianeta-amiga-2026/ some site pages] can use up hundreds of MBs of cache very quickly DNS lookup failed... close browser and reboot and setup wifi again - repeat until it works again youtube video and audio - js button for javascript must be on/shaded - Settings -> Soundoutput - AHI Any restriction to lower resolutions is due to [https://docs.invidious.io/faq/#q-where-are-the-360p480p1080p-quality-options bandwidth]. Either CPU/GPU, internet speed and/or video quality. Pi3 can expect up to 480p (wifi) and up to 720p (ethernet). Pi4 expect (wifi) (ethernet). If no separate audio stream error - set settings -> Video quality to 360p or lower as Youtube has a fallback mode at that level https://t.me/s/channel_name for Telegram public messages from [https://t.me/s/AROS_official AROS_official] [https://t.me/s/vamped_amiga vamped_amiga] [https://t.me/s/demoscenecracktros demoscenecracktros] *art local js apps like dpaint.js There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but that has changed recently [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://github.com/RPi-Distro/bluez-firmware/tree/pios/trixie/debian/firmware/broadcom firmware] *Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero 2W *Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd Pi3B+, Pi4 *Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 <pre> *bthid keyboard mouse support *btserial serial *btpan short range wireless connecting devices </pre> Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use ntp services [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/29cd4116330dc7f692d90757eacc59fb3f31ae70 sntp] with time.cloudflare.com pool.ntp.org or Cloudflare 162.159.200.1, 162.159.200.123, 2606:4700:f1::1, 2606:4700:f1::123 or [https://github.com/bohunamiga/PiNTP PiNTP -s goodtime.ijs.si or ntp1.ptb.de] to get the date and time from the internet. Can use date in a shell e.g. date 24-Dec-2026 23:59:59 but this will need to be done again after every reset/power off. Maybe [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/28674a157bc56175aa668e7b62dca6fa740578dc ds3231 rtc with dtoverlay=i2c-rtc,ds3231 in config.txt] It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert. Sometimes, the reinsert leads to the mouse cursor vanishing, it is still there and responds to left mouse clicks, top of the screen and pull down the screen. USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process *usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w *[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/gmcn42/mt32-pi-control control of] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+]. Alternative of [https://homspace.nl/samplerbox/ SamplerBox]. Will need developer clang gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/?function=showfile&file=audio/misc/timidity.lha timidity], Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered *[https://github.com/kaffeine1/kaffeine kaffeine] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones *[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games *[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] *[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] Hopefully getting Pi3 up to 25Mhz 68040 (non JIT) and 50Mhz 68040 (JIT) Pi4 maybe getting up to 50Mhz 68040 (no JIT) and 100Mhz 68040 (JIT) [https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] Some exceptions: *Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used *The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V *For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15). With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented. Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi. In the shell (Cntrl + C to end) GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' *PIN -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12). *SET -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH). *GET -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1). *MODE -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate). *PULL -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN. EXAMPLES <pre> GPIO 12 MODE OUT GPIO 12 SET 1 GPIO 12 GET GPIO 13 PULL UP </pre> [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] Youtube [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], [], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHt_k_QkHe0 AmiWest 2026 Day 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA2fnaOt1Ik Amiwest 2026 Day 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQM4CD64xDE&t=612s&pp=ugUEEgJlbg%3D%3D Performance under Linux] but on Aros... {| class="wikitable sortable" width="90%" ! width="10%" |Pi ! width="10%" |Single Core 2D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |Single Core 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 2D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="10%" |SMP 3D ! width="35%" |Comments |- | <!--Pi-->Pi3 | <!--Single Core 2D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--Single Core 3D--> | <!--SMP 2D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--SMP 3D--> | <!--Comments--> |- |} ==== 32bit ==== For the Pi1 Pi2 Pi2B the status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD ===Hosted=== AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon Macs] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&pid=13910#post_13910 here] with [https://github.com/pomaros pomaros]. There is a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2076&highlight=jonx&pid=14193#post_14193 work in progress native Mac Apple silicon M1 M2 M3 version] [http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] ==== Hosted ==== =====64bit===== [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80&pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&rowstart=80 From the Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] Instructions on building 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS and cross-compiler from sources. You will need: - Ubuntu 24.04 or 26.04 - qemu-system-aarch64 installed - Internet connection - rpi-scripts.tar.gz downloaded (https://axrt.org/download/aros/rpi/rpi-scripts.tar.gz) 1) Install prerequisites: sudo apt install git gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib byacc python3-mako cmake yasm curl nasm 2) Clone sources cd <project-directory> git clone https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS.git --recurse-submodules 3) Extract rpi-scripts.tar.gz. Copy all files into your project directory so that you have: AROS (the directory with cloned sources) fix-dotdot.py rebuild.sh recreate-sdcard.sh run-qemu.sh update-sdcard.sh 4) Run ./rebuild.sh. Select option 1) toolchain-core-aarch64 This will execute process of building a cross-compiler. During this process packages will be downloaded from Internet. This process can take up to 2 hours. If there are some missing dependencies, install them with 'sudo apt install' and restart this step. 5) Run ./rebuild.sh again. Select option 2) core-raspi-aarch64 This will build system files for 64-bit Raspberry Pi AROS. This process can take around an hour. 6) Run ./recreate-sdcard.sh This will create an sdcard.img file with contents of previous step. 7) Run ./run-qemu.sh This will start QEMU with SD card image and ROM images. It will boot into AROS. =====32bit===== Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013] ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux) *armel - many of the "android" machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. *armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP) Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI. Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets. *needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target *as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes. with—disable-crosstools $AROS_CC is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC ? If so, this is wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. Yes, Android port will build. And even work. But it's not good because the port will not be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example: <pre> enum test {foo, bar}; enum test testvar; </pre> sizeof(testvar) will be equal to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS) and sizeof(short) on Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example. Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts. Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS. compiler=kernel is appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or barebone hardware, if we talk about native). This includes bootstraps, their linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations. No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows, Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work. If you want to compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append the following to USER_INCLUDES (or USER_CFLAGS, this is effectively the same): -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to: -isystem <your_os_includes> -isystem <host_OS_gcc_private_includes> -nostdinc This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs. If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH). Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one. Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types. Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but "./configure --target=raspi-armhf" is enough to start, then "make arosboot-raspi" will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc). It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output. *armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, *armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise, Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armel' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include </pre> Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float <pre> sudo sh echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' >>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' >/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list apt-get update apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf </pre> <pre> ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \ --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include </pre> Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is: make ==Build== ===64bit=== [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/7016ce28bfdb754182edb16011c98faaf5413c29/arch/aarch64-raspi/boot/mmakefile.src#L180 boot makefile] ===32bit=== # download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/ # make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports # make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf # cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -: <pre> >cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf >/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports >make >make arosboot-raspi </pre> then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it. You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi. The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows .. <pre> ./configure --target=raspi-armhf make arosboot-raspi </pre> That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder. NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console "emulation" via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS. The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom). the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO) Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device. Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error: <pre> Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... yes checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p checking for gawk... no checking for mawk... mawk checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes checking whether make supports nested variables... yes checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc checking whether the C compiler works... no configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic': configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables See config.log' for more details make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77 [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512 [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10 make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2 </pre> looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick and the missing lib was built. now the next stop is at fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory and fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed? fixed with adding -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf to where is missing on mmakefiles like USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles. Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again. My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a "template" to compare to native compilation under arm linux. Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild). The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC. For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script. Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under "toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config" and do make on "toolchain-core-armhf-build" dir. Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there: #MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this. Try adding this line (and the variant "linklibs-armhf" instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do "linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick". Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case. With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with "cannot find -laeabi " so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok. == Hardware == ===64bit=== ====BCM2712==== With the Pi5 Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3. x265 HEVC accelerated untested, x264/h.264 and VP9 cpu only. *Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board *Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe *Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 *Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 *Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme *GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2 * *2024 RPI AI HAT - Hailo 20TOPs no LLMs *2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo 40TOPs slightly better? [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi] *Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor *Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor *Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates ====BCM2711==== With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c *2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues *2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design *Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE *[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/v3d.html significantly different] The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles. The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same. Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes. Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation) With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register. the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of "one read port, one write port" to one "two read ports, one write port" block) The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. *vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers. *vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread. *vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads. With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer) A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver. Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats. h264/x264 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/caecd66a9508acb0e9ef0a07169a14c33007b208 VideoCore hardware decoding through VCHIQ/MMAL (Pi 1–4)], H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1 HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised Possible maximum performance <pre> VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s </pre> Faster LPDDR4 memory. ====BCM2837==== With the Pi3 * Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback maybe affected due to the lack of custom support in the GPU with Aros. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv/wiki/VideoCore-IV-Programmers-Manual Dual VDP] and scalable QPU in [https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/vc4.html VC4] and x.264/h.264 accelerated untested only and VP9 on cpu or neon help ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. ===32bit=== === Core Kernel === ====BCM2708(family)==== which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM) *Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox *IRQ scheduler, etc *Arasan based SD Card controller *Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&catid=45:raspberry-pi&Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf], [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], *[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip *CMOS RAM *VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc *Audio Driver *Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) *[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers] *I2S *Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) *[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO] BCM2836 * For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board *[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features], Implemented so far... # Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target. # Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display. # Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function. # Implemented serial debug support # Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc) # Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers. # Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer. # Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media. # Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The "rom" image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot. # Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else. # fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi .. Improvements... # Implement a USB chipset driver "OR" finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the "virtual" hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) # Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) # Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI] # fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code # Graphics depend on having a decent "bcmdma.resource" implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for "blitting". # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] # [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 # The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate. Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition. The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks *On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf *The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it *configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU *reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings) *loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition *activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU. RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named "kernel.img" at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem) Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf. You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling. At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules <pre> ? - alias for 'help' mtest - simple RAM test autoscr - run script from memory base - print or set address offset bbm - BBM sub-system bdinfo - print Board Info structure boot - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootd - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd' bootm - boot application image from memory bootp - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol cmp - memory compare coninfo - print console devices and information cp - memory copy crc32 - checksum calculation echo - echo args to console fatinfo - print information about filesystem fatload - load binary file from a dos filesystem fatls - list files in a directory (default /) go - start application at address 'addr' help - print online help iminfo - print header information for application image itest - return true/false on integer compare jade - loadb - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode) loads - load S-Record file over serial line loady - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode) loop - infinite loop on address range md - memory display mm - memory modify (auto-incrementing) mtest - simple RAM test mw - memory write (fill) nfs - boot image via network using NFS protocol nm - memory modify (constant address) pci - list and access PCI Configuration Space ping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host printenv - print environment variables rarpboot - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol reset - Perform RESET of the CPU run - run commands in an environment variable saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage saves - save S-Record file over serial line setenv - set environment variables sleep - delay execution for some time tftpboot - boot image via network using TFTP protocol USB - USB sub-system usbboot - boot from USB device version - print monitor version </pre> And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way... u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot. Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1, the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS routed only raw hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt. 1:1 relationship between CPU and hardware interrupts is present only on PC. IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class. PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain "Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means". They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system. Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No. A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was "abstract timer interrupt", used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea. Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work? Poseidon.library creates its "Poseidon Event Task" during RTF_COLDSTART -> then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example. You miss what happens next... 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch(). 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible: 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run. 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list. My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop. There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures. The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table. The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :) Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this: movw r0, #:lower16:label movt r0, #:upper16:label In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations. There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to "fake" executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need. Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. GPU VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU. Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute. The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API. The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf). That's also the bad news. Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much. It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly. The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated. It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later. Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC. If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected. have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled. If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work. L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled. Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics. Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever. I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp). #warning "TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory" /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */ for(x = 0; x < 4096; x ++) { pagetable[x] = x<<20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04); } Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages? Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device). You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached) So .. pagetable[x] = x<<20 | 2; should be enough? No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80' tell dosboot the correct defaults to use Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead, display drivers should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=>instantiate itself. This should make things way simpler. With this approach you only need to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. Currently VESA and VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it. they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context). AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM marked as chip. BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code? Also, IIRC we have support for "external memory allocators". Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox. All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats. trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET). Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units. The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ. Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port? It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port. You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource. You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs. So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work. Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this. That should have done it. If you set "#define DEBUG 1" in arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output? have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display? Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting? The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm. To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen. Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks). have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress.. was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression. Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks. Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right) The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place. If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur. I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian. It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary. They were both little-endian. The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode). What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest? Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems? You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it. So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -> so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer "bitmap object" myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback. In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) So far have -: vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object. vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer, vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. RasPi has to speak to the "operating system" which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls. The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required. The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied. The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds). must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says "interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer." so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data. The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out). openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits. Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons. This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP. Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting. As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there. struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi. AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol. <pre> redmask: 0x0000F800 greenmask: 0x000007E0 bluemask: 0x0000001F alphamask: 0 redshift: 16 greenshift: 21 blueshift: 27 alphashift: 0 </pre> It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE This stuff is a bit confusing. The "names" of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory, ignoring endianess. So for example: ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines. The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/). With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag. (RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG). The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31). The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered, the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt->stdpixfmt) already in the system, and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one. In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt tag list based on that. 15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5 (or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped). aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count. But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc. Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be. 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) 0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32) 0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (->entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32) it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B. read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment . Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening. The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red. Kickstart The idea is to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's life easier. So, the kickstart was split into 'base' (which does not contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This way, for example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and make CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's. Next there was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are filesystems. Hosted ports do not need them to boot up, so on hosted they are left out. At the other hand, they are also architecture-agnostic. So i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem'). USB Poseidon is one more big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard). AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code. Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running. Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong. Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side. Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode & switching modes once it's up and running. Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup. * Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. * Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub. Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components. Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the "virtual" root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals. The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”). There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg]. The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code. The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port). Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider.... * Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile * Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) ) * Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start. the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB. Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have "prefixed" it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. Trident saw this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 and this: Product : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 255 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 1 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 60416 DevVers : 0200 and even this: Product : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514 Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp. SerialNumber: n/a /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200 Class : 9 SubClass : 0 DevProto : 2 VendorID : 1060 ProductID : 38164 DevVers : 0200 What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;) So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. [http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio] Audio The Pi 4B is the only Pi that can output HD Audio as an HD Audio passthrough bitstream, and it does it over HDMI. It's possible to use the two HDMI output for separate HDMI video and HDMI audio outputs to allow UHD HDR video and HD Audio with non-UHD HDR compatible AVRs. The Pi3B+ and earlier will decode to PCM 5.1/7.1 and output over HDMI. HDMI is the only interconnect that has a standard for carrying Dolby True HD, DTS HD MA etc. as a bitstream - you can't carry it as a bitstream on any other interface. Pi3 and Pi4 audio jack output derived from 12bit pulse width modulation is relatively poor. For better, choose USB Audio or I2C versions. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI] The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures Analogue audio Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 & 1.4 Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket GPIO GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins) Probably a resource rather than a device... Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... Miscellanous hdmi issues Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there. You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal. If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to "set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options. Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA. If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost composite video changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't? Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat What's the result? Put back config.txt What's the result? for PAL mode sdtv_mode=2 dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected <pre> # NOOBS Auto-generated Settings: #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #config_hdmi_boost=4 #overscan_left=24 #overscan_right=24 #overscan_top=16 #overscan_bottom=16 #disable_overscan=0 start_x=1 gpu_mem=128 </pre> tvservice -c "PAL 4:3" <pre> /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s or tvservice -s state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA Group CEA has 1 modes: (native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive /opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT Group DMT has 0 modes: </pre> sudo amixer cset numid=3 1 forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in config.txt the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others. What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground. The wiring for the 4 pole are: TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL) RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH) RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way. Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug. Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one. External devices * Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&nbsp;nm, peak at 880&nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&nbsp;nm wavelengths * Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - * Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle N.B. dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles. It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board. the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible. currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219. The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board. == References == ===Good sites to visit=== *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] *[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] Linux only *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] *[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] *[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore] *[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] *[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] *[ FydeOS] *[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] *[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] *[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] *[ PiMiga for pi4 and pi5] *[ amibian for pi2 and pi3] *[ retropie pi1 and 2] Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS *[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] *[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4] *[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] *[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] *[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] *[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] *[ HaikuOS] *[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] *[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot] *[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] *Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested *Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested *Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 *Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested *Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested *Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested *Box Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested *Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux] *[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - *Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested *Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested *Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested *Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested *Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested *[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] *Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested *[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-C Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-C] - untested but binary blobs Rev01 Rev02 *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-NANO-B Waveshare CM4-NANO] - untested but usb and audio turned off or rerouted *Black [ Seeed Studio with BigTreeTech BTT pad 7] - bin blobs? CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 *Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' *Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested *Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs *Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob *[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested *[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested *[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed *[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3" HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, *[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS *[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor *[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 <pre> 2008 Trustees collected for Foundation 2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 2010 2011 First Raspberry prototypes 2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835 2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 2013 Over two million sold 2014 Over three million sold 2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 2015 Over four million first gen pis sold 2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 2015 Over a million pi2s sold 2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 2017 12 million pis sold in total 2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 2019 Over 15 million sold 2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge 2019 Pi 4 Model B v1.1 RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc 2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite CM4S04016 4GB RAM 16Gb KLMAG1JETD-B041 CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry 2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 2024 Pi 5 v1.1 2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite 2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom 2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 2026 2027 2028 Pi 6 </pre> The vcgencmd can be used to inspect and dump the current system configuration. vcgencmd runs on top of VCHIQ as an RPC. The mailbox interface is an alternate but much simpler RPC. VCHIQ is a bridge (queue) between the CPU and the GPU so they can communicate with the firmware. Loads of [https://github.com/6by9/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf/blob/master/rpi3-gpiovirtbuf.c mailbox] which uses the GPIO control calls. [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/wiki/Mailboxes may also be of interest] A fair number of vcgencmd examples (search for vc_vchi_gencmd_init). [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=229203#p1406112 sends the relevant vcgencmd commands] to update the scaling kernel, but the [https://github.com/raspberrypi/userland/blob/master/host_applications/linux/apps/gencmd/gencmd.c command] is just a text string. Parsing and execution of the instructions is performed by the VideoCore firmware. The Raspberry Pi runs two separate operating systems: Linux/Aros on the ARM, and a threedx RTOS called vcos running on the Videocore 4 VPU: vcos is commonly called "the firmware". Vcos is tasked with performing certain system services, for example running the display and audio outputs. The VCHI driver provides an interface to allow drivers to talk to vcos. Doubtful, on any [https://www.web3d.org/ Web3d] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL_API WebGL] or [https://github.com/immersive-web/webxr WebXR] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebXR_Device_API Device API] [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XRInputSource XRInputSource] support. Hopefully, never/limited support features like location, peer-to-peer, invasive web apps, unwarranted storage, payments, proprietary video streaming etc *spreadsheet [https://git.sheetjs.com/sheetjs/sheetjs sheetjs] [https://github.com/mleibman/SlickGrid SlickGrid javascript] [https://github.com/6pac/SlickGrid SlickGrid typescript] [https://github.com/jspreadsheet/ce jspreadsheet ce] probably without xlsx support *presentations [https://github.com/impress/impress.js/ impress.js simplified] [https://github.com/bwlewis/slides slides] [https://zenomt.github.io/mdslides/ github markdown slides] [https://github.com/Patternslib/slides Patternslib slides markdown] probably without pptx support *ai office [https://github.com/dream-num/univer/ univer], [https://github.com/dream-num/Luckysheet Luckysheet] [https://github.com/ruilisi/fortune-sheet fortune-sheet] *weather [https://github.com/Himanshu3412/Weather-Forecast Weather Forecast], [https://github.com/kaushalsahu07/weather weather needs API key], ==Future== [https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2], [https://github.com/Joshua-Riek/armbian-build Linux Armbian builds for old mobile devices], [], [https://tube.cadence.moe/ Cloudtube], [https://github.com/TeamPiped/documentation/blob/main/content/docs/public-instances/index.md TeamPiped], [], [], [], [https://hyperpipe.codeberg.page/ hyperpipe], [https://ytify.pp.ua/ ytify], [], [], [ ytdl], [https://github.com/golddominik893/liberatube liberatube] [https://git.lolcat.ca/lolcat/4get 4get], [https://github.com/hnhx/librex librex], [], [], {{BookCat}} kxaucevt9083pns7kc1fzi8gdsfg63t 0 296074 4678841 2997402 2026-10-29T13:51:39Z R. Henrik Nilsson 3395618 secion > section 4678841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navigation|previous=Characteristic equations|next=Calculus of variations}} There are some partial differential equations which have no solution. However, some of them have something like ‘almost a solution’, which we call a ''weak solution''. Among these there are partial differential equations whose weak solutions model processes in nature, just like solutions of partial differential equations which have a solution. These weak solutions will be elements of the so-called ''Sobolev spaces''. By proving properties which elements of Sobolev spaces in general have, we will thus obtain properties of weak solutions to partial differential equations, which therefore are properties of some processes in nature. In this chapter we do show some properties of elements of Sobolev spaces. Furthermore, we will show that Sobolev spaces are Banach spaces (this will help us in the next section, where we investigate existence and uniqueness of weak solutions). == The fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations == But first we shall repeat the definition of the standard mollifier defined in chapter 3. '''Example 3.4:''' The ''standard mollifier'' <math>\eta</math>, given by :<math>\eta: \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R, \eta(x) = \frac{1}{c}\begin{cases} e^{-\frac{1}{1-\|x\|^2}}& \text{ if } \|x\|_2 < 1\\ 0& \text{ if } \|x\|_2 \geq 1 \end{cases}</math> , where <math>c := \int_{B_1(0)} e^{-\frac{1}{1-\|x\|^2}} dx</math>, is a bump function (see exercise 3.2). {{TextBox| M=0 | W=100% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Definition 3.13''': For <math>R \in \mathbb R_{>0}</math>, we define :<math>\eta_R : \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R, \eta_R(x) = \eta\left( \frac{x}{R} \right) \big/ R^d</math>.}} {{TextBox| M=0 | W=100% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Lemma 12.1''': (to be replaced by characteristic function version) Let <math>g \in L^p</math> be a [[w:Simple function|simple function]], i. e. :<math>g = \sum_{j=1}^n b_j \chi_{I_j}</math>, where <math>I_j</math> are intervals and <math>\chi</math> is the [[w:Indicator function|indicator function]]. If :<math>\epsilon < 1/2 \text{diam}(I_j)</math>, then <math>\|g * \eta_\epsilon - g\|_p \le 2 \epsilon \max_{k \in \{1, \ldots, n\}} b_k</math>.}} The following lemma, which is important for some theorems about Sobolev spaces, is known as the fundamental lemma of the calculus of variations: '''Lemma 12.2''': Let <math>S \subseteq \mathbb R^d</math> and let <math>f, g: S \to \mathbb R</math> be functions such that <math>f, g \in L^1_{\text{loc}}(S)</math> and <math>\mathcal T_f = \mathcal T_g</math>. Then <math>f = g</math> almost everywhere. '''Proof''': We define :<math>h: \mathbb R^d \to \mathbb R, h(x) := \begin{cases} f(x) - g(x) & x \in S \\ 0 & x \notin S \end{cases}</math> == Weak derivatives == {{TextBox| M=0 | W=100% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Definition 12.1''': Let <math>S \subseteq \R^d</math> be a set, <math>p \in [1, \infty]</math> and <math>f \in L^p(S)</math>. If <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> is a <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindex and <math>g \in L^p(S)</math> such that :<math>\partial_\alpha \mathcal T_f = \mathcal T_g</math> , we call <math>g</math> an '''<math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivative''' of <math>f</math>.}} '''Remarks 12.2''': If <math>f \in L^p(S)</math> is a function and <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> is a <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindex, any two <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivatives of <math>f</math> are equal except on a null set. Furthermore, if <math>\partial_\alpha f</math> exists, it also is an <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivative of <math>f</math>. '''Proof''': 1. We prove that any two <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivatives are equal except on a nullset. Let <math>g, h \in L^p(S)</math> be two <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivatives of <math>f</math>. Then we have :<math>\mathcal T_g = \partial_\alpha \mathcal T_f = \mathcal T_h</math> '''Notation 12.3''' If it exists, we denote the <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivative of <math>f</math> by <math>\partial_\alpha f</math>, which is of course the same symbol as for the ordinary derivative. {{TextBox| M=0 | W=100% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Theorem 12.4''': Let <math>O \subseteq \mathbb R^d</math> be open, <math>p \in [1, \infty]</math>, <math>f, g \in L^p(O)</math> and <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math>. Assume that <math>f, g</math> have <math>\alpha</math>-weak derivatives, which we - consistent with notation 12.3 - denote by <math>\partial_\alpha f</math> and <math>\partial_\alpha g</math>. Then for all <math>b, c \in \mathbb R</math>: :<math>\partial_\alpha (b f + c g) = b \partial_\alpha f + c \partial_\alpha g</math>}} '''Proof''': == Definition and first properties of Sobolev spaces == {{TextBox| M=0 | W=100% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Definition and theorem 12.6''': Let <math>O \subseteq \mathbb R^d</math> be open, <math>p \in [1, \infty]</math>, <math>f, g \in L^p(O)</math> and <math>n \in \N_0</math>. The '''Sobolev space <math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math>''' is defined as follows: :<math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O) := \{f \in L^p(O) : \forall \alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d \text{ such that } |\alpha| \le n : \partial_\alpha f \text{ exists}\}</math> A norm on <math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math> is defined as follows: :<math>\|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} := \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)}</math> With respect to this norm, <math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math> is a Banach space.}} In the above definition, <math>\partial_\alpha f</math> denotes the <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivative of <math>f</math>. '''Proof''': 1. We show that :<math>\| f \|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} = \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)}</math> is a norm. We have to check the three defining properties for a norm: *<math>\|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} = 0 \Leftrightarrow f = 0</math> (definiteness) *<math>\|c f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} = |c|\|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)}</math> for every <math>c \in \mathbb R</math> (absolute homogeneity) *<math>\|f + g\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} \le \|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} + \|g\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)}</math> (triangle inequality) We start with definiteness: If <math>f = 0</math>, then <math>\|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} = 0</math>, since all the directional derivatives of the constant zero function are again the zero function. Furthermore, if <math>\|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} = 0</math>, then it follows that <math>\|f\|_{L^p(O)} = 0</math> implying that <math>f=0</math> as <math>\|f\|_{L^p(O)}</math> is a norm. We proceed to absolute homogeneity. Let <math>c \in \mathbb R</math>. :<math>\begin{align} \|cf\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} & := \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha c f \right\|_{L^p(O)} & \\ & = \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| c \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)} & \text{ theorem 12.4} \\ & = \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} |c| \left\| \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)} & \text{ by absolute homogeneity of } \| \cdot \|_{L^p(O)} \\ & = |c| \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)} & \\ & =: |c| \|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} \end{align}</math> And the triangle inequality has to be shown: :<math>\begin{align} \|f + g\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} & := \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha (f + g) \right\|_{L^p(O)} & \\ & = \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha f + \partial_\alpha g \right\|_{L^p(O)} & \text{ theorem 12.4} \\ & \le \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left( \left\| \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)} + \left\| \partial_\alpha g \right\|_{L^p(O)} \right) & \text{ by triangle inequality of } \| \cdot \|_{L^p(O)} \\ & = \|f\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} + \|g\|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} \end{align}</math> 2. We prove that <math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math> is a Banach space. Let <math>(f_l)_{l \in \mathbb N}</math> be a Cauchy sequence in <math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math>. Since for all <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindices <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> with <math>|\alpha| \le n</math> and <math>m, l \in \mathbb N</math> :<math>\|\partial_\alpha f_l - \partial_\alpha f_m)\|_{L^p(O)} = \|\partial_\alpha(f_l - f_m)\|_{L^p(O)} \le \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha (f_l - f_m) \right\|_{L^p(O)}</math> since we only added non-negative terms, we obtain that for all <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindices <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> with <math>|\alpha| \le n</math>, <math>(\partial_\alpha f_l)_{l \in \mathbb N}</math> is a Cauchy sequence in <math>L^p(O)</math>. Since <math>L^p(O)</math> is a Banach space, this sequence converges to a limit in <math>L^p(O)</math>, which we shall denote by <math>f_\alpha</math>. We show now that <math>f := f_{(0, \ldots, 0)} \in \mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math> and <math>f_l \to f, l \to \infty</math> with respect to the norm <math>\| \cdot \|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)}</math>, thereby showing that <math>\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)</math> is a Banach space. To do so, we show that for all <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindices <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> with <math>|\alpha| \le n</math> the <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivative of <math>f</math> is given by <math>f_\alpha</math>. Convergence then automatically follows, as :<math>\begin{align} f_l \to f, l \to \infty & \Leftrightarrow \| f_l - f \|_{\mathcal W^{n, p}(O)} \to 0, l \to \infty & \\ & \Leftrightarrow \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha (f_l - f) \right\|_{L^p(O)} \to 0, l \to \infty & \\ & \Leftrightarrow \sum_{|\alpha| \le n} \left\| \partial_\alpha f_l - \partial_\alpha f \right\|_{L^p(O)} \to 0, l \to \infty & \text{by theorem 12.4} \\ \end{align}</math> where in the last line all the summands converge to zero provided that <math>\partial_\alpha f = f_\alpha</math> for all <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindices <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> with <math>|\alpha| \le n</math>. Let <math>\varphi \in \mathcal D(O)</math>. Since <math>\partial_\alpha f_l \to f_\alpha</math> and by the second triangle inequality :<math>\|\partial_\alpha f - f_\alpha\| \ge |\|\partial_\alpha f\| - \|f_\alpha\||</math> , the sequence <math>(\varphi \partial_\alpha f_l)_{l \in \mathbb N}</math> is, for large enough <math>l</math>, dominated by the function <math>2 \|\varphi\|_\infty f_\alpha</math>, and the sequence <math>(\partial_\alpha \varphi f_l)_{l \in \mathbb N}</math> is dominated by the function <math>2 \|\partial_\alpha \varphi\|_\infty f</math>. incomplete: Why are the dominating functions L1? Therefore :<math>\begin{align} \int_{\R^d} \partial_\alpha \varphi(x) f(x) dx =& \lim_{l \to \infty} \int_{\R^d} \partial_\alpha \varphi(x) f_l(x) dx & \text{ dominated convergence} \\ & = \lim_{l \to \infty} (-1)^{|\alpha|} \int_{\R^d} \varphi(x) \partial_\alpha f_l(x) dx & \\ &= (-1)^{|\alpha|} \int_{\R^d} \varphi(x) f_\alpha(x) dx & \text{ dominated convergence} \end{align}</math> , which is why <math>f_\alpha</math> is the <math>\alpha</math>th-weak derivative of <math>f</math> for all <math>d</math>-dimensional multiindices <math>\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^d</math> with <math>|\alpha| \le n</math>.{{QED}} == Approximation by smooth functions == We shall now prove that for any <math>L^p</math> function, we can find a sequence of bump functions converging to that function in <math>L^p</math> norm. approximation by simple functions and lemma 12.1, ||f_eps-f|| le ||f_eps - g_eps|| + ||g_eps - g|| + ||g - f|| Let <math>\Omega \subset \R^d</math> be a domain, let <math>r > 0</math>, and <math>U \subset \Omega</math>, such that <math>U + B_r(0) \subseteq \Omega</math>. Let furthermore <math>u \in \mathcal W^{m, p}(U)</math>. Then <math>\mu_\epsilon * f</math> is in <math>C^\infty(U)</math> for <math>\epsilon < r</math> and <math>\lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \|\mu_\epsilon * f - f\|_{W^{m, p}(U)} = 0</math>. ''Proof'': The first claim, that <math>\mu_\epsilon * f \in C^\infty(U)</math>, follows from the fact that if we choose :<math>\tilde f(x) = \begin{cases} f(x) & x \in U \\ 0 & x \notin U \end{cases}</math> Then, due to the above section about mollifying <math>L^p</math>-functions, we know that the first claim is true. The second claim follows from the following calculation, using the one-dimensional chain rule: :<math>\frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha} (\mu_\epsilon * f) (y)= \int_{\R^d} \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha}\mu_\epsilon(y -x) f(x) dx = (-1)^{|\alpha|} \int_{\R^d} \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial y^\alpha}\mu_\epsilon(y -x) f(x) dx</math> :<math>=\int_{\R^d} \mu_\epsilon(y -x) \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial y^\alpha} f(x) dx = (\mu_\epsilon * \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial y^\alpha}f) (y)</math> Due to the above section about mollifying <math>L^p</math>-functions, we immediately know that <math>\lim_{\epsilon \to 0} \|\mu_\epsilon * \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial y^\alpha}f - f\| = 0</math>, and the second statement therefore follows from the definition of the <math>W^{m, p}(U)</math>-norm. Let <math>\Omega \subseteq \R^d</math> be an open set. Then for all functions <math>v \in W^{m, p}(\Omega)</math>, there exists a sequence of functions in <math>C^\infty(\Omega) \cap W^{m, p}(\Omega)</math> approximating it. ''Proof'': Let's choose :<math>U_i := \{x \in \Omega : \text{dist}(\partial \Omega, x) > \frac{1}{i} \wedge \|x\| < i\}</math> and :<math>V_i =\begin{cases} U_3 & i = 0 \\ U_{i+3} \setminus \overline{U_{i+1}} & i > 0 \end{cases}</math> One sees that the <math>V_i</math> are an open cover of <math>\Omega</math>. Therefore, we can choose a sequence of functions <math>(\tilde \eta_i)_{i \in \N}</math> (partition of the unity) such that #<math>\forall i \in \N : \forall x \in \Omega : 0 \le \tilde \eta_i(x) \le 1</math> #<math>\forall x \in \Omega : \exists \text{ only finitely many } i \in \N : \tilde \eta_i(x) \neq 0</math> #<math>\forall i \in \N : \exists j \in \N : \text{supp } \tilde \eta_i \subseteq V_j</math> #<math>\forall x \in \Omega : \sum_{i=0}^\infty \tilde \eta_i(x) = 1</math> By defining <math>\Eta_i := \{\tilde \eta_j \in \{\tilde \eta_m\}_{m \in \N} : \text{supp } \tilde \eta_j \subseteq V_i\}</math> and :<math>\eta_i(x) := \sum_{\eta \in \Eta_i} \eta(x)</math>, we even obtain the properties #<math>\forall i \in \N : \forall x \in \Omega : 0 \le \eta_i(x) \le 1</math> #<math>\forall x \in \Omega : \exists \text{ only finitely many } i \in \N : \eta_i(x) \neq 0</math> #<math>\forall i \in \N: \text{supp } \eta_i \subseteq V_i</math> #<math>\forall x \in \Omega : \sum_{i=0}^\infty \tilde \eta_i(x) = 1</math> where the properties are the same as before except the third property, which changed. Let <math>|\alpha| = 1</math>, <math>\varphi</math> be a bump function and <math>(v_j)_{j \in \N}</math> be a sequence which approximates <math>v</math> in the <math>L^p(\Omega)</math>-norm. The calculation :<math>\int_\Omega \eta_i(x) v_j(x) \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha} \varphi(x) dx = - \int_\Omega \left(\frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha}\eta_i(x) v_j(x) + \eta_i(x) \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha} v_j(x)\right) \varphi(x) dx</math> reveals that, by taking the limit <math>j \to \infty</math> on both sides, <math>v \in W^{m, p}(\Omega)</math> implies <math>\eta_i v \in W^{m, p}(\Omega)</math>, since the limit of <math>\eta_i(x) \frac{\partial^\alpha}{\partial x^\alpha} v_j(x)</math> must be in <math>L^p(\Omega)</math> since we may choose a sequence of bump functions <math>\varphi_k</math> converging to 1. Let's choose now :<math>W_i = \begin{cases} U_{i+4} \setminus \overline{U_i} & i \ge 1 \\ U_4 & i = 0 \end{cases}</math> We may choose now an arbitrary <math>\delta > 0</math> and <math>\epsilon_i</math> so small, that #<math>\|\eta_{\epsilon_i} * (\eta_i v) - \eta_i v\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)} < \delta \cdot 2^{-(j+1)}</math> #<math>\text{supp } (\eta_{\epsilon_i} * (\eta_i v)) \subset W_i</math> Let's now define :<math>w(x) := \sum_{i=0}^\infty \eta_{\epsilon_i} * (\eta_i v)(x)</math> This function is infinitely often differentiable, since by construction there are only finitely many elements of the sum which do not vanish on each <math>W_i</math>, and also since the elements of the sum are infinitely differentiable due to the Leibniz rule of differentiation under the integral sign. But we also have: :<math>\|w - v\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)} = \left\|\sum_{i=0}^\infty \eta_{\epsilon_i} * (\eta_i v) -\sum_{i=0}^\infty (\eta_i v)\right\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)} \le \sum_{i=0}^\infty \|\eta_{\epsilon_i} * (\eta_i v) - \eta_i v\|_{W^{m, p}(\Omega)} < \delta \sum_{i=0}^\infty 2^{-(j+1)} = \delta</math> Since <math>\delta</math> was arbitrary, this finishes the proof. Let <math>\Omega</math> be a bounded domain, and let <math>\partial \Omega</math> have the property, that for every point <math>x \in \partial \Omega</math>, there is a neighbourhood <math>\mathcal U_x</math> such that :<math>\Omega \cap \mathcal U_x = \{(x_1, \ldots, x_d) \in \R^d : x_i < f(x_1, \ldots, x_{i-1}, x_{i+1}, \ldots, x_{d-1}) \}</math> for a continuous function <math>f</math>. Then every function in <math>W^{m, p}(\Omega)</math> can be approximated by <math>C^\infty(\overline{\Omega})</math>-functions in the <math>W^{m, p}(\Omega)</math>-norm. ''Proof'': to follow == Hölder spaces and Morrey's inequality == == Continuous representatives == == The Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequality == == Sobolev embedding theorems == == Exercises == == Sources == {{Navigation|previous=Characteristic equations|next=Calculus of variations}} czbcxjjt3jmtl011shqmal46v00mox2 0 299504 4678940 4424279 2026-10-29T21:55:19Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Punjabi/Mobile}} == Parts of Speech == English speakers reading this Wikibook are likely already familiar with the concept of parts of speech from English grammar. Parts of speech in Punjabi are similar. These are ਨਾਂਵ (noun), ਪੜਨਾਂਵ (pronoun), ਕਿਰਿਆ (verb), ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ (adjective), ਕਿਰਿਆ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ (adverb), ਸੰਬੰਧਕ (postposition), ਯੋਜਕ (conjunction) and ਵਿਸਮਿਕ (interjection). We will study these concepts in following chapters. === Some concepts in relation to parts of speech === ;'''ਲਿੰਗ - gender''' : In Punjabi people and animals have a gender, e.g. ਕੁੜੀ (girl) is of feminine gender (ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ). There are two genders viz. ਪੁਲਿੰਗ (masculine) and ਇਸਤਰੀ ਲਿੰਗ (feminine). Inanimate things can also have gender. ;'''ਵਚਨ - number''' : ਵਚਨ or number of a part of speech tells us whether the word refers to a single person, place or thing, in which case it is singular (ਇਕ-ਵਚਨ) e.g. ਕਿਤਾਬ (book) or more than one thing in which case it is plural (ਬਹੁ-ਵਚਨ) e.g. ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ(books). ;'''ਪੁਰਖ - person''' : There are three grammatical persons. ਪ੍ਰਥਮ-ਪੁਰਖ (first person) speaks to the ਦੂਜਾ-ਪੁਰਖ (second person) and refers to a ਤੀਜਾ-ਪੁਰਖ (third person). First person includes ਮੈਂ (I) and ਅਸੀਂ (we), the second person ਤੂੰ (you, singular) and ਤੁਸੀਂ (you, plural) and the third person ਉਹ (he, she or they). ;'''ਕਾਰਕ - case''' : The functionality of a noun or pronoun in the sentence determines its form. These form variants of the noun or pronoun are called the ਕਾਰਕ(case) of the noun or pronoun. For example, pronouns in English can be subjects (e.g. "he") or objects (e.g. "him"). The Punjabi cases are :# '''ਕਰਤਾ ਕਾਰਕ''' subjective or nominative case is used for the doer of the verb's action. :# '''ਕਰਮ ਕਾਰਕ''' objective case is used for the object of the action of the verb. :# '''ਕਰਨ ਕਾਰਕ''' instrumental or agentative case is used for the instrument with which the action of the verb is done or the agent through which it is done. :# '''ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕਾਰਕ''' dative case is used for indirect object of verb that is the beneficiary of the action of the verb or receives something. :# '''ਅਪਾਦਾਨ ਕਾਰਕ''' ablative case is used for something that is moving away from or is being given away by the subject. :# '''ਸੰਬੰਧ ਕਾਰਕ''' postpositional case is that which establishes a relation with subject. :# '''ਅਧਿਕਰਣ ਕਾਰਕ''' locative case is used for the place where or on/in/under which something is placed. :# '''ਸੰਬੋਧਨ ਕਾਰਕ''' vocative case is the address to another person, etc. ;'''ਕਾਲ - tense''' : ਕਾਲ or tense relates to time of happening of the verb. Tense can be ਭੂਤ ਕਾਲ (past) e.g. ਖਾਧਾ (ate), ਵਰਤਮਾਨ ਕਾਲ (present) e.g. ਖਾਂਦਾ (eat) or ਭਵਿਖ ਕਾਲ (future) ਖਾਂਵਾਂਗਾ (will eat). === Inflection and Declension === Grammar, in large part, deals with functionality related to word forms. Change of word forms due to its grammatical functionality, in general, is called [[w:Inflection|inflection]] and in the case of noun, pronoun and adjective [[w:Declension|declension]]. We shall examine the rules of inflection and declension in this module. {{Punjabi}} 44s5qxjhksczuqog5dyodf60xizyu13 0 306309 4678917 4675932 2026-10-29T18:12:43Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge short subpages together for ease of navigation and clarity; redirecting as needed 4678917 wikitext text/x-wiki Certain properties common to discrete and continuous Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps are == The kernel and matrix == The map can be discrete and continuous in retrospective: === of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map === The continuous analog of the matrix representation of a Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator for a domain <math>\Omega</math> is its '''kernel'''. It is a distribution defined on the '''Cartesian product''' of the boundary of the domain w/itself, such that if <math> \Lambda f = g, </math> then <math> g(\phi) = \int_{\partial\Omega}K(\phi,\theta)f(\theta)d\theta, </math> where <math>\phi</math> and <math>\theta</math> parametrize the boundary w/arclength measure. For the case of the half-plane w/constant unit conductivity the kernel can be calculated explicitly. It's a convolution, because the domain in consideration is shift invariant: <math> K(\phi,\theta) = k(\phi-\theta), </math> where ''k'' is a distribution on a line. Therefore, the calculation reduces to solving the '''Dirichlet problem''' for a <math>\delta_0</math>-function at the origin and taking outward derivative at the boundary line. [[File:Harmonic_measure_(1).jpg|center|550x550px|'''Dirichlet problem for a half-plane''']] '''Exercise (**)'''. Complete the calculation of the kernel ''K'' for the half-plane to show that <math>K(x,y) = \frac{-1}{\pi(x-y)^2}</math> off the diagonal. '''Exercise (*)'''. Prove that for rotation invariant domain (disc w/ conductivity depending only on radius) the kernel of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is a convolution. The '''Hilbert transform''' gives a correspondence between boundary values of a harmonic function and its harmonic conjugate. <math> H:u|_{\partial\Omega}\rightarrow v|_{\partial\Omega}, </math> where <math>f(z) = u(z) + iv(z)</math> is an analytic function in the domain. For the case of the complex upper half-plane the Hilbert transform is given by the following formula: <math>Hf(y) =\frac{1}{\pi} \ \text{p.v.} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{f(x)}{y-x}dx.</math> '''Exercise (*).''' Differentiate under the integral sign the formula above to obtain the kernel representation for the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator for the half plane. To define discrete Hilbert transform for a planar network, the network together w/its dual is needed. === Schrodinger equation === The conductivity equation <math>\Delta_{\gamma}u = \nabla\cdot(\gamma\nabla u) = 0</math> is equivalent to: <math>(\Delta - q)(u\sqrt{\gamma}) = 0</math> for potential <math>q = \frac{\Delta\sqrt{\gamma}}{\sqrt{\gamma}}</math> For an analog of this system on e-networks, one defines the solution of the Schrodinger equation ''u'' on the nodes and the square of the conductivity on the edges by the following formula: <nowiki><math>\c^2(a,b) = x(a)x(b).</nowiki> : '''Exercise (**).''' Reduce the inverse problem for the Schrodinger equation on domain to the conductivity equation one with conductivity c. {{BookCat}}<!-- === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Kernel of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map|Kernel of Dirichlet-to-Neumann map]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Schrodinger equation|Schrodinger equation]] ===--> <s>schreaded</s> == Variation diminishing == === Total positivity === A '''totally positive matrix''' is a matrix in which the determinant of every square submatrix, is positive. Certain submatrices of kernels and matrices of Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators are totally positive. In fact the total positivity essentially characterizes the matrices and that allows one to obtain the valid data for discrete inverse problems from the continuous one, see [CIM], [CMM] and [IM]. : '''Exercise (***).''' Use the Gauss-Jordan elimination algorithm to prove that every square totally positive matrix can be factorized into the matrices of the following simple types: : <math> \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & x & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ldots \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \end{pmatrix} \mbox{ and} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ x & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ldots \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 \end{pmatrix}, </math> where ''x > 0''. : '''Exercise (**).''' Use the previous exercise to show that multiplying a vector by a totally positive matrix decreases the number of sign changes in the vector. That is, totally positive matrices have '''variation diminishing property'''. One can prove the total positivity property of restrictions of kernels of planar domains using the variation diminishing property or by approximation by planar networks. The rotation invariance and the total positivity of the kernels together are equivalent to the convolutions functions being '''positive-definite''' and are completely characterized by '''Bochner theorem'''. === Compound matrices === The '''compound matrix''' is an important construction for the study of totally positive matrices, see [GK]. For a given matrix ''M'' the compound matrix ''C'' of order ''n'' is the matrix which entries are equal to the determinants of the ''n'' by ''n'' square submatrices of ''M'' arranged in the lexicographical order. Therefore, a matrix ''M'' is totally positive if and only if its compound matrices of all orders have positive entries. It follows from the Cauchy-Binet formula that: : <math> C(MN) = C(M)(C(N) </math> Since the compound matrix of a diagonal matrix is also diagonal, one can obtain the spectral decomposition of a compound matrix from the spectral decomposition of the original matrix. That is, if : <math> M = SDS^{-1}, </math> then : <math> C(M) = C(S)C(D)C(S)^{-1}. </math> : '''Exercise (*).''' Let ''M'' be an ''n'' by ''n'' square matrix and ''C_k(M)'' it's compound matrices of order ''k''. Express the entries of the inverse ''M''^-1 of ''M'' in terms of the entries of ''C_n'' and ''C_n-1''. : '''Exercise (**).''' Suppose, ''M'' is a square matrix that has a spectral decomposition as above. Prove that the eigenvalues of its compound matrix ''C(M)'' of order ''n'' are equal to products of all possible ''n''-tuples of the eigenvalues of the original matrix. === Spectral properties === The spectrum of a square totally positive matrix is simple. That is, all its eigenvalues are positive and have multiplicity one. : '''Exercise (***).''' Use the Perron-Frobenius theorem applied to the compound matrices of a totally positive matrix to prove the statement above, see [GK]. The eigenvectors of a totally positive matrix form linearly independent '''Chebyshev system'''. {{status|100%}} {{bookcat}} fvx0fvvml5sm3q6wymj6rg3pbrb365c 0 306311 4678909 3585493 2026-10-29T18:03:47Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge short subpages together for ease of navigation and clarity; redirecting as needed 4678909 wikitext text/x-wiki The duality play surfaces: == Medials == The following construction plays an important role in study of the graphs properly embedded into surfaces. One considers an embedded into a surface (2D manifold) finite graph w/vertices each w/four neighbors. The union of edges of such graph is equal to a union of closed curves on the surface, called '''geodesics'''. The faces of the graph can be two-colored. [[File:Morphedchessboard(1).jpg|thumb|Example of a medial graph on a surface]] The corresponding graph ''G'' and its dual ''G^*'' can be obtained by putting vertices in all faces of the same color and connecting two vertices by an edge if the corresponding faces of the '''medial graph''' ''M(G)'' have a common corner. Note that ''M(G)=M(G^*)''. The construction can be modified accordingly for the case of an embedded graph w/boundary by allowing vertices of the medial graph to have one neighbor. The following transformations of the geodesics of the medial graph ''M(G)'' are similar to the '''Reidemeister moves''' of the knot theory. They correspond to the ''Y-Δ'' transformations of the graph ''G'' and ''G^*''. [[File:Geodesics_moves_(1).jpg|center|450x450px|The three moves of geodesics curves]] The following matrix consists of the distances (the fewest number of jumps across the geodesics or the edge distance in ''M^*(G)'') b/w boundary faces of the medial graph below. : <math> \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 3 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 3 \\ 3 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 2 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 4 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3 & 4 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} </math> [[File:Medial_graphs_(1).jpg|center|500x500px|Two examples of boundary isometric medial graphs with 4 and 5 geodesics]] '''Exercise (*).''' Prove that the distances between boundary faces of an embedded medial graph are invariant under the geodesics moves. The geodesics of the medial graph form an arrangement of '''pseudo-lines''' if * none of them intersect itself * none of them are closed * no two of them intersect more than once '''Exercise (***).''' Prove that ''(a)'' one can recover a planar medial graph ''M(G)'', up to the moves, from the distances between its boundary faces, ''(b)'' every planar medial graph ''M(G)'' can be moved into an arrangement of pseudo-lines without changing the distance matrix. (Hint). Look for the pattern : <math> \begin{pmatrix} k+1 & k \\ k & k+1 \end{pmatrix} </math> in the matrix of boundary distances. See [PU] for a continuous analog of the boundary distance rigidity result. The following min-cut max-flow result was formulated w/help of Derek Jerina, a student of REU summer school on inverse problems at the University of Washington. '''Exercise (**).''' Prove that the ranks of submatrices of the matrix of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of a planar graph w/natural boundary determine the shortest distances between the boundary faces of its medial graph, and therefore determine the planar graph up to a finite sequence of [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Y-Δ and star-mesh transforms|Y-Δ transformations]]. (Hint.) It follows from the determinant identity in the section [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Special matrices| Special matrices]] that the ranks of the submatrices count the numbers of disjoint paths connecting boundary nodes of the planar graph. It was proved in [DeV1], [DeV2] and [CIM] that if the medial graph of a planar network w/natural boundary is an arrangement of pseudo-lines then the conductivities of its edges are uniquely determined by its Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and can be found by a layer stripping algorithm. The geodesics of the medial graph give natural event horizon for harmonic/analytic continuation of functions on the vertices of the original graph... == Y-Δ moves and star-mesh == The effective conductivities b/w boundary nodes and the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map of a network are invariant under the following '''star-mesh transform''' and '''Y-Δ move''' (a special case of the star-mesh transform in which the center is an interior node and has the degree ''3''), illustrated by the following drawings from Wikipedia: [[File:Star-mesh_transform.svg|thumb|Star-mesh transform]] '''Exercise (**)'''. Let ''d'' be a diagonal entry of the Kirchhoff matrix ''K'' of a network ''G'', corresponding to an interior node. Use the Schur complement formula <math>\Lambda_G = K/C = (K/d)/(C/d)</math> for the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map to prove the invariance. The series or parallel connection rules for replacing conductors follow from the invariance property of the Y-Δ move and can be viewed as its special cases, as also erasing an interior spike or a loop. [[File:Wye-delta-2.svg|thumb]] == Two new spectral theorems == The existence of the paths in a graph and its dual with the following properties plays an important role in the connection between global and local properties of the graph: Two sets of paths between two subsets of boundary nodes in the graph and its dual are '''Hamiltonian''' if the paths go through every edge of the graph or its dual. [[File:Graph_and_dual_(Hamiltonian_paths).jpg|center|400x400px|The paths go through all vertices of G and G*]] The following identity connects the weights of the paths of a network and its dual, an integral of conductivity over the network and the determinants of the Laplacians of the dual graphs, that admit Hamiltonian paths. : <math> \frac{\det\Lambda(P,Q)}{\det\Lambda^*(P^*,Q^*)} = \prod_{e\in E}\gamma(e)\frac{\det(C^*)}{\det(C)}. </math> Let ''G'' be a graph embedded to a surface such that all faces of ''G'' are triangular. Such an embedding is called '''triangulation'''. The vertices of the dual graph ''G^*'' of triangulation have degree ''3''. [[File:Medial_graph_and_triangulation.jpg|center|582x582px|Medial graph of triangulation]] : '''Exercise (***).''' Generalize the following example to prove that the spectra of ''G^*'' and ''M(G)'' are equal, except possibly the eigenvalue ''{6}'': <math>\sigma(G^*)\cup \{6\}=\sigma(M(G))\cup \{6\}</math> [[File:Medial_graph_alone.jpg|center|582x582px|Medial graph]] {{BookCat}} gdr0v0fniw4ylxy1bzsn3v8i1euxmqh 0 306315 4678887 4675355 2026-10-29T17:46:14Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge short subpages together for ease of navigation and clarity; redirecting as needed 4678887 wikitext text/x-wiki The solution of the following layered radially symmetric inverse problems involves a number of <s>classical mathematical</s> tools & objects. === Why It Matters for EIT === When reconstructing images of an object (like a cross-section of a human torso or a piece of fruit), simple concentric layers (the onion model) are rarely enough because internal conductivity varies angularly as well as radially. The block-circulant structure using the shift matrix $S$ handles that rotational symmetry, allowing you to decouple the angular modes (Fourier modes) and solve the inverse problem layer by layer or mode by mode. == Fourier coordinates == Let <math>\omega</math> be a not unit ''N'''th root of unity, i.e. <math>\omega^N = 1, \omega \ne 1</math>. The discrete '''Fourier transform''' 's given by the symmetric '''Vandermonde matrix''': : <math>F_\omega = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & \ldots & 1 \\ 1 & \omega & \omega^2 & \ldots & \omega^{(N-1)} \\ 1 & \omega^2 & \vdots & \ldots & \omega^{2(N-1)} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 1 & \omega^{(N-1) } & \omega^{2(N-1)} & \ldots & \omega^{(N-1)^2} \\ \end{bmatrix} </math> For example, : <math>F_{e^{2\pi i/5}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \omega & \omega^2 & \omega^3 & \omega^4 \\ 1 & \omega^2 & \omega^4 & \omega^6 & \omega^8 \\ 1 & \omega^3 & \omega^6 & \omega^9 & \omega^{12} \\ 1 & \omega^4 & \omega^8 & \omega^{12} & \omega^{16} \\ \end{bmatrix} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \omega & \omega^2 & \omega^3 & \omega^4 \\ 1 & \omega^2 & \omega^4 & \omega & \omega^3 \\ 1 & \omega^3 & \omega & \omega^4 & \omega^2 \\ 1 & \omega^4 & \omega^3 & \omega^2 & \omega \\ \end{bmatrix}. </math> : '''Exercise (*).''' The square of the Fourier transform is the identity transform: : <math>F_N^2 = Id.</math> : '''Exercise (*).''' If an e-network is rotation invariant, then so 's the conductivity equation and the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is diagonal in the Fourier coordinates (the column vectors of the matrix. == Stieltjes continued fractures == Let <math>\{a_k\}</math> be a sequence of ''n'' positive numbers. The '''Stieltjes continued fraction''' is an expression of the form, see [KK] & also [JT], : <math>\beta_a(z) = a_nz + \cfrac{1}{a_{n-1}z + \cfrac{1}{ \ddots + \cfrac{1}{a_1 z} }}</math> or its reciprocal <math>\beta_a\beta^*_a(z)=1.</math> The function defines a rational ''n''-to-''1'' map of the right half of the complex plane onto itself, : <math>\beta_a,1/\beta_a:\mathbb{C^+}\xrightarrow[]{n\leftrightarrow 1}\mathbb{C^+},</math> since : <math> \begin{cases} Re(z_1), Re(z_2) > 0 \implies Re(z_1+z_2) > 0, \\ Re(z)>0 \implies Re(1/z) > 0, \\ Re(z) > 0, a > 0 \implies Re(az) > 0. \end{cases} </math> : '''Exercise(***).''' Use the mapping properties of Stieltjes continued fractions to prove that their interlacing, simple and symmetric zeros and poles lie at the origin and the imaginary axes and that the properties and rationality characterize the continued fractions. : '''Exercise(**).''' Prove that the continued fractions 've the representation <math>\beta_a(z) = z(\xi_{\infty} + \sum_k\frac{\xi_k}{z^2+\theta_k^2}),\mbox{ where }\xi_{\infty}, \xi_k \mbox{ and } \theta_k, k\in\mathbb{N}</math>, 're non-negative real numbers, and the fractions 're characterized by it.<!-- --> The function <math>\beta_a</math> is determined by the pre-image of unity (i.e. ''n'' points, counting multiplicities), since : <math> \beta_a(z) = \frac{p(z^2)}{zq(z^2)}=1 \iff p(z^2)-zq(z^2) = 0, </math> and a complex polynomial is determined by its roots up to a multiplicative constant by the '''fundamental theorem of algebra'''. Let <math>\sigma_l</math> be the elementary symmetric functions of the set <math>\Mu</math>. That is, : <math> \prod_k (z-\mu_k) = \sum_k \sigma_{n-k} z^k. </math> Then, the coefficients <math>a_k</math> of the continued fraction are the pivots in the '''Gauss-Jordan elimination''' algorithm of the following <math>n\times n</math> square '''Hurwitz matrix''': : <math> H_\Mu = \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_1 & \sigma_3 & \sigma_5 & \sigma_7 & \ldots & 0\\ 1 & \sigma_2 & \sigma_4 & \sigma_6& \ldots & 0\\ 0 & \sigma_1 & \sigma_3 & \sigma_5& \ldots & 0\\ 0 & 1 & \sigma_2 & \sigma_4& \ldots & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sigma_1 & \sigma_3& \ldots & 0\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots& \ddots& \vdots\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0& \ldots& \sigma_n\\ \end{pmatrix}</math> and, therefore, can be expressed as the ratios of monomials of the determinants of the blocks of <math>\Mu</math>. : '''Exercise (**).''' Prove that <nowiki></math></nowiki> : <math> a_1 = 1/ \sigma_1, a_2 = \frac{\sigma_1^2}{\det\begin{pmatrix}\sigma_1 & \sigma_3 \\ 1 & \sigma_2 \end{pmatrix}}, a_3 = \frac{\det \begin{pmatrix}\sigma_1 & \sigma_3 \\ 1 & \sigma_2 \end{pmatrix}^2}{\sigma_1\det \begin{pmatrix}\sigma_1 & \sigma_3 & 0 \\ 1 & \sigma_2 & \sigma_4 \\ 0 & \sigma_1 & \sigma_3 \end{pmatrix}}, \ldots </math> : '''Exercise (*).''' Use the previous exercise to prove that : <math> \prod_k a_k = \frac{1}{\prod_k \mu_k} = 1/\sigma_n. </math><!-- '''Exercise (**).''' Let ''A'' be a diagonal matrix with the alternating in sign diagonal entries: : <math> A = \begin{pmatrix} \pm a_1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \mp a_2 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & -a_{n-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & a_n \\ \end{pmatrix} </math> and ''D'' the ''(0,1)''-matrix :<math> D = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix} . </math> Prove that : <math> \beta_a(\mu) = 1 \iff \mu \in \sigma(A^{-1}D) = \sigma(DA^{-1}). </math> That is : <math> const(p(z^2)-zq(z^2)) = \rho_{A^{-1}D}(z)=\rho_{DA^{-1}}(z). </math> '''Exercise (*).''' Find the constant in the equation above. --> == Solutions of the problem == === Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation === Certain questions about the layered inverse problems can be reduced to the Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation problem: given the values of a function at specific points of the domains ''D'' or ''C⁺'', find its analytic continuation to an automorphism of the domain. More formally, if ''z''₁, ..., ''z_N'' and ''w''₁, ..., ''w_N'' are collections of points in the unit disc or the complex right half-plane, one seeks an analytic function ''f'' defined in the whole domain, such that : <math>f:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{D} \mbox{ or }f:\mathbb{C}^+\to\mathbb{C}^+</math>, and : <math> f(z_k) = w_k,k=1,2,\dots,N. </math> The function ''f'' can be chosen a rational Stieltjes continued fraction or the Blaschke product, depending on the domain in the problem. The interpolating function exists, see [M], if and only if the matrices : <math> \left( \frac{1-w_k \overline{w_l}}{1-z_k \overline{z_l}} \right)_{k,l=1}^N \mbox { and } \left( \frac{w_k + w_l}{z_k + z_l} \right)_{k,l=1}^N </math> are positive semi-definite, respectively. The interpolation function is unique if and only if the corresponding matrix is singular. If the matrix is not singular, then there're infinitely many interpolating continued fractions w/the number of levels larger than ''N''. Since the corresponding networks have equal Dirichle-to-Neumann operators, any pair of such networks can be transformed one to another by a finite sequence of Y-Δ moves. The intermidiate graphs do not have rotation symmetry, which provides an example of '''symmetry breaking'''.<!-- '''Exercise (**).''' Find a sequence of ten Y-Δ transforms b/w the following two planar graphs w/natural boundary. [[File:Two dual Y-Delta equivalent graphs.jpg|center|Y-Delta equivalent graphs]] The following exercise plays an important role in the algorithm of interpolation. [[File:Determinants and areas (1).jpg |center|400px |Expressing area of a triangle in terms of determinant of a matrix]] '''Exercise (*).''' Prove that on the following picture the areas of the triangles are equal and :<math> c = \frac{\det\begin{pmatrix}a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2\end{pmatrix}}{(a_1-a_2)+(b_2-b_1)}. </math> Note, that the picture is not symmetric w/respect to the ''x = y'' line. '''Exercise (**).''' Let ''A'' be a square ''n'' by ''n'' non-singular matrix. Prove that there is a unique number ''x'' such that : <math>\det(A-x1)=0, </math> where ''1'' is an ''n'' by ''n'' matrix consisting of all ones. (Hint.)The matrix ''A-x1'' is the Schur complement of the following block matrix: : <math> A-x1 = \begin{pmatrix} A & 1 \\ 1 & 1/x \end{pmatrix} / (1/x) </math> and, therefore, : <math> \det(A-x1)=x\det \begin{pmatrix} A & 1 \\ 1 & 1/x \end{pmatrix}. </math> -->'''Exercise (**)'''. Using the solution for the Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation problem, find an algorithm for calculating the coefficients of the Stieltjes continued fraction from the interpolation data. === An algorithm for solution === The Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator of a rotation invariant network is diagonal in Fourier coordinates. The direct calculation shows that it's determined by its eigenvalues and they are given by the values of the Stieltjes continued fraction evaluated at the eigenvalues of the minus discrete boundary Laplacian ''L''. That is: : <math> \Lambda_G = \sqrt{L}\beta(\sqrt{L}), </math> where : <math> L = \begin{pmatrix} 2 & -1 & 0 & \ldots & -1 \\ -1 & 2 & -1 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \vdots & -1 & 2 & -1 \\ -1 & 0 & \ldots & -1 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} </math> or : <math> \Lambda_G \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ z \\ z^2 \\ \ldots \\ z^{2n} \end{pmatrix} = (z\beta(z))\circ(i(\sqrt{z}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{z}})) \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ z \\ z^2 \\ \ldots \\ z^{2n} \end{pmatrix}, z^{2n+1}=1 </math> Therefore, one can reduce the layered inverse problem to the Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation problem w/the eigenvalues being the data. The conductivities of the network are given then by the coefficients of continued fraction and their reciprocals and can be found by the Euclidean algorithm. The continuous analog of the inverse problem can be transformed to the inverse problem of Krein for a string, discussed earlier in the book. == Cauchy matrices == Let <math>x_k</math> be an ordered set of ''n'' complex numbers. The corresponding Cauchy matrix is the matrix <math>C_x = \{\frac{1}{x_k+x_l}\}</math>. Principal submatrices of a Cauchy matrix are Cauchy matrices. <!-- --> The determinant of a Cauchy matrix is given by the following formula: : <math> \det(C_x) = \frac{\prod_{1\le k<l\le n}(x_l-x_k)^2}{\prod_{1\le,k,l\le n}(x_k+x_l)}. </math> It follows, that if <math>x_k</math>'s are distinct positive numbers, then the Cauchy matrix 's positive definite. : '''Exercise (*).''' Prove that for any positive numbers <math>x_k</math> there is a Stieltjes continued fraction, interpolating the constant unit function at these numbers, <math>\beta_x(x_k) = 1</math>. (Hint.) Use the solution of the Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation problem w/the appropriate Cauchy matrix. The latter exercise has the following functional equation corollary for the discrete and continuous Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps. : '''Exercise (**).''' Prove that for any positive definite matrix ''M'' there is a Stieltjes continued fraction, such that <math>\beta_M(M) = \sqrt{M}</math>. The next chapter is devoted to the applications of the functional equation. {{BookCat}} 2nhe5snjx5dto3vukn4fq1c52d6hqab 0 306316 4678880 3584993 2026-10-29T17:44:08Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge short subpages together for ease of navigation and clarity; redirecting as needed 4678880 wikitext text/x-wiki The following classical inverse problems have motivated the typing: == On the inverse problem of Calderon == The following inverse problem stated by Calderon has many potential practical applications and had received a lot of attention in the past decades, see [Uh]. This is the problem of recovering the conductivity of a body from its Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator. Given a domain with positive measurable function on it, the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator connects the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary values of <math>\gamma</math>-harmonic functions in <math>H^1(\Omega)</math>, defined on the domain. It is a pseudo-differential operator of order ''1''. : <math> \Lambda:H^{1/2}(\partial\Omega)\rightarrow H^{-1/2}(\partial\Omega) </math> One can only recover one number (an integral of reciprocal of conductivity) in 1D. The problem is overdetermined in dimensions higher than ''2''. It was settled in these cases @ [KV] & [SU]. The dimensions of the measurement parameter and the unknown one fit precisely in the case of 2D. It was recently proved that the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map uniquely determines the conductivity in a 2D simply connected bounded domain if the conductivity is in a weighted space including differentiable functions in [N], and if it's measurable and bounded from ''0'' and infinity in [AP]. : <math> 0 < 1/c < \gamma < c < \infty. </math> In the ''2D'' case one can make sense of the operator for '''measurable''' conductivities (vs. differentiable), (see [AP]), using the [[wikipedia:Hilbert transform| Hilbert transform]], defined later in the book, b/w the boundary values of harmonic functions and their conjugates. In this book the problem is also stated for the planar electrical networks, that allows a different approach for solution of the inverse problem through discretization technique, that was implemented by Druskin et al. @ Schlumberger-Doll Research, see [BDK] and [BDMV]. == "Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?" by Kac == '''Exercise (*).''' Prove that the inverse problem with the boundary and spectral data, described above, can be reduced to the inverse problem of Calderon.[[User:Daviddaved/Trivalent| paper 3]] The construction in the section [[User:Daviddaved/Printed Version/Two new spectral theorems|"Two spectral theorems"]] provides a counterexample for uniqueness in an inverse spectral problem. == On beads string of Krein == The following physical model of a vibrating inhomogeneous string (or string w/beads) by Krein provides physical/mechanical interpretation for the study of [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Stieltjes continued fractions| '''Stieltjes continued fractions''']], see [GK]. The model is one-dimensional, but it arises as the restriction of ''n''-dimensional inverse problems with rotational symmetry. The string is represented by a non-decreasing positive mass function ''m(x)'' on a possibly infinite interval ''[0, l]''. The right end of the string is fixed. The ratio of the forced oscillation to an applied periodic force @ the left end of the string is the function of frequency, called coefficient of '''dynamic compliance''' of the string, see [KK] and [I2]. The small vertical vibration of the string is described by the following differential equation: : <math> \frac{1}{\rho(x)}\frac{\partial^2 f(x,\lambda)}{\partial x^2}=\lambda f(x, \lambda), </math> where <math> \rho(x) = \frac{dm}{dx} </math> is the density of the string, possibly including atomic masses. One can express the coefficient in terms of the fundamental solution of the ODE: : <math> H(\lambda) = \frac{f'(0,\lambda)}{f(0,\lambda)}, </math> where, <math> f(l,\lambda) = 0. </math> The fundamental theorem of Krein and Kac, see [KK] & also [I2], essentially states that an analytic function <math>H(\lambda</math>) is the coefficient of dynamic compliance of a string if and only if the function : <math> \beta(\lambda) = \lambda H(-\lambda^2) </math> is an analytic automorphism of the right half-plane <math>C^+</math>, that is positive on the real positive ray. The '''Herglotz theorem''' completely characterizes such functions by the following integral representation: <math> \beta(\lambda) = \sigma_{\infty}\lambda + \frac{\sigma_0}{\lambda} + \int_0^{\infty}\frac{\lambda(1+x^2)d\sigma(x)}{\lambda^2+x^2}, </math> where, <math>\sigma</math> is '''positive measure''' of bounded variation on the closed positive ray <math>(0,\infty)</math>. : '''Exercise(**).''' Use the theorem above, change of variables and the Fourier transform to characterize the set of Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps for a disc w/rotationally invariant conductivity. {{BookCat}} ak1xz6ugx6fgk4egv8i64o04bpy1vq7 0 306318 4678893 4675933 2026-10-29T17:53:21Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 denesting and merging TOC for clarity and ease of navigation 4678893 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] p8o31sh38buf0dqlg250civ6wlrp6c5 4678894 4678893 2026-10-29T17:53:39Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 fix 4678894 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems#The Volume I]] dd1oynl8kaop47yr7z3mqx6cw186et8 0 368076 4678862 3584692 2026-10-29T16:36:19Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 clarify links 4678862 wikitext text/x-wiki === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/About the book|About the book]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Overview|Overview]] === === [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]] === {{BookCat}} fsneg2k7ocpw9dlm1yo6f990qruwtsi 4678904 4678862 2026-10-29T18:00:14Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678904 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] p8o31sh38buf0dqlg250civ6wlrp6c5 0 370012 4678980 3504792 2026-10-30T07:27:23Z Graciacollins 3629785 /* Benefits of Adoption */ 4678980 wikitext text/x-wiki Transit payment technology has advanced from simple cash payments to tokens to magnetic strip cards, Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) and microchips to mobile or e-payment technology. The emerging technology of contactless and integrated payment systems on open platforms is becoming a closer reality but hurdles of implementation remain. There are four automated fare based collection systems that have evolved over the past two decades that have made RFID and e-payment methods possible. These methods have two dimensions: Closed or Open loop and Card or Transit Network. The early 1990s saw the introduction of contactless card technology such as smart cards that incorporated RFID technology and are currently in use by most of the major metropolitan transit systems including Washington DC, Boston, Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. Compared to international implementation of integrated open system transit payment network the United States lags behind. Reasons for this include geographical fragmentation, lack of standardized interoperable platform, high cost of investment capital, and sparing stakeholder perspectives. Stakeholders include transit agencies, technology vendors, credit card companies, and community members. Policy issues that need to be addressed are financial inclusion of unbanked, underbanked persons, and non-smart phone users (for mobile payments), coordination with government human services programs, privacy and data concerns, and the development of open standards. == Annotated List of Actors == ===== Federal Agencies ===== US Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Office of Joint Program (USDOT ITSJPO) – Automated collection fare (AFC) were initially put in motion by the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) initiative. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) – Rule maker. ===== Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ===== ITS World Congress – An annual conference that focuses on Intelligent Transportation Systems consisting of ITS Europe, ITS Asia-Pacific, and ITS America  (dedicated to advancing the research and deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)). America Public Transport Association (APTA) - Tasked with developing standards. ===== State and Local Governments ===== Particularly those who have deployed smart card technology already: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, NY-NJ, Washington DC ===== Private Sector ===== Contactless card suppliers: MIFARE supplied by NXP Semiconductors (based in the Netherlands) has the largest market share (77 percent of transport ticketing industry)<ref>MIFARE. About. https://www.mifare.net/en/about-mifare/</ref> Contact/Contactless Suppliers: Credit Card Companies Visa and Mastercard rolled out the first contactless systems in the US between 2004- 2006 based on RFID or Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. Visa, Mastercard, and American Express are the main US actors.<ref>Utah currently has pilot program using credit cards contactless cards for transit payments read more here https://www.firstdata.com/downloads/thought-leadership/transit-payment-systems_wp.pdf</ref>  Mobile Phone Companies: Apple and Samsung are both developing mobile phone-based payment systems as part of their smart phones. ===== Non-Profit Sector ===== SmartCard Alliance: Trade association of governments, financial institutions, transportation agencies, and others involved in the smart card system. ===== Community/Users ===== Unbanked and underbanked persons. Non-smartphone users. == Timeline of Events == 1991- Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 – Mandated the development of the National ITS Architecture 1991 – Intelligent Transportation Society of America Founded 1993-1994 EMV (Eurocard, MasterCard, Visa) founded to develop technical standards for  contactless bankcards 1995 - ITS World Congress a commitment was made to pursue universal standards for highway and transit electronic payment systems to encourage convergence of transit and retail payment systems<ref>Thomas, E. and Global Mass Transit Report (2011 March 1) AFC in the US: Progressing to open-payment systems. Global Mass Transit Report http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=5786</ref> 1996 - EMV Contact Specifications published<ref>EMVCo. About EMV. https://www.emvco.com/about_emv.aspx</ref> 1996 – First contactless smart card system piloted by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) with FTA funding 1998 – Transportation Equity Act – 21 (TEA-21) enacted 2001- ITS Architecture Final Rule issued by FHWA 2004 – Retail Point of Sale based micropayments piloted (PayPass, ExpressPay) through contactless cards or fobs 2007 – APTA becomes an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) certified Standards Development Organization via FTA contract to develop US transit ITS standards<ref>McGean, Thomas. (2004, April 15). Transit Industry Interface with International Standards. Prepared for the National Academy of Science http://www.modernstreetcar.org/pdf/Transit%20Industry%20Interface%20with%20International%20StandardsFINAL.pdf p.4</ref> 2013 - Chicago become first major US city with an open payment platform<ref>[http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6548/Talking-Transit-Chicago-transit-gets-open-payment-system Nichols. C.M. ( 2012 October) Talking Transit: Chicago gets open payment platform. http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6548/Talking-Transit-Chicago-transit-gets-open-payment-system]</ref> 2015 October – [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-ventra-transit-app-20151113-story.html Ventra], the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace’s mobile ticketing app is available for download 2015 November - The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) officially launched [https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile MuniMobile], a new mobile ticketing app developed in partnership with GlobeSherpa, a subsidiary of the transportation technology company RideScout<ref>Clewlow, R. (2015, November) Three ways mobile transit payments will change cities. Plantizen. http://www.planetizen.com/node/82353/three-ways-mobile-transit-payments-will-change-how-we-move-cities</ref> 2016 March – Los Angeles Metrolink launches mobile ticketing app == Map: Smart Card Use in Transit Payments in US and Canada == Smart card use for transit payments is largely focused in the major metropolitan areas with mature transit systems. These areas are also at the forefront of open platform payment systems and mobile applications. == Clear Identification of Policy Issues == ===== Challenges to Implementation ===== ''Geographical fragmentation:'' Despite the federal role in supporting transit agencies, the localized nature of transit means that different transit systems may adopt differing approaches to the new technology. The development of individualized, locality based payment systems will also drive up costs. This produces both the lack of a standardized interoperable platform and high cost of investment capital. ''Lack of a standardized interoperable platform:'' Because transit agencies maintain their local autonomy, they face coordination challenges in adopting a standardized system that would be used across multiple cities and their transit systems. ''High cost of investment capital'': Without universal standards, transit agencies will often turn to their own localized procurement process which may require "reinventing the wheel" instead of directly adopting the new transit payment system of another agency. This individualization reduces economies of scale and drives up investment costs. ''Sparing stakeholder perspectives:'' Both vendors and transit agencies may have competing desires for what services and features they except from a transit payment system. ===== Social Equity ===== Financial inclusion of unbanked, underbanked persons, and non-smart phone users (for mobile payments), coordination with government human services programs, and privacy and data concerns. ===== Role of Government ===== Development of open standards, outreach to the concerns of the unbanked, underbanked, and non-smart phone users, and protection of data to maintain privacy. == Narrative of the Case == ==== Background ==== Transit payments have evolved from a cash based system to a cashless system. Traditionally transit payments and fare collection have either been direct payments onboard to the operator or pre boarding ticket purchasing. As RFID technology and mobile phones have become more ubiquitous in the market there is a growing trend toward a cashless system. A cashless system of transit payment collection involves using a RFID NFC enable credit/debit/or other bank card or a NFC enabled mobile phone. This technology began to enter the market with the development of smart cards - closed system cards for purchase from a transit agency that allowed the user to prepay via a fare collection machine, and "tap" the card to a sensor that would deduct the amount of fare from the card. These systems were created in part due to the US Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Initiative which laid the framework for the deployment of an interoperable systems that supported seamless intermodal travel by calling for the development of the [http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/ National ITS Architecture]. The architecture defines providing electronic payment services as "one of the nine major processes within the logical architecture"<ref>ITSJPO. Key Concepts of the National ITS Architecture. p. 3<nowiki/>http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/documents/keyconcepts/keyconcepts.pdf</ref> Toll collection systems have moved toward an open payment system, but transit systems have developed in closed-loop systems that prevent interoperability. One reason for this is that ITS Architecture did not address subway or metro systems.<ref>Global Mass Transit Report. (2011 March 1) AFC in the US: Progressing to an open-payment systems. http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=5786</ref> ==== Payment Models ==== There are four major contactless payment models:<ref>Quibria, N. (2008 June) The Contactless Wave; A Case Study in Transit Payments. Emerging Payments industry Briefing. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/cprc/publications/briefings/transit.pdf</ref> [[File:Contactless Payment Model.jpg|center|frameless|604x604px]] ==== Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology ==== NFC technology is available in credit/debit/prepaid cards and a growing number of NFC enabled smartphones. NFC allows short range wireless technology where the transfer of information can occur up to 4&nbsp;cm or less utilizing electromagnetic radio fields.<ref>nearfieldcommunication.org. Welcome to Near Field Communication. http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/ Accessed 4/9/2016</ref> ===== Barriers to Adoption ===== Transit agencies can be hesitant to invest heavily in new technologies if they do not see guarantees of improvements. Some systems, such as WMATA, have only recently fully shifted away from paper transit cards to smart trip cards. Investing into a new transit system may incur significant costs with questionable benefits. WMATA had a 90-day trial of a new transit payment system with NFC technology in 2015 that did not impress the agency.<ref name="wamu.org">Di Caro, Martin. (2015, July 13). "Metro may dump new fare gate payment system after lacklsuter trial." WAMU. http://wamu.org/news/15/07/13/metro_may_dump_new_fare_gate_payment_system_after_lackluster_trial</ref> Privacy concerns may also raise consumer opposition to the shift to new payment models. Because smart cards can be purchased with cash payments, they represent an anonymous way to move about the transit system. Social equity concerns about how the unbanked and underbanked can access transit services without credit or debit accounts, or without smart phones entirely, may also raise challenges to adoption of new transit payment technologies. ===== Benefits of Adoption ===== Being able to link your phone to either a credit or debit card, or other financial account (such as PayPal) reduces the time wasted by transit users loading cash onto a fare card. According to a survey by Accenture Consulting, 52% of respondents to a global survey (which included American cities New York, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.) were willing to pay 10% more for transit if they could use a smartphone or other ticketless travel options.<ref>Accenture (2013). What travelers want from public transport providers. Retrieved from https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insight-acn-public-transport-survey.aspx</ref> Compared to the popularity of Uber and Lyft, a 2014 study by UC Berkley found that the ease of payment was one of the top reasons people were adopting on-demand mobility services.<ref>Rayle, L. et al. (2014). App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco University of California Transportation Center (UCTC). UCTC-FR-2014-08.</ref> The ability to share information through the rider's smart phone or other mobile payment system with other behaviors, such as shopping patterns before or after transit usage, could help improve transit services by increasing understanding of the full travel of the rider, not just their transit between stops. Mobile transit payments could allow for systems to update travel information in real time. However this brings with it concerns about tracking riders and how the data being collected will be stored and protected. Artificial intelligence can further enhance public transportation through automated scheduling, real-time vehicle tracking, traffic prediction, and predictive maintenance. These functionalities also support digital transit payment systems by allowing transportation agencies coordinate services, enhance operational efficiency, and provide more persionalised passenger experiences. AI-driven custom transportation solutions also provide route optimization and better resource allocation for more connected and efficient urban mobility.[21] Shifting away from cash can also reduce administrative costs for transit agencies. Micah Bergdale, chief executive of the New York City-based Bytemark Inc., cites that the administrative overhead of cash can equal 15 cents per dollar of fare revenue in processing expenses compared with 8 cents per dollar for a smart card. A mobile transit payment could reduce costs even further to 4 or 5 cents per dollar.<ref>Daly, Jim. (2016, February 1). "Why Transit is Boarding the Mobile-Payments Train." Digital Transactions. http://www.digitaltransactions.net/news/story/Why-Transit-Is-Boarding-the-Mobile-Payments-Train</ref> ==== Trending Toward Open Payment Platforms ==== Open payment platforms are becoming a reality for transit agencies due the NFC technology. Proprietary systems developed due to need to move passengers quickly through gantries in high volumes.<ref name=":0">First Data Government and Transit Task Force. (2010 May) Transit Payment Systems: A Case for Open Payments.</ref> Closed loop systems create high capital and maintenance costs for transit agencies. Through an open payment system costs are reduced for both the passenger and the agency. Open standards for open payment fare platforms, however, have not been formalized. Credit card companies came together in the early 1990s to develop open bankcard standards that allow for use of bankcards fairly ubiquitous across the globe, but standards for open payment with transit fares have not been written. ISO standards do outline how cards and other devices can interact with hardware such as readers and can be extended to the a mobile or smart card application. Benefits: * Cost savings - Built infrastructure needed to issue tickets and fare collection are removed. * New revenue streams - A transit branded card that operates on multiple locations can allow the transit agency to share in the spending attributed to the card, similar to a department store branded credit card.<ref name=":0" /> * Improved customer convenience - The use of credit cards or mobile phones allow the customer to not have to purchase a separate card. * Easier integration - Interoperability exists across multiple systems and allows easy access for users. * Facilitates innovation partnerships - Partnerships can achieve greater benefits with increased stakeholder involvement. Limitations: * Cashless system can exclude unbanked persons - Even though prepaid card use is high amongst unbanked and underbanked persons it is still a salient issue for access to transit systems that target these populations as users. * Not all credit cards are accepted everywhere. * Speed of transactions - Current standard in the transit payment collection space is 300 milliseconds. Credit card transactions can take much longer due to no stored value and approval mechanisms built into the card.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Open Payment Platforms in Use ===== * [http://www.rideuta.com/Fares-And-Passes/Electronic-Fare '''Salt Lake City''']: Electronic fare collection system allows the use of multi-ride passes, such as student and employer sponsored passes, one time use passes, contactless debit/credit cards and mobile wallet services such as Apple Pay and Google Wallet. * [http://www.transitchicago.com/riding_cta/how_to_guides/payingyourfare.aspx '''Chicago:'''] the Ventra system is based on open payment standards and can accept contactless cards issued by banks for payment. * '''Washington DC:''' WMATA ran a 90-day test program of a new payment system that would allow for NFC, but board members have been resistant to commit to the transition to a new system and ultimate phasing out of the SmarTrip cards without clear indication that the new system would offer improvements to services.<ref name="wamu.org"/> ==== Mobile Payment Technology: Your phone as your ticket ==== As open platforms and NFC technology evolve it allows a mobile device to become the ticket. Transit agencies are rolling out programs and apps that have mobile ticketing available to the users. Mobile deployment increases customer choice and engagement with the system and allows transit agencies to replace or eliminate aging infrastructure that has reached the end of its useful life.<ref>Tavilla, Elisa. (2015 February) Transit Mobile Payment: Driving Customer Experience and Adoption. Federal Researve Bank of Boston. <nowiki>https://www.bostonfed.org/bankinfo/payment-strategies/publications/2015/transit-mobile-payments.pdf</nowiki></ref> Currently, mobile apps allow users to purchase tickets and be scanned electronically. The combination of open payments and mobile apps are slow to enter the market and many of the mobile apps that are currently available do not allow for open payment. ====== Mobile Ticketing Apps in Use ====== * '''[http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mTicketing/ Boston MBTA:]''' Can be used on commuter rail and ferries but is not yet available to be used on Metrorail and city buses.<ref>[http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mticketing/?id=25903 MBTA.com. mTicketingFAQ. http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mticketing/?id=25903]</ref> * '''[http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/app Los Angeles Metrolink:]''' Barcode readers installed on the Metro Rail fare gates in Los Angeles enable passengers to buy tickets and continue their commute on dozens of city bus, shuttle bus, light rail and subway lines seamlessly, and at no additional cost. Metrolink is also working with Amtrak to allow mobile tickets to be scanned by Amtrak conductors.<ref>Metrolink launches first version of mobile ticketing app http://www.metro-magazine.com/rail/news/711034/metrolink-launches-first-version-of-mobile-ticketing-app</ref> * '''[http://trimet.org/app/index.htm Portland TriMet:]''' Tickets can be purchased online and display a barcode to be scanned or shown to operator of the vehicle. Does not allow for open payments. * '''[http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=MobileTicketingTo NJ Transit]:''' Tickets can be purchased for bus, light rail and rail in the form of daily, monthly or weekly passes * '''[https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile San Francisco SFMTA:]''' MuniMobile lets you buy tickets instantly through a credit/debit card or PayPal account, both individually and for groups.<ref>San Fransico Metropolitan Transit Agency. About MuniMobile. https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile</ref> == Discussion Questions == '''What are alternatives to independent municipal app development?''' '''How does smart card technology differ from a mobile ticketing app?''' '''Are there privacy concerns about the ability to track a person through cashless transit movements tied to their phone?''' == Suggested Reading == [http://www.firstdata.com/downloads/thought-leadership/transit-payment-systems_wp.pdf First Data. (2010 May) Transit Payment Systems: A Case for Open Payments] [https://www.bostonfed.org/bankinfo/payment-strategies/publications/2015/transit-mobile-payments.pdf Tavilla, E. (2015 February) Transit Mobile Payments: Driving Consumer Experiences and Adoption. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston] [http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/cprc/publications/briefings/transit.pdf Quibria, N. (2008 June) The Contactless Wave: A Case Study in Transit Programs, Emerging Payments Industry Briefing. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston] [http://www.smartcardalliance.org/resources/lib/Serving_Unbanked_Transit_Riders_White_Paper.pdf Smart Card Alliance. (2008 June) Serving Unbanked Customers in the Transit Industry with Prepaid Cards.] == References and Notes == {{BookCat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} jymj9n5vu95i8wey8aplm6hrckmaks0 4678981 4678980 2026-10-30T07:27:56Z Graciacollins 3629785 /* Benefits of Adoption */ 4678981 wikitext text/x-wiki Transit payment technology has advanced from simple cash payments to tokens to magnetic strip cards, Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) and microchips to mobile or e-payment technology. The emerging technology of contactless and integrated payment systems on open platforms is becoming a closer reality but hurdles of implementation remain. There are four automated fare based collection systems that have evolved over the past two decades that have made RFID and e-payment methods possible. These methods have two dimensions: Closed or Open loop and Card or Transit Network. The early 1990s saw the introduction of contactless card technology such as smart cards that incorporated RFID technology and are currently in use by most of the major metropolitan transit systems including Washington DC, Boston, Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. Compared to international implementation of integrated open system transit payment network the United States lags behind. Reasons for this include geographical fragmentation, lack of standardized interoperable platform, high cost of investment capital, and sparing stakeholder perspectives. Stakeholders include transit agencies, technology vendors, credit card companies, and community members. Policy issues that need to be addressed are financial inclusion of unbanked, underbanked persons, and non-smart phone users (for mobile payments), coordination with government human services programs, privacy and data concerns, and the development of open standards. == Annotated List of Actors == ===== Federal Agencies ===== US Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Office of Joint Program (USDOT ITSJPO) – Automated collection fare (AFC) were initially put in motion by the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) initiative. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) – Rule maker. ===== Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ===== ITS World Congress – An annual conference that focuses on Intelligent Transportation Systems consisting of ITS Europe, ITS Asia-Pacific, and ITS America  (dedicated to advancing the research and deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)). America Public Transport Association (APTA) - Tasked with developing standards. ===== State and Local Governments ===== Particularly those who have deployed smart card technology already: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, NY-NJ, Washington DC ===== Private Sector ===== Contactless card suppliers: MIFARE supplied by NXP Semiconductors (based in the Netherlands) has the largest market share (77 percent of transport ticketing industry)<ref>MIFARE. About. https://www.mifare.net/en/about-mifare/</ref> Contact/Contactless Suppliers: Credit Card Companies Visa and Mastercard rolled out the first contactless systems in the US between 2004- 2006 based on RFID or Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. Visa, Mastercard, and American Express are the main US actors.<ref>Utah currently has pilot program using credit cards contactless cards for transit payments read more here https://www.firstdata.com/downloads/thought-leadership/transit-payment-systems_wp.pdf</ref>  Mobile Phone Companies: Apple and Samsung are both developing mobile phone-based payment systems as part of their smart phones. ===== Non-Profit Sector ===== SmartCard Alliance: Trade association of governments, financial institutions, transportation agencies, and others involved in the smart card system. ===== Community/Users ===== Unbanked and underbanked persons. Non-smartphone users. == Timeline of Events == 1991- Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 – Mandated the development of the National ITS Architecture 1991 – Intelligent Transportation Society of America Founded 1993-1994 EMV (Eurocard, MasterCard, Visa) founded to develop technical standards for  contactless bankcards 1995 - ITS World Congress a commitment was made to pursue universal standards for highway and transit electronic payment systems to encourage convergence of transit and retail payment systems<ref>Thomas, E. and Global Mass Transit Report (2011 March 1) AFC in the US: Progressing to open-payment systems. Global Mass Transit Report http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=5786</ref> 1996 - EMV Contact Specifications published<ref>EMVCo. About EMV. https://www.emvco.com/about_emv.aspx</ref> 1996 – First contactless smart card system piloted by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) with FTA funding 1998 – Transportation Equity Act – 21 (TEA-21) enacted 2001- ITS Architecture Final Rule issued by FHWA 2004 – Retail Point of Sale based micropayments piloted (PayPass, ExpressPay) through contactless cards or fobs 2007 – APTA becomes an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) certified Standards Development Organization via FTA contract to develop US transit ITS standards<ref>McGean, Thomas. (2004, April 15). Transit Industry Interface with International Standards. Prepared for the National Academy of Science http://www.modernstreetcar.org/pdf/Transit%20Industry%20Interface%20with%20International%20StandardsFINAL.pdf p.4</ref> 2013 - Chicago become first major US city with an open payment platform<ref>[http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6548/Talking-Transit-Chicago-transit-gets-open-payment-system Nichols. C.M. ( 2012 October) Talking Transit: Chicago gets open payment platform. http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6548/Talking-Transit-Chicago-transit-gets-open-payment-system]</ref> 2015 October – [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-ventra-transit-app-20151113-story.html Ventra], the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace’s mobile ticketing app is available for download 2015 November - The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) officially launched [https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile MuniMobile], a new mobile ticketing app developed in partnership with GlobeSherpa, a subsidiary of the transportation technology company RideScout<ref>Clewlow, R. (2015, November) Three ways mobile transit payments will change cities. Plantizen. http://www.planetizen.com/node/82353/three-ways-mobile-transit-payments-will-change-how-we-move-cities</ref> 2016 March – Los Angeles Metrolink launches mobile ticketing app == Map: Smart Card Use in Transit Payments in US and Canada == Smart card use for transit payments is largely focused in the major metropolitan areas with mature transit systems. These areas are also at the forefront of open platform payment systems and mobile applications. == Clear Identification of Policy Issues == ===== Challenges to Implementation ===== ''Geographical fragmentation:'' Despite the federal role in supporting transit agencies, the localized nature of transit means that different transit systems may adopt differing approaches to the new technology. The development of individualized, locality based payment systems will also drive up costs. This produces both the lack of a standardized interoperable platform and high cost of investment capital. ''Lack of a standardized interoperable platform:'' Because transit agencies maintain their local autonomy, they face coordination challenges in adopting a standardized system that would be used across multiple cities and their transit systems. ''High cost of investment capital'': Without universal standards, transit agencies will often turn to their own localized procurement process which may require "reinventing the wheel" instead of directly adopting the new transit payment system of another agency. This individualization reduces economies of scale and drives up investment costs. ''Sparing stakeholder perspectives:'' Both vendors and transit agencies may have competing desires for what services and features they except from a transit payment system. ===== Social Equity ===== Financial inclusion of unbanked, underbanked persons, and non-smart phone users (for mobile payments), coordination with government human services programs, and privacy and data concerns. ===== Role of Government ===== Development of open standards, outreach to the concerns of the unbanked, underbanked, and non-smart phone users, and protection of data to maintain privacy. == Narrative of the Case == ==== Background ==== Transit payments have evolved from a cash based system to a cashless system. Traditionally transit payments and fare collection have either been direct payments onboard to the operator or pre boarding ticket purchasing. As RFID technology and mobile phones have become more ubiquitous in the market there is a growing trend toward a cashless system. A cashless system of transit payment collection involves using a RFID NFC enable credit/debit/or other bank card or a NFC enabled mobile phone. This technology began to enter the market with the development of smart cards - closed system cards for purchase from a transit agency that allowed the user to prepay via a fare collection machine, and "tap" the card to a sensor that would deduct the amount of fare from the card. These systems were created in part due to the US Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Initiative which laid the framework for the deployment of an interoperable systems that supported seamless intermodal travel by calling for the development of the [http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/ National ITS Architecture]. The architecture defines providing electronic payment services as "one of the nine major processes within the logical architecture"<ref>ITSJPO. Key Concepts of the National ITS Architecture. p. 3<nowiki/>http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/documents/keyconcepts/keyconcepts.pdf</ref> Toll collection systems have moved toward an open payment system, but transit systems have developed in closed-loop systems that prevent interoperability. One reason for this is that ITS Architecture did not address subway or metro systems.<ref>Global Mass Transit Report. (2011 March 1) AFC in the US: Progressing to an open-payment systems. http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=5786</ref> ==== Payment Models ==== There are four major contactless payment models:<ref>Quibria, N. (2008 June) The Contactless Wave; A Case Study in Transit Payments. Emerging Payments industry Briefing. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/cprc/publications/briefings/transit.pdf</ref> [[File:Contactless Payment Model.jpg|center|frameless|604x604px]] ==== Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology ==== NFC technology is available in credit/debit/prepaid cards and a growing number of NFC enabled smartphones. NFC allows short range wireless technology where the transfer of information can occur up to 4&nbsp;cm or less utilizing electromagnetic radio fields.<ref>nearfieldcommunication.org. Welcome to Near Field Communication. http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/ Accessed 4/9/2016</ref> ===== Barriers to Adoption ===== Transit agencies can be hesitant to invest heavily in new technologies if they do not see guarantees of improvements. Some systems, such as WMATA, have only recently fully shifted away from paper transit cards to smart trip cards. Investing into a new transit system may incur significant costs with questionable benefits. WMATA had a 90-day trial of a new transit payment system with NFC technology in 2015 that did not impress the agency.<ref name="wamu.org">Di Caro, Martin. (2015, July 13). "Metro may dump new fare gate payment system after lacklsuter trial." WAMU. http://wamu.org/news/15/07/13/metro_may_dump_new_fare_gate_payment_system_after_lackluster_trial</ref> Privacy concerns may also raise consumer opposition to the shift to new payment models. Because smart cards can be purchased with cash payments, they represent an anonymous way to move about the transit system. Social equity concerns about how the unbanked and underbanked can access transit services without credit or debit accounts, or without smart phones entirely, may also raise challenges to adoption of new transit payment technologies. ===== Benefits of Adoption ===== Being able to link your phone to either a credit or debit card, or other financial account (such as PayPal) reduces the time wasted by transit users loading cash onto a fare card. According to a survey by Accenture Consulting, 52% of respondents to a global survey (which included American cities New York, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.) were willing to pay 10% more for transit if they could use a smartphone or other ticketless travel options.<ref>Accenture (2013). What travelers want from public transport providers. Retrieved from https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insight-acn-public-transport-survey.aspx</ref> Compared to the popularity of Uber and Lyft, a 2014 study by UC Berkley found that the ease of payment was one of the top reasons people were adopting on-demand mobility services.<ref>Rayle, L. et al. (2014). App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco University of California Transportation Center (UCTC). UCTC-FR-2014-08.</ref> Artificial intelligence can further enhance public transportation through automated scheduling, real-time vehicle tracking, traffic prediction, and predictive maintenance. These functionalities also support digital transit payment systems by allowing transportation agencies coordinate services, enhance operational efficiency, and provide more persionalised passenger experiences. AI-driven custom transportation solutions also provide route optimization and better resource allocation for more connected and efficient urban mobility.[21] The ability to share information through the rider's smart phone or other mobile payment system with other behaviors, such as shopping patterns before or after transit usage, could help improve transit services by increasing understanding of the full travel of the rider, not just their transit between stops. Mobile transit payments could allow for systems to update travel information in real time. However this brings with it concerns about tracking riders and how the data being collected will be stored and protected. Shifting away from cash can also reduce administrative costs for transit agencies. Micah Bergdale, chief executive of the New York City-based Bytemark Inc., cites that the administrative overhead of cash can equal 15 cents per dollar of fare revenue in processing expenses compared with 8 cents per dollar for a smart card. A mobile transit payment could reduce costs even further to 4 or 5 cents per dollar.<ref>Daly, Jim. (2016, February 1). "Why Transit is Boarding the Mobile-Payments Train." Digital Transactions. http://www.digitaltransactions.net/news/story/Why-Transit-Is-Boarding-the-Mobile-Payments-Train</ref> ==== Trending Toward Open Payment Platforms ==== Open payment platforms are becoming a reality for transit agencies due the NFC technology. Proprietary systems developed due to need to move passengers quickly through gantries in high volumes.<ref name=":0">First Data Government and Transit Task Force. (2010 May) Transit Payment Systems: A Case for Open Payments.</ref> Closed loop systems create high capital and maintenance costs for transit agencies. Through an open payment system costs are reduced for both the passenger and the agency. Open standards for open payment fare platforms, however, have not been formalized. Credit card companies came together in the early 1990s to develop open bankcard standards that allow for use of bankcards fairly ubiquitous across the globe, but standards for open payment with transit fares have not been written. ISO standards do outline how cards and other devices can interact with hardware such as readers and can be extended to the a mobile or smart card application. Benefits: * Cost savings - Built infrastructure needed to issue tickets and fare collection are removed. * New revenue streams - A transit branded card that operates on multiple locations can allow the transit agency to share in the spending attributed to the card, similar to a department store branded credit card.<ref name=":0" /> * Improved customer convenience - The use of credit cards or mobile phones allow the customer to not have to purchase a separate card. * Easier integration - Interoperability exists across multiple systems and allows easy access for users. * Facilitates innovation partnerships - Partnerships can achieve greater benefits with increased stakeholder involvement. Limitations: * Cashless system can exclude unbanked persons - Even though prepaid card use is high amongst unbanked and underbanked persons it is still a salient issue for access to transit systems that target these populations as users. * Not all credit cards are accepted everywhere. * Speed of transactions - Current standard in the transit payment collection space is 300 milliseconds. Credit card transactions can take much longer due to no stored value and approval mechanisms built into the card.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Open Payment Platforms in Use ===== * [http://www.rideuta.com/Fares-And-Passes/Electronic-Fare '''Salt Lake City''']: Electronic fare collection system allows the use of multi-ride passes, such as student and employer sponsored passes, one time use passes, contactless debit/credit cards and mobile wallet services such as Apple Pay and Google Wallet. * [http://www.transitchicago.com/riding_cta/how_to_guides/payingyourfare.aspx '''Chicago:'''] the Ventra system is based on open payment standards and can accept contactless cards issued by banks for payment. * '''Washington DC:''' WMATA ran a 90-day test program of a new payment system that would allow for NFC, but board members have been resistant to commit to the transition to a new system and ultimate phasing out of the SmarTrip cards without clear indication that the new system would offer improvements to services.<ref name="wamu.org"/> ==== Mobile Payment Technology: Your phone as your ticket ==== As open platforms and NFC technology evolve it allows a mobile device to become the ticket. Transit agencies are rolling out programs and apps that have mobile ticketing available to the users. Mobile deployment increases customer choice and engagement with the system and allows transit agencies to replace or eliminate aging infrastructure that has reached the end of its useful life.<ref>Tavilla, Elisa. (2015 February) Transit Mobile Payment: Driving Customer Experience and Adoption. Federal Researve Bank of Boston. <nowiki>https://www.bostonfed.org/bankinfo/payment-strategies/publications/2015/transit-mobile-payments.pdf</nowiki></ref> Currently, mobile apps allow users to purchase tickets and be scanned electronically. The combination of open payments and mobile apps are slow to enter the market and many of the mobile apps that are currently available do not allow for open payment. ====== Mobile Ticketing Apps in Use ====== * '''[http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mTicketing/ Boston MBTA:]''' Can be used on commuter rail and ferries but is not yet available to be used on Metrorail and city buses.<ref>[http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mticketing/?id=25903 MBTA.com. mTicketingFAQ. http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mticketing/?id=25903]</ref> * '''[http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/app Los Angeles Metrolink:]''' Barcode readers installed on the Metro Rail fare gates in Los Angeles enable passengers to buy tickets and continue their commute on dozens of city bus, shuttle bus, light rail and subway lines seamlessly, and at no additional cost. Metrolink is also working with Amtrak to allow mobile tickets to be scanned by Amtrak conductors.<ref>Metrolink launches first version of mobile ticketing app http://www.metro-magazine.com/rail/news/711034/metrolink-launches-first-version-of-mobile-ticketing-app</ref> * '''[http://trimet.org/app/index.htm Portland TriMet:]''' Tickets can be purchased online and display a barcode to be scanned or shown to operator of the vehicle. Does not allow for open payments. * '''[http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=MobileTicketingTo NJ Transit]:''' Tickets can be purchased for bus, light rail and rail in the form of daily, monthly or weekly passes * '''[https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile San Francisco SFMTA:]''' MuniMobile lets you buy tickets instantly through a credit/debit card or PayPal account, both individually and for groups.<ref>San Fransico Metropolitan Transit Agency. About MuniMobile. https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile</ref> == Discussion Questions == '''What are alternatives to independent municipal app development?''' '''How does smart card technology differ from a mobile ticketing app?''' '''Are there privacy concerns about the ability to track a person through cashless transit movements tied to their phone?''' == Suggested Reading == [http://www.firstdata.com/downloads/thought-leadership/transit-payment-systems_wp.pdf First Data. (2010 May) Transit Payment Systems: A Case for Open Payments] [https://www.bostonfed.org/bankinfo/payment-strategies/publications/2015/transit-mobile-payments.pdf Tavilla, E. (2015 February) Transit Mobile Payments: Driving Consumer Experiences and Adoption. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston] [http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/cprc/publications/briefings/transit.pdf Quibria, N. (2008 June) The Contactless Wave: A Case Study in Transit Programs, Emerging Payments Industry Briefing. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston] [http://www.smartcardalliance.org/resources/lib/Serving_Unbanked_Transit_Riders_White_Paper.pdf Smart Card Alliance. (2008 June) Serving Unbanked Customers in the Transit Industry with Prepaid Cards.] == References and Notes == {{BookCat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 8d0otdk1al907uujs2qbuawnggnin63 4678982 4678981 2026-10-30T07:32:15Z Graciacollins 3629785 /* Benefits of Adoption */ 4678982 wikitext text/x-wiki Transit payment technology has advanced from simple cash payments to tokens to magnetic strip cards, Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) and microchips to mobile or e-payment technology. The emerging technology of contactless and integrated payment systems on open platforms is becoming a closer reality but hurdles of implementation remain. There are four automated fare based collection systems that have evolved over the past two decades that have made RFID and e-payment methods possible. These methods have two dimensions: Closed or Open loop and Card or Transit Network. The early 1990s saw the introduction of contactless card technology such as smart cards that incorporated RFID technology and are currently in use by most of the major metropolitan transit systems including Washington DC, Boston, Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. Compared to international implementation of integrated open system transit payment network the United States lags behind. Reasons for this include geographical fragmentation, lack of standardized interoperable platform, high cost of investment capital, and sparing stakeholder perspectives. Stakeholders include transit agencies, technology vendors, credit card companies, and community members. Policy issues that need to be addressed are financial inclusion of unbanked, underbanked persons, and non-smart phone users (for mobile payments), coordination with government human services programs, privacy and data concerns, and the development of open standards. == Annotated List of Actors == ===== Federal Agencies ===== US Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Office of Joint Program (USDOT ITSJPO) – Automated collection fare (AFC) were initially put in motion by the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) initiative. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) – Rule maker. ===== Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ===== ITS World Congress – An annual conference that focuses on Intelligent Transportation Systems consisting of ITS Europe, ITS Asia-Pacific, and ITS America  (dedicated to advancing the research and deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)). America Public Transport Association (APTA) - Tasked with developing standards. ===== State and Local Governments ===== Particularly those who have deployed smart card technology already: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, NY-NJ, Washington DC ===== Private Sector ===== Contactless card suppliers: MIFARE supplied by NXP Semiconductors (based in the Netherlands) has the largest market share (77 percent of transport ticketing industry)<ref>MIFARE. About. https://www.mifare.net/en/about-mifare/</ref> Contact/Contactless Suppliers: Credit Card Companies Visa and Mastercard rolled out the first contactless systems in the US between 2004- 2006 based on RFID or Near Field Communication (NFC) technology. Visa, Mastercard, and American Express are the main US actors.<ref>Utah currently has pilot program using credit cards contactless cards for transit payments read more here https://www.firstdata.com/downloads/thought-leadership/transit-payment-systems_wp.pdf</ref>  Mobile Phone Companies: Apple and Samsung are both developing mobile phone-based payment systems as part of their smart phones. ===== Non-Profit Sector ===== SmartCard Alliance: Trade association of governments, financial institutions, transportation agencies, and others involved in the smart card system. ===== Community/Users ===== Unbanked and underbanked persons. Non-smartphone users. == Timeline of Events == 1991- Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 – Mandated the development of the National ITS Architecture 1991 – Intelligent Transportation Society of America Founded 1993-1994 EMV (Eurocard, MasterCard, Visa) founded to develop technical standards for  contactless bankcards 1995 - ITS World Congress a commitment was made to pursue universal standards for highway and transit electronic payment systems to encourage convergence of transit and retail payment systems<ref>Thomas, E. and Global Mass Transit Report (2011 March 1) AFC in the US: Progressing to open-payment systems. Global Mass Transit Report http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=5786</ref> 1996 - EMV Contact Specifications published<ref>EMVCo. About EMV. https://www.emvco.com/about_emv.aspx</ref> 1996 – First contactless smart card system piloted by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) with FTA funding 1998 – Transportation Equity Act – 21 (TEA-21) enacted 2001- ITS Architecture Final Rule issued by FHWA 2004 – Retail Point of Sale based micropayments piloted (PayPass, ExpressPay) through contactless cards or fobs 2007 – APTA becomes an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) certified Standards Development Organization via FTA contract to develop US transit ITS standards<ref>McGean, Thomas. (2004, April 15). Transit Industry Interface with International Standards. Prepared for the National Academy of Science http://www.modernstreetcar.org/pdf/Transit%20Industry%20Interface%20with%20International%20StandardsFINAL.pdf p.4</ref> 2013 - Chicago become first major US city with an open payment platform<ref>[http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6548/Talking-Transit-Chicago-transit-gets-open-payment-system Nichols. C.M. ( 2012 October) Talking Transit: Chicago gets open payment platform. http://www.metroplanning.org/news/6548/Talking-Transit-Chicago-transit-gets-open-payment-system]</ref> 2015 October – [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-ventra-transit-app-20151113-story.html Ventra], the Chicago Transit Authority and Pace’s mobile ticketing app is available for download 2015 November - The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) officially launched [https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile MuniMobile], a new mobile ticketing app developed in partnership with GlobeSherpa, a subsidiary of the transportation technology company RideScout<ref>Clewlow, R. (2015, November) Three ways mobile transit payments will change cities. Plantizen. http://www.planetizen.com/node/82353/three-ways-mobile-transit-payments-will-change-how-we-move-cities</ref> 2016 March – Los Angeles Metrolink launches mobile ticketing app == Map: Smart Card Use in Transit Payments in US and Canada == Smart card use for transit payments is largely focused in the major metropolitan areas with mature transit systems. These areas are also at the forefront of open platform payment systems and mobile applications. == Clear Identification of Policy Issues == ===== Challenges to Implementation ===== ''Geographical fragmentation:'' Despite the federal role in supporting transit agencies, the localized nature of transit means that different transit systems may adopt differing approaches to the new technology. The development of individualized, locality based payment systems will also drive up costs. This produces both the lack of a standardized interoperable platform and high cost of investment capital. ''Lack of a standardized interoperable platform:'' Because transit agencies maintain their local autonomy, they face coordination challenges in adopting a standardized system that would be used across multiple cities and their transit systems. ''High cost of investment capital'': Without universal standards, transit agencies will often turn to their own localized procurement process which may require "reinventing the wheel" instead of directly adopting the new transit payment system of another agency. This individualization reduces economies of scale and drives up investment costs. ''Sparing stakeholder perspectives:'' Both vendors and transit agencies may have competing desires for what services and features they except from a transit payment system. ===== Social Equity ===== Financial inclusion of unbanked, underbanked persons, and non-smart phone users (for mobile payments), coordination with government human services programs, and privacy and data concerns. ===== Role of Government ===== Development of open standards, outreach to the concerns of the unbanked, underbanked, and non-smart phone users, and protection of data to maintain privacy. == Narrative of the Case == ==== Background ==== Transit payments have evolved from a cash based system to a cashless system. Traditionally transit payments and fare collection have either been direct payments onboard to the operator or pre boarding ticket purchasing. As RFID technology and mobile phones have become more ubiquitous in the market there is a growing trend toward a cashless system. A cashless system of transit payment collection involves using a RFID NFC enable credit/debit/or other bank card or a NFC enabled mobile phone. This technology began to enter the market with the development of smart cards - closed system cards for purchase from a transit agency that allowed the user to prepay via a fare collection machine, and "tap" the card to a sensor that would deduct the amount of fare from the card. These systems were created in part due to the US Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Initiative which laid the framework for the deployment of an interoperable systems that supported seamless intermodal travel by calling for the development of the [http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/ National ITS Architecture]. The architecture defines providing electronic payment services as "one of the nine major processes within the logical architecture"<ref>ITSJPO. Key Concepts of the National ITS Architecture. p. 3<nowiki/>http://www.iteris.com/itsarch/documents/keyconcepts/keyconcepts.pdf</ref> Toll collection systems have moved toward an open payment system, but transit systems have developed in closed-loop systems that prevent interoperability. One reason for this is that ITS Architecture did not address subway or metro systems.<ref>Global Mass Transit Report. (2011 March 1) AFC in the US: Progressing to an open-payment systems. http://www.globalmasstransit.net/archive.php?id=5786</ref> ==== Payment Models ==== There are four major contactless payment models:<ref>Quibria, N. (2008 June) The Contactless Wave; A Case Study in Transit Payments. Emerging Payments industry Briefing. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/cprc/publications/briefings/transit.pdf</ref> [[File:Contactless Payment Model.jpg|center|frameless|604x604px]] ==== Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology ==== NFC technology is available in credit/debit/prepaid cards and a growing number of NFC enabled smartphones. NFC allows short range wireless technology where the transfer of information can occur up to 4&nbsp;cm or less utilizing electromagnetic radio fields.<ref>nearfieldcommunication.org. Welcome to Near Field Communication. http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/ Accessed 4/9/2016</ref> ===== Barriers to Adoption ===== Transit agencies can be hesitant to invest heavily in new technologies if they do not see guarantees of improvements. Some systems, such as WMATA, have only recently fully shifted away from paper transit cards to smart trip cards. Investing into a new transit system may incur significant costs with questionable benefits. WMATA had a 90-day trial of a new transit payment system with NFC technology in 2015 that did not impress the agency.<ref name="wamu.org">Di Caro, Martin. (2015, July 13). "Metro may dump new fare gate payment system after lacklsuter trial." WAMU. http://wamu.org/news/15/07/13/metro_may_dump_new_fare_gate_payment_system_after_lackluster_trial</ref> Privacy concerns may also raise consumer opposition to the shift to new payment models. Because smart cards can be purchased with cash payments, they represent an anonymous way to move about the transit system. Social equity concerns about how the unbanked and underbanked can access transit services without credit or debit accounts, or without smart phones entirely, may also raise challenges to adoption of new transit payment technologies. ===== Benefits of Adoption ===== Being able to link your phone to either a credit or debit card, or other financial account (such as PayPal) reduces the time wasted by transit users loading cash onto a fare card. According to a survey by Accenture Consulting, 52% of respondents to a global survey (which included American cities New York, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.) were willing to pay 10% more for transit if they could use a smartphone or other ticketless travel options.<ref>Accenture (2013). What travelers want from public transport providers. Retrieved from https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insight-acn-public-transport-survey.aspx</ref> Compared to the popularity of Uber and Lyft, a 2014 study by UC Berkley found that the ease of payment was one of the top reasons people were adopting on-demand mobility services.<ref>Rayle, L. et al. (2014). App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco University of California Transportation Center (UCTC). UCTC-FR-2014-08.</ref> Artificial intelligence can further enhance public transportation through automated scheduling, real-time vehicle tracking, traffic prediction, and predictive maintenance. These functionalities also support digital transit payment systems by allowing transportation agencies coordinate services, enhance operational efficiency, and provide more persionalised passenger experiences. AI-driven custom transportation solutions also provide route optimization and better resource allocation for more connected and efficient urban mobility. <ref>Konstant Infosolutions. AI in Transportation: Benefits, Use Cases, and Examples. https://www.konstantinfo.com/blog/ai-in-transportation/</ref> The ability to share information through the rider's smart phone or other mobile payment system with other behaviors, such as shopping patterns before or after transit usage, could help improve transit services by increasing understanding of the full travel of the rider, not just their transit between stops. Mobile transit payments could allow for systems to update travel information in real time. However this brings with it concerns about tracking riders and how the data being collected will be stored and protected. Shifting away from cash can also reduce administrative costs for transit agencies. Micah Bergdale, chief executive of the New York City-based Bytemark Inc., cites that the administrative overhead of cash can equal 15 cents per dollar of fare revenue in processing expenses compared with 8 cents per dollar for a smart card. A mobile transit payment could reduce costs even further to 4 or 5 cents per dollar.<ref>Daly, Jim. (2016, February 1). "Why Transit is Boarding the Mobile-Payments Train." Digital Transactions. http://www.digitaltransactions.net/news/story/Why-Transit-Is-Boarding-the-Mobile-Payments-Train</ref> ==== Trending Toward Open Payment Platforms ==== Open payment platforms are becoming a reality for transit agencies due the NFC technology. Proprietary systems developed due to need to move passengers quickly through gantries in high volumes.<ref name=":0">First Data Government and Transit Task Force. (2010 May) Transit Payment Systems: A Case for Open Payments.</ref> Closed loop systems create high capital and maintenance costs for transit agencies. Through an open payment system costs are reduced for both the passenger and the agency. Open standards for open payment fare platforms, however, have not been formalized. Credit card companies came together in the early 1990s to develop open bankcard standards that allow for use of bankcards fairly ubiquitous across the globe, but standards for open payment with transit fares have not been written. ISO standards do outline how cards and other devices can interact with hardware such as readers and can be extended to the a mobile or smart card application. Benefits: * Cost savings - Built infrastructure needed to issue tickets and fare collection are removed. * New revenue streams - A transit branded card that operates on multiple locations can allow the transit agency to share in the spending attributed to the card, similar to a department store branded credit card.<ref name=":0" /> * Improved customer convenience - The use of credit cards or mobile phones allow the customer to not have to purchase a separate card. * Easier integration - Interoperability exists across multiple systems and allows easy access for users. * Facilitates innovation partnerships - Partnerships can achieve greater benefits with increased stakeholder involvement. Limitations: * Cashless system can exclude unbanked persons - Even though prepaid card use is high amongst unbanked and underbanked persons it is still a salient issue for access to transit systems that target these populations as users. * Not all credit cards are accepted everywhere. * Speed of transactions - Current standard in the transit payment collection space is 300 milliseconds. Credit card transactions can take much longer due to no stored value and approval mechanisms built into the card.<ref name=":0" /> ===== Open Payment Platforms in Use ===== * [http://www.rideuta.com/Fares-And-Passes/Electronic-Fare '''Salt Lake City''']: Electronic fare collection system allows the use of multi-ride passes, such as student and employer sponsored passes, one time use passes, contactless debit/credit cards and mobile wallet services such as Apple Pay and Google Wallet. * [http://www.transitchicago.com/riding_cta/how_to_guides/payingyourfare.aspx '''Chicago:'''] the Ventra system is based on open payment standards and can accept contactless cards issued by banks for payment. * '''Washington DC:''' WMATA ran a 90-day test program of a new payment system that would allow for NFC, but board members have been resistant to commit to the transition to a new system and ultimate phasing out of the SmarTrip cards without clear indication that the new system would offer improvements to services.<ref name="wamu.org"/> ==== Mobile Payment Technology: Your phone as your ticket ==== As open platforms and NFC technology evolve it allows a mobile device to become the ticket. Transit agencies are rolling out programs and apps that have mobile ticketing available to the users. Mobile deployment increases customer choice and engagement with the system and allows transit agencies to replace or eliminate aging infrastructure that has reached the end of its useful life.<ref>Tavilla, Elisa. (2015 February) Transit Mobile Payment: Driving Customer Experience and Adoption. Federal Researve Bank of Boston. <nowiki>https://www.bostonfed.org/bankinfo/payment-strategies/publications/2015/transit-mobile-payments.pdf</nowiki></ref> Currently, mobile apps allow users to purchase tickets and be scanned electronically. The combination of open payments and mobile apps are slow to enter the market and many of the mobile apps that are currently available do not allow for open payment. ====== Mobile Ticketing Apps in Use ====== * '''[http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mTicketing/ Boston MBTA:]''' Can be used on commuter rail and ferries but is not yet available to be used on Metrorail and city buses.<ref>[http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mticketing/?id=25903 MBTA.com. mTicketingFAQ. http://www.mbta.com/fares_and_passes/mticketing/?id=25903]</ref> * '''[http://www.metrolinktrains.com/agency/page/title/app Los Angeles Metrolink:]''' Barcode readers installed on the Metro Rail fare gates in Los Angeles enable passengers to buy tickets and continue their commute on dozens of city bus, shuttle bus, light rail and subway lines seamlessly, and at no additional cost. Metrolink is also working with Amtrak to allow mobile tickets to be scanned by Amtrak conductors.<ref>Metrolink launches first version of mobile ticketing app http://www.metro-magazine.com/rail/news/711034/metrolink-launches-first-version-of-mobile-ticketing-app</ref> * '''[http://trimet.org/app/index.htm Portland TriMet:]''' Tickets can be purchased online and display a barcode to be scanned or shown to operator of the vehicle. Does not allow for open payments. * '''[http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=MobileTicketingTo NJ Transit]:''' Tickets can be purchased for bus, light rail and rail in the form of daily, monthly or weekly passes * '''[https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile San Francisco SFMTA:]''' MuniMobile lets you buy tickets instantly through a credit/debit card or PayPal account, both individually and for groups.<ref>San Fransico Metropolitan Transit Agency. About MuniMobile. https://www.sfmta.com/getting-around/transit/munimobile</ref> == Discussion Questions == '''What are alternatives to independent municipal app development?''' '''How does smart card technology differ from a mobile ticketing app?''' '''Are there privacy concerns about the ability to track a person through cashless transit movements tied to their phone?''' == Suggested Reading == [http://www.firstdata.com/downloads/thought-leadership/transit-payment-systems_wp.pdf First Data. (2010 May) Transit Payment Systems: A Case for Open Payments] [https://www.bostonfed.org/bankinfo/payment-strategies/publications/2015/transit-mobile-payments.pdf Tavilla, E. (2015 February) Transit Mobile Payments: Driving Consumer Experiences and Adoption. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston] [http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/cprc/publications/briefings/transit.pdf Quibria, N. (2008 June) The Contactless Wave: A Case Study in Transit Programs, Emerging Payments Industry Briefing. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston] [http://www.smartcardalliance.org/resources/lib/Serving_Unbanked_Transit_Riders_White_Paper.pdf Smart Card Alliance. (2008 June) Serving Unbanked Customers in the Transit Industry with Prepaid Cards.] == References and Notes == {{BookCat}} ==References== {{Reflist}} 5gbjvaj96lvwu31qfsv672r1iw00t22 0 370120 4678916 3585603 2026-10-29T18:12:35Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 merge content and redirect 4678916 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems/Two models#The kernel and matrix]] rjtucwtrp6ywf7e6zbvr8u3lhc2qhjr 2 370404 4678834 4608408 2026-10-29T12:10:02Z PeterEasthope 660399 Added the link to Account Security. 4678834 wikitext text/x-wiki * [http://easthope.ca/Peter.html Biographical page] [http://easthope.ca/Peter.html#Links #Links] * Email peter at easthope dot ca * [[Forth]] * [[Medical Machines]] * [[b:Oberon|Oberon Computing]] * [[b:User:PeterEasthope/sandbox|b:sandbox]] * [[b:Special:PrefixIndex/User:PeterEasthope/|b:Subpages of User:PeterEasthope]] * [[c:Category:Kyowa_microscopes|c:Category:Kyowa microscopes]] * [[c:Category:Easthope_Engines|c:Category:Easthope_Engines]] * [[c:Category:Microtomes|c:Category:Microtomes]] * [[c:Category:Oberon_(operating_system)|c:Category:Oberon_(operating_system)]] * [[w:Special:AccountSecurity|w:Special:AccountSecurity]] * [[w:User:Guy_Macon/Wikipedia_has_Cancer|w:Wikipedia has Cancer]] * [[w:Draft:Yamfo_College_of_Health|w:Draft:Yamfo College of Health]] * [[wikt:|Wiktionary]] 8ml4vjdazswp7r8jkf3rm5ltbcyh39n 2 392990 4678843 4678759 2026-10-29T14:18:44Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678843 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>fyoa teab</b> evil eye :: <b>molza teab</b> black eye :: <b>omola teab</b> glass eye :: <b>piteab</b> fisheye :: <b>teaba</b> optical ::: <b>zyateaba</b> wide-eyed ::: <b>mazteaba</b> bright-eyed ::: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion ::: <b>giteaba</b> sharp-eyed ::: <b>kiteaba</b> slant-eyed, epicanthic ::: <b>jagteaba</b> presbyopic :: <b>teabmaf</b> catarract :::: <b>jagteabbok</b> presbyopia :: <b>teabnyed</b> retina ::: <b>teabtyen</b> optics :::: <b>izteabtyen</b> orthoptics :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''baxer''' = to bat) ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ::: <b>abteabyeb</b> eyebrow ::: <b>ateabyeb</b> upper eyelash :: <b>teabzyun</b> eyeball :: <b>teabar</b> eyeglasses ::: <b>amarteabar</b> sunglasses ::: <b>dyuzteabar</b> opera glasses ::: <b>milpen teabar</b> swimming goggles ::: <b>ovamara abteabar</b> sun visor :: <b>anteaba</b> monocular :: <b>enteaba</b> binocular ::: <b>enteabar</b> binoculars :: <b>teabik</b> eyeful :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabilier<b> to tear up, to cry :::: <b>azteabilier</b> to sob, to bawl ::: <b>ivteabili</b> tears of joy ::: <b>teabiluus</b> tear-jerker :: <b>teabab</b> eyelid ::: <b>ateabab</b> upper eyelid ::: <b>oteabab</b> lower eyelid :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level p8bzxcafrnpgie3nc4jlbijamxmmrjg 4678848 4678843 2026-10-29T14:52:00Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678848 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>fyoa teab</b> evil eye :: <b>molza teab</b> black eye :: <b>omola teab</b> glass eye :: <b>piteab</b> fisheye :: <b>teaba</b> optical ::: <b>zyateaba</b> wide-eyed ::: <b>mazteaba</b> bright-eyed ::: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion ::: <b>giteaba</b> sharp-eyed ::: <b>kiteaba</b> slant-eyed, epicanthic ::: <b>jagteaba</b> presbyopic :: <b>teabmaf</b> catarract :::: <b>jagteabbok</b> presbyopia :: <b>teabnyed</b> retina ::: <b>teabtyen</b> optics :::: <b>izteabtyen</b> orthoptics :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''baxer''' = to bat) ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ::: <b>abteabyeb</b> eyebrow ::: <b>ateabyeb</b> upper eyelash :: <b>teabzyun</b> eyeball :: <b>teabar</b> eyeglasses ::: <b>amarteabar</b> sunglasses ::: <b>dyuzteabar</b> opera glasses ::: <b>milpen teabar</b> swimming goggles ::: <b>ovamara abteabar</b> sun visor :: <b>anteaba</b> monocular :: <b>enteaba</b> binocular ::: <b>enteabar</b> binoculars :: <b>teabik</b> eyeful :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears :::: <b>azteabiluer</b> to sob, to bawl ::: <b>ivteabili</b> tears of joy ::: <b>teabilbixus</b> tearjerker :: <b>teabab</b> eyelid ::: <b>ateabab</b> upper eyelid ::: <b>oteabab</b> lower eyelid ::: <b>teabab ambok</b> sty ::: <b>teababbok</b> blepharitis ::: <b>teabambok</b> eye inflammation :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teab byok</b> eye pain :: <b>teab byux</b> eye contact :: <b>teab draf</b> eye chart :: <b>teab gyun</b> eyehook :: <b>teab kyazyef</b> eye lens :: <b>teab malz</b> white of the eyes :: <b>teab molzul</b> eye shadow, eye black :: <b>teab pyoli</b> eye drops :: <b>teab vixyel</b> eye makeup, mascara :: <b>teab volz</b> eye color :: <b>teab vyil</b> eye wash :: <b>teab yubteax</b> eye exam :: <b>teab zyobix</b> eye strain :: <b>teab zyup</b> eye roll :: <b>teab ebtuien</b> face time :: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion :: <b>teabaxer</b> to wink :: <b>teabbekuut</b> oculist :: <b>teabbexler</b> to monitor ::: <b>teabbexlun</b> vigil, wake ::: <b>teabbexlut</b> guardian, monitor :::: <b>teabbexlutan</b> guardianship :::: <b>teabbexlum</b> guard booth :: <b>teabbok</b> opthalmia :: <b>teabbyektun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabbyektuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabbyektut</b> opthalmologist :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears, to cry ::: <b>teabila</b> lachrymal ::: <b>teabilmayl</b> teargas :::: <b>teabilmayluer</b> to teargas :: <b>teabix</b> attention ::: <b>teabixer</b> to draw attention ::: <b>teabixwer</b> to be attracted ::: <b>teabixyea</b> attractive, attention-getting :: <b>teabizber</b> to aim hn6vwlqkyc6bau4ed072iakerucjpkr 4678859 4678848 2026-10-29T16:12:45Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678859 wikitext text/x-wiki :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>fyoa teab</b> evil eye :: <b>molza teab</b> black eye :: <b>omola teab</b> glass eye :: <b>piteab</b> fisheye :: <b>teaba</b> optical ::: <b>zyateaba</b> wide-eyed ::: <b>mazteaba</b> bright-eyed ::: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion ::: <b>giteaba</b> sharp-eyed ::: <b>kiteaba</b> slant-eyed, epicanthic ::: <b>jagteaba</b> presbyopic :: <b>anteaba</b> monocular :: <b>enteaba</b> binocular ::: <b>enteabar</b> binoculars :: <b>teabik</b> eyeful :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teab byok</b> eye pain :: <b>teab byux</b> eye contact :: <b>teab draf</b> eye chart :: <b>teab gyun</b> eyehook :: <b>teab kyazyef</b> eye lens :: <b>teab malz</b> white of the eyes :: <b>teab molzul</b> eye shadow, eye black :: <b>teab pyoli</b> eye drops :: <b>teab vixyel</b> eye makeup, mascara :: <b>teab volz</b> eye color :: <b>teab vyil</b> eye wash :: <b>teab yubteax</b> eye exam :: <b>teab zyobix</b> eye strain :: <b>teab zyup</b> eye roll :: <b>teab ebtuien</b> face time :: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion :: <b>teabab</b> eyelid ::: <b>ateabab</b> upper eyelid ::: <b>oteabab</b> lower eyelid ::: <b>teabab ambok</b> sty ::: <b>teababbok</b> blepharitis ::: <b>teabambok</b> eye inflammation ::: <b>teababuijber</b> to blink :: <b>teabbekuut</b> oculist :: <b>teabbexler</b> to monitor ::: <b>teabbexlun</b> vigil, wake ::: <b>teabbexlut</b> guardian, monitor :::: <b>teabbexlutan</b> guardianship :::: <b>teabbexlum</b> guard booth :: <b>teabbok</b> opthalmia :: <b>teabbyektun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabbyektuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabbyektut</b> opthalmologist :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears, to cry ::: <b>teabila</b> lachrymal ::: <b>teabilmayl</b> teargas :::: <b>teabilmayluer</b> to teargas :: <b>teabix</b> attention ::: <b>teabixer</b> to draw attention ::: <b>teabixwer</b> to be attracted ::: <b>teabixyea</b> attractive, attention-getting :: <b>teabizber</b> to aim :: <b>teabi-yebuzbwa</b> cockeyed :: <b>teabi-zeybwa</b> cross-eyed :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears :::: <b>azteabiluer</b> to sob, to bawl ::: <b>ivteabili</b> tears of joy ::: <b>teabilbixus</b> tearjerker :: <b>teabkof</b> blindfold ::: <b>teabkofaber</b> to hoodwink ::: <b>teabkofuer</b> to blindfold ::: <b>teabkofuwa</b> blindfolded :: <b>teabkunad</b> conjunctiva ::: <b>teabkunadbok</b> conjunctivitis :: <b>teabkyaxyea</b> shifty-eyed :: <b>teabkyoyujben</b> eye lock :: <b>teabmaf</b> cataract :: <b>teabnadvixyel</b> eyeliner :: <b>teabnagtyen</b> optometry ::: <b>teabnagtyut</b> optometrist :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teabnofyuj</b> eye fold, canth ::: <b>teabnofyuja</b> epicanthic :: <b>teabnyed</b> retina ::: <b>teabnyedbok</b> retinopathy ::: <b>teabnyednuym</b> retionoblast ::: <b>teabnyedteaxar</b> retinoscope :: <b>teabobem</b> eyeground, fundus :: <b>teabovar</b> eyeshield, visor :: <b>teaboyebuzpen</b> exotropia :: <b>teabpixea</b> eye-catching :: <b>teabsiunxer</b> to wink :: <b>teabteaxar</b> opthalmoscope :: <b>teabtun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabtuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabtut</b> opthalmologist ::: <b>teab-tuyab yannapxen: eye-hand coordination :: <b>teabtyen</b> optics :: <b>teabtyut</b> optician :: <b>teabuka</b> eyeless :: <b>teabulza</b> green-eyed ::: <b>teabulzat</b> green-eyed person :: <b>teabvyakxentun</b> orthoptics ::: <b>teabvyakxentuna</b> orthoptical :: <b>teabvyotuus</b> trompe-l'oeil :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebbyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''byexer''' = to bat) :::: <b>teabyebbyexyea</b> flirtatious ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ::: <b>abteabyeb</b> eyebrow ::: <b>ateabyeb</b> upper eyelash :: <b>teabyeg</b> eye socket, eye orbit :: <b>teabyel</b> collyrium, eye-salve :: <b>teabyelzbok</b> pinkeye :: <b>teabyena</b> eyelike :: <b>teabyija</b> open-eyed, astute ::: <b>teabyijbea</b> eye-opening ::: <b>teabyijbus</b> eye-opener :: <b>teabyuij</b> blink, wink ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink, to wink ::: <b>teabyuijea manar</b> blinking light :: <b>teabzyun</b> eyeball, orb, eyeglobe ::: <b>teabzyuntayovbok</b> conjunctivitis, pink eye :: <b>teabzyus</b> eyering :: <b>teabzyuyuz</b> eyecup, eyebath : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) : <b>teaz</b> wonder, show, spectacle, dazzle :: <b>teazag</b> pomp, splendor ::: <b>teazaga</b> pompous, splendid :: <b>teazam</b> theater, show palace :: <b>teazasaun</b> prodigy :: <b>teazika</b> marvelous, wondrous :: <b>teazdal</b> grandiloquence, bombastics :: <b>teazdem</b> luna park :: <b>teazekar</b> geegaw : <b>teazexer</b> to focus :: <b>teazexer ab</b> to focus on :: <b>teazexwa</b> focussed ::: <b>oteazexa</b> unfocussed, blurry :: <b>teazex</b> focus ::: <b>teazexa</b> focal :::: <b>teazexa ned</b> focal plane :::: <b>teazexa nod</b> focal point :::: <b>teazexa yagan</b> focal length :::: <b>teazexar</b> lens :::: <b>teazexman</b> limelight, spotlight ::::: <b>teazexmanxer</b> to spotlight ::: <b>teazexoker</b> to lose focus ::: <b>teazextyen</b> marksmanship ::: <b>teazextyien</b> target practice ::: <b>teazexyof</b> astigmatism :: <b>teazfua</b> chintzy, tawdry :: <b>teazier</b> to be amazed, to be stunned, to marvel :: <b>teaziper</b> to flounce, to make a spectacle of leaving :: <b>teazman</b> wonderland :: <b>teazmulk</b> alcahest, miracle solvent :: <b>teaznunuut</b> huckster :: <b>teaznyadpen</b> pageantry, parading :: <b>teazpas</b> stunt :: <b>teaztob</b> wizard :: <b>teaztof</b> frippery, finery ::: <b>teaztofier</b> to preen :::: <b>teaztofiut</b> dandy, fop, coxcomb, preener :: <b>teaztud</b> wunderkind :: <b>teaztyen</b> showmanship, razzle-dazzle :: <b>teaztyop</b> promenade :: <b>teazuer</b> to amaze, to stun, to bewilder ::: <b>teazuea</b> amazing, dazzling, stunning, stupefying, bewildering :: <b>teazun</b> spectacle, show ::: <b>teazunag</b> extravaganza ::: <b>teazuntob</b> showman ::: <b>teazuus</b> showstopper ::: <b>teazuut</b> grandstander, dazzler, show artist ::: <b>teazuyea</b> stunning, amazing, beguilding, bewildering, astonishing :: <b>teazyen</b> flamboyance ::: <b>teazyenika</b> flamboyant ::: <b>teazyigiaren</b> swashbuckling :: <b>teazzyun</b> pompom c7dmtys7nx8jwwizihxdgd286saho99 4678866 4678859 2026-10-29T16:51:37Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678866 wikitext text/x-wiki : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>fyoa teab</b> evil eye :: <b>molza teab</b> black eye :: <b>omola teab</b> glass eye :: <b>piteab</b> fisheye :: <b>teaba</b> optical ::: <b>zyateaba</b> wide-eyed ::: <b>mazteaba</b> bright-eyed ::: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion ::: <b>giteaba</b> sharp-eyed ::: <b>kiteaba</b> slant-eyed, epicanthic ::: <b>jagteaba</b> presbyopic :: <b>anteaba</b> monocular :: <b>enteaba</b> binocular ::: <b>enteabar</b> binoculars :: <b>teabik</b> eyeful :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teab byok</b> eye pain :: <b>teab byux</b> eye contact :: <b>teab draf</b> eye chart :: <b>teab gyun</b> eyehook :: <b>teab kyazyef</b> eye lens :: <b>teab malz</b> white of the eyes :: <b>teab molzul</b> eye shadow, eye black :: <b>teab pyoli</b> eye drops :: <b>teab vixyel</b> eye makeup, mascara :: <b>teab volz</b> eye color :: <b>teab vyil</b> eye wash :: <b>teab yubteax</b> eye exam :: <b>teab zyobix</b> eye strain :: <b>teab zyup</b> eye roll :: <b>teab ebtuien</b> face time :: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion :: <b>teabab</b> eyelid ::: <b>ateabab</b> upper eyelid ::: <b>oteabab</b> lower eyelid ::: <b>teabab ambok</b> sty ::: <b>teababbok</b> blepharitis ::: <b>teabambok</b> eye inflammation ::: <b>teababuijber</b> to blink :: <b>teabbekuut</b> oculist :: <b>teabbexler</b> to monitor ::: <b>teabbexlun</b> vigil, wake ::: <b>teabbexlut</b> guardian, monitor :::: <b>teabbexlutan</b> guardianship :::: <b>teabbexlum</b> guard booth :: <b>teabbok</b> opthalmia :: <b>teabbyektun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabbyektuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabbyektut</b> opthalmologist :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears, to cry ::: <b>teabila</b> lachrymal ::: <b>teabilmayl</b> teargas :::: <b>teabilmayluer</b> to teargas :: <b>teabix</b> attention ::: <b>teabixer</b> to draw attention ::: <b>teabixwer</b> to be attracted ::: <b>teabixyea</b> attractive, attention-getting :: <b>teabizber</b> to aim :: <b>teabi-yebuzbwa</b> cockeyed :: <b>teabi-zeybwa</b> cross-eyed :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears :::: <b>azteabiluer</b> to sob, to bawl ::: <b>ivteabili</b> tears of joy ::: <b>teabilbixus</b> tearjerker :: <b>teabkof</b> blindfold ::: <b>teabkofaber</b> to hoodwink ::: <b>teabkofuer</b> to blindfold ::: <b>teabkofuwa</b> blindfolded :: <b>teabkunad</b> conjunctiva ::: <b>teabkunadbok</b> conjunctivitis :: <b>teabkyaxyea</b> shifty-eyed :: <b>teabkyoyujben</b> eye lock :: <b>teabmaf</b> cataract :: <b>teabnadvixyel</b> eyeliner :: <b>teabnagtyen</b> optometry ::: <b>teabnagtyut</b> optometrist :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teabnofyuj</b> eye fold, canth ::: <b>teabnofyuja</b> epicanthic :: <b>teabnyed</b> retina ::: <b>teabnyedbok</b> retinopathy ::: <b>teabnyednuym</b> retionoblast ::: <b>teabnyedteaxar</b> retinoscope :: <b>teabobem</b> eyeground, fundus :: <b>teabovar</b> eyeshield, visor :: <b>teaboyebuzpen</b> exotropia :: <b>teabpixea</b> eye-catching :: <b>teabsiunxer</b> to wink :: <b>teabteaxar</b> opthalmoscope :: <b>teabtun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabtuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabtut</b> opthalmologist ::: <b>teab-tuyab yannapxen</b> eye-hand coordination :: <b>teabtyen</b> optics :: <b>teabtyut</b> optician :: <b>teabuka</b> eyeless :: <b>teabulza</b> green-eyed ::: <b>teabulzat</b> green-eyed person :: <b>teabvyakxentun</b> orthoptics ::: <b>teabvyakxentuna</b> orthoptical :: <b>teabvyotuus</b> trompe-l'oeil :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebbyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''byexer''' = to bat) :::: <b>teabyebbyexyea</b> flirtatious ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ::: <b>abteabyeb</b> eyebrow ::: <b>ateabyeb</b> upper eyelash :: <b>teabyeg</b> eye socket, eye orbit :: <b>teabyel</b> collyrium, eye-salve :: <b>teabyelzbok</b> pinkeye :: <b>teabyena</b> eyelike :: <b>teabyija</b> open-eyed, astute ::: <b>teabyijbea</b> eye-opening ::: <b>teabyijbus</b> eye-opener :: <b>teabyuij</b> blink, wink ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink, to wink ::: <b>teabyuijea manar</b> blinking light :: <b>teabzyun</b> eyeball, orb, eyeglobe ::: <b>teabzyuntayovbok</b> conjunctivitis, pink eye :: <b>teabzyus</b> eyering :: <b>teabzyuyuz</b> eyecup, eyebath : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teaf</b> mask :: <b>teafier</b> to don a mask :: <b>teafuer</b> to mask ::: <b>teafuwa</b> masked :::: <b>teafuwat vidaz</b> masqued ball :::: <b>teatyaniv</b> masquerade : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>teaput</b> visitor, attendee ::: <b>teaputyan</b> attendance :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teaz</b> wonder, show, spectacle, dazzle :: <b>teazag</b> pomp, splendor ::: <b>teazaga</b> pompous, splendid :: <b>teazam</b> theater, show palace :: <b>teazasaun</b> prodigy :: <b>teazika</b> marvelous, wondrous :: <b>teazdal</b> grandiloquence, bombastics :: <b>teazdem</b> luna park :: <b>teazekar</b> geegaw : <b>teazexer</b> to focus :: <b>teazexer ab</b> to focus on :: <b>teazexwa</b> focussed ::: <b>oteazexa</b> unfocussed, blurry :: <b>teazex</b> focus ::: <b>teazexa</b> focal :::: <b>teazexa ned</b> focal plane :::: <b>teazexa nod</b> focal point :::: <b>teazexa yagan</b> focal length :::: <b>teazexar</b> lens :::: <b>teazexman</b> limelight, spotlight ::::: <b>teazexmanxer</b> to spotlight ::: <b>teazexoker</b> to lose focus ::: <b>teazextyen</b> marksmanship ::: <b>teazextyien</b> target practice ::: <b>teazexyof</b> astigmatism :: <b>teazfua</b> chintzy, tawdry :: <b>teazier</b> to be amazed, to be stunned, to marvel :: <b>teaziper</b> to flounce, to make a spectacle of leaving :: <b>teazman</b> wonderland :: <b>teazmulk</b> alcahest, miracle solvent :: <b>teaznunuut</b> huckster :: <b>teaznyadpen</b> pageantry, parading :: <b>teazpas</b> stunt :: <b>teaztob</b> wizard :: <b>teaztof</b> frippery, finery ::: <b>teaztofier</b> to preen :::: <b>teaztofiut</b> dandy, fop, coxcomb, preener :: <b>teaztud</b> wunderkind :: <b>teaztyen</b> showmanship, razzle-dazzle :: <b>teaztyop</b> promenade :: <b>teazuer</b> to amaze, to stun, to bewilder ::: <b>teazuea</b> amazing, dazzling, stunning, stupefying, bewildering :: <b>teazun</b> spectacle, show ::: <b>teazunag</b> extravaganza ::: <b>teazuntob</b> showman ::: <b>teazuus</b> showstopper ::: <b>teazuut</b> grandstander, dazzler, show artist ::: <b>teazuyea</b> stunning, amazing, beguilding, bewildering, astonishing :: <b>teazyen</b> flamboyance ::: <b>teazyenika</b> flamboyant ::: <b>teazyigiaren</b> swashbuckling :: <b>teazzyun</b> pompom mftkjs5f8km16svapy1zvxgehuei9p7 4678867 4678866 2026-10-29T16:58:20Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678867 wikitext text/x-wiki : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>fyoa teab</b> evil eye :: <b>molza teab</b> black eye :: <b>omola teab</b> glass eye :: <b>piteab</b> fisheye :: <b>teaba</b> optical ::: <b>zyateaba</b> wide-eyed ::: <b>mazteaba</b> bright-eyed ::: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion ::: <b>giteaba</b> sharp-eyed ::: <b>kiteaba</b> slant-eyed, epicanthic ::: <b>jagteaba</b> presbyopic ::: <b>anteaba</b> monocular ::: <b>enteaba</b> binocular :::: <b>enteabar</b> binoculars :: <b>teabik</b> eyeful :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teab byok</b> eye pain :: <b>teab byux</b> eye contact :: <b>teab draf</b> eye chart :: <b>teab gyun</b> eyehook :: <b>teab kyazyef</b> eye lens :: <b>teab malz</b> white of the eyes :: <b>teab molzul</b> eye shadow, eye black :: <b>teab pyoli</b> eye drops :: <b>teab vixyel</b> eye makeup, mascara :: <b>teab volz</b> eye color :: <b>teab vyil</b> eye wash :: <b>teab yubteax</b> eye exam :: <b>teab zyobix</b> eye strain :: <b>teab zyup</b> eye roll :: <b>teab ebtuien</b> face time :: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion :: <b>teabab</b> eyelid ::: <b>ateabab</b> upper eyelid ::: <b>oteabab</b> lower eyelid ::: <b>teabab ambok</b> sty ::: <b>teababbok</b> blepharitis ::: <b>teabambok</b> eye inflammation ::: <b>teababuijber</b> to blink :: <b>teabbekuut</b> oculist :: <b>teabbexler</b> to monitor ::: <b>teabbexlun</b> vigil, wake ::: <b>teabbexlut</b> guardian, monitor :::: <b>teabbexlutan</b> guardianship :::: <b>teabbexlum</b> guard booth :: <b>teabbok</b> opthalmia :: <b>teabbyektun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabbyektuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabbyektut</b> opthalmologist :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears, to cry ::: <b>teabila</b> lachrymal ::: <b>teabilmayl</b> teargas :::: <b>teabilmayluer</b> to teargas :: <b>teabix</b> attention ::: <b>teabixer</b> to draw attention ::: <b>teabixwer</b> to be attracted ::: <b>teabixyea</b> attractive, attention-getting :: <b>teabizber</b> to aim :: <b>teabi-yebuzbwa</b> cockeyed :: <b>teabi-zeybwa</b> cross-eyed :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears :::: <b>azteabiluer</b> to sob, to bawl ::: <b>ivteabili</b> tears of joy ::: <b>teabilbixus</b> tearjerker :: <b>teabkof</b> blindfold ::: <b>teabkofaber</b> to hoodwink ::: <b>teabkofuer</b> to blindfold ::: <b>teabkofuwa</b> blindfolded :: <b>teabkunad</b> conjunctiva ::: <b>teabkunadbok</b> conjunctivitis :: <b>teabkyaxyea</b> shifty-eyed :: <b>teabkyoyujben</b> eye lock :: <b>teabmaf</b> cataract :: <b>teabnadvixyel</b> eyeliner :: <b>teabnagtyen</b> optometry ::: <b>teabnagtyut</b> optometrist :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teabnofyuj</b> eye fold, canth ::: <b>teabnofyuja</b> epicanthic :: <b>teabnyed</b> retina ::: <b>teabnyedbok</b> retinopathy ::: <b>teabnyednuym</b> retionoblast ::: <b>teabnyedteaxar</b> retinoscope :: <b>teabobem</b> eyeground, fundus :: <b>teabovar</b> eyeshield, visor :: <b>teaboyebuzpen</b> exotropia :: <b>teabpixea</b> eye-catching :: <b>teabsiunxer</b> to wink :: <b>teabteaxar</b> opthalmoscope :: <b>teabtun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabtuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabtut</b> opthalmologist ::: <b>teab-tuyab yannapxen</b> eye-hand coordination :: <b>teabtyen</b> optics :: <b>teabtyut</b> optician :: <b>teabuka</b> eyeless :: <b>teabulza</b> green-eyed ::: <b>teabulzat</b> green-eyed person :: <b>teabvyakxentun</b> orthoptics ::: <b>teabvyakxentuna</b> orthoptical :: <b>teabvyotuus</b> trompe-l'oeil :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebbyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''byexer''' = to bat) :::: <b>teabyebbyexyea</b> flirtatious ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ::: <b>abteabyeb</b> eyebrow ::: <b>ateabyeb</b> upper eyelash :: <b>teabyeg</b> eye socket, eye orbit :: <b>teabyel</b> collyrium, eye-salve :: <b>teabyelzbok</b> pinkeye :: <b>teabyena</b> eyelike :: <b>teabyija</b> open-eyed, astute ::: <b>teabyijbea</b> eye-opening ::: <b>teabyijbus</b> eye-opener :: <b>teabyuij</b> blink, wink ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink, to wink ::: <b>teabyuijea manar</b> blinking light :: <b>teabzyun</b> eyeball, orb, eyeglobe ::: <b>teabzyuntayovbok</b> conjunctivitis, pink eye :: <b>teabzyus</b> eyering :: <b>teabzyuyuz</b> eyecup, eyebath : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teaf</b> mask :: <b>teafier</b> to don a mask :: <b>teafuer</b> to mask ::: <b>teafuwa</b> masked :::: <b>teafuwat vidaz</b> masqued ball :::: <b>teatyaniv</b> masquerade : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>teaput</b> visitor, attendee ::: <b>teaputyan</b> attendance :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen :<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist : <b>teav</b> veil :: <b>teavier</b> to put on a veil :: <b>teavuwa</b> veiled :: <b>loteavuer</b> to unveil :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teaz</b> wonder, show, spectacle, dazzle :: <b>teazag</b> pomp, splendor ::: <b>teazaga</b> pompous, splendid :: <b>teazam</b> theater, show palace :: <b>teazasaun</b> prodigy :: <b>teazika</b> marvelous, wondrous :: <b>teazdal</b> grandiloquence, bombastics :: <b>teazdem</b> luna park :: <b>teazekar</b> geegaw : <b>teazexer</b> to focus :: <b>teazexer ab</b> to focus on :: <b>teazexwa</b> focussed ::: <b>oteazexa</b> unfocussed, blurry :: <b>teazex</b> focus ::: <b>teazexa</b> focal :::: <b>teazexa ned</b> focal plane :::: <b>teazexa nod</b> focal point :::: <b>teazexa yagan</b> focal length :::: <b>teazexar</b> lens :::: <b>teazexman</b> limelight, spotlight ::::: <b>teazexmanxer</b> to spotlight ::: <b>teazexoker</b> to lose focus ::: <b>teazextyen</b> marksmanship ::: <b>teazextyien</b> target practice ::: <b>teazexyof</b> astigmatism :: <b>teazfua</b> chintzy, tawdry :: <b>teazier</b> to be amazed, to be stunned, to marvel :: <b>teaziper</b> to flounce, to make a spectacle of leaving :: <b>teazman</b> wonderland :: <b>teazmulk</b> alcahest, miracle solvent :: <b>teaznunuut</b> huckster :: <b>teaznyadpen</b> pageantry, parading :: <b>teazpas</b> stunt :: <b>teaztob</b> wizard :: <b>teaztof</b> frippery, finery ::: <b>teaztofier</b> to preen :::: <b>teaztofiut</b> dandy, fop, coxcomb, preener :: <b>teaztud</b> wunderkind :: <b>teaztyen</b> showmanship, razzle-dazzle :: <b>teaztyop</b> promenade :: <b>teazuer</b> to amaze, to stun, to bewilder ::: <b>teazuea</b> amazing, dazzling, stunning, stupefying, bewildering :: <b>teazun</b> spectacle, show ::: <b>teazunag</b> extravaganza ::: <b>teazuntob</b> showman ::: <b>teazuus</b> showstopper ::: <b>teazuut</b> grandstander, dazzler, show artist ::: <b>teazuyea</b> stunning, amazing, beguilding, bewildering, astonishing :: <b>teazyen</b> flamboyance ::: <b>teazyenika</b> flamboyant ::: <b>teazyigiaren</b> swashbuckling :: <b>teazzyun</b> pompom ecla2e9utj9mvgu17fb1y5lko97bic0 4678868 4678867 2026-10-29T17:04:18Z Tyoyafud 6233 4678868 wikitext text/x-wiki : <b>teab</b> <i>n.</i> eye :: <b>fyoa teab</b> evil eye :: <b>molza teab</b> black eye :: <b>omola teab</b> glass eye :: <b>piteab</b> fisheye :: <b>teaba</b> optical ::: <b>zyateaba</b> wide-eyed ::: <b>mazteaba</b> bright-eyed ::: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion ::: <b>giteaba</b> sharp-eyed ::: <b>kiteaba</b> slant-eyed, epicanthic ::: <b>jagteaba</b> presbyopic ::: <b>anteaba</b> monocular ::: <b>enteaba</b> binocular :::: <b>enteabar</b> binoculars :: <b>teabik</b> eyeful :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teab byok</b> eye pain :: <b>teab byux</b> eye contact :: <b>teab draf</b> eye chart :: <b>teab gyun</b> eyehook :: <b>teab kyazyef</b> eye lens :: <b>teab malz</b> white of the eyes :: <b>teab molzul</b> eye shadow, eye black :: <b>teab pyoli</b> eye drops :: <b>teab vixyel</b> eye makeup, mascara :: <b>teab volz</b> eye color :: <b>teab vyil</b> eye wash :: <b>teab yubteax</b> eye exam :: <b>teab zyobix</b> eye strain :: <b>teab zyup</b> eye roll :: <b>teab ebtuien</b> face time :: <b>teaba vyomsin</b> optical illusion :: <b>teabab</b> eyelid ::: <b>ateabab</b> upper eyelid ::: <b>oteabab</b> lower eyelid ::: <b>teabab ambok</b> sty ::: <b>teababbok</b> blepharitis ::: <b>teabambok</b> eye inflammation ::: <b>teababuijber</b> to blink :: <b>teabbekuut</b> oculist :: <b>teabbexler</b> to monitor ::: <b>teabbexlun</b> vigil, wake ::: <b>teabbexlut</b> guardian, monitor :::: <b>teabbexlutan</b> guardianship :::: <b>teabbexlum</b> guard booth :: <b>teabbok</b> opthalmia :: <b>teabbyektun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabbyektuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabbyektut</b> opthalmologist :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears, to cry ::: <b>teabila</b> lachrymal ::: <b>teabilmayl</b> teargas :::: <b>teabilmayluer</b> to teargas :: <b>teabix</b> attention ::: <b>teabixer</b> to draw attention ::: <b>teabixwer</b> to be attracted ::: <b>teabixyea</b> attractive, attention-getting :: <b>teabizber</b> to aim :: <b>teabi-yebuzbwa</b> cockeyed :: <b>teabi-zeybwa</b> cross-eyed :: <b>teabil</b> tear ::: <b>teabiluer</b> to shed tears :::: <b>azteabiluer</b> to sob, to bawl ::: <b>ivteabili</b> tears of joy ::: <b>teabilbixus</b> tearjerker :: <b>teabkof</b> blindfold ::: <b>teabkofaber</b> to hoodwink ::: <b>teabkofuer</b> to blindfold ::: <b>teabkofuwa</b> blindfolded :: <b>teabkunad</b> conjunctiva ::: <b>teabkunadbok</b> conjunctivitis :: <b>teabkyaxyea</b> shifty-eyed :: <b>teabkyoyujben</b> eye lock :: <b>teabmaf</b> cataract :: <b>teabnadvixyel</b> eyeliner :: <b>teabnagtyen</b> optometry ::: <b>teabnagtyut</b> optometrist :: <b>teabneg</b> eye level :: <b>teabnofyuj</b> eye fold, canth ::: <b>teabnofyuja</b> epicanthic :: <b>teabnyed</b> retina ::: <b>teabnyedbok</b> retinopathy ::: <b>teabnyednuym</b> retionoblast ::: <b>teabnyedteaxar</b> retinoscope :: <b>teabobem</b> eyeground, fundus :: <b>teabovar</b> eyeshield, visor :: <b>teaboyebuzpen</b> exotropia :: <b>teabpixea</b> eye-catching :: <b>teabsiunxer</b> to wink :: <b>teabteaxar</b> opthalmoscope :: <b>teabtun</b> opthalmology ::: <b>teabtuna</b> opthalmological ::: <b>teabtut</b> opthalmologist ::: <b>teab-tuyab yannapxen</b> eye-hand coordination :: <b>teabtyen</b> optics :: <b>teabtyut</b> optician :: <b>teabuka</b> eyeless :: <b>teabulza</b> green-eyed ::: <b>teabulzat</b> green-eyed person :: <b>teabvyakxentun</b> orthoptics ::: <b>teabvyakxentuna</b> orthoptical :: <b>teabvyotuus</b> trompe-l'oeil :: <b>teabyeb</b> eyelash ::: <b>teabyebbyexer</b> to bat an eyelash, to flirt ('''byexer''' = to bat) :::: <b>teabyebbyexyea</b> flirtatious ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink ('''yuijber''' = to open and close) ::: <b>abteabyeb</b> eyebrow ::: <b>ateabyeb</b> upper eyelash :: <b>teabyeg</b> eye socket, eye orbit :: <b>teabyel</b> collyrium, eye-salve :: <b>teabyelzbok</b> pinkeye :: <b>teabyena</b> eyelike :: <b>teabyija</b> open-eyed, astute ::: <b>teabyijbea</b> eye-opening ::: <b>teabyijbus</b> eye-opener :: <b>teabyuij</b> blink, wink ::: <b>teabyuijber</b> to blink, to wink ::: <b>teabyuijea manar</b> blinking light :: <b>teabzyun</b> eyeball, orb, eyeglobe ::: <b>teabzyuntayovbok</b> conjunctivitis, pink eye :: <b>teabzyus</b> eyering :: <b>teabzyuyuz</b> eyecup, eyebath : <b>teader</b> to testify, to witness ('''der''' = to tell) :: <b>teadier</b> to depose ('''dier''' = to ask) :: <b>teadeler</b> to state, to observe ('''deler''' = to declare) : <b>teaf</b> mask :: <b>teafier</b> to don a mask :: <b>teafuer</b> to mask ::: <b>teafuwa</b> masked :::: <b>teafuwat vidaz</b> masqued ball :::: <b>teatyaniv</b> masquerade : <b>teaper</b> to visit, to attend ('''per''' = to go) :: <b>teaput</b> visitor, attendee ::: <b>teaputyan</b> attendance :<b>teaser</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-`ser] to seem, to look, to appear ::<b>Tease bu at van...</b> It seems to me that... ::<b>teasea</b> <i>a.</i> apparent ::<b>-teasea</b> <i>prp.</i> -looking, -appearing :::<b>fiteasea</b> <i>a.</i> good-looking ::<b>teaseay</b> <i>adv.</i> seemingly ::<b>teasyen</b> <i>i.</i> appearance, looks ::<b>teasin</b> scene ::<b>teas</b> <i>n.</i> scene, -scape, looks, appearance, sight, view :::<b>teasbekuer</b> to groom ('''bek-''' = treat) :::<b>teasvyoxer</b> to dissimulate, to falsify the appearance of ('''vyox-''' = falsify) ::::<b>teaskovyoxer</b> to camouflage ('''ko-''' = hidden) :::<b>teaskyaxer</b> to change appearance ('''kyax-''' = change) :::<b>mimteas</b> <i>n.</i> seascape :::<b>memteas</b> <i>n.</i> landscape :<b>teasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> [te-a-si-`er] to come into view, to appear ::<b>teasien</b> <i>n.</i> appearance, apparition ::<b>loteasier</b> <i>v.i.</i> to disappear :::<b>loteasiea</b> <i>prp.</i> disappearing :::<b>loteasien</b> <i>n.</i> disapperance :<b>teater</b> [te-a-`ter] (< <b>teab</b> <i>eye</i>). to see, to view ::<b>teater engalay</b> to see double ::<b>teater hyas gel molza</b> to take a jaundice view of, to see everything as black ::<b>teater mari</b> to see stars ::<b>teater ota mep vyifay bu</b> to see one's way clear to ::<b>teater suni gel fika</b> to see things through rose-colored glasses ::<b>teater yeb avunuyea byen</b> to see in a favorable light ::<b>teater yiz ha uj bi ota teib</b> to see past the end of one's nose ::<b>teater za at</b> to see before me ::<b>teatea</b> <i>prp.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>teaten</b> <i>ger.</i> seeing, viewing ::<b>Teaten se vyatexen.</b> Seeing is believing. ::<b>teatwa</b> <i>pp.</i> seen :::<b>oteatwa</b> <i>a.</i> unseen ::<b>teat</b> <i>n.</i> sight, vision, view, vista ::<b>teatdyeer</b> to sightread ('''dye-''' = read) ::<b>teapixer</b> to catch sight of ('''pix-''' = catch ::<b>teapoper</b> to sightsee ('''pop-''' = travel) ::<b>tim bay teat</b> room with a view ::<b>teatyen</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, opinion, aspect ::<b>teatgun</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewpoint ::<b>teat bi ha pat</b> bird's eye view ::<b>teat vyaoyek</b> vision exam ::<b>teata</b> <i>a.</i> visual, optical, video :::<b>teata drursiyn dyear</b> optical character reader, OCR :::<b>teata ebtuien job</b> face time :::<b>teata gelseux</b> eye rhyme, sight rhyme :::<b>teata gian</b> visual acuity :::<b>teata kyupusi</b> visual floaters, muscae volitantes :::<b>teata muf</b> optical wand :::<b>teata neyef</b> video tape :::<b>teata tuzi</b> visual arts, graphic arts :::<b>teata yuxus</b> visual aid :::<b>teata zyiun dyear</b> optical drive ::<b>teatar</b> <i>n.</i> eyepiece ::<b>teataxdrer</b> to videotape :::<b>teataxdrun</b> <i>n.</i> video ::<b>teatay</b> <i>adv.</i> optically, visually ::<b>teatu</b> <i>imper. v.</i> see, qv. ::<b>teatyaf</b> <i>n.</i> ability to see, vision, eyesight :::<b>teatyafa</b> <i>a.</i> able to see, sighted ::::<b>teatyafat</b> <i>n.</i> sighted person ::<b>teatyafer</b> to be able to see :::<b>teatyafxer</b> to enable to see :::<b>teatyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> visible ::::<b>teatyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> visiblity ::::<b>teatyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> visibly. ::::<b>teatyafwer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to be visible ::<b>teatyofa</b> <i>a.</i> blind :::<b>teatyofan</b> <i>n.</i> blindness :::<b>teatyofat</b> <i>n.</i> blind person :::<b>teatyofxer</b> to blind ::::<b>teatyofxea</b> <i>pr.p.</i> blinding ::::<b>teatyofxwa</b> <i>p.p.</i> blinded ::::<b>teatyofxus</b> <i>n.</i> blinder ::<b>teatyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> hard to see ::<b>teatyefwa</b> <i>a.</i> worth seeing ::<b>gawteater</b> to see again :::<b>Ji yita gawteat.</b> Au revoir. :: <b>teatyen</b> paradigm, standpoint, perspective, outlook, opinion :<b>teatier</b> to perceive, to catch sight of, to discern, to notice ::<b>teatien</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiun</b> <i>n.</i> perception ::<b>teatiwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceived ::<b>teatiyafa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptive ::<b>teatiyafwa</b> <i>a.</i> perceptible :::<b>teatiyafwan</b> <i>n.</i> perceptibility :::<b>teatiyafway</b> <i>adv.</i> perceptively ::<b>teatiyofa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptive ::<b>teatiyofwa</b> <i>a.</i> imperceptible :::<b>teatiyofwan</b> <i>n.</i> imperceptibility :::<b>teatiyofway</b> <i>adv.</i> imperceptibly ::<b>teatiyikwa</b> <i>a.</i> faint, hard to discern :<b>teatizon</b> <i>n.</i> perspective, viewing direction :<b>teatkin</b> <i>n.</i> opinion, viewpoint ::<b>teatkinder</b> <i>v.i.</i> to opine, to voice an opinion ::<b>teatkinxwa</b> <i>a.</i> opinionated, biased :<b>teatmaolzan</b> <i>n.</i> grayout :<b>teatnad</b> <i>n.</i> line of sight :<b>teatneam</b> <i>n.</i> field of vision, viewing area :<b>teatnig</b> <i>n.</i> eyeshot, viewing range, scope, purview :<b>teatnod</b> <i>n.</i> viewpoint, point of view :<b>teatmis</b> <i>n.</i> viewport :<b>teatoker</b> to lose sight of ::<b>teatok</b> <i>n.</i>amaurosis, loss of sight ::<b>teatoknod</b> <i>n.</i> blind spot, scotoma ::<b>teatokya</b> <i>a.</i> sight-impaired :::<b>teatokyat</b> <i>n.</i> sight-impaired person ::<b>teatokwa</b> <i>a.</i> lost from viewed, vanished :<b>teatuer</b> to show, to demonstrate, to let see, to exhibit ::<b>teatuar</b> <i>n.</i> index :::<b>teatuarxer</b> <i>v.</i> to index ::<b>teatuen</b> <i>n.</i> demonstration, showing ::<b>teatuun</b> <i>n.</i> show ::<b>teatuwa</b> <i>a.</i> shown, demonstrated ::<b>utteatuer</b> <i>v.i.</i> to show off ('''ut''' = self) :::<b>utteatuut</b> <i>n.</i> show-off, exhibitionist : <b>teav</b> veil :: <b>teavier</b> to put on a veil :: <b>teavuwa</b> veiled :: <b>loteavuer</b> to unveil :<b>teaxer</b> <i>v.t.</i> to look, to look at, to regard ::<b>Yit teaxa hyuit.</b> We looked at one another. ::<b>aybteaxer</b> to survey, to look over, to overview, to supervise :::<b>aybteax</b> <i>n.</i> survey, overview ::::<b>ayteaxut</b> <i>n.</i> surveyor ::<b>koaybteaxer</b> to surveil ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''ayb''' = ''over'') ::<b>gawteaxer</b> to review, to look at again ::<b>oteaxer</b> to disregard ::<b>yizteaxer</b> to overlook, to look past ::<b>zoyteaxer</b> to look back, retrospect ::<b>zayteaxer</b> to look forward, to look ahead ::<b>jeteaxer</b> to watch, to keep looking :::<b>marjeteaxer</b> to stargaze ('''mar''' = star) :::<b>tamjeteaxer</b> to housesit ('''tam''' = house) ::<b>yubteaxer</b> to inspect, to examine, to look closely at ::<b>igteaxer</b> to glance at ('''ig-''' = quick) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to gaze at ('''yag-''' = long) ::<b>kuteaxer</b> to observe ('''ku-''' = lateral) ::<b>ibteaxer</b> to look away ::<b>ubteaxer</b> to look toward, to face, to confront ::<b>yuzteaxer</b> to look around ::<b>yabteaxer</b> to look up ::<b>yobteaxer</b> to look down ::<b>abteaxer</b> to look upon, to consider :::<b>gawabteaxer</b> to reconsider ::<b>ojteaxer</b> to peer into the future, to auspicate ('''oj''' = future) ::<b>kyoteaxer</b> to stare ('''kyo-'''= fixed) ::<b>ufteaxer</b> to scorn, to glower, to disdane ('''uf''' = hate) ::<b>ifteaxer</b> to feast one's eyes on, to gaze at lovingly ::<b>koteaxer</b> to spy on ('''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>ofteaxer</b> to peep ('''of''' = prohibited) ::<b>yijteaxer</b> to gawk ('''yij-''' = open ) ::<b>keteaxer</b> to search for, to look for ('''ke-''' = seek) ::<b>zyeteaxer</b> to look through, to persue ::<b>zeyteaxer</b> to look across, to scan ::<b>izteaxer</b> to look directly at, to confront, to aim ('''iz-''' = direct) ::<b>yaibteaxer</b> to look up and down ::<b>yuibteaxer</b> to look near and far ::<b>zuiteaxer</b> to look left and right ::<b>zaoteaxer</b> to look back and forth ::<b>azteaxer</b> to glare ('''az-''' = strong) ::<b>kiteaxer</b> to look askance at, to squint ('''ki-''' = oblique) ::<b>yufteaxer</b> to look at with fear ('''yuf''' = fear) ::<b>zyoteaxer</b> to peer ('''zyo''' = narrow) ::<b>yagteaxer</b> to glimpse ('''yag-''' = short) ::<b>yebteaxer</b> to look into, to introspect ('''yeb''' = in) ::<b>yuzkoteaxer</b> to snoop around ('''yuz''' = around, '''ko-''' = hidden) ::<b>yokkyoteaxer</b> to glop, to stare in amazement ('''yok''' = surprise, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>zyateaxer</b> to look far and wide ('''zya''' = all around) ::<b>yibteaxer</b> to telescope, to view from afaar ('''yib''' = far ) ::<b>vyaokteaxer</b> to check, to inspect ('''vyao-''' = right or wrong) ::<b>tabgonteaxer</b> to haruspicate ('''tabgon''' = organ) ::<b>taobteaxer</b> to biopsy ('''taob''' = flesh) ::<b>tabteaxer</b> to autopsy ('''tab''' = body) ::<b>oyebteaxer</b> to look out ::<b>kozyeteaxer</b> to peek ('''ko-''' = hidden, '''zye''' = through) ::<b>jateaxer</b> to preview ::<b>joteaxer</b> to review ::<b>hyuitteaxer</b> to look at one another ('''hyuit''' = one another) ::<b>fyateaxer</b> to revere ('''fya-''' = holy) ::<b>eynteaxer</b> to squint ('''eyn-''' = half) ::<b>fizteaxer</b> to respect ('''fiz-''' = honor) ::<b>fuzteaxer</b> to disrespect ('''fuz-''' = dishonor) ::<b>ifkyoteaxer</b> to ogle ('''if''' = pleasure, '''kyo-''' = fixed) ::<b>vyuzteaxer</b> to leer, to give a dirty look ('''vyuz-''' = lewd) ::<b>veyovteaxer</b> to suspect ('''veyov-''' = maybe guilty) :: <b>gawteaper</b> to revisit : <b>teaz</b> wonder, show, spectacle, dazzle :: <b>teazag</b> pomp, splendor ::: <b>teazaga</b> pompous, splendid :: <b>teazam</b> theater, show palace :: <b>teazasaun</b> prodigy :: <b>teazika</b> marvelous, wondrous :: <b>teazdal</b> grandiloquence, bombastics :: <b>teazdem</b> luna park :: <b>teazekar</b> geegaw : <b>teazexer</b> to focus :: <b>teazexer ab</b> to focus on :: <b>teazexwa</b> focussed ::: <b>oteazexa</b> unfocussed, blurry :: <b>teazex</b> focus ::: <b>teazexa</b> focal :::: <b>teazexa ned</b> focal plane :::: <b>teazexa nod</b> focal point :::: <b>teazexa yagan</b> focal length :::: <b>teazexar</b> lens :::: <b>teazexman</b> limelight, spotlight ::::: <b>teazexmanxer</b> to spotlight ::: <b>teazexoker</b> to lose focus ::: <b>teazextyen</b> marksmanship ::: <b>teazextyien</b> target practice ::: <b>teazexyof</b> astigmatism :: <b>teazfua</b> chintzy, tawdry :: <b>teazier</b> to be amazed, to be stunned, to marvel :: <b>teaziper</b> to flounce, to make a spectacle of leaving :: <b>teazman</b> wonderland :: <b>teazmulk</b> alcahest, miracle solvent :: <b>teaznunuut</b> huckster :: <b>teaznyadpen</b> pageantry, parading :: <b>teazpas</b> stunt :: <b>teaztob</b> wizard :: <b>teaztof</b> frippery, finery ::: <b>teaztofier</b> to preen :::: <b>teaztofiut</b> dandy, fop, coxcomb, preener :: <b>teaztud</b> wunderkind :: <b>teaztyen</b> showmanship, razzle-dazzle :: <b>teaztyop</b> promenade :: <b>teazuer</b> to amaze, to stun, to bewilder ::: <b>teazuea</b> amazing, dazzling, stunning, stupefying, bewildering :: <b>teazun</b> spectacle, show ::: <b>teazunag</b> extravaganza ::: <b>teazuntob</b> showman ::: <b>teazuus</b> showstopper ::: <b>teazuut</b> grandstander, dazzler, show artist ::: <b>teazuyea</b> stunning, amazing, beguilding, bewildering, astonishing :: <b>teazyen</b> flamboyance ::: <b>teazyenika</b> flamboyant ::: <b>teazyigiaren</b> swashbuckling :: <b>teazzyun</b> pompom iliml6xyshxb50w2g8co9s6wk29q0va 0 393586 4678960 4666414 2026-10-30T02:21:48Z Lemoncaked 3629764 /* stdio.h */ removed duplicate entry for getdelim 4678960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nav}} == Header files == {| class="wikitable" |- |<code>[[#argp.h|argp.h]]</code> || Interface for parsing unix-style argument vectors. |- |<code>[[#argz.h|argz.h]]</code> || Allocate/grow argz vectors. |- |<code>[[#envz.h|envz.h]]</code> || |- |<code>[[#execinfo.h|execinfo.h]]</code> || Backtrace support. |- |<code>[[#libintl.h|libintl.h]]</code> || |} == Table of functions == === [[/argp.h|argp.h]] === {| | * <code>[[/argp.h/argp_error|argp_error]]</code> * <code>[[/argp.h/argp_failure|argp_failure]]</code> * <code>[[/argp.h/argp_help|argp_help]]</code> * <code>[[/argp.h/argp_parse|argp_parse]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[/argp.h/argp_state_help|argp_state_help]]</code> * <code>[[/argp.h/argp_usage|argp_usage]]</code> |} === [[/argz.h|argz.h]] === {| | * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_add|argz_add]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_add_sep|argz_add_sep]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_append|argz_append]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_count|argz_count]]</code> | * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_create|argz_create]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_create_sep|argz_create_sep]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_delete|argz_delete]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_extract|argz_extract]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_insert|argz_insert]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_next|argz_next]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_replace|argz_replace]]</code> * <code>[[/argz.h/argz_stringify|argz_stringify]]</code> |} === [[/envz.h|envz.h]] === {| | * <code>[[/envz.h/envz_add|envz_add]]</code> * <code>[[/envz.h/envz_entry|envz_entry]]</code> * <code>[[/envz.h/envz_get|envz_get]]</code> * <code>[[/envz.h/envz_merge|envz_merge]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[/envz.h/envz_remove|envz_remove]]</code> * <code>[[/envz.h/envz_strip|envz_strip]]</code> |} === [[/execinfo.h|execinfo.h]] === {| | * <code>[[/execinfo.h/backtrace|backtrace]]</code> * <code>[[/execinfo.h/backtrace_symbols|backtrace_symbols]]</code> * <code>[[/execinfo.h/backtrace_symbols_fd|backtrace_symbols_fd]]</code> |} === [[/libintl.h|libintl.h]] === {| | * <code>[[/libintl.h/bind_textdomain_codeset|bind_textdomain_codeset]]</code> * <code>[[/libintl.h/bindtextdomain|bindtextdomain]]</code> * <code>[[/libintl.h/dcgettext|dcgettext]]</code> * <code>[[/libintl.h/dcngettext|dcngettext]]</code> | * <code>[[/libintl.h/dgettext|dgettext]]</code> * <code>[[/libintl.h/dngettext|dngettext]]</code> * <code>[[/libintl.h/gettext|gettext]]</code> * <code>[[/libintl.h/ngettext|ngettext]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[/libintl.h/textdomain|textdomain]]</code> |} == Standard library extensions == Platform facilities that extend the standard library headers. === [[../assert.h|assert.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../assert.h/assert_perror|assert_perror]]</code> |} === [[../complex.h|complex.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../complex.h/clog10|clog10]]</code> * <code>[[../complex.h/clog10f|clog10f]]</code> * <code>[[../complex.h/clog10fN|clog10fN]]</code> * <code>[[../complex.h/clog10fNx|clog10fNx]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[../complex.h/clog10l|clog10l]]</code> |} === [[../fenv.h|fenv.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../fenv.h/fedisableexcept|fedisableexcept]]</code> * <code>[[../fenv.h/feenableexcept|feenableexcept]]</code> * <code>[[../fenv.h/fegetexcept|fegetexcept]]</code> |} === [[../math.h|math.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../math.h/j0fN|j0fN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/j0fNx|j0fNx]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/j1fN|j1fN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/j1fNx|j1fNx]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/jnfN|jnfN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/jnfNx|jnfNx]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/lgammafN_r|lgammafN_r]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/lgammafNx_r|lgammafNx_r]]</code> | * <code>[[../math.h/pow10|pow10]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/pow10f|pow10f]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/pow10l|pow10l]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/sincos|sincos]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/sincosf|sincosf]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/sincosfN|sincosfN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/sincosfNx|sincosfNx]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/sincosl|sincosl]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[../math.h/y0fN|y0fN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/y0fNx|y0fNx]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/y1fN|y1fN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/y1fNx|y1fNx]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/ynfN|ynfN]]</code> * <code>[[../math.h/ynfNx|ynfNx]]</code> |} === [[../signal.h|signal.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../signal.h/sysv_signal|sysv_signal]]</code> |} === [[../stdio.h|stdio.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../stdio.h/asprintf|asprintf]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/clearerr_unlocked|clearerr_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/feof_unlocked|feof_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/ferror_unlocked|ferror_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fgets_unlocked|fgets_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fileno_unlocked|fileno_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fmemopen|fmemopen]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fopencookie|fopencookie]]</code> | * <code>[[../stdio.h/fputs_unlocked|fputs_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fread_unlocked|fread_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fwrite_unlocked|fwrite_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/getdelim|getdelim]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fputs_unlocked|fputs_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fread_unlocked|fread_unlocked]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/fwrite_unlocked|fwrite_unlocked]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[../stdio.h/getline|getline]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/obstack_printf|obstack_printf]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/obstack_vprintf|obstack_vprintf]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/open_memstream|open_memstream]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/snprintf|snprintf]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/tmpnam_r|tmpnam_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/vasprintf|vasprintf]]</code> * <code>[[../stdio.h/vsnprintf|vsnprintf]]</code> |} === [[../stdlib.h|stdlib.h]] === {| | * <code>[[../stdlib.h/alloca|alloca]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/canonicalize_file_name|canonicalize_file_name]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/clearenv|clearenv]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/drand48_r|drand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/ecvt_r|ecvt_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/erand48_r|erand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/getpt|getpt]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/initstate_r|initstate_r]]</code> | * <code>[[../stdlib.h/jrand48_r|jrand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/lcong48_r|lcong48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/lrand48_r|lrand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/mrand48_r|mrand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/nrand48_r|nrand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/ptsname_r|ptsname_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/qecvt|qecvt]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/qecvt_r|qecvt_r]]</code> | * <code>[[../stdlib.h/qfcvt|qfcvt]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/qfcvt_r|qfcvt_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/qgcvt|qgcvt]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/random_r|random_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/rpmatch|rpmatch]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/secure_getenv|secure_getenv]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/seed48_r|seed48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/setstate_r|setstate_r]]</code> | valign="top" | * <code>[[../stdlib.h/srand48_r|srand48_r]]</code> * <code>[[../stdlib.h/srandom_r|srandom_r]]</code> |} {{Nav}} nu6fi0btqmqckhm5qzj3gzpy1f3hjdv 0 398074 4678935 3645681 2026-10-29T20:39:43Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678935 wikitext text/x-wiki ==The Historic Life Cycle of the Intermodal Shipping Container== ===The Intermodal Shipping Container=== The humble shipping container has been a very influential transport technology greatly contributing to the growth of international trade and facilitating global trade, logistics and supply chain development. Standardised containers come in several varieties but they are typically an enclosed rectangular box with steel sides and roof, timber floor, and doors at one end. The most common shipping container now is a 40’HC, (forty-foot High Cube, which is not a cube) which is 12.2 m long, 2.44 m wide, and 2.90 m high, though the next most common are the 40’DV and 20’ DV which are both 2.59m high, with the 20’ only 6.06m long. The 20’ is the basis for a common standard of measurement, the TEU (Trailer or “Twenty Foot” Equivalent Unit), used for ship and port capacity and container fleet capacity. For example, each of the 40’ versions mentioned here are considered as 2 TEUs, and the Port of Shanghai handled 34,516,000 TEUs in 2015[1], and OOCL Hong Kong, rated the highest capacity container ship in 2017, has a carrying capacity of 21,413 TEU [2]. ====Advantages==== The container’s key features are its “corner castings” on the 8 corners that are part of a frame rigid enough to allow it to be securely stacked on other containers. The container can be easily mounted on standardised trailers for road transport, a railway car, or most importantly – stacked within or on a container ship ten high. Further, a simple twist lock connector can easily create secure links between stacked containers, top corner beneath to bottom corner above, allowing a stack to be a rigidly connected structure. Though longer length containers exist, their connectors are located such that they stack on a 40’ with equally overhanging ends. The corners similarly also allow easy connection to cranes or booms which greatly facilitates loading, unloading and transferring between modes – hence “intermodal” containers. [3] ====Market==== These advantages and the spread of standardisation between modes, the ease of creating special containers within the rigid connecting frame and corners, and continuing innovations in ancillary container handling technologies, have seen the container capture most of the shipping market for non-bulk goods over the last 60 years, and overwhelmingly most of the value of seaborne trade. Containers are ubiquitous in trucking, and rail, and non-bulk freight that is not on the last-mile is probably in an intermodal container. By delivering cheaper, faster and more secure shipping, trade growth and globalisation were assisted which resulted in a virtuous circle positive feed-back loop between containerisation, and international trade. The scale of operations in seaborne shipping, furthered developments in ground transport, and allowed logistic concepts such as “just in time” delivery, distribution centres, and “global supply chains” to develop furthering globalisation. ===Before the Container=== Prior to containerisation, cargo ships had been developed for bulk liquids -tankers – from 1863, and dry bulk commodity cargos – bulkers - such as iron ore and coal, or for grains. The first recognised bulk carrier dates from 1852. By contrast, other cargo, known as “break-bulk”, was piece loaded into cargo bays onboard by dock workers and longshoremen well into the twentieth century. Block and tackle, cranes and nets and other machinery would assist the process but at each stage of the transfer process extensive human labour was involved. Whether by truck, train or carriage a load might arrive at a wharf, and men would remove it and store it about the port somewhere – transit shed, warehouse, or even dockside. Random boxes, cartons, crates, sacks, baskets, casks, barrels and all manner of non-packaged goods would be stacked together. Loads might be transferred through the process of stacking up a pallet then hoisting that into a cargo hold by crane where another team of men would remove the goods and arrange them by hand around the cargo hold, or men might simply carry goods up and down gangplanks [4]. Moreover it was generally more common for the ship’s own lifting gear, rather than the dock’s, to load the ship [3]. Whatever the nature of the goods, whatever mode brought it and whatever the size of the ship an incredible number of men and man-hours were involved and a ship might spend days, or even weeks, in port being unloaded and loaded. Despite the emergence of iron ships powered by steam and the slashing of journey times, and increases in reliability of schedule over the 19th and early 20th century, the handling of break-bulk cargo in port remained much the same as it had been for centuries, even with the development of fork-lifts and other mechanical accessories. The amount of labour involved significant time and money costs, and losses to theft were common. Attempts had been made to overcome these issues with various schemes such as pallets and smaller containers but organised labour or the stevedoring companies themselves would ensure delays through obstructionist work practices that produced even worse efficiency and the shippers tended to give up. On the other side of the dock there had also been a great deal of innovation – railways had developed into a mature mode servicing hundreds of lines emanating from the world’s ports and efficiently linking both inland cities and resources to the coasts of lakes, seas and oceans. Various containerisation projects were used with varying results particularly in railway goods handling, even from the first railways. Also in the early 20th century use of the automobile started to grow, assisting road development and allowing trucks to become a feature of goods transportation. American railways had responded to this with the so-called “piggy-back” system that by various means put a truck trailer onto rail cars. These innovations all made transportation of goods more and more viable, and helped drive the growth of ports and shipping before World War I, and to an extent hid the inefficiencies of cargo handling. WW1, the Great Depression and WWII interrupted international trade significantly, though significant technological developments had occurred by the time peace broke out. ===The Innovator=== World War 2 had been a war of logistics. The vast scale of the conflict, and the vast distances involved, particularly in the Pacific, had seen technologies rapidly developed particularly automobiles and aircraft, but in rail handling as well. While the shipyards of the US had produced an extraordinary number of ships, including over 2,700 of the iconic Liberty Ships, cargo ships capable of carrying 10,000 ton loads [3], the post WW2 maritime trade in the US was stagnant [4]. Eventually large numbers of standard tanker and cargo vessels from the WW2 logistics fleets made their way into the fleets of shipping lines. Trucks were grabbing market share in the US, and their technology was much improved due to war experience. The coastal shipping of the US was much reduced from its pre-war levels, even into the 1950s [3]. While not particularly profitable maritime trade was highly protected, subsidised and not particularly in any rush to innovate [4]. It took an outsider to bring disruption to the docks, and with it the entire freight industry. Malcolm McLean was a trucking magnate who had grown his business in the late 1940s as truck transport thrived, and the railways and shipping stagnated. All modes however were tightly controlled by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) which had stability as its main goal [4]. McLean had long thought the docks were a major source of time being wasted for trucks in unloading, and was very focussed on cost cutting due to the “set rate” freight regime set by the ICC. However, it was not until 1955 when his goal had been to beat trucking competitors through price competition through use of the lower allowed rates available to east coast shipping, that his attempts at disrupting trucking competition eventually led to him forcing innovation on the entire freight transport industry [4]. While originally pursuing a truck rolling on, rolling off style of transport [5], McLean decided the undercarriage and trailer was a waste of space and would prevent stacking and wound up wanting stand-alone containers that could just be lifted off trailers at one end and put on trailers at the other end. While steel boxes were already available they were not at a size that would create genuine cost-savings [4]. Pushing his own staff at his recently acquired Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company to come up with something, he was introduced to an engineer, Keith Tantlinger, who had already designed and sold, on behalf of his employer, 200 of his 9 m long Aluminium containers for use on barges but that were able to fit on a chassis to be pulled by a truck. Tantlinger’s containers were accepted by McLean. Tantlinger, enticed to work for McLean, eventually also had the job of convincing the Coast Guard that the containers were safe on-board ship, and he developed the spreader bar that enabled the dockside crane operator to “grab” the corners of a container, pick it up and move it and release it without another worker’s involvement [4]. After delays due to competitor appeals to the ICC and Coast Guard approval, McLean finally got away his first converted tanker loaded with containers on April 26, 1956 – at the rate of a container every seven minutes – and underway from Port Newark, leased and converted by McLean, bound for Houston [4]. The innovation here was not the container itself, as others had thought of them, built and sold them, used them on routes of both rail and sea, and attempted to promote them. The current International Container Bureau (BIC), which assigns ID numbers to the now ISO standardised containers, had been established in 1933, [6] over 20 years earlier, and was tasked with promoting the use of standard sizes though these were not as large as the eventual shipping containers would be. Nor was moving a container from a ship to another mode, nor the use of a special crane, using a privately leased port, nor outwitting both regulators and organised labour, unheard of before. Rather, McLean saw the whole system as a mechanism to move cargo, and that everything in the chain had to be improved towards that end, and in putting together the company structures, a specialised port, getting terms from labour, modified ships, the containers, and identifying suitable customers who would ship enough volume with him for long enough to be considered commercially successful, he changed shipping economics – despite having had no previous experience in ocean shipping [4, 5]. He was rewarded with substantial cost savings, that led to both competitors’ appeals to regulators, emulation of his techniques, growth in competition and substantial growth in available markets. The world economy was rewarded with a fundamentally cheaper and more efficient freight system that would become much more of both in the coming decades as it scaled and standardised, and would profoundly impact global trade patterns and with them, national economies becoming more trade focussed and even trade based which further promoted the scale of containerisation [3]. ===Early Markets and Enhancements=== While McLean had entered the world of seaborne freight in a rush, with quick generation and abandonment of ideas, and doing the best that could be done with what was to hand, there were several innovations that Tantlinger quickly moved on. McLean counted on pent-up demand and pushed hard to increase operational capacity. A longer container, more containers to a stack, converting break-bulk ships rather than tankers (which were still useful as tankers), converting holds to optimal dimensions for containers, and widening hatches were easily identified improvements. Creating cells for the containers to sit within below decks that would be would be wide enough to manoeuvre the containers in with the crane but not so wide that the container could shift was more difficult [4]. McLean’s Pan-Atlantic had converted C-2 ships (a standard US cargo ship of WW2) with quadrupled capacity in 1957, just a year after their first effort with converted T-2 tankers. This meant crane innovation was needed to keep the turnaround time for the bigger capacity ships as low as for the initial ones, and since ports would not necessarily have the right cranes, ships needed their own cranes too. Stronger corner posts to allow higher stacking, producing refrigerated units, door improvements and the twist lock that allowed for easy locking and unlocking at the corners were all quickly adopted. The market power was immediately apparent. A typical C2 break-bulk cargo ship, would take 150 longshoremen working four days to load and unload, perhaps incurring $15k in labour costs alone. McLean’s first C2 conversion – the Gateway City – which commenced operating in October 1957, could be turned around by a 14 man team in just over eight hours, for a labour cost of $1,600 [3]. Other more established shipping lines were impressed but were reluctant to invest until some of the concepts shook-out and standards emerged. One operator Matson, took on the Pacific market in a very deliberate and scientific process that particularly developed the shore based crane [4]. One of the key early markets for McLean’s operation – now Sea-Land – was Puerto Rico. Initially out-manoeuvred he was eventually able to virtually build a monopoly and a virtuous circle was created that greatly assisted in the economic development of the island that in turn helped improve Sea-Land’s profitability. This was achieved by slashing cargo rates and stabilizing delivery schedules due to the productivity gains achieved by containerising. [4] This was a prelude to what would happen in Asia over the coming decades as developing economies shipped their manufactures to international export markets. Overall, the first 10 years after 1956 were characterised by solid but relatively linear growth, as Pan Atlantic/Sea-Land and Matson added higher capacity ships, converted ports as they added new domestic service routes, encouraged organised labour compromise, and optimised their systems. Potential competitors investigated, but tended to adopt a wait-and-see approach during this first 10 years, but participated in the standards development process, evaluated their own opportunities and made plans – chastened by the failure of Grace Lines with Venezuela (below in Policy). Eventually in 1966 two other lines and McLean initiated North Atlantic services between the US, Europe and the UK. While initially McLean had started point-to-point on dedicated lines, with the move to international lines there would develop more of a hub to hub system, with smaller feeder lines utilising smaller ships to service other ports – much like the trucking system. Containerisation exploded quickly after that, and by 1969 there were 199 purpose-built container vessels under construction world-wide [3], and by 1971, just fifteen years after Pan-Atlantics first US domestic container service, and five years after the first dedicated transatlantic container service “all cargo on the transatlantic routes out of the US that could be containerised, had been” [3]. ===Policy in the Birthing Phase=== Initially, policy was largely directed against containerisation, at least in the US. Containerisation, and all forms of freight consolidation such as palletisation were controversial to organised labour and thus inherently political. Physically each mode, and within each mode each operator, faced unique conditions or had significant other investments that it wanted to work with or avoid threatening and so there was contention to work through towards standard dimensions. Finally, the infrastructure of each mode involved a wide range of regulation, law and governing jurisdictions. The ICC kept strict lines of separation between modes, and there were strict rate and competition controls. Ironically it was this rate-control environment that pushed McLean into containerisation in the first place. A group of railway companies complained to the ICC about the competitive effects [3], and the Coast Guard were involved over concerns about the safety for the crew of carrying containers on deck [4]. In the US case the railways were keen to defend the use of their own rail cars and their own “piggyback” system for hauling truck trailers. Ironically the ICC whose initial role had been to prevent the market being exploited and to ensure common carrier standards was now being used to keep competitive forces out of the market and was thus protecting inefficiencies and limiting innovation. ICC rules also forced McLean, eventually to remove his family from running their own trucking firm, and he had to use other trucking firms for removing containers from ports. The Jones Act, still relevant today, enacted in the 1920s also kept coastal shipping as an all American affair within the US [3], which simultaneously provided relief from foreign competition but also limited the ships that could be used and imposed higher crew costs. However, McLean also – at least on the financial level, and solvency is an important characteristic for an innovator – had an ability to find useful policy assistance, when it came to plans to convert and/or buy ships, without using the subsidy plans that would have controlled routes. Whatever policy difficulties his succession of corporate entities faced, they applied to his competitors as well. Additionally, he benefitted from the tension between the New York Port Authority and the City of New York, in being able to establish himself at their new development at Newark, with much better road and rail access than the New York city docks, and the Authority benefitted from his success. In terms of engineering innovation there was little initial intervention though there was the question of sea-worthiness and crew safety, with the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) and US Coast Guard being involved in sea trials of McLean’s converted T-2 tanker, the Ideal X [3]. However, in switching to longer containers than the original 9 m containers when Pan-Atlantic switched to its specially converted C-2 ships, which had container cells below deck, the length chosen was 10.67 m (35 feet) because that was the largest length that would fit on the maximum length trailer allowed on Pennsylvania roads, not far from New Jersey where his dock was, and McLean would stick with this length into the 1970s [3]. By 1958, though, the American Standards Association already had a panel to investigate a container length standard and worked with the ISO over the coming years. Bizarrely, the two lines actively utilising and growing the container business were largely non-participants, and their used lengths would not win out. Eventually it was determined to work with lengths of multiples of ten feet (3.05 m), even though no one was using them at the time. Only twenty and forty feet emerged as seriously used lengths, until more recently, though many different lengths would come and go in the interim before the ISO managed to publish its first full draft in 1970 [4]. It was recognised that the corner castings were crucial, and much debate ensued about which system to adopt. McLean, in 1963, was persuaded by his old employee Taitlinger, then heavily involved in the standards process, to freely allow use of his organisations patents to the “corner casting” which helped set containerisation on its path of inter-changeability [4], and gradually the container fleets moved towards the standards. Although large established fleets of non-standard containers had enough value to only gradually be changed out, new entrants accepted the standards as locked in for a few decades, though extended road trailer lengths routinely challenge the lock-in. The main policy threats were tightly controlled competition and anti-collusion rules, along with labour concerns about the threat to employment, and where organised labour goes so must government policy – either for or against. Although McLean was able to strike a deal with both the Teamsters (trucking) and Longshoremen (dock workers) organisations [3], because he was apparently creating jobs at a new site (Newark), labour concerns would prove to be a consistent bugbear internationally through the coming decades as ports confronted the decision to containerise. In 1960 Grace Lines tried to set up a service to Venezuela only to be completely cruelled by local labour refusing to unload, and no solution was successfully negotiated, and their plans abandoned [3]. Organised labour in various ports and countries would respond negatively to containerisation, including Australia, but would often find themselves swept aside as a competitor port in another jurisdiction seized the opportunity, such as Oakland, or just through happenstance and lack of relevance, such as Felixstowe in the UK, and by its nature container shipping would go on to support fewer, larger ports. Early containerisation however, proved not to be a guarantee of long term success for all ports [7]. Ports and the jurisdictions with interests in them whether city, provincial or national would develop containerisation policies but success could be elusive. ===Growth of Containerisation and Policy Development=== As containerisation captured the break-bulk market it also had profound impacts on the economies able to utilise the cost and time savings to freight – as seen in Puerto Rico in the late 50s and through the 1960s. The initial impact, relatively – it takes a few years/decades - is that existing production can be more quickly and securely transported for less and to a more reliable schedule. This however changes markets, and the less friction in the transport system the more local comparative advantages come into play in international trade, the less need there is for industries to be physically close to their markets and the more competition is available for sourcing components or finished goods. Initially, outside the ICC, containerisation had support from politicians who saw the potential for American goods to be more easily exported, while the ICC saw it as disruptive and labour saw it as the major threat to jobs. Importing, however, also became much simpler. Standards shook out, not just in dimensions, but also in registration, identification and marking – all covered by ISO standards. As shippers moved to ISO standards, it become easier for manufacturers of ancillary products and technologies to scale, and as internationally trucking and rail followed shipping there were ever bigger markets to reach. While the move into trans-Atlantic operation which initiated explosive growth was largely private lines as the driving force there were always government actors – some state-owned shipping lines for example, ports, and railways to be engaged. Also in 1966 one of the important Pacific developments was McLean’s Sea-Land securing important military contracts in providing container logistics for the Vietnam war effort. This gave him free capacity to develop on the return trip which provided greater profitability when he secured some of the nascent Japanese export market. Merchant fleets have moved away from government ownership, and even being flagged to their country of ownership, and so it has been mostly the private sector that has led the way in expansion of fleets, building ships with more TEU capacity, and many container ports are privately held. For example, although it was US operators, and effectively the US merchant marine that lead the way a long-term result was the US merchant marine fleet losing international relevance. Simultaneously though many ports remain nationalised, and even some ship lines, customs are still publicly controlled, many railways still government owned and common carrier rules apply. Many policy trends however have enabled the growth in the containerised freight market. The Asian experience – Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and China containerisation development was either government controlled altogether or government led. Larger trends of de-regulation, certainly in OECD nations, have enabled capital to move freely and more responsively to market conditions. Free trade agreements, the expansion on the WTO, and the development of trading blocs has helped make the reduced transport friction that containerisation has brought far more relevant to international freight than it otherwise would be. Containerisation was a boon to Asian economies, both to Japan and the tiger economies, but also eventually to the huge cheap labour pool that was mainland China. Initially China was out of the picture, but various policy changes from Nixon in 1971 through to its own market reforms of the 1980s and after with eventual WTO access led to it being able to export its cheaply produced manufactures to the world, while the “bulk” market benefit from its imports, and that continued and expanded the threat to American manufacturing that Japan represented in the 1980s. Similarly, the continuing refinement of the shipping container and its handling, was both encouraged and demanded through increasing international co-operation on trade, free trade agreements and ISO adoption in new markets. There has been over the last 20 years a massive shift to an Asian and especially Chinese presence in the busiest and biggest container ports, usually measured by TEUs processed. Including Hong Kong Chinese ports occupied seven of the top ten port container volumes in 2017 [8]. ===Maturity; development, market change, competition and policy=== In 2016 the container revolution started by McLean turned 60 years old. While many things continue to grow, such as port and ship size, there are some physical constraints and other modal developments that might suggest peak containerisation is near – though physical constraints have been pushed through before. In 2008 Notteboom and Rodrigue suggested that maturity might be near despite continuing volume growth, but they noted that many signs of maturity were already present, especially the increasingly marginal technical improvements[7], a trend which has only continued since, though higher TEU capacity ships continue to be developed and built. For example various forms of route organisation abound – EG triangle, pendulum, butterfly, conveyor belt, line-bundling, end-to-end – that allow lines to fill various shipping niches at optimal efficiency [7]. The processing chain for containers is constantly improving incrementally. While crane sizes might be topping out, there is the typical mature squeezing for efficiencies in their operations including multi-box operations, automation, and ever more powerful computerisation. Port design, stacking and storing optimisation software, container tracking and scanning are other means of getting the most out of containerisation and given the scale of containerised freight the slightest improvements of even fractions of a second or cent can have high value [4]. While many ISO standards apply and about 90% of all units are the three main types of dry van, the fact that the basic principle is the twist lock corners on a robust frame mean there are a bewildering variety of “containers” compliant with the broader system but which are not “boxes”. Aside from the early development of the refrigerated unit there are specialised containers that put a variety of tanks inside the core frame, side open, and top open containers, longer (and wider) containers, and containers that are suitable for carrying smaller quantities of otherwise bulk materials. Again, this is typical of maturity as specialisation to capture niche markets occurs. A threat has been the opacity of containers – while uniquely identified and potentially with a manifest the only way to know what is inside is to inspect them. This provides smuggling and terrorism opportunities which policy makers want to address. Physical inspection by humans is time consuming and delaying and scanning technologies are being utilised and developed. ==Quantitative Analysis== Unfortunately consistent data across the history of the container is difficult to obtain, in part due to the time it took for it to standardize. The standard measure for handling containers is by TEU but there are several problems, particularly in reference to moving and handling empty containers. Recent port handling statistics are well developed, but are not necessarily useful for value of contents or distances travelled. Weight is not a particular valuable measure as it does not measure container numbers nor value, but it does allow comparison with other shipborne trade and potentially bulk rail traffic. The 2017 Report on Maritime Trade by the UN Conference on Trade and Development published a figure showing a comparison of maritime modes tonnage shipped dating back to 1980 and up to 2016. Unfortunately this misses the earliest 24 years of the mode, and limits the ability to determine the top of the probable S-Curve since it is does not reveal the early part of it. Analysis of the data below suggested an upper tonnage of 3125 Million Tons, and that about half way through 2013 was the inflexion point for the potential S-Curve. The graph does suggest that the rate of growth was increasing from 1985 through to five years ago. If 2013 or similar was indeed the inflexion year, then the growth ahead for intermodal containers will remain strong for another decade or more but the rate of growth is already starting to decline. Also while we may not have earlier data we do know the starting year quite well for dedicated container shipping - 1956, so it took 24 years to reach 100 M tons, and only another 8 years or so to double that (1988 for 200M), but then doubled again in the next 8 years (400M in 1995) and then again in the next 8 years (800 M tons in 2003) while taking 10 years to double again suggesting the rate of growth was indeed slowing. However, the GFC of 2008 did slow the global economy for several years. [[File:Container w t graph.png|thumb|Seaborne trade - tonnage of container shipping 1980 - 2016]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year!! Tons Shipped (Millions) !! Predicted Tons Shipped (M) |- |1980 || 102 || 93.5 |- | 1985 || 152 || 154.1 |- | 1990 || 234 || 250.9 |- | 1995 || 371 || 400.3 |- | 2000 || 598 || 619.4 |- | 2005 || 1001 || 918.1 |- | 2010 || 1280 || 1286.76 |- | 2011 || 1393 || 1366.2 |- | 2012 || 1464 || 1446.7 |- | 2013 || 1544 || 1527.8 |- | 2014 || 1640 || 1609.1 |- | 2015 || 1661 || 1690.15 |- | 2016 || 1720 || 1770.5 |} ===References=== 1. Council, W.S. Ports. 2018 [cited 2018 9/5/2018]; Available from: http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/ports. 2. Network, M.I.N. 10 World's Biggest Container Ships in 2017. Know More 2017 [cited 2018 9/05/2018]; 3. Cudahy, B.J., Box boats : how container ships changed the world. 1st ed. 2006, New York: Fordham University Press. xii, 338 p., 20 p. of plates. 4. Levinson, M., The box : how the shipping container made the world smaller and the world economy bigger. Second Edition. ed. 2016, Princeton: Princeton University Press. xx, 516 pages. 5. Garrison, W.L. and D.M. Levinson, The transportation experience : policy, planning, and deployment. 2006, New York: Oxford University Press. xii, 457 p. 6. Containers, B.I.d. Mission and Vision. 2018 [cited 2018 8/5/2018]; Available from: https://www.bic-code.org/. 7. Notteboom, T. and J.P. Rodrigue, Containerisation, box logistics and global supply chains: The integration of ports and liner shipping networks. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 2008. 10(1-2): p. 152-174. 8. UNCAD, in Review of Maritime Transport. 2017, UN Publications. p. 61. {{BookCat}} e73pw455p415usxbvmp3nwkm9z88tnr 0 410613 4678934 4533677 2026-10-29T20:16:03Z Long dotted line 3629746 Stop saying that STL exports are ASCII-only 4678934 wikitext text/x-wiki == export == The current OpenSCAD model can be exported in different formats. The list of supported formats depends on the geometry, if the final design is a 3D or 2D model. OpenSCAD can export ;3D formats: * STL * OFF * AMF {{requires|2015.03}} * 3MF {{requires|2019.05}} ;2D formats: * DXF * SVG {{requires|2015.03}} * PNG(Image) {{requires|2019.05}} * PDF (A4 size only) {{requires|2021.01}} ;Other: * CSG which is a simplified representation of the SCAD script {{BookCat}} 4puz93tv7kczfabzxwbqs6vq9zfwacq 110 410694 4678838 4678768 2026-10-29T13:47:29Z MarcGarver 134830 molecule and element names are not captialised. Remove "reference" to YouTube. YT is self published and not reliable plus we should not encourage children to exit WB for age inappropriate sources 4678838 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[File:Kr-TableImage.svg|thumb|left|500px|Shows the position of krypton on the periodic chart.]] [[File:Krypton.svg|thumb|55px|Krypton's symbol on the Periodic Table]] {{clear}} ==What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. In the gaseous state, krypton sometimes emits green and yellow light. In the solid state it is white. Since krypton is a gas under normal conditions, it has no tactile texture or feel. If inhaled, it would feel heavier than air. It has no smell. Krypton has no taste because it does not react with taste receptors on the tongue. ==How was it discovered?== It was discovered on May 30, 1898, by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist. They discovered it by boiling liquified air and some of the liquid that was left was krypton. Due to krypton's (relatively) high boiling point at -153.415 C, the more abundant gases or low boiling point gases evaporated and what was left was krypton. The method they used was called fractional distillation. Components were removed one-by-one from the evaporated liquid air. A tiny residue remained after oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases were removed. The residue was krypton, a previously unknown noble gas. [[File:Electron shell 036 Krypton.svg|thumb|Krypton element form]] ==Where did its name come from?== The name comes from the Greek word ''kryptos'', which translates to English as hidden. ==Where is it found?== The only source for krypton is the Earth’s atmosphere. It is believed that the Earth’s atmosphere is around 0.0001% krypton gas. This means for every one-million molecules of air there is only one molecule of krypton. Krypton was present in our solar system before the planets formed 4.6 million years ago. It is found in the atmospheres of Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Earth. Krypton is trapped there by gravity. It also exists in other space bodies such as ancient meteorites and comets. Krypton has been detected in the outer layers of gas and plasma in the Sun's atmosphere. Scientists know this from observing krypton's special wavelengths called "spectral lines". ==What are its uses?== [[File:KrTube.jpg|thumb|left|Krypton gas discharge tube]] Krypton is used as a filling gas in fluorescent light. It is also used for flash lamps and high-speed photography. It can also be used for lasers and was also used in the Cold War to measure Soviet nuclear production. ==Is it dangerous?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. Since it is a [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Elements#Noble Gases|noble gas]], it is inactive. Noble gases barely react to anything, so they are not considered dangerous. The only gas krypton reacts to is Fluorine which creates krypton difluoride. {{BookCat}} qu3s4xhdc212pvf5fp9i8omjntirkbq 4678944 4678838 2026-10-29T23:35:31Z How hardy 3627644 Added one reference 4678944 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[File:Kr-TableImage.svg|thumb|left|500px|Shows the position of krypton on the periodic chart.]] [[File:Krypton.svg|thumb|55px|Krypton's symbol on the Periodic Table]] {{clear}} ==What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. In the gaseous state, krypton sometimes emits green and yellow light. In the solid state it is white. Since krypton is a gas under normal conditions, it has no tactile texture or feel. If inhaled, it would feel heavier than air. It has no smell. Krypton has no taste because it does not react with taste receptors on the tongue. ==How was it discovered?== It was discovered on May 30, 1898, by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist. They discovered it by boiling liquified air and some of the liquid that was left was krypton. Due to krypton's (relatively) high boiling point at -153.415 C, the more abundant gases or low boiling point gases evaporated and what was left was krypton. The method they used was called fractional distillation. Components were removed one-by-one from the evaporated liquid air. A tiny residue remained after oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases were removed. The residue was krypton, a previously unknown noble gas. [[File:Electron shell 036 Krypton.svg|thumb|Krypton element form]] ==Where did its name come from?== The name comes from the Greek word ''kryptos'', which translates to English as hidden. ==Where is it found?== The only source for krypton is the Earth’s atmosphere. It is believed that the Earth’s atmosphere is around 0.0001% krypton gas. This means for every one-million molecules of air there is only one molecule of krypton. Krypton was present in our solar system before the planets formed 4.6 million years ago. It is found in the atmospheres of Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Earth. Krypton is trapped there by gravity. It also exists in other space bodies such as ancient meteorites and comets. Krypton has been detected in the outer layers of gas and plasma in the Sun's atmosphere. Scientists know this from observing krypton's special wavelengths called "spectral lines". ==What are its uses?== [[File:KrTube.jpg|thumb|left|Krypton gas discharge tube]] Krypton is used as a filling gas in fluorescent light. It is also used for flash lamps and high-speed photography. It can also be used for lasers and was also used in the Cold War to measure Soviet nuclear production. ==Is it dangerous?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. Since it is a [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Elements#Noble Gases|noble gas]], it is inactive. Noble gases barely react to anything, so they are not considered dangerous. The only gas krypton reacts to is Fluorine which creates krypton difluoride. == References == Beyond The Elements. (2023). '''Krypton: This gas powered both lasers and spacecraft''' [Video]. YouTube. <code><nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0Gw6-xMLlo</nowiki></code> (youtube.com in Bing) {{BookCat}} mykpbivjkiwcgqr3c2mlmyt3op2d7zx 4678945 4678944 2026-10-29T23:38:33Z How hardy 3627644 /* References */ Added a second reference. 4678945 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ [[File:Kr-TableImage.svg|thumb|left|500px|Shows the position of krypton on the periodic chart.]] [[File:Krypton.svg|thumb|55px|Krypton's symbol on the Periodic Table]] {{clear}} ==What does it look, feel, taste, or smell like?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. In the gaseous state, krypton sometimes emits green and yellow light. In the solid state it is white. Since krypton is a gas under normal conditions, it has no tactile texture or feel. If inhaled, it would feel heavier than air. It has no smell. Krypton has no taste because it does not react with taste receptors on the tongue. ==How was it discovered?== It was discovered on May 30, 1898, by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Morris M. Travers, an English chemist. They discovered it by boiling liquified air and some of the liquid that was left was krypton. Due to krypton's (relatively) high boiling point at -153.415 C, the more abundant gases or low boiling point gases evaporated and what was left was krypton. The method they used was called fractional distillation. Components were removed one-by-one from the evaporated liquid air. A tiny residue remained after oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases were removed. The residue was krypton, a previously unknown noble gas. [[File:Electron shell 036 Krypton.svg|thumb|Krypton element form]] ==Where did its name come from?== The name comes from the Greek word ''kryptos'', which translates to English as hidden. ==Where is it found?== The only source for krypton is the Earth’s atmosphere. It is believed that the Earth’s atmosphere is around 0.0001% krypton gas. This means for every one-million molecules of air there is only one molecule of krypton. Krypton was present in our solar system before the planets formed 4.6 million years ago. It is found in the atmospheres of Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune, and Earth. Krypton is trapped there by gravity. It also exists in other space bodies such as ancient meteorites and comets. Krypton has been detected in the outer layers of gas and plasma in the Sun's atmosphere. Scientists know this from observing krypton's special wavelengths called "spectral lines". ==What are its uses?== [[File:KrTube.jpg|thumb|left|Krypton gas discharge tube]] Krypton is used as a filling gas in fluorescent light. It is also used for flash lamps and high-speed photography. It can also be used for lasers and was also used in the Cold War to measure Soviet nuclear production. ==Is it dangerous?== Krypton is an odorless and colorless gas. Since it is a [[{{BOOKNAME}}/Elements#Noble Gases|noble gas]], it is inactive. Noble gases barely react to anything, so they are not considered dangerous. The only gas krypton reacts to is Fluorine which creates krypton difluoride. == References == Beyond The Elements. (2023). '''Krypton: This gas powered both lasers and spacecraft''' [Video]. YouTube. <code><nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0Gw6-xMLlo</nowiki></code> (youtube.com in Bing) Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Krypton. In Britannica. Retrieved October 29, 2026, from <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/krypton</nowiki> {{BookCat}} d12os4buk8omwjpgw1z5fy528ac0cpr 0 424256 4678853 4677276 2026-10-29T15:32:17Z WereSpielChequers 248949 typo 4678853 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-family: Oberon, sans-serif; font-size: 0.90rem; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; color: #000000; position: relative; top: 0%; -moz-tab-size: 4; tab-size: 4">$VCS 6, Edgar@EdgarSchwarz.de, 06.06.00 21:34:10 $ <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">Welcome </span>Version 1.2.0, 06.06.2000 by Edgar@EdgarSchwarz.de - PAP password now set with NetSystem.Setuser. You can configure several providers with different passwords now. Version 1.1.1, 09.05.2000 by Edgar@EdgarSchwarz.de - Running already on Beta 25.04.2000 (just because thats my working system just now :-) - Logging now to a own text. Open with PPPTest.ShowLog . - If server doesn't tell his IP-address ask for it. - Still a problem with at least one ISP with PAP. - Sometimes connection goes down after a while (idle time ?). Not yet clear what happens, because I also have some problems now under windows, since my provider changed to new nationwide (Germany) phone number. Version 1.1.0 06.09.1999 by Edgar.Schwarz@z.zgs.de. - Logging changed to kernel log (shown interactive with System.OpenKernelLog) - Echo requests without data handled correctly - es.PPP.Tool without outlines - some small corrections/clarifications Version 1.0.0 28.02.1999 - First versioned release. BTW, some technical stuff :-) "<" something ">" means: insert the stuff that's right for you. Stuff between "[" and "]" is optional. For setting up PPP you should read System.Text first. If you then have problems you can use this document for additional information. If you have any comments or proposals for this document just send me a mail. <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">What is PPP </span>PPP means 'Point to Point Protocol' and is basically a specification how two computers can communicate and exchange data. It also specifies how PPP server and client can negotiate certain parameters. Maximum packet size, compression techniques and so on. The PPP packet provides services PPPHDLC.SendPacket and PPPHDLC.ReceivePacket which the can be used e.g. by TCP/IP. This implementation is configured to communicate with a COM port. In principle it's also possible to use Ethernet, ISDN or whatelse. It's just necessary to change the interface to the hardware. PPP is described in RFC (Request for Comment. These are Standards really, just the name is a little misleading) 1584. Also of interest is {{RFC|1172}} on IPCP (PPP Internet Protocol Control Protocol) and {{RFC|1334}} on PPP Authentication Protocols. <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">Creating Release </span>ET.Call System.CopyFiles "es.* => *" ~ VCSPacket.NewPacket PPP.Pkt PPPDebug.Mod PPPTools.Mod PPPHDLC.Mod PPPFSM.Mod PPPIPCP.Mod PPPPAP.Mod PPPLCP.Mod PPPMain.Mod PPPTest.Mod PPP.Tool ~ Compress.Add PPP.1.2.0.Arc ^ Add \s if necessary. <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">Installing PPP </span>Compiler.Compile PPPDebug.Mod PPPTools.Mod PPPHDLC.Mod PPPFSM.Mod PPPIPCP.Mod PPPPAP.Mod PPPLCP.Mod PPPMain.Mod PPPTest.Mod ~ Add \s if necessary. <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">What does PPP do </span>First I will give you a sketch, which parties are involved if you are connected with less detail on the ISP side. ISP YOU --- --- Web sever HTML, Mail, ftp TCP/IP TCP/IP a device PPP PPP serial interface modem modem phone line TCP/IP uses a device. This is by default the device which is set for Oberon.Text:NetSystem.Hosts.Route0 which at the moment means Device0. Now you have to tell PPP which device and which serial interface it should use (set it in Oberon.Text:NetSystem). Finally you have to configure setting up your modem connection to your ISP and starting PPP when done (set it in Oberon.Text:<ISP name>). <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">Using PPP </span>In Oberon.Text you can define profiles for ISPs. My ISP is "StZ". - setup Setting stuff like described in System.Text. Also see chapter 'My setup' below. - initialisation > NetSystem.Start > NetSystem.SetUser dialup:z974hzb@StZ ~ set password for user "z974hzb" - connect > Dialer.Dial StZ device0 ~ After the modem is connected and the script is finished you get a 'IPCP is finally up' in System.Log. Now you can access the WWW. If you don't get the 'IPCP is finally up' then see below. - disconnect > PPPMain.StopInst Some more information in case of problems My setup in Oberon.Text NetSystem = { Hosts = { Domain = { "zgs.de", "" } DNS0 = { "dns0", "195.145.135.1" } DNS1 = { "dns1", "195.145.135.2" } Device0 = {"PPPMain.InstPPP", "COM1"} Route0 = { Device = "Device0" Mode = "" {* "arp" for LAN, "" for PPP or SLIP *} } } SMTP = "zmail.zgs.de" {* outgoing mail server *} POP = "zmail.zgs.de" {* incoming mail server *} NNTP = "znews.zgs.de" {* news server *} POPMode = "POP3" {* POP3 or APOP *} EMail = "Edgar@EdgarSchwarz.de" {* your return address *} MailSignature = "Mail.Sig.Text" {* appended to every outgoing mail *} NewsSignature = "News.Sig.Text"{* appended to every outgoing news *} ProxyDomain = "zgs.de" {* optional *} HTTPProxy = "zproxy.zgs.de:8080" NewsThreading = Yes {* Newsreader keeps message threads together? *} NewsFont = Courier10.Scn.Fnt {* Font for news articles *} HTMLImages = No {* Download WWW images with background task? *} KeepURLs = Yes KeepCache = Yes {* only valid if KeepURLs = Yes *} } {* profile for my ISP (Stuttgarter Zeitung) *} StZ = { Init = { COM1 38400 } {* modem port and speed *} Dial = { "ATZ" 10 "OK" "ATD 07111324300" 60 "CONNECT" 10 "Login:" USER 20 "word:" PASSWORD 20 "PPP Mode." CALL PPPMain.StartInst } In case your provider uses PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) you should set the PAP parameters and try the following dial script. Your provider probably uses PAP or CHAP (not yet supported) if you don't receive anything like 'Login' or 'Password'. <span style="color: #0000FF"><provider></span> = { Init = { COM1 38400 } {* modem port and speed *} Dial = { "ATZ" 10 "OK" "ATD <span style="color: #0000FF"><phone></span>" 60 "CONNECT" CALL "PPPMain.StartInst <span style="color: #0000FF"><provider> <user></span>" } } You set your PAP authentication by the usual way with NetSystem: NetSystem.SetUser pap:<span style="color: #0000FF"><user>[:<password>]@<provider> </span>~<span style="color: #0000FF"> </span> <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold">Some more or less common problems already encountered </span>- A provider had a PPP server which wanted to configure illegal configuration options which I discarded. I changed my code to refuse these options. - Be sure you don't have a typo somewhere in your configuration. Here I remember a case where somebody couldn't connect to his mailbox because of an error in his email address. - A modem was setup in echo mode on power on so my PPP module tried to talk to itself without much success. - If you get something like 'deviceX pending' check whether your settings in Oberon.Text:NetSystem are looking good. Points to keep in mind - If you change your dial script you can just redial. - If you change something in your NetSystem configuration it's probably best to reboot. <span style="font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: bold; color: #FF0000">If you still have problems </span>- PPPTest.LogOn to turn logging on - If it doesn't go through to 'Calling [PPPMain.StartInst]' you have already problem with dialing. Check your dial script. If you don't have an idea send me a step by step description of what you did, your setup for NetSystem and dialing from Oberon.Text and the partial log you got in System.Log. - If you get 'Calling [PPPMain.StartInst]' but not 'IPCP is finally ready. Device opened.' Then you have a problem in PPP setup. This can be errors in the DNS entry, your provider has problems at the moment (this also happens :-) ), your provider wants CHAP (I only support PAP at the moment), problems with modem configuration or much more. So in this case you can do a PPPTest.ShowLog which gives you the PPP log. You can try to understand it yourself (If you read the RFCs :-) ) or send it to <span style="color: #0000FF">Edgar@EdgarSchwarz.de</span> together with the information in the first case. The log I get in System.Log with Dialer.Dial StZ device0 ~ Dial script started Sending [ATZ] Waiting 10s for [OK] {ATZ||OK} Sending [ATD 07111324300] Waiting 60s for [CONNECT] {|ATD 07111324300||CONNECT} Waiting 10s for [Login:] { 38400||*** POP Stuttgart 1 ***|||Login:} Sending USER [z974hzb] Waiting 20s for [word:] { z974hzb|Password:} Sending PASSWORD [***] Waiting 20s for [PPP Mode.] { | Entering PPP Mode.} Calling [PPPMain.StartInst] End of script IPCP is finally ready. Device opened. <span style="font-weight: bold">How can I see the log ? </span>PPPTest.ShowLog show you what's going on. A PPP log I got ! This log was taken before switching to kernel log for debugging, ! ! so perhaps it changed a little bit. ! Starting receiving-loop Pustekuchen, macht Devicepolling FSM.LowerUp protocol: LCP - channel: PPP state: Initial FSM.Open protocol: LCP - channel: PPP state: Closed reset CI FSM.SendConfReq protocol: LCP - channel: PPP id: 1 state: Closed LCP.AddCI protocol: LCP - channel: PPP MRU AsyncMap FSM.SendData protocol: LCP - channel: PPP code: ConfReq state: Closed id: 1 0101000E 010405DC 02060000 0000 11:06:46SendPacket: len = 20 FF03C021 0101000E 010405DC 02060000 00004F35 11:06:46CheckPacket: len= 55 0D0A2020 20204950 20616464 72657373 20697320 3139352E 3134352E 3133322E 3136350D 0A202020 204D5455 20697320 31353234 2E0D0A Checksum failure11:06:46CheckPacket: len= 37 FF03C021 0101001F 010405F4 0206000A 00000702 08021104 05F41309 0300C07B 8056F048 BA FSM.Input new Input protocol: LCP - channel: PPP state: ReqSent 0101001F 010405F4 0206000A 00000702 08021104 05F41309 0300C07B 8056F0 FSM.ReceiveConfigureRequest protocol: LCP - channel: PPP id: 1 RejPCCompRejACCompRejLCPConf17RejLCPConf19FSM.SendData protocol: LCP - channel: PPP code: ConfRej state: ReqSent id: 1 04010015 07020802 110405F4 13090300 C07B8056 F0 11:06:46SendPacket: len = 27 FF03C021 04010015 07020802 110405F4 13090300 C07B8056 F03A1C 11:06:46CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:46CheckPacket: len= 20 FF03C021 0201000E 010405DC 02060000 000071B6 FSM.Input new Input protocol: LCP - channel: PPP state: ReqSent 0201000E 010405DC 02060000 0000 FSM.ReceiveConfAck protocol: LCP - channel: PPP id: 1 11:06:46CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:46CheckPacket: len= 20 FF03C021 0102000E 010405F4 0206000A 0000ADF5 FSM.Input new Input protocol: LCP - channel: PPP state: AckRcvd 0102000E 010405F4 0206000A 0000 FSM.ReceiveConfigureRequest protocol: LCP - channel: PPP id: 2 FSM.SendData protocol: LCP - channel: PPP code: ConfAck state: AckRcvd id: 2 0202000E 010405F4 0206000A 0000 11:06:46SendPacket: len = 20 FF03C021 0202000E 010405F4 0206000A 00009376 LCP is finally ready!! FSM.LowerUp protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP state: Initial FSM.Open protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP state: Closed FSM.SendConfReq protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP id: 1 state: Closed FSM.SendData protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP code: ConfReq state: Closed id: 1 0101000A 03060000 0000 11:06:46SendPacket: len = 16 FF038021 0101000A 03060000 00001328 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 22 FF038021 01010010 0206002D 0F010306 C391877B 0C58 FSM.Input new Input protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP state: ReqSent 01010010 0206002D 0F010306 C391877B FSM.ReceiveConfigureRequest protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP id: 1 FSM.SendData protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP code: ConfRej state: ReqSent id: 1 0401000A 0206002D 0F01 11:06:47SendPacket: len = 16 FF038021 0401000A 0206002D 0F0186DE 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 16 FF0380FD 0101000A 11060001 0103CEDF 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 16 FF038021 0301000A 0306C391 84A5E7A4 FSM.Input new Input protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP state: ReqSent 0301000A 0306C391 84A5 FSM.ReceiveConfigureNak/Reject protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP id: 1 FSM.SendConfReq protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP id: 2 state: ReqSent FSM.SendData protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP code: ConfReq state: ReqSent id: 2 0102000A 0306C391 84A5 11:06:47SendPacket: len = 16 FF038021 0102000A 0306C391 84A5AE2A 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 16 FF038021 0102000A 0306C391 877B353F FSM.Input new Input protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP state: ReqSent 0102000A 0306C391 877B FSM.ReceiveConfigureRequest protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP id: 2 FSM.SendData protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP code: ConfAck state: ReqSent id: 2 0202000A 0306C391 877B 11:06:47SendPacket: len = 16 FF038021 0202000A 0306C391 877B5C4B 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 0 11:06:47CheckPacket: len= 16 FF038021 0202000A 0306C391 84A5C75E FSM.Input new Input protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP state: AckSent 0202000A 0306C391 84A5 FSM.ReceiveConfAck protocol: IPCP - channel: PPP id: 2 OurAddress = C39184A5 HisAddress = C391877B IPCP is finally ready!! Now the lower layers are up and PPP is running. If there are still problems these probably come from the upper layer protocols. <span style="font-weight: bold">Some concluding remarks </span>- In doubt send more information than you think relevant. Sometimes there is an error in an unexpected place. - Also send me errors and proposals for this document. PPP installation should be as painless as possible for a user. Regards, Edgar Schwarz, <span style="color: #0000FF">Edgar@EdgarSchwarz.de</span></span> {{BookCat}} off9gbicwvzsxtmc00e0dgbgz2sg1t0 3 442343 4679010 4678373 2026-10-30T11:33:39Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Notifying author about deletion request 4679010 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Talk Page Archives |- |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2022|2022]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2023|2023]] |[[User talk:Kittycataclysm/Archive 2024|2024]] |} == That IP range calculator == Following [[phab:T381138|T381138]], I have now become the maintainer of the IP range calculator you like. You can find it [[toolforge:ftools/general/ip-range-calc.html|here]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 23:10, 9 January 2025 (UTC) :Thank you for the heads-up! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:56, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == A merge and unmerge from two years ago == I was browsing through the history merge log when I saw that you merged [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] into [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]], and then promptly reverted it. What happened here exactly? Could I correct it? [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 15:55, 10 January 2025 (UTC) :Good question! I can't remember what I was trying to do, but it looks like I didn't succeed at what I wanted based on the log comment. You're just trying to history merge to get [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog I]] to have continuity of history? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:35, 10 January 2025 (UTC) ::I think I figured out your mistake: it outright moved the revisions from the first page to the second, rather than copying them. This would have caused the other two [[Cookbook:Chicken Bog]] pages to have incomplete histories. I think the only solution would be to XML import the pre-April 2023 revisions from the first page to the other three, and I'm not sure if that's the best idea, and I am technically unable to do so. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 16:49, 10 January 2025 (UTC) == Undeletion request == I wouldn't be surprised if you expected this, but I'd like to ask you to undelete the subpages of [[Rotorcraft Fundamentals]] you just deleted with the summary "Use of copyrighted work without permission. Please read Terms of Use: page needs to be imported for attribution", so that I can do that. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:54, 14 January 2025 (UTC) :Done! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:57, 14 January 2025 (UTC) ::Upon further investigation, this might actually be a rare case where an [[WB:UT|unmerged transwiki]] is ''preferred'' (this is part of why I stopped calling them "bad transwikis"), since only a small portion of the Wikipedia article (with over 2,000 revisions) was copied over. Importation is generally only needed if the ''majority'' of the page is copied across wikis. I'll just leave a null edit providing attribution and add {{tlx|Copied}}. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 21:19, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == Reusing [[Cookbook:8 Desserts in 1 Pan]] on wikiHow == Hi, I am a user on wikiHow, see [[wikihow:User:Xeverything11]]. I would like to create a new recipe on wikiHow. I wanted to let us know if I can give permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe from Wikibooks to wikiHow. I (as a copyright holder) created this recipe on Wikibooks, but you contributed to this recipe. If not, I'll use the revision before you contributed since I was the only author. Wikibooks uses CC-BY-SA 4.0 while wikiHow uses CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0, which both licenses are incompatible due to ShareAlike conditions. Thanks [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 08:27, 15 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] I'm personally fine with this as long as proper attribution is given back to the original recipe page here. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:52, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::I adapted this [[wikihow:Make-8-Desserts-in-1-Pan|recipe]] on wikiHow with attribution, and got a Rising Star (an achievement used for best new articles on wikiHow). Thank you! [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 19:49, 24 January 2025 (UTC) == Wikibooks community == Hi, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am trying to contribute more to English Wikibooks. My main contributions will focus on the Cookbook, especially on Indonesian recipes. Do you have a community group where we can discuss and share ideas together? I am looking forward to join. Thank you! [[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 08:47, 16 January 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] Sorry I missed this, and welcome! Are you asking about a Cookbook-specific area for discussion? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:39, 20 January 2025 (UTC) ::Yes. Do you know place for this? ::Thank you ::[[User:Raflinoer32|Raflinoer32]] ([[User talk:Raflinoer32|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Raflinoer32|contribs]]) 09:41, 21 January 2025 (UTC) :::Honestly, there's not a centralized Cookbook-specific discussion space, especially since there aren't currently a ton of active contributors. Some people ask questions at [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. I'm currently the most consistently active and involved Cookbook editor, so feel free to ask me questions! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:46, 22 January 2025 (UTC) == Congratulations! == [[File:Admin T-shirt.svg|thumb|You get this now.]] You are now a permanent administrator. Welcome to the team (I am entitled to say this because I technically got the extension a few hours before you did)!{{FBDB}} [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 10:33, 29 January 2025 (UTC) :Thanks :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:29, 29 January 2025 (UTC) == Is there a way to contact a Steward on WikiBooks? == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, Is there a way to contact a Steward on WB? I tried to find who the active Stewards are here at [[Special:ActiveUsers?username=&groups%5B%5D=steward&wpFormIdentifier=specialactiveusers]] but nothing shows up. The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the [[Wikimania-wiki]], but I just visited the [[wikimania 2014 wiki]] and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the [[Wikimania 2014 main-page talk]] but disovered that the Stewards have protected it. Is there a way wikibookians can communicate with Stewards at WB? Thanks in advance for answering this non-urgent question, and apologies for all the red-links which I can bluify if needed. Cheers [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 16:37, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] You can ask this on somewhere like [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]]. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 17:01, 7 February 2025 (UTC) <s>:@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] seconding what Leaderboard said—we no longer have any active stewards at enWB.</s> Had a brain fade there and mixed up stewards with bureaucrats. Yes, meta is the place for this. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:15, 7 February 2025 (UTC) ::@Kittycataclysm,@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], or anyone else: ::Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb. I myself am indef-blocked at META so could not participate at [[metawiki:Steward requests/Miscellaneous]] even if I waned to. ::Since [[Wikimania]] is a topic of interest to all members of the [[wikimedia movement]] why can't wikibookians talk to thier elected representatives here? [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:56, 7 February 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] I can check with the blocking admin to see if they'd be willing to unblock you, if you'd like. The reason things like these are done at Meta is that Meta is a cross-project coordination platform - stewards ''cannot'' be expected to watch every project after all. Now you could message any steward here on Wikibooks if you really wanted to, but that is not normally a good idea. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 02:26, 8 February 2025 (UTC) ::::Wikimania is the annual conference celebrating all the free knowledge projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). It is a wikimedia initiative which is meant to help all of our projects (including wikibooks), gain more readership, educate more wiki-editors, foster better communications, and much more. The wmf has been hosting a Wikimania-wiki dedicated to each Wikimania annual event since 2004. These wikis contain a wealth of information, but can benefit from wiki-improvements, starting from spelling and grammar errors that detract from their to appeal to the general membership. It would be nice if Stewards paid more attention to it. ::::@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]], I truly appreciate your offer, but I posted this here not in order to get someone to advocate for one unblocking at META. As I said earlier: ::::* "Some wikibookians prefer for various reasons to post only at wb" ::::* "The reason I am asking is that I believe that all individual Wikimania-wikis should have a backward link to the Wikimania-wiki, but I just visited the wikimania 2014 wiki and could not find this backward link. I tried to ask about this on the Wikimania 2014 main-page talk but disovered that the Stewards have protected it" ::::I would much rather see more wikimedia members question blocking in general at META. One cannot run such large movement of people from different backgrounds and nationalities simply by silencing minorities IMIO. [[User:Ottawahitech|Ottawahitech]] ([[User talk:Ottawahitech|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ottawahitech|contribs]]) 20:12, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == [[Crystal ball]] == That page appears to be a mixture of isolated paragraphs from [[w:Crystal ball|Crystal ball]], hence my tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 03:04, 9 February 2025 (UTC) :Yep, that seems correct! I also queried it simply because it does not seem suitable for inclusion at all. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:09, 9 February 2025 (UTC) == Question about an edit suggestion == Hi Kittycataclysm, Thanks for the great work you do as an admin! I wanted to clarify a suggestion you made on a recently published page I’m working on. You recommended splitting it into smaller sections—would you suggest creating separate pages for these sections, or would a higher-level header for some topics be sufficient? Any specific recommendations you have would be greatly appreciated! Here’s the link to the page I’m referring to: [[Funding and Finance of Transportation Projects in the United States of America]] Thank you! [[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]] ([[User talk:Svrmustafa|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Svrmustafa|contribs]]) 18:19, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Svrmustafa|Svrmustafa]], and thanks for asking! Splitting refers to creating new pages, each with a smaller amount of content. The main page should then contain a table of contents, and each page can contain a navigation template for easier navigation. I'll create the table of contents based on the current work and move some content to one of those pages as an example for you; then, you can do the rest. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:26, 19 February 2025 (UTC) ::Following up on this—I noticed that you use the term "paper". However, technically Wikibooks hosts books not papers, so you should probably change this wording. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:38, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Talkback == {{Talkback|Cookbook talk:Chilli Crab|Recipe Questions}} [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 09:54, 19 February 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] I also made [[Cookbook:Prata|this]] [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:15, 19 February 2025 (UTC) == Hello == Can you look at my latest recipe? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 00:10, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :I saw it! It needs a few corrections, which I'll note. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:23, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] How do you write recipe summary, correct headers [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 06:04, 28 February 2025 (UTC) :::Please see [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template]]. What's the origin of the recipe? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:08, 28 February 2025 (UTC) ::::ok [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 02:33, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook == Hi there, Kittycataclysm. I wandered over here from Wikipedia, and I'm quite enamoured with this cookbook. I noticed you seem to be the one maintaining it, and I thought I'd reach out. Can I really just start cranking out recipes from public domain cookbooks and my family recipes? It's that simple? I was also wondering about the featured recipes section. There's not very many in there, and I imagine there's not very many folks around to do reviews compared to GAR on Wikipedia. How do you handle content review? Thanks. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:51, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] and welcome! For some context, the Cookbook has been around since the very beginning of Wikibooks, but it had gotten into a bit of disarray over the course of about two decades by the time I found it. I started the long process of overhauling, standardizing, and expanding it just over four years ago—I finished standardizing the recipe formatting and quality a while back and am currently working my way through the ingredient pages before moving on to equipment, techniques, and cuisines. You can absolutely add any public domain recipes as well as your own recipes—they just need to conform to the [[Cookbook:Policy/Recipe template|recipe template]] and [[Cookbook:Policy|Cookbook policy overall]]. It's even better if you've made the recipe and can contribute a nice picture and specific guidance/instructions/notes! Please feel free to ask me any questions. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:27, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, and regarding the featured recipes section, I actually haven't gotten around to looking into that yet—there's been a lot to do! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:28, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::That's great, thanks a lot for your response. This is just delightful. Maybe content review is something that we could collaborate on. There's a lot of recipes in here and it would be nice to know which ones are the best. Question for you, [[:Category:Brown sauces]] is really bothering me. How can I move that to Brown sauce recipes? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:29, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::Good catch on that category! It seems like it was created two decades ago and never got corrected—feel free to recategorize those recipes. Thank you also for introducing the hideprefix parameter to the category trees—I didn't realize that was an option, and it reduces the visual clutter! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:38, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::My pleasure! As I continue to look at the categories, this is actually worse than I thought. We have both [[:Category:Sauce recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes for condiments]] and I suspect that's just the beginning. I want to go through and categorize everything properly, but the bones aren't even there... How long do I have to be here before it'll let me create and move around categories? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:40, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Regarding the categories, the category overhauling is in progress, since I address the category when I overhaul the associated page. The variation in titling is actually somewhat deliberate—I started changing it from "____ recipes" in certain cases to solve a particular categorization problem. Sometimes, there is an item that is used in recipes as an ingredient but for which there are also recipes. For example, [[:Category:Recipes for bread]] versus [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]. The different naming scheme is necessary to properly delineate the categories, and I'm working on implementing it a bit more consistently as I go. While you're still getting started, it would be great if you could check with me when something looks odd or out of place—that way I can take a look and weigh in on whether that's normal or not and maybe provide some context. Just off the top of my head, I think you will have to wait for autoreview status to make move changes. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:56, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::I see what you're saying, I've been trying to wrap my head around that. Maybe it would be beneficial to try to put together some sort of a Cookbook MOS regarding category structure? It's kind of all over the place right now. Using your bread example, would it perhaps make more sense to have [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and [[:Category:Recipes using bread]]? There would be no ambiguity with just those two categories, but when you add the extra [[:Category:Recipes for bread]], that's when things start getting a little whacky. What do you think? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:05, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::Either that or get rid of [[:Category:Bread recipes]] and keep the other two. But one of these categories gotta go, I reckon. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:07, 1 March 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I see you already had the same thought as me. I think all categories should include "for" or "using". Take for example, [[:Category:Recipes for pancakes]] as opposed to [[:Category:Pancake recipes]]. Well obviously there's no recipes using pancakes. But for something like [[:Category:Recipes for gravy]], there may also be a need for [[:Category:Recipes using gravy]]. The lack of consistency in this regard means the only way to achieve consistency across the categories is by changing them over to that format. Sorry for clogging up your talk page! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 03:18, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Same heads-up as below—migrating this over to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]] —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:10, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :Also, on [[Cookbook:Table of Contents]], could you please add a wikilink for [[Cookbook:Breakfast]], and maybe add cooknav to the top for seamless navigation between all the top level articles? Can't edit that article yet. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 02:47, 1 March 2025 (UTC) == More Table of Content Edits == Hello again. I've been going through everything and this is my list of suggestions for edits to the table of contents. Unfortunately there's not much else I can do for now, because without autoconfirmed my ability to change anything is very limited. I was going to ask for someone to check off the confirmed box for me at RfP but I can't post there either, so I guess I'll be back in four days. * Fix Bread wikilink * Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing * [[Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Low-Carb]] points to redirect, needs capitalized * [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] to [[Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine]] for parity * Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting * Create [[:Category:Lunch recipes]], wikilink to ToC * Wikilink [[Cookbook:Dessert]] under Meals * Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category * Create [[Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine]] so I can add the recipes from [[:Category:East Asian recipes]] to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC * Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction" * Appendix and Equipment sections switch places Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:46, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :I took the liberty of doing it myself in my userspace. You can just copy it over from [[User:MediaKyle/sandbox]]. Figured I'd save you the trouble of trying to figure out what I'm talking about. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 14:15, 1 March 2025 (UTC) :Circling back to this! It seems like your suggestions are getting at a couple different things. I'll try to go through them point-by-point below: :* {{xt|Fix Bread wikilink}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Remove "Creaming" from techniques, redirected to Mixing}} see below comments on TOC. :* {{xt|Cookbook:History of Food and Cooking points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for now because I don't fully understand the urgency and I want to triage/prioritize things for you, but please feel free to make this change yourself once you can! :* {{xt|Cookbook:Low-Carb points to redirect, needs capitalized}} {{not done}} for same reason as above. :* {{xt|Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean to Cookbook:Mediterranean Cuisine for parity}} {{not done}} for now just because we do have a lot of cuisine pages that follow the form "Cuisine of ____". It could be good to standardize, and I had been planning to do that once I got around to the cuisines. :* {{xt|Remove the S from the cuisine wikilinks on ToC, currently redirecting}} {{not done}} for same reason as other redirects :* {{xt|Create Category:Lunch recipes, wikilink to ToC}} Not quite sure what you mean here, and I didn't see what it corresponded to in your linked sandbox page :* {{xt|Wikilink Cookbook:Dessert under Meals}} {{done}} :* {{xt|Get rid of "Brunch"; will just be confusing alongside a breakfast and lunch category}} I'm not sure about this—brunch is in many places considered a separate entity, and I don't necessarily think it would cause confusion. But, overall it's hard to determine whether it should have its own page and TOC link because I haven't actually gotten around to evaluating the meal pages and what role they should play. See also the TOC notes below. :* {{xt|Create Cookbook:East Asian Cuisine so I can add the recipes from Category:East Asian recipes to it; currently is a redlink on the ToC}} {{done}} for now; however, I'm not sure yet whether it will ultimately make sense to keep that as a content page. I think content pages should be reasonably focused, and it may not be the best to have a cuisine page that is so broad. This is something I planned to consider once I made my way around the overhauling the cuisines. :* {{xt|Change "Introductory Matter" header to just "Introduction"}} The reason I made it "Introductory Matter" instead of "Introduction" is because there's already a chapter itself titled "Introduction"—it felt odd to have the entire section titled that as well. Happy to discuss other header options (e.g. "Front Matter", which is a generally accepted book term) :* {{xt|Appendix and Equipment sections switch places}} see below comments on TOC. :* '''Comments on the TOC:''' So, I think a fundamental issue with the current TOC is that it somewhat arbitrarily picks and chooses individual pages to link. It also sometimes direct-links to categories and sometimes to content pages, which I don't think we should do. Because the cookbook is so expansive, it's been established that manual indices intending to capture detail in large areas don't really make sense and quickly get bulky and out-of-date. This is why categorytree is such a useful tool! After thinking on it for a while and making some small tweaks, I think I'd ultimately like to overhaul the TOC and come to a solution that keeps a few broad headers/links to the small handful of the primary content pages while perhaps stashing away more detailed and self-updating lists in a collapsible way to reduce clutter but allow for customizable user navigation. Much to think about, and I'll probably workshop some things on the side to see how they feel. :Let me know if I've misunderstood anything! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 03:24, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for the notes! Here's my thoughts: ::* On the Cuisine titling, it actually seems like [[Cookbook:Cuisine of the Mediterranean]] and [[Cookbook:East Asian cuisines]] are the only ones that don't follow the naming scheme, i.e. "[[Cookbook:African Cuisine]]", and I think that shorter titles are preferable where it makes sense. ::* On your note about East Asian Cuisine, I actually had the same thought after going through the cuisine pages. Having three separate pages for different kinds of Asian cuisine does seem a little silly, doesn't it? Do you think it might be better to combine all of them under one "Asian Cuisine", but put the different locales under separate headers? ::* On Brunch - I honestly think there's way too much ambiguity around what exactly constitutes as "brunch" to keep that in. I feel as though the term brunch more applies to the time you're eating, rather than the kind of food. I think it would be easier to keep meals that include commonly accepted breakfast foods in the Breakfast category, and things that don't fit neatly into that, into the Lunch category. This would prevent any dilemmas in the future where we can't decide whether something is breakfast or brunch. ::* You're right that it looks a little awkward to have the header as Introduction when there's a page called introduction. I still think that to say "Introductory Matter", or "Front Matter" as you mentioned, is a little long-winded and reflects a more academic tone than needed for a cookbook. Upon further reflection, I think maybe rather than worrying about the header at this point, we should perhaps think about trying to compile all of those short introductory type pages into one comprehensive introductory page. Then we likely won't even need a header for it on the ToC. ::* The ToC is definitely a bit cluttered, and it bothers me too that there's a real lack of consistency across whether the wikilinks lead to a page or a category. I'm not sure how I would feel about cutting away too much of the navigation from it, though, because just about every page on there does have a reason to be there, it's just that they're not presented very nicely. Some of it can certainly get nested or combined though. I'll play around with it over the next few days in my sandbox as well and let you know if I come up with anything. ::* As an aside, the first thing on my to-do list once my autoconfirmed comes through is to start subcategorizing all of the recipes so that they're all nicely sorted in the category trees. When you have a chance, I'd love to hear your thoughts on what we should use as the standard naming for categories. Once we determine this, I think we can also take the liberty of updating the cookbook MoS to reflect it. ::Cheers, [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:33, 3 March 2025 (UTC) :::Note: After writing this, I realized what you were getting at about slashing away some of the subpages. Maybe we can come up with a system where all of those subpages are under their main subpage rather than on the ToC. For example, all the Cuisines are under [[Cookbook:Cuisines]], all techniques under [[Cookbook:Cooking Techniques]], to keep the subpages off the main ToC. Also, I wonder if maybe we should try to make a centralized discussion for this somewhere, in case anyone else wants to join in at some point? [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 11:45, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::Heads-up: to make it easier to keep track of these and since I think they deserve their own discussions, I'm going to gradually migrate them over individually to [[Cookbook talk:Table of Contents]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:52, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :::::Good idea. Can you remove the semi-protection from that talk page? I see no reason why it should be protected. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:23, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == Cookbook ToC == Hi [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]. I was just wondering why you didn't respond to my above message, and started a separate sandbox for the ToC instead? It seems as though you don't really want to collaborate. It would be nice if we could work on this together. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 22:43, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] thanks for the ping! I'm sorry you feel like I don't want to collaborate—the opposite is true, and please understand that this is good-faith editing. The reason I haven't responded to the above points is mostly since you've been modifying a bunch of content and adding suggestions lately, and I've been working my way through these while continuing with my routine contributions and real life as well—things happen a little more slowly here than on other projects, and I'm the one person dedicated to the cookbook right now. The reason I created that sandbox was because I saw [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General#Modernize the shelves|your comment]] at the reading room and wanted to play around and think about your suggestion without touching the actual TOC. You're right that it's not the best, and it's been something I've been thinking about for a bit now. Please understand also that it can be overwhelming when a new editor unfamiliar with the Cookbook begins making a high volume of edits and suggestions without having much experience with it or its history—this isn't to say that you don't have good ideas or things worth contributing. In fact, you have already made a few helpful changes, as I've mentioned. I just want to do this properly and take the time to evaluate your suggestions together with the current efforts that are underway, and that can take a bit. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:03, 2 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks for getting back to me. While I may be new to Wikibooks, I'm certainly not new to MediaWiki, and I've been working with small wiki projects for a number of years. Perhaps it's been a misunderstanding to some degree, but I've found my reception here to be unusually unwelcoming. The way to do this properly, as you said, would be to have discussions and form consensus. Yesterday, when you reached out to me about adding hideroot to the pages, I gave you my rationale and was more than happy to have a discussion about it, but you did not reply. I noticed a similar situation happened with [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/User_talk:Ottawahitech#Category_sorting Ottawahitech], regarding category sorting. I'm aware that you're the main person looking after the cookbook right now, which is why I reached out to you right from the get go. ::I understand why you would want to create your own sandbox to play around with options for the ToC, but I'm sure you can understand why it would draw my attention that you would do this without implementing any of the wikilink fixes I mentioned, or making an attempt to discuss it further. This came across to me as not wanting my help. ::I invite you to check out my page on Wikipedia. I've made contributions across quite a wide area of topics there, as well as the other Wikimedia projects, and this is the first time I've encountered any sort of resistance to my contributions. I think Wikibooks has enormous potential, and I'm very excited to contribute to helping it grow. On most projects, this would be something to be encouraged. I don't feel like "I'm sorry that you feel that way" was really an appropriate response. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 23:59, 2 March 2025 (UTC) :::I think you're right that this has been a mix of misunderstanding and miscommunication, and I think I can understand how things came across as unwelcoming! For whatever it's worth, I absolutely plan on circling back to the various discussions at hand (I have all the relevant pages open to return to), but it seems like the order I did things made it seem like I was ignoring you (if I'm understanding correctly). I am pretty busy, so sometimes items on my to-do list do get lost/shunted or it takes me a bit to get around to something—please don't hesitate to give me a ping if it seems like I'm taking a while to get back to something. Looking forward to more collaboration! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:49, 3 March 2025 (UTC) ::::I'm glad you can understand where I'm coming from. To clarify, my intent is not to try to rush you, or to try to push you to make changes that you don't agree with. It's really easy to misinterpret things over the Internet, and I think a short message can go a long way. I apologize if I've caused you any undue stress by coming into the cookbook and unleashing a flurry of alterations, but do rest assured that I'm not married to any of my changes, I'm always open for discussion, and I want to see the cookbook improve just like you do. The great thing about wikis is that no change is permanent. I think we'll have it in tip-top shape in no time! [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 01:19, 3 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Polish Doughnuts (Paczki)]] == Do you see any reason not to just add this to Featured Recipes? At least we know this one works, and it seems like this is now one of the few recipes to have a picture that actually aligns with the recipe used. I was thinking later on we'll come up with a content review system where a couple editors will actually try the recipes nominated for FR, but in the absence of that I'd just add it to the list. [[User:MediaKyle|MediaKyle]] ([[User talk:MediaKyle|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaKyle|contribs]]) 12:25, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :I'm fine with adding it to the featured recipes. You're right that we'll want to come up with a good system for this going forward, though it's lower down on my personal priority list at moment. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[Cookbook:Cream Cheese American Buttercream]] == Hi! I am a wikiHow user and I am planning to adapt this recipe to wikiHow. Since you contributed to this recipe, I wanted to know if I can get permission to reuse your contributions to this recipe. Thanks. [[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] ([[User talk:Xeverything11|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Xeverything11|contribs]]) 21:41, 4 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Xeverything11|Xeverything11]] that's fine with me as long as proper attribution and linking back to the original recipe page here are included at the top. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:28, 4 March 2025 (UTC) == [[A Companion to Our Literary Journey]] == Hi! I feel that we have started to outline the scope in a clearer and more precise way and that’s the work we are going to do with the students this and for the next years, adding more sections and content. Do you think that would be enough? [[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]] ([[User talk:Ferdi2005|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ferdi2005|contribs]]) 22:43, 6 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferdi2005|Ferdi2005]]! Yes, this seems to be reasonably outlined. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:51, 7 March 2025 (UTC) == Exercising care with copyright == When deleting a page as a copyright violation, it is important that you '''do not quote any content from the deleted page'''. If you do, then your log entry is itself a copyright violation. I have redacted a recent deletion that you performed because of this. If you want to make sure that none of your past deletions have been problematic for this reason, you can [[quarry:query/90444|run this SQL query]] to get a list of every deletion that could be eligible for redaction. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:32, 21 March 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] and thank you for the message. In the most recent instance that I think you're referencing, I do not see any material in the edit summary that posed a significant risk—I don't believe the few listed words would be a copyright concern. However, I do understand your concern! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:31, 21 March 2025 (UTC) == Splitting Pages == Hi I have recently made the book on the [[History of the Nawabs of Bengal]] and you gave a notice on how you believe it should be split into smaller bits. As I am still new to wikibooks I don't know how to do this. Can you please assist me on renaming the page so I can split the page into multiple pages? @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 19:47, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]]: You did it. I've removed the tag. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 22:44, 29 March 2025 (UTC) :Like @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] said, you're all set! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:53, 29 March 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks! @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] [[User:Greatswrd|Greatswrd]] ([[User talk:Greatswrd|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greatswrd|contribs]]) 10:24, 30 March 2025 (UTC) == Minecraft book == Is it good creating pages like this, [[Minecraft#Husk]]? [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 12:43, 9 May 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] what do you mean? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:18, 10 May 2025 (UTC) ::are we allowed to create pages like that? like for every mob [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 10:02, 11 May 2025 (UTC) :::To be honest, I don't think the structure and formatting of the book is very good. Several of the mob pages, for example, have very little information and aren't particularly helpful on their own. If I were working on it, I would restructure the book. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 14:09, 11 May 2025 (UTC) ::::I am planning to do that. [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] ([[User talk:Cactusisme|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|contribs]]) 04:19, 12 May 2025 (UTC) == Request to Review Adjusted User Page (XoriantTeam) == Hello [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I hope you're well. I noticed that my user page ([[User:XoriantTeam]]) was recently deleted for appearing promotional or inappropriate for Wikibooks. Thank you for keeping the community standards in check. I’ve since revised the content with closer attention to neutrality and compliance with Wikibooks guidelines. My intent is to participate constructively, especially in areas related to digital engineering and educational content creation. If possible, I’d appreciate your help reviewing the revised version. I'm happy to share it or upload it as a file if there’s a preferred method. Please let me know how best to proceed. I welcome any suggestions and will gladly make further adjustments. Best regards, XoriantTeam [[User:XoriantTeam|XoriantTeam]] ([[User talk:XoriantTeam|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/XoriantTeam|contribs]]) 11:02, 15 May 2025 (UTC) :Hi there—you can publish an updated user page, but I'd caution you against talking about your company. Keep it limited to your involvement with Wikibooks. You may contribute productively here, but further promotional materials are grounds for an indefinite block. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 12:30, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Planning to use AWB to update categories on the cookbook == Hello. I noticed in recent changes that you were moving some categories using HotCat (e.g. moving Category:Chile recipes to Category:Recipes using chile), which can be time-consuming. Therefore, I plan to help you with moving the cookbook categories by adding myself to enabledusers and enabledbots in [[Wikibooks:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON]]. Would this be fine if I assist you and to add myself to the check page? I am familiar with using AWB after testing on a non-Wikimedia project. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:42, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—thank you for the tip! I just installed JWB, so this should make my mass cat changes much faster. Thanks again! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:11, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for the information. Also, is it okay if I change (for example) [[:Category:Vinegar recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes using vinegar]] (I can redirect the former category to the latter), given that we should move {{tq|Category:[ingredient] recipes}} to {{tq|Category:Recipes using [ingredient]}} for consistency? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:57, 8 June 2025 (UTC) :::Sure thing—go ahead! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:53, 8 June 2025 (UTC) == Tool for even faster category changes == See [[:c:Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot#As_your_user_gadget]]. I just [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:Koavf/common.js&action=history installed it] and used it dozens of times in a click. Let me know if you need any help. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:36, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] Thanks! I'm having a little trouble activating it, but I'll keep trying. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:54, 19 June 2025 (UTC) ::A lot of times, a purge will do the trick. See [[:mw:Purge]]. Usually just <kbd>Ctrl+Shift+R</kbd> once or twice. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 00:55, 19 June 2025 (UTC) :::Took several purges, but we're set now! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:16, 19 June 2025 (UTC) == Advice on when I should run for adminship == Hi, I hope you are doing well. I am asking for some advice on when I should run for enwikibooks adminship, given the following below: Currently, I am doing some optimizations for dark mode on this project, and some of the message box/MediaWiki interface/template pages might be outdated, fully protected, or can use a little help using mw-parser-output. These unfortunately might hinder the process of updating these pages/templates for Vector 2022's dark mode.<br> Additionally, I have a solid expertise with edit filters, as I have requested some administrators to update deprecated filter variables, switching filters from warn and disallow to disallow only, and I can also monitor the filter log for potential false positives (from local or global filters). A fellow English Wikibooks administrator also said to me that they are willing to support me in a few months when I run for adminship, as I am generally trusted. I hold two advanced global permissions, and I hold an edit filter helper permission on the English Wikipedia, to be sure. Thank you for your consideration. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:02, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—good question! I agree that you are a trusted user, and I think it would be reasonable for you to run for adminship, especially given our need to fix up technical aspects of the project. If you don't plan to commit to Wikibooks long-term (i.e. you have some projects you'd like to take a few months to complete and then be done), you can always request temporary adminship. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:30, 23 June 2025 (UTC) :: Thank you for your feedback, but I also plan to monitor for vandalism/spam, and to commit to reduce the administrative assistance reading room backlog, should I be elected for adminship (and I forgot to mention those). Anyway, regarding your feedback, I might run by August or even July, given that I've lately started contributing more often to Wikibooks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:29, 23 June 2025 (UTC) ::: [[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], I am pinging you one more time to see if you have read my response above yours. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:34, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]! I'm not sure what you mean—was there an additional question you had? Everything you've outlined seems quite reasonable. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::: Apologies for the confusion, I don't have any questions to ask. I was clarifying that I can help with implementing edit requests and to block obvious vandals and spammers, aside from the skills I mentioned earlier. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:32, 26 June 2025 (UTC) == how is it you feel able to interfere in my sandbox? == you deleted a page in my sandbox that was my way of providing my response to a request from an OpenSCAD dev team leader for a couple of text blurbs for use on a web page of the OpenSCAD site. now that you have deleted my page i have to recreate the texts from a screenshot to be able to offer the suggestions, which i will This kind of high handed treatment is what keeps me from being a wiki-anything contributor .. If it is Wiki policy to interfere in the documentation of an open source project because it is hosted on Wikibooks then i will take up the task of moving our online docs to a site where you cannot interfere. -- [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 21:56, 29 June 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]]—thanks for bringing this to my attention. I now understand that this was intended to be in your user namespace—I've undeleted it and moved it to the correct namespace for you. Let me know if anything else comes up! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:05, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::ah .. err .. umm .. well that is a gentle answer to my ire. Thanks for being so gracious [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:29, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::and .. isn't my sandbox in my namespace by default? [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 20:30, 30 June 2025 (UTC) :::No worries—it looks like you didn't add the prefix "User:" before writing out the full page titles, so the pages you created were technically in the project's Main space with the official published materials. Going forward, you can just double-check that the page title starts with "'''User:'''VulcanWikiEdit/sandbox", and that should keep everything in the right place! Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:36, 30 June 2025 (UTC) ::::BTW .. i love the play on cat lover name [[User:VulcanWikiEdit|VulcanWikiEdit]] ([[User talk:VulcanWikiEdit|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VulcanWikiEdit|contribs]]) 15:35, 1 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Thank you! That's very kind. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:46, 1 July 2025 (UTC) == Regarding the user Codename Tameirao == Could this be Matthew again (the Unicode LTA)? I believe it might be him based on his usage of edit summaries, and his usual edits to [[Unicode/Versions]]. I just blocked his recent account, and then I protected and stabilized that Unicode book. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 23:51, 12 August 2025 (UTC) :I suspect you're right! That seems like a reasonable course of action. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:56, 13 August 2025 (UTC) :: I recently encountered another possible LTA, see [[Special:Contributions/~2025-55706-6]] (as well as [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]]). I can email you more details if you want. <span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 16:30, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::I think this is the same LTA, yes! I've protected [[Unicode/Roadmap Blocks]], but I think it would be a good idea if we could automate this monitoring somewhat using the edit filter. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:07, 9 September 2025 (UTC) :::: I don't think that was Matthew, as he typically uses edit summaries. The deleted page was not protected, as it was protected before you deleted it; I salted it from creation for one year. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 20:22, 9 September 2025 (UTC) ::::: You might want to look at [[Special:Contributions/Freddy Fazbearing Others]]. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:18, 26 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::Thank you! I went ahead and blocked them. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:54, 28 October 2025 (UTC) == IP block exempt == Hi Kitty, I currently have IP block exemption on enwiki, Commons and Wikidata as I use VPNs connected to my internet security software. Can you please grant me the right on wikibooks. I have a strong password and use two factor authentication. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 10:51, 22 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TarnishedPath|TarnishedPath]]! This doesn't sound unreasonable to me, but I think it would be good if you requested at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]] so we can have a discussion—I have not granted this right before. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:50, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::Kitty, thanks for pointing me in the right direction. ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:25, 23 August 2025 (UTC) ::See [[Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions#TarnishedPath_(discuss_·_contribs_·_count_·_logs_·_block_log_·_rfp_·_rights)_(IP_Block_Exemption)]] ''[[User:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#ff0000;">Tar</b><b style="color:#ff7070;">nis</b><b style="color:#ffa0a0;">hed</b><b style="color:#420000;">Path</b>]]''^{[[User talk:TarnishedPath|<b style="color:#bd4004;">talk</b>]]} 03:35, 23 August 2025 (UTC) == You've got mail! == {{You've got mail|sig=<span style="font-family:Verdana">[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">'''''Codename Noreste'''''</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#A1000E">talk</span>]])</span> 00:20, 6 September 2025 (UTC)}} :Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:06, 6 September 2025 (UTC) == Are you able to import? == I made a few requests over at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import . [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 22:32, 4 October 2025 (UTC) : [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]], I'll go ahead and start the imports. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:29, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 16:51, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::: My apologies for not doing this sooner, because some database error appears when I am trying to mass import. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:39, 5 October 2025 (UTC) ::::I also tried to make this import earlier and ran into issues with the software. I was hoping it was a temporary bug, but it seems to be persisting. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:01, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::This seems like I should get involved. {{working}}... [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 13:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::: I believe there are five pages that have massive page histories they fail to import here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:13, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::::::I backed up the XMLs of them locally but im unsure how much that'd do. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 15:18, 6 October 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Just became an importer. The reason is prob understandable but I cannot upload the XML file to here locally. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/2005-Fan|contribs]]) 17:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == About the category parameter in the recipe summary template == When it uses a "recipe by type" category, should it use a "[type/food] recipes" name or "Recipes for [type/food]"? I recently operated JWB to change from [[:Category:Dessert recipes]] to [[:Category:Recipes for dessert]] in multiple Cookbook recipes, and from what I've said before, I've changed to ''Recipes for dessert'' in the category parameter of Cookbook recipes. Hope you don't mind that this was over more than 250 changes (not counting the recent category changes after moving some recipe categories). Thanks. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 02:07, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]—those JWB changes you made seem fine to me! I'm not quite sure what you're asking in your first sentence, though. Assuming I understand correctly: in general, I think the default format should be whatever the actual category name is. BUT if there is a redirect, it ultimately shouldn't matter too much. And, because I'm not convinced of the utility of that infobox parameter in the first place (thinking of removing it), I'm not hugely concerned about it for the time being. Does this help? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:21, 27 October 2025 (UTC) :: Probably, but I will say the following below (for my first sentence) to clarify: :: On the <code>|category =</code> parameter, when placing a recipe category name, should it either be {{tq|Sandwich recipes}} or {{tq|Recipes for sandwiches}}? I hope this clears the confusion. '''[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]]''' ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:39, 27 October 2025 (UTC) == Please no more Unicode LTA == Please don't block me again. I promise I will edit Unicode stuff and add correct information. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30839-28|&#126;2025-30839-28]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-30839-28|talk]]) 20:54, 1 November 2025 (UTC) :<small>I am a bit out of the loop, so correct me if I'm wrong - I'm assuming here</small> I think the point is that they want you to ''not'' edit the Unicode stuff? Also hi kitty, it's been a ... very long time.. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:13, 5 November 2025 (UTC) ::Ok so apparently not as long as I thought, but it feels like I've been away for at least a year lol ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 01:23, 5 November 2025 (UTC) :::Nice to see you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:41, 5 November 2025 (UTC) == Administrator and reviewer user right combinations are not needed anymore == Given that administrators can review edits in addition to reviewers, I would suggest for you (and other administrators) to kindly remove the reviewer permission from (own) accounts. What I'm saying is that if one holds administrator and reviewer permissions together, they can remove the reviewer permission from their own account and retain their administrator permission. Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:06, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :Gotcha—is there a reason it's bad for one user to have both these rights? If so, I can remove my reviewer right. Otherwise, it seems fairly harmless? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:26, 11 November 2025 (UTC) :: The thing is, administrators have the <code>review</code> user right, as well as some permissions in the reviewer user group in the administrator toolset. That means that having the reviewer user group together with the admin user group is redundant. Hope this explains it. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:59, 11 November 2025 (UTC) ::: @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] <s>I'll do this tomorrow morning, as well as to remove autoreviewed user permissions from users who are reviewers.</s> ({{doing}}) [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:24, 12 November 2025 (UTC) : I have removed the autoreviewed user permission from users who are reviewers. As for administrators, I will do so later today. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color:#0024FF">Codename Noreste</span>]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:40, 13 November 2025 (UTC) == Nesting in Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities == Hi Kittycataclysm, I am editor of wikipedia since 2004. We have the habit if we have a concern using the talk page to clarify the case. I am not sure to delete meaningful content without previous notification and doing major redirection without agreeing the main contributor(s) is an adequate admin act and sign of good manner of host (see [[W:Wikipedia:Etiquette|Wikipedia:Etiquette]].) Yes, It will be not an average book but above the regular. This is the exact case: ''"this may be appropriate, such as with large textbooks that contain subsections with a lot of content."'' ''for to establish good structural and stylistic practices'' I have a data management certification. If you asking it will have 4 nest level on strict purpose. If you saw the introduction of the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] is/will be a global collection making effective collaboration over borders and continents. One structured + categorized(!) page for each community willing to show up. The Postal addresses has also same or larger deepness, this is unavoidable (Country/Postal Code/Location/Street/House/floor/door). Here will looks like: '''Eco-comm/Continent/Regio code/Community name''' The goal of this system to open bridge + experience highway for the communities using the same permaculture technics what collected parallelly in [[Open Book of Permaculture]]. That is also part of this knowledge base please dont do simplification steps on that without discussion. I am kindly asking to revert your edits in this book. After that I will put a notification template about "This book is under construction with major changes. Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History. Common clarifications/ guides are on the primary talk page." Thanks: [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 02:22, 12 November 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]], and thank you both for your contributions and for reaching out! Yes, I did make the following changes to [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]: :* I moved the pages from the [[Eco-comm]] namespace to the [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]] namespace, since the table of contents and pages for a given book should be under that book's namespace. :* I removed the links to Wikipedia that were on [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]], since outlinking has been discouraged at en.Wikibooks as a matter of practice. Compilations of links may not fall into WB scope as an instructional text, and [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion/Piano Solo Music: An Encyclopedia|there is precedent for deleting them]]. But, I do see that the tool I used didn't just remove links to enWP, so I will restore the prior revision and ping the tool developer. :* I flagged it as needing denesting—you're right that nested entries can sometimes be appropriate. In this case, I was primarily flagging for a denest because the table of contents needs to be moved onto the main page, and it shouldn't have hidden navigation within the nested portions. :Could you clarify which of these edits you do not agree with so I can make sure they are individually addressed? As an aside, it could be helpful to create a [[Help:Local manuals of style|local manual of style]] for the book in order to clearly outline the expectations. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:59, 12 November 2025 (UTC) ::My main concern not about moving and flagging but '''deleting''' [[Eco-comm]] against [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] and not mentioning in the clarification even after my notification. Should I note all administrators [[Wikibooks:Please do not bite the newcomers]] - or will they do speedy deleting one by one until I make them individually addressed? :::The <u> local manual of style</u> development is ongoing together with the sample pages. ::'''MAIN PAGE''' ::The '''Main page''' and '''Namespace''' is the [[Eco-comm]]. The '''Full Title''' or '''Cover''' is [[Open Book of Ecovillages and Eco Communities]]. Because of the high level of nesting the below extra-long-full-text-title to be avoided the Cover page is a redirection with preface/intro etc. ::'''NESTING ''' :::Featured book with 3 level nesting: [[Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Educational Change/Theory]] :::5 level nesting example: [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] ::'''Categories''' The [[:Category:Eco-comm]] will let the users make practical sub-categories e.g. [[:Category:Eco-comm/Project/numundo]] [[:Category:Eco-comm/]] ::: ::[[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you for elaborating! I'm unfortunately not sure what you mean about deleting [[Eco-comm]]—are you referring to the fact that I moved it without leaving a redirect? Regarding the nesting, I do honestly think those other books you linked should have their navigation denested since I find their format difficult to parse, and they have some navigation issues. Looping in some other active admins (@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] @[[User:JJPMaster|JJPMaster]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] (@[[User:SHB2000|SHB2000]]) so they can get eyes on this and voice anything they think is important. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 04:12, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::It makes no sense to have some crazy abbreviation as a "main page" or "namespace" (whatever that means in this context) for a book in order to allow it to be deep nested. Nobody needs to type the whole name of the nesting because that's what navigation templates do, and it is a simple matter to override the page title. I also take issue with the statement, above, "Before contributing, please discuss and align your work with at least one of the main contributors listed in the Page History." Anybody can edit, and nobody gets to own and control any work. Taken together, this complaint looks like a case of attempting to assert ownership and to operate against the normal practices of Wikibooks. As such, I am completely aligned with the changes made. [[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]] ([[User talk:MarcGarver|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MarcGarver|contribs]]) 12:49, 18 November 2025 (UTC) :::::That. [[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] ([[User talk:Leaderboard|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leaderboard|contribs]]) 14:59, 18 November 2025 (UTC) ::::Thanks @[[User:MarcGarver|MarcGarver]]@[[User:Leaderboard|Leaderboard]] for the contribution, btw the [[Development Cooperation Handbook/Designing and Executing Projects/Communication Management/Communication Planning/Develop a Conflict Management Strategy]] also looks crazy long, is'nt it? Lets continue in the [[Wikibooks:Reading_room/General]] keeping this page for personal messages. [[User:Rodrigo|Rodrigo]] ([[User talk:Rodrigo|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rodrigo|contribs]]) 23:07, 20 November 2025 (UTC) == Deletions of Wikibook subpages == Hello @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]], regarding the [[Thesis Writing Guide]] subpage deletions, should I just recreate them when I keep working on them or was there an automatic deletion that we could undo? This document will grow, but really slowly. Best, Tim [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 11:37, 16 December 2025 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]]! Since there was so little content on the deleted pages, my recommendation would just be for you to gradually recreate the chapters as you go. Does that make sense? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:54, 17 December 2025 (UTC) ::Makes sense, not my ideal solution, but also not far from it :) The end result will be the same, the in-between will just feel a little bit weird from time to time. ::Thank you for taking time to curate and quality-control Wikibooks - wishing wonderful holidays and a happy new year! [[User:TimBorgNetzWerk|TimBorgNetzWerk]] ([[User talk:TimBorgNetzWerk|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TimBorgNetzWerk|contribs]]) 20:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) :::Thank you, and happy holidays to you as well :) —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 23:13, 17 December 2025 (UTC) == help with "Media Literacy and You" == {{re|Kittycataclysm}} What do I need to do to get a quality review of ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', or whatever is needed to remove <nowiki>{{Qr-em|not clear how this is to be structured as a book}}</nowiki>? I ask, because you added that flag just over 2 hours after I created it. I later found that I had accidentally created it as an anonymous user. I've since started using my standard Wikiname, and I tried to respond to the requests both by creating a discussion on the "Discussion" page associated with that book and by upgrading the content. The upgrades included adding the "Introduction" chapter by revising an article on Wikiversity that convinced me to start this Wikibook. I have other articles that I plan to rewrite to create 9 of the remaining 11 chapters in the current table of contents, as indicated in this table of contents. ??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:23, 8 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]]! I removed the query flag, since this is clearly not a test page. I do have concerns about the suitability of this book for Wikibooks, since it seems to be more in line with essays and original research/analysis (which are [[Wikibooks:WIW|out of scope here]]). Wikiversity seems like a very suitable place for them—is there a specific reason you want to move them here? Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:24, 8 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::This book is intended to accelerate the diffusion of [[w:Media literacy|media literacy]] by making it easier for humans to (a) access training materials and (b) connect with research on the most important issues that concern them and (c) discuss those issues with others who may believe differently in a nonthreatening context that encourages dialogue and a shared search for what can honestly be said about any particular issue. This is an extension of "The wisdom of polarized crowds" discussed in [[Wikipedia:Reliability of Wikipedia]]. ::I don't know about you, but I'm frightened by the collapse of nuclear arms control agreements since the year 2000, by global warming, by the threats of the Trump administration to invade Canada and Greenland, etc. If this book project is successful, it will make a material contribution to reversing these trends -- unless this kind of dialogue is [[v:Responding to a nuclear attack|interrupted by a nuclear war]]. === Who is DavidMCEddy === ::I'm a [[w:Vietnam veteran|Vietnam-era veteran]] with a PhD in statistics and a publication record for which [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spencer-Graves-3 ReserchGate has found over 1,200 academic publications that have cited my work.] Since [https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.wikipedia.org/DavidMCEddy 2010 I have logged] * 6,000+ edits in each of Wikipedia and Wikiversity, * 1,000+ in Wikimedia Commons, * 30,000+ in Wikidata, and * almost 1,000 in other Wikimedia Foundation projects like Wikiquote and edits to the Spanish, French and German Wikipedias. This includes dozens of research reports posted to Wikiversity under [[v:Category:Freedom and abundance]] and 44 posts under [[v:Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] that provide a platform for documenting and discussing 44 episodes of a fortnightly "Media & Democracy" series of 29:00 mm:ss podcasts syndicated for the [https://pacificanetwork.org/stations-2/ Pacifica Radio Network] featuring the opinions of leading experts on the increase in political polarization and violence and what those experts think should be done about this. I've just posted another chapter to [[Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. I hope you will agree that this book can make a positive contribution to Wikibooks and to [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimbo Wales]]' [[w:Wikipedia:Prime objective|Prime Directive]] to create "a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge." Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 01:19, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Thank you and I understand this, but I am asking why you think this material is more suitable at Wikibooks rather than at Wikiversity. From what I can see, Wikiversity seems like the more appropriate home for it given our [[Wikibooks:WIW|scope]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 01:59, 9 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} ::"Media Literacy and You" is textbook to support both self study and classes on media literacy. ::I have been posting content to Wikiversity since 2014 and have not encountered support there for books. A search just now turned up a hint of a book on Wikiversity, but I could not easily find anything on how to do it, etc. ::I think this "Media Literacy and You" project would lose the vast majority of its potential if it were not on Wikibooks. ::??? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 02:22, 9 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{re|Kittycataclysm}} Will you please help me with the protocols of creating a book on Wikiversity? 1. I have found documentation that claims that Wikiversity supports such. However, the documentation seems incomplete, potentially out of date, etc. For example, I could not see how to follow the instructions for [[Wikiversity:Help:Books#Step 1: Enable the "Book creator" tool]]. So I posted a question to [[Wikiversity:Help talk:Books]]. 2. What do you suggest I do next? :I can create an article on Wikiversity titled, "Media Literacy and You", and port everything I've posted to Wikibooks there, then replace the pages on Wikibooks with redirects to [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You]], [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/Introduction]], and [[Wikiversity:Media Literacy and You/The impact of the media on political economy since the time of the Pharaohs]]. :If you think that's the best way to build this book project, great. It would actually be easier for me, because there would be less translation between what I already have on Wikiversity and a version for Wikibooks. (Also, Wikiversity supports <nowiki>{{cite Q|...}}</nowiki>, which I have used extensively for years.) :Thanks for your help. [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 13:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the exact workings of Wikiversity, so I can't be much help there. My personal recommendation is that you ask there for help on how best to structure your materials to match the WV requirements. If you'd like some additional opinions/insight, please feel free to also check in at the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/General|reading room]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 02:22, 10 February 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|Kittycataclysm}} I believe I have finished migrating all of ''Media Literacy and You'' to Wikiversity and replacing the parts of it on Wikibooks with redirects. Comments? Thanks, [[User:DavidMCEddy|DavidMCEddy]] ([[User talk:DavidMCEddy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/DavidMCEddy|contribs]]) 17:32, 10 February 2026 (UTC) == Thank you! == Heya, thanks for reviewing my stuff! Just to note, the first lesson page was done and so that'll need moving. If you want to discuss anything with me, I am easily reachable on Discord @ xiluosi233. I can explain philosophy, approach, and so on from my teaching experience if you want anything regarding that. [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:48, 17 February 2026 (UTC) :It appears [[An Introduction to the Han Script]] was moved wrong - should it not be [[General Literary Chinese from Scratch/An Introduction to the Han Script]]? [[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] ([[User talk:Shira the Mogul|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shira the Mogul|contribs]]) 19:52, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Shira the Mogul|Shira the Mogul]] good catch! I accidentally removed more of the title than intended. I've fixed this now. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:18, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == A test request == Just to see whether a recent Luna update turned out as intended, could you briefly revert your [[User:Kittycataclysm/lunaoptions.json|Luna preferences page]] to the first revision? Since you don't appear to have any custom preferences in the first place, I don't think there should be any conflicts. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 01:49, 30 March 2026 (UTC) :Done! But, it seems to have perhaps auto-updated again immediately afterwards. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 15:39, 10 April 2026 (UTC) == Linking == Hi,<br> For my edification, why is a link from [[Cookbook:nettle|nettle]] to [[w:Urtica_dioica|Urtica dioica]] not appropriate? The Wikipedia article has more information & seems relevant.<br> Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 01:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] good question! Wikibooks discourages outlinking, since books should be self-contained units. Instead of linking to [[w:Urtica dioica]], the correct approach would be to flesh out the actual chapter here at Wikibooks. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC) ::Should all material in the Wikipedia article about Urtica dioica relevant to cooking be duplicated into the nettle article in the cookbook? Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 02:30, 2 May 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] you could do that, although you should only include information that is sourced. However, I recommend that you wait, because I am coincidentally working on the page right now and fleshing it out significantly. I should publish today. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 21:40, 2 May 2026 (UTC) ::::The nettle page is better now. Thanks. ::::I still wonder, given that the link to ''The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, ...'' is permitted, why not a link to the botanically oriented page in Wikipedia. What if someone reads the Cookbook article and is interested in the toxin for example? Seems that non-Wikimedia references are more privileged than Wikimedia references. ::::Also, by chance, just noticed the [[w:Nettle_soup|Nettle soup]] article in Wikipedia. Better in the Cookbook? ::::Thx, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 19:10, 5 May 2026 (UTC) :::::Another good question. The reason those books are linked is because they are reputable and topical sources for the subject matter (nettles as used in cooking from an instructional perspective), and the links are part of the citations—this makes it different from a simple outlink to a Wikipedia page. Wikipedia pages should also not be cited themselves as sources. Regarding nettle soup, I don't think it makes sense to have that as a standalone page here in the cookbook due to its encyclopedic tone, and I don't see any recipes there. Does this make sense? —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 00:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) ::::::Somewhat. Certainly a recipe wouldn't be incongruous in a cookbook. Still seems unhelpful that relevant information in Wikipedia is inaccessible from a Wikibook. In effect there's a "Berlin Wall" between two Wikimedia projects. Would a "See also" section be permissible? ::::::Thanks, ... [[User:PeterEasthope|PeterEasthope]] ([[User talk:PeterEasthope|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PeterEasthope|contribs]]) 14:00, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:32, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471751 --> == Undeletion request == Hello, I am writing to request an undeletion of the page Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad. You stated you are a frequent visitor of the Lentis page and are thus familiar with it. This page was part of a class assignment and was in progress at the time of deletion. The work deleted is what we will be graded on for our class, so we would appreciate the restoration. [[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] ([[User talk:Yqj3km|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yqj3km|contribs]]) 19:36, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Yqj3km|Yqj3km]] see my response below regarding undeletion. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:15, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Undeletion request == About the page on Lentis called Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad: I, too, request undeletion, please. If the authors made any msitakes, the fault is 100 percent mine, for failing to guide them correctly. Like all chapters in this book, this team's chapter is a class assignment. I will be interested also in the reason for deletion so that I can guide authors better. I want to help my students be constructive contributors. Many thanks! [[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 20:03, 4 May 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Norton|Norton]] and thanks for the ping! I deleted it because it was not titled/filed correctly, so I didn't realize it was part of [[Lentis]]. I have undeleted it and moved it to [[Lentis/Saumya Pandya Thakkar, Shakuntala Pandya and the Pedestrians of Ahmedabad]]. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 22:14, 4 May 2026 (UTC) ::Many, many thanks, @[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]]! I am very grateful as always for everything you do for Wikibooks! ::[[User:Norton|Norton]] ([[User talk:Norton|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Norton|contribs]]) 22:27, 4 May 2026 (UTC) == Log in issues == Hi, messaging you as you seem to be the most active admin at the moment. I can't log in (as posted at <bdi>[[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] and also on my WP page at</bdi> [[w:User_talk:Xania]]). Seems to be an issue with extra security for admins? I am asked to use my authenticator app (which I can't as I have never set it up for Wikibooks) or a recovery code (which I don't have). Any idea what I should do in this situation? Xania [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-28255-89|&#126;2026-28255-89]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-28255-89|talk]]) 18:21, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :Apologies for missing this yesterday! It seems like we have a few people working on it over in the reading room, and I'll keep track there. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 16:37, 11 May 2026 (UTC) == Splitting pages == FYI, I untagged [[Art Print Production Methods]] as for splitting: the page is rather small with its 20 KB and does not need splitting, in my view. Ideally, there would be an operationalized, fairly detailed policy on the matter, but I do not know of one. Single-page books are in [[:Category:One-page books]]. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 04:45, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == <s>Slander</s> == <S>Your tag is slanderous and very easily proven wrong.</s>[https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654455] Given you likely didn't bother to look at the edit history, I would remind you that your given reason that you think it was AI is because you see the chapter is "numbered". That however was 100% my own personal decision after I reviewed my work and thought to myself that I later wrote in the introduction that there is a first to fourth chapter. However I thought to myself that the readers would not be easily made aware of what is meant by first to fourth as I didn't number them - so is why I dedicated an entire edit to make it less ambiguous [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654328]. I should not have to be falsely penalized because I wanted to be more considerate and ensure better clarity. I do however request AI to help me figure out coding like this - [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654329] as I don't know how to link. But I intentionally take great efforts to not rely on AI to write that book and find your wrongful presumptions troubling. [[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 06:00, 15 July 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] thank you for clarifying! I flagged it for review because it matched a common pattern we see associated with LLM use here. If that is not the case, then nothing needs to happen in that respect; however, you will likely want to fix the lists so that they are correctly formatted in the Wikitext and not hard-written—let me know if you have any questions about that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:14, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::Yeah, I don't instantly understand what you mean by "correctly formatted" list. At first, I assumed you were referring to chapter 4 - (''Further reading'')? But I think I know what you mean. I made this edit here [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Rules_for_Meaningful_Living&diff=prev&oldid=4654738] to align with how I see wikibooks typically do lists. Did I fix it? If not, feel free to clarify.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 18:35, 16 July 2026 (UTC) ::I thought about how I responded earlier. Even tho I still disagree, I probably shouldn't have used such a tone. I imagine admins like yourself do a lot of work overseeing wiki and the project owes a lot to you guys. So I take back my harsh words, and I hope we're good.[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] ([[User talk:JaredMcKenzie|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/JaredMcKenzie|contribs]]) 03:38, 17 July 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:JaredMcKenzie|JaredMcKenzie]] I appreciate that—thank you! And thank you for [[Special:Diff/4654738|making those changes to the lists]], which was indeed what I was referring to. Happy editing! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:31, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == The Geoguide == I literally wrote all of this myself I used no AI if you want to you can highlight the areas that seem way too formal and ill fix them [[User:Kayden Swanson|Kayden Swanson]] ([[User talk:Kayden Swanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kayden Swanson|contribs]]) 04:22, 18 July 2026 (UTC) :Thank you! I have removed the flag. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:41, 20 July 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism == your recent changes may not be constructive. {{Warning}} [[User:Duodeca 12|Duodeca 12]] ([[User talk:Duodeca 12|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Duodeca 12|contribs]]) 20:39, 2 August 2026 (UTC) == Your recent revert == Could you explain [[Special:Diff/4670314]]? This seems to be you ''restoring'' vandalism, which was originally introduced by [[Special:Diff/4669920]]. [[User:EggRoll97|EggRoll97]] ([[User talk:EggRoll97|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EggRoll97|contribs]]) 20:06, 15 September 2026 (UTC) :Good catch! Somehow I didn't have the most recent version of a page loaded, and it seems like Luna reverts the most recent edit of a page and not the specific edit you're viewing. The edit in question should be fixed now. Thanks! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 20:11, 15 September 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry {{PAGENAME}} for butting in here, I hope you don't mind. ::Just wanted to mention that I have had a few similar experiences when editing (not having the most recent version of a page loaded). Once this caused me friction with an admin who was convinced I was willfully undoing their edit. This happened years ago on another wikimedia project. ::Ottawahitech [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 01:18, 16 September 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed user == <s>If this is one, could I perhaps be a confirmed user? The software has not granted me autoconfirmed, despite me having the requirements.</s> [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:50, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :This is not needed anymore, thank you! [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 23:58, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == Vandalism on Unicode/Character reference/1F000-1FFFF == I caught the LTA adding Unicode characters which aren't even approved, I undid it, and they reverted. Please semi-protect this page.[[User:Alexlatham96|Alexlatham96]] ([[User talk:Alexlatham96|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alexlatham96|contribs]]) 15:33, 27 September 2026 (UTC) == Pages by [[User:Ruth Bulyaba M]] == Hello Kittycataclysm, I would like to bring to your attention the pages created by this user. I have used AI checkers to check if the page was created by AI, and it turned out to be positive. I have reached out to the user, to no response. Could you perhaps verify if their pages were created by AI? Thank you. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:26, 29 September 2026 (UTC) :Could you perhaps also check [[User:Matovu_Trevor/sandbox|this page]]? Many thanks. [[User:TechVindicator|TechVindicator]] ([[User talk:TechVindicator|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/TechVindicator|contribs]]) 11:28, 29 September 2026 (UTC) ::After a cursory look, I do agree that these are LLM-generated. I'm starting to see an influx of editors who add LLM generated content to their sandboxes to take advantage of the fact that we are typically much more lenient about what editors do in their sandboxes. However, because I can't see any way for them to edit the material and publish it in a way that still complies with our policy, I'm inclined to delete them—we ban AI-generated ideas, and there is no way to alter the existing material in a way that circumvents that. —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:33, 1 October 2026 (UTC) :::I will note, as an aside, that we do not rely on automated AI checkers, which have their own flaws—rather, we should be able to articulate exactly why we believe something to be in violation of the policy. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 18:34, 1 October 2026 (UTC) == Recipe == Hello Kittycataclysm, I have created a [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=User:MathsScienceNerd1/sandbox&oldid=4678337 recipe] that has been translated from nlwikibooks, and I do not know whether it is suitable for enwikibooks, other than it is a recipe of nlwikibooks and thus may conform to the Cookbook MoS over there. Could you perhaps check the page? Regards, --[[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 12:29, 26 October 2026 (UTC) ==[[:Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)]]== {{tmbox|type=delete|text='''Kittycataclysm, please [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)|share your thoughts]] about whether to [[WB:WIW|keep]] or [[WB:DP|delete]] "[[:Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)|Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)]]".'''<br />You are being notified because you have contributed to this work. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 11:33, 30 October 2026 (UTC)}} o06e5fhl9yi4bqc45c0mjcc9su4mlat 102 454171 4679008 4502525 2026-10-30T11:26:42Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Adding metric units 4679008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Recipe summary | Category = Potato recipes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}} This is from an old Scottish recipe still used frequently to this day. == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] or drippings * Equal amounts of cooked [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]] and [[Cookbook:Cabbage|cabbage]] * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] == Procedure == # Melt a piece of butter in a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]], allowing approximately 1 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounce]] per 1 [[Cookbook:Pound|pound]] vegetables (approx. 30 g per 450 g vegetables) # Mix all the ingredients together, heat thoroughly, and serve. [[Category:Recipes using potato]] [[Category:Recipes using cabbage]] [[Category:Recipes using butter]] 092u30wsu5li7zvspdmyzn6ertgb8j8 4679009 4679008 2026-10-30T11:33:38Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Making [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)|deletion request]] 4679009 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Rfd|example=false}}</noinclude> {{Recipe summary | Category = Potato recipes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}} This is from an old Scottish recipe still used frequently to this day. == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] or drippings * Equal amounts of cooked [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]] and [[Cookbook:Cabbage|cabbage]] * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] == Procedure == # Melt a piece of butter in a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]], allowing approximately 1 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounce]] per 1 [[Cookbook:Pound|pound]] vegetables (approx. 30 g per 450 g vegetables) # Mix all the ingredients together, heat thoroughly, and serve. [[Category:Recipes using potato]] [[Category:Recipes using cabbage]] [[Category:Recipes using butter]] jfty5h3965v3wwauym04rorynw0h6bj 4679012 4679009 2026-10-30T11:33:44Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Making [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Cookbook:Colcannon (Scottish)|deletion request]] 4679012 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Rfd|example=false}}</noinclude> <noinclude>{{Rfd|example=false}}</noinclude> {{Recipe summary | Category = Potato recipes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}} This is from an old Scottish recipe still used frequently to this day. == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] or drippings * Equal amounts of cooked [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]] and [[Cookbook:Cabbage|cabbage]] * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] == Procedure == # Melt a piece of butter in a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]], allowing approximately 1 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounce]] per 1 [[Cookbook:Pound|pound]] vegetables (approx. 30 g per 450 g vegetables) # Mix all the ingredients together, heat thoroughly, and serve. [[Category:Recipes using potato]] [[Category:Recipes using cabbage]] [[Category:Recipes using butter]] 9sqckiw81lrobsvp9p7ru7hfln4x40w 4679013 4679012 2026-10-30T11:35:08Z MathsScienceNerd1 3626296 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/4679012|4679012]] by [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]]) 4679013 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Rfd|example=false}}</noinclude> {{Recipe summary | Category = Potato recipes | Difficulty = 1 }} {{Recipe}} This is from an old Scottish recipe still used frequently to this day. == Ingredients == * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] or drippings * Equal amounts of cooked [[Cookbook:Potato|potato]] and [[Cookbook:Cabbage|cabbage]] * [[Cookbook:Butter|Butter]] * [[Cookbook:Salt|Salt]] * [[Cookbook:Pepper|Pepper]] == Procedure == # Melt a piece of butter in a [[Cookbook:Saucepan|saucepan]], allowing approximately 1 [[Cookbook:Ounce|ounce]] per 1 [[Cookbook:Pound|pound]] vegetables (approx. 30 g per 450 g vegetables) # Mix all the ingredients together, heat thoroughly, and serve. [[Category:Recipes using potato]] [[Category:Recipes using cabbage]] [[Category:Recipes using butter]] jfty5h3965v3wwauym04rorynw0h6bj 4 464822 4678833 4678797 2026-10-29T12:03:16Z JackBot 396820 Bot: Automatically cleaned 4678833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sandbox heading}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills below this line. As this page is for editing experiments, this page will automatically be cleaned every 12 hours. --> efa5udpbb942msq2oco4mlj2yz47q14 0 470122 4678922 4672811 2026-10-29T18:23:54Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == What is analysis? == The first higher-level courses usually taken in university mathematics are the lectures ''Analysis'' and ''Linear Algebra'' (linear algebra is a part of the field of studies known as ''Algebra''). Both analysis and algebra lay the groundwork of modern mathematics, and they themselves are both built upon set theory. To start off studying math on the right foot, it's important that future students become well-trained and comfortable in these two fields. Hence, we will dedicate most of our time and energy in this project to analysis and algebra. But what are these two lectures about? What do mathematicians in the fields of analysis and algebra ''do''? What questions do they try to answer? Before we answer this question in full detail, it would be wise to start off by giving a small sample of what each field investigates. Algebra, or rather ''an algebra'', is a kind of "space of numbers," much like the rational or real numbers. In an algebra, elements can be added and multiplied. Therefore, algebra also for the most part deals with transformations and operations that arise from addition and multiplication, e.g. the square root function, which is the inverse of the squaring function on the nonnegative real numbers. In the field of algebra, one often wants to answer the question of how equations can be transformed to obtain a solution, and whether an equation even has a solution. Generally, algebra deals with ''equations'' and rarely with inequalities. In ''linear algebra'', a central topic is ''first-degree'' (or ''linear'') equations, meaning that each equation has a total polynomial degree of at most one in its variables. A classical question in linear algebra is whether a system of equations written in the following form has a solution and, if so, what that solution is: {{Math|<math> \begin{array}{ccccccccccc} a_{11} \cdot x_1 & + & a_{12} \cdot x_2 & + & a_{13} \cdot x_3 & + & \ldots & + & a_{1n} \cdot x_n & = & b_1 \\ a_{21} \cdot x_1 & + & a_{22} \cdot x_2 & + & a_{23} \cdot x_3 & + & \ldots & + & a_{2n} \cdot x_n & = & b_2 \\ \vdots & & \vdots & & \vdots & & \ddots & & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ a_{m1} \cdot x_1 & + & a_{m2} \cdot x_2 & + & a_{m3} \cdot x_3 & + & \ldots & + & a_{mn} \cdot x_n & = & b_m \end{array} </math>}} Note that all <math>x_i</math> in the above equation have a polynomial degree of one (meaning they are all variables "to the power of one"). ''Analysis'', on the other hand, deals with continuity of functions, limits, and calculus (calculating derivatives and integrals). For example, if we consider the function {{Math|<math> f\ :\ \R\setminus\{-3,3\} \rightarrow \R, x \mapsto f(x) = \frac{x^2 - x + 1}{x^2 - 9}, </math>}} trying to find its roots would be an algebraic objective. However, if we are interested in describing the behavior of the function near its poles or the behavior as <math>x \rightarrow \pm \infty</math>, this would be an analytic objective. Similarly, investigating the slope or curvature of the function would also be analytic. A further question in the field of analysis is whether there are functions that are discontinuous but never have a "jump point" in their graph (the answer to this question is "yes"). Furthermore, we could ask the question whether a differentiable function can have a discontinuous derivative (the answer to this question is also "yes") or if its derivative can manifest one of the aforementioned "jump points" (in this case, the answer to the question is "no"). From the very last assertion, we can conclude that a function with a jump point can never be the derivative of another function. However, this function could be integrable. Calculating the integral of such a function would also be an objective of analysis. Analysis lends us concepts describing how functions are currently changing at any given point. Such concepts are useful in the natural sciences to generate laws of nature or formulas for scientific models. This is also why analysis is such an important tool in the natural sciences. An analytic mathematician investigates how changes to a system can be predicted, and exactly how these predictions are specified. Given this crude overview of the foundations of mathematics, we now know what to expect when studying analysis and algebra. Mathematicians often prefer ''one of these sides'' - they are either more of an analytic mathematician or an algebraic mathematician. In reality, though, each field cannot really be fully investigated without involving the other field. Both fields are equally interesting, broad, and important. In this project, however, we will focus primarily on analysis. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} gvh84c9oij95kbl3lpnw3hi064y52ic 0 470494 4678898 4672813 2026-10-29T17:56:08Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Why is logic used in mathematics? == Logic, being the study of reasonable conclusions, is the primary language of mathematics. Using this language, we can construct mathematical theorems and their proofs. This language satisfies the most basic tenet of mathematics - namely, that all expressions (claims, theorems, proofs) contained within this language have a clear, precise meaning. Because of this precision, it is not always as easy to draw the correct conclusions from logical expressions as one might initially think. Often, conclusions that are drawn from intuition are actually formally incorrect within mathematical logic. In order to understand and master mathematics, it is essential to be able to correctly interpret logical expressions. For this reason, in this article, we will lay down the groundwork concerning logical expressions and how to recognize and interpret them. === Ambiguity of Natural Language === We use the term "natural language" to describe any language intuitively spoken by some group of people for everyday communication. Oftentimes, natural language isn't suitable for mathematical discourse due to the lack of absolute clarity in certain phrases and sentences. We will see some examples in English of why everyday English doesn't capture the mathematical precision we desire. ''Question:'' What do the following claims mean? ''Claim:'' Every man loves a woman. # Every man loves at least one woman. # Every man loves exactly one woman. # Every man loves the same woman. ''Claim:'' You can find your address or your phone number in the list. # You can find your address and/or your phone number in the list. # You can find either your address or your phone number in the list. ''Claim:'' I can see Robert on the roof with the binoculars. # I'm on the roof and can see Robert by using my binoculars. # I can see Robert while I am on the roof, and Robert is using binoculars. # I can see Robert and Robert is on the roof with a pair of binoculars. # I can see Robert by using my binoculars and Robert is on the roof. With the examples above, you can see that many sentences in everyday language are ambiguous, whether this is intentional or not. Surely you can also find examples of sentences that are ambiguous, and you probably have had miscommunications with people in the past that resulted from ambiguous statements. Because of ambiguity, natural languages should not be used as the regulated language of mathematics. Otherwise, each individual mathematician could have a different understanding of the same mathematical object. This means that mathematical interpretations and conclusions would be both individual-dependent and language-dependent, which would make a practical mathematical effort amongst an international community impossible. Therefore, it is vital to have a toolkit in which only clearly defined claims can be formulated and there are explicit rules for how one can derive new claims from extant ones. For mathematics, this system is the study of logic, which we will investigate further in the rest of the chapter. == Classical logic == There are multiple systems of logic in use today. The most important one for our purposes is called "classical logic". The word "classical" is not used in a context with time here. Classical logic is definitely not obsolete and should rather be seen as the "default". Two important properties of classical propositional logic are: * The principle of binarity: A statement is either true or false. * Truth-functionality of propositional connectives: The truth value of a statement formed with propositional connectives is determined by the truth values of its component statements. Logical systems that depart from these principles include [[w:en:Non-classical logic|non-classical logics]]. An example is [[w:en:Many-valued logic|many-valued logic]] which has more than two truth values. However, classical logic is used in most areas of mathematics. Classical logic is also separated into two parts: * logic of statements - statements and their combinations, producing new statements. * logic of predicates - the inner structure of statements. == Basic Definitions == === Statements {{Anchor|Statement}} === The most basic concept of the logic of statements is - you guessed it - the statement. {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition |titel=Statement |definition= A statement is an expression consisting of words and/or mathematical symbols. It has a definite truth value, even if we do not know that value.}} Statements are expressions that can be assigned a meaningful truth-value. This means you can use them to replace the dots in the following sentence: :: "Is it true that ... ?" The expression "5 is prime" for example is a statement because the question "Is it true that 5 is a prime number?" is meaningful and can be answered. The expression "Is 5 prime?" is not a statement, because the question "Is it true that is 5 prime? ?" doesn't make sense. Questions, instructions and sentences that aren't complete are not statements. Expressions that include free variables like <math>x \ge 5</math> aren't statements either, because whether it is true or not depends on the value assigned to the variable. <math>x \ge 5</math> for example is true for <math>x=42</math>, but not for <math>x=1</math>. Expressions like this that contain free variables are not called statements, even if the expression is always true. <math>x+x=2x</math> for example is not a statement, even though it holds true for any value of x. Later on, we will learn about "predicates" for expressions that contain free variables. Sadly, not every expression that contains one or more variables is a predicate. The expression " <math>x \ge 5</math> is true for all real numbers <math>x</math> " for example is a statement and not a predicate. This is because <math>x</math> is bound by the so-called quantifier "for all" and not free. What exactly free and bound variables are will be explained in the chapter "Predicates And Substitution" Note that the definition from above is not very precise. It doesn't, for example, describe exactly what a meaningful expression is. Intuition works fine in most cases, but a certain subjectivity can't be ruled out like this. But this definition is completely adequate for the purposes of this book. You will probably be using a more precise definition of "statement" in your lectures. A statement can only be assigned the truth values "true" or "false". This is called the "Law of Bivalence". {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Definition |titel=Law of Bivalence |definition= A statement is either "true" or "false". }} The symbols <math>\mathrm W</math>, <math>w</math> or <math>1</math> are often used for the truth-value "true", the symbols <math>\mathrm F</math>, <math>f</math> or <math>0</math> for "false". {| class="wikitable" ! Expression !! Is this expression a statement? !! Comment |- | 10 is an even number. | Statement | True statement |- | 5 is divisible by 3 without remainder | Statement | False statement |- | There is always at least one prime between the squares of two consecutive positive integers. | Statement | This statement is called Legendre's conjecture. It's still unknown whether it is true or not. |- | Are you asleep? | Not a statement | — |- | Go to school! | Not a statement | — |- | <math>5+4-7x=0</math> | Not a statement | Without a value for x, this expression has no truth value. |- | <math>x>0</math> or <math>x=0</math> or <math>x<0</math> | Not a statement | Although this is true for all real numbers x we can't decide whether it is true or not, because we don't know whether x is a real number or not. |- | Whoa, dude.... | Not a statement | — |} You will always come into contact with statements while studying maths. All axioms, theorems and helping theorems (lemmas) are formulated as true statements. A proof is a series of statements that build on one another and have some (logical) connection. A statement can be a conclusion made from a different statement, for example. In short, it is important for everyone who is interested in mathematics to have a good grasp of statements. {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Frage |einrückung=nein |frage=Which of the following expressions are statements? # All ravens are white. # <math>5 + 7</math> # <math>5 \ge 7</math> # <math>5+7=6</math> # Is <math>5+7=12</math>? |antwort= Answer: # Statement # Not a statement (Term) # Statement # Statement # Not a statement (question)}} === Paradoxical self-referential expressions === There are expressions that look like statements at first glance, but that cannot be assigned a truth-value. One of these expressions is the self-referencing sentence "This sentence is false". One can ask the meaningful question "Is this expression true or false?", but one cannot consistently assign it a truth value. No matter what truth-value you assign to it, you will always end up in a paradox. Try it! In turn, this expression is not a statement. Such paradoxical expressions often involve self-reference. Another example is: :: "The following sentence is true. The previous sentence is false" {{:Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Frage |frage=Why does the pair of sentences "The following sentence is true. The previous sentence is false" lead to a paradox? |antwort= If the first sentence were to be true, the second sentence would be true. The second sentence is "The previous sentence is false", which would in turn mean that the first sentence cannot be true. If the first sentence were false, the second sentence would also be false, which would mean that the first sentence would have to be true.}} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten|überprüft= * [[Benutzer:Stephan Kulla|Stephan Kulla]] 01:51, 25. Sep. 2014 (CEST) }} {{BookCat}} mv2mu5kownkr5ce7j7dves1ywxrjyrk 0 470495 4678919 4672815 2026-10-29T18:22:52Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} Real numbers are the basis for this book, because we want to understand topics related to these numbers like real sequences or real functions. But before we begin studying the concepts of analysis, we have to ask: "What are real numbers?" This isn't an easy question. So let's start by looking at different ideas and concepts of how to define these real numbers. == Ways to describe real numbers == We all already have an intuitive idea of what real numbers are, even though it is often hard to put it into words. For example, one often imagines the real numbers as points on the number line: [[File:Simple_number_line.svg|center|500px|The real numbers visualized by points on the real line]] Our next task now is to translate this intuitive idea of real numbers into mathematical expressions. There are two approaches to doing this: either by using axioms or by constructing the real numbers. === The axiomatic characterisation === [[File:Sketch mathematical building.svg|thumb|200px|In the axiomatic description of mathematics, we lay the foundation with the axioms on which we build the theorems step by step.]] Instead of accurately specifying what the real numbers are, the axiomatic characterisation instead describes the properties of real numbers. We want to do this by making a statement of the form: "The real numbers are a set of objects with the following properties." These basic properties we will define through [[Math for Non-Geeks/axioms|axioms (missing)]]. Short recap: An axiom is a [[Math for Non-Geeks/statement|statement (missing)]] that we accept as true without proof. Every mathematical model that fulfils these properties or axioms can be used as a model for real numbers. Statements which are proven with the help of axioms are called theorems. When formulating these axioms, we must make sure that they don't contradict each other. In other words, we need to make sure that there exists at least one model that fulfils all axioms. For example, the requirements <math>1<0</math> and <math>1\ge 0</math> would contradict each other. Making sure to not get too abstract is also good. We want the axioms to represent our intuitive idea of real numbers. We also need to be aware that we need to have enough axioms to characterise the real numbers. If we have too few, there could be other structures which fulfil all requirements as a model, but wouldn't fit our intuitive idea of real numbers. For example, requiring only a commutative addition operation, <math>x+y=y+x</math>, is not enough. The integer numbers also satisfy that requirement but do not fit our idea of the real numbers. So just having addition isn't enough. The final thing to pay attention to, is to avoid redundancy. So if a statement can be proven through other axioms, it shouldn't be an axiom. So for example: if the statement E can be proven by only using the axioms A1 and A2, then E doesn't need to be defined as an axiom. === The construction-based approach === [[Image:Construction of real numbers.svg|thumb|400px|class=noprint|Sketch: construction of real numbers, using [[w:EN:Cauchy_sequence|Cauchy sequences]]]] If we want to construct the real numbers, we have to start with the [[:w:en:Rational number|rational numbers]] as building blocks. Then by using a specific method/process we create new objects, based on the rational numbers, which then we define as the real numbers. In contrast to the axiomatic characterisation, which talks about the properties of real numbers, the construction-based approach has the advantage, that we can precisely determine what the real numbers are. They are exactly the objects which we created through our construction process. We especially don't have to define the properties with axioms, because the properties can be derived from the properties of the constructed objects. There are different methods to construct the real numbers<ref>For example, there exists the method of the [[w:en:Cauchy_sequence|Cauchy sequences]] and the method of the [[w:en:Dedekind_cut|Dedekind cuts]].</ref>. The resulting structures are nonetheless equivalent: they are isomorphic as ordered fields. === The relationship between the approaches=== Both approaches lead to equivalent structures if the constructed objects satisfy all the axioms. Every property derived from those axioms then also holds for the constructed real numbers. So it is unimportant which approach we choose. We will start with the axiomatic approach, since it is easier to understand. == Summary: The axiomatic approach to characterising the real numbers == To determine the axioms of the real numbers, we can do the following: # '''Develop an intuitive idea:''' We first need an intuitive idea of the real numbers. We can, for example, go back to the idea of real numbers being points on the number line. # '''Define the axioms:''' Now all axioms need to be defined. When doing that, we need to pay attention to the following: #*''Comprehensible:'' The axioms should make sense, meaning every axiom should be intuitive. #*''Free from contradiction:''The axioms need to be free from contradiction. This can be shown by constructing a model of the real numbers, which is possible only if the axioms are consistent. #* ''Sufficiency:'' Once all axioms are fulfilled for a model, then that model should correspond to our intuitive idea of real numbers. We should be able to derive all theorems for real numbers from the axioms. #* ''To avoid redundancy:'' No axiom should be derived from the other axioms. # '''To define terms and prove theorems:''' Building upon these axioms, we will introduce the core ideas of analysis as well as the theorems of analysis. In real analysis, all theorems are proven by using the axioms of the real numbers. Here we will have to introduce concepts and theorems which you already know from school mathematics - like the equation <math>1\cdot 0=0</math>. During these proofs it is really important that we only use properties of real numbers, which we either defined in the axioms or have already proven. Things that you know from school are off limits, until you have proven them based on the axioms! The properties used here comprise the field axioms, the ordering axioms, the completeness axiom, and the Archimedean property. == The field axioms == The field axioms define addition and multiplication, which form the arithmetic structure of the real numbers. The real numbers are objects that can be added and multiplied by using the properties of addition and multiplication which you are used to. The essential properties of these operations are the field axioms. The division and subtraction are derived from multiplication and addition. So in total, this group of axioms describe how you can calculate with real numbers. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Field axioms |definition= On the real numbers <math>\R</math> we can define the operations <math>+:\R\times \R\to \R</math> and <math>\cdot :\R\times\R\to\R</math> . They satisfy the following properties: * Properties of the addition: ** ''Associative law of addition:'' For all real numbers <math>x,y,z</math> we have <math>x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z</math>. ** ''Commutative law of addition:'' For all real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> we have <math>x+y=y+x</math>. ** ''Existence of a zero:'' There is at least one real number <math>0 \in \R</math>, such that <math>0+x=x</math> for all real numbers <math>x</math>. ** ''Existence of a negative:'' For any real number <math>x</math> there is at least one real number <math>-x</math> with <math>x+(-x)=0</math>. * Properties of the multiplication: ** ''Associative law of multiplication:'' For all real numbers <math>x,y,z</math> we have <math>x\cdot (y\cdot z) = (x\cdot y) \cdot z</math>. ** ''Commutative law of multiplication:'' For all real numbers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> we have <math>x\cdot y=y\cdot x</math>. ** ''Existence of a one:'' There is at least one real number <math>1 \in \R</math> with <math>1\ne 0</math>, such that <math>1\cdot x=x</math> for all real numbers <math>x</math>. ** ''Existence of an inverse:'' For any real number <math>x \ne 0</math> there is at least one real number <math>x^{-1}</math> with <math>x\cdot x^{-1}=1</math>. * ''Distributive law:'' For all real numbers <math>x,y,z</math> we have <math>x\cdot(y+z) = x\cdot y + x\cdot z</math>. }} == The ordering axioms == The ordering axioms describe a linear order of the real numbers. The real numbers are therefore objects that can be compared with each other. Of two different real numbers, one is larger than the other. This shows a clear connection between the structures of the real numbers and a line, since all points on a line are ordered in a natural fashion. This group of axioms is imperative for the construction of a mental picture of the real numbers as points on the number line. This group of axioms also defines how the operations of addition and multiplication are connected to the ordered structure. The ordering of the real numbers can be described by knowing what all positive numbers are. If <math>x</math> is a positive number, we write <math>0 < x</math>. The positivity of the real numbers is thereby defined via the order axioms: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Ordering axioms |definition= The ordering axioms are {{#invoke:list|bulleted | ''Trichotomy of positivity:'' For all real numbers <math>x</math> either <math>0<x</math> or <math>x=0</math> or <math>0<-x</math> holds. Using the abbreviations "<math>\forall</math>" meaning "for all" and "<math>\dot\lor</math>" meaning "either or" we can write this as {{Math|<math>\forall x\in\R: 0 < x \ \dot\lor\ 0 = x \ \dot\lor\ 0 < -x</math>}} | ''Closure of positive numbers under addition:'' For all real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, if <math>0<a</math> and <math>0<b</math>, then <math>0<a+b</math> is also true. In characters: {{Math|<math>\forall a,b\in\R: 0 < a \land 0 < b \implies 0 < a + b</math>}} | ''Closure of positive numbers under multiplication:'' For all real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, if <math>0<a</math> and <math>0<b</math>, then <math>0<ab</math> is also true. In characters: {{Math|<math>\forall a,b\in\R: 0 < a \land 0 < b \implies 0 < ab</math>}}}}}} With the help of the positivity property <math>0 < x</math> we can define the less-than relation: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=less-than relation |definition= The less-than relation <math>x < y</math> is defined by the following equivalence: {{Math|<math>x < y :\iff 0 < y-x</math>}}}} So <math>x</math> is smaller than <math>y</math> exactly when the difference <math>y-x</math> is positive. We can define all other order relations via the less-than relation: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Further order relations based on the less-than relation. |definition= For the real numbers, the relations <math>\ge</math>, <math>\le</math> and <math>></math> are also defined via the following equivalences: * <math>x\le y :\iff x<y \lor x=y</math> * <math>x\ge y :\iff y<x \lor x=y</math> * <math>x>y :\iff y < x</math>}} == The completeness axiom == The completeness axiom describes the transition or more precisely the definitive difference between the rational and real numbers. While both the above-mentioned groups of axioms are still fulfilled by the rational numbers, this isn't true any more for the completeness axiom. The reason is that among the rational numbers, there exist "gaps" like <math>\sqrt 2</math>. These gaps can be approximated by rational numbers to any degree, but the gaps aren't rational numbers anymore. These gaps do not exist in the real numbers, because the completeness axiom denies the existence of such gaps. If it is possible to approximate something to any degree through real numbers, then this "something" exists and is a real number. A real number can be approximated by a nested sequence of closed bounded intervals, each contained in the previous one, whose lengths converge to 0: [[File:Illustration nested intervals.svg|center|400px|Nested intervals]] An interval nesting is used to approximate real numbers. Each interval restricts the range in which the number to be approximated lies, and in the course of the interval nesting this range becomes smaller and smaller. The interval nesting principle guarantees that at least one number is approximated by each interval nesting: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=General interval nesting principle |definition= For every nested sequence of nonempty closed bounded intervals <math>I_1</math>, <math>I_2</math>, <math>I_3</math>, ... there exists a real number that lies in all the intervals. If their lengths converge to 0, that number is unique.}} This completeness axiom says that the set of real numbers has no "gaps". In order to describe that the real numbers are the smallest possible extension to fill the gaps of the rational numbers, we have to add another axiom to the interval nesting principle. For this, we must exclude infinitely small and infinitely large numbers. A positive number <math>y</math> would be infinitely large compared to a positive number <math>x</math> if <math>y</math> was larger than all multiples of <math>x</math>, that is, if none of the multiples <math>x,2x,3x,4x,\ldots</math> ever grows beyond <math>y</math>. So for ''all'' natural numbers <math>n</math> there would be <math>nx<y</math>. Let us now rule this out. For every two positive numbers <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> there should be ''at least one'' natural number <math>n</math> with <math>nx\ge y</math>. This is precisely the property described by Archimedes' axiom: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=The Archimedean axiom |definition= For all real numbers <math>x,y > 0</math> there is a natural number <math>n</math> such that <math>nx \geq y</math>. With the abbreviations "<math>\forall</math>" meaning "for all" and "<math>\exists</math>" meaning "there is", this reads as {{Math|<math>\forall x>0, y>0\, \exists n \in \N: nx \ge y</math>}}}} Using the completeness axiom and the Archimedean property, one can show that real numbers can be arbitrarily approximated by rational numbers. This property is essential because it makes it possible to calculate with rational numbers instead of real numbers. For example, finite floating-point numbers used in computer calculations are rational<ref>See the Wikipedia article on [[:en:w:Floating-point_arithmetic|floating-point numbers]].</ref>. Such calculations usually feature errors, but their errors can usually be made sufficiently small. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 3tky3t3wocslsxvwolwwx1d428urd62 0 470497 4678924 4672817 2026-10-29T18:29:33Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} We now come to an important topic in higher mathematics: complex numbers. Complex analysis is an entire field devoted to complex numbers and functions of complex numbers. Complex numbers are also used in physics. They are used to describe vibrations or electrical resistance. Besides the motivation, we want to deal with the intuition behind the complex numbers. Furthermore, we will also learn about properties of complex numbers. == Motivation (historical) == Why consider complex numbers? The most common motivation is defining a solution to equations like <math> x^2=-1</math>. This equation is not solvable using real numbers. One extends the set (actually field) of real numbers and defines the "new number" <math>\mathrm i</math> as a solution of the above equation. The beginning of the complex numbers was marked by the findings of the Italian mathematicians [[w:en:Niccolò Tartaglia|Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia]] (1500-1557) and [[w:en:Gerolamo Cardano|Gerolamo Cardano]] (1501-1576). Basically, however, it was not about the solution of equations of the form <math> x^2=-1</math> with negative radicals, but about the solution of ''cubic equations''. At this time, methods for the solution of linear and quadratic equations were already known. However, this was not yet the case for cubic equations, i.e. equations of the form <math> ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0</math> with <math>a, b, c, d \in \R</math> and <math>a\ne 0</math>. Tartaglia found a solution formula for special cubic equations of the form <math> x^3=cx+d</math> with <math> c>0</math> and <math> d>0</math>: {{Math|<math>x=\sqrt[3]{\frac d2+ \sqrt{\frac{d^2}{4}-\frac{c^3}{27}}}+ \sqrt[3]{\frac d2-\sqrt{\frac{d^2}{4}-\frac{c^3}{27}}}</math>}} Cardano, who was given the formula by Tartaglia, realised that for certain values of <math>c</math> and <math>d</math> the formula contained a square root of a negative number. Thus, for <math>c=15</math> and <math>d=4</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} x & = \sqrt[3]{\frac 42+ \sqrt{\frac{4^2}{4}-\frac{15^3}{27}}}+ \sqrt[3]{\frac 42-\sqrt{\frac{4^2}{4}-\frac{15^3}{27}}} \\[0.5em] & = \sqrt[3]{2+ \sqrt{-121}}+ \sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{-121}} \end{align}</math>}} Such roots as <math>\sqrt{-121}</math> were considered "not resolvable" at that time. One could not imagine that the square of a number could be negative. However, it was already known that every cubic function always has an intersection with the <math>x</math> axis and thus a root. [[w:en:Rafael_Bombelli|Rafael Bombelli]], a student of Cardano, came to the conclusion that he simply had to define a new type of number, which gives a negative number when being squared. He introduced the numbers <math>+\sqrt{-1}</math> and <math>-\sqrt{-1}</math>, which he regarded as a new sign. For example, he determined <math>\sqrt{-121} = 11\cdot \sqrt{-1}</math>. By applying the existing arithmetic laws to these new numbers (with the peculiarity that <math>\sqrt{-1}\cdot \sqrt{-1}=-1</math>), he came to the following result: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (2+\sqrt{-1})^3 & = 2^3 + 3\cdot 2^2 \cdot \sqrt{-1}+ 3\cdot 2 \cdot \left(\sqrt{-1}\right)^2+\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)^3 \\ &= 8 + 12 \cdot \sqrt{-1}+ 6 \cdot (-1)-\sqrt{-1} \\ & = 2+11\cdot\sqrt{-1} \\ & = 2+\sqrt{-121} \end{align}</math>}} Thus, formally speaking, <math>\sqrt[3]{2+\sqrt{-121}}=2+\sqrt{-1}</math>. Analogously, <math>\sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{-121}}=2-\sqrt{-1}</math>. Bombelli could hence use Cardano's formula to find the solution <math>x=4</math> of the equation <math>x^3=15\cdot x+4</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} x & = \sqrt[3]{2+ \sqrt{-121}}+ \sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{-121}} \\[0.3em] & = \left(2+\sqrt{-1}\right) + \left(2-\sqrt{-1}\right) = 4 \end{align}</math>}} Using roots of negative numbers (i.e., imaginary numbers) as an intermediate tool, it was finally possible to construct real-valued solutions to the above equation. Interestingly, Bombelli dismissed his discovery as "useless". The newly created type of number was still the subject of numerous discussions later on, as this type of number could be used to explain interesting phenomena in analysis, such as the "Eulerian formula" named after the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler. It was only Euler who introduced the symbol for the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> in 1777. They seemingly have no correspondence in real life. (How would you measure a distance of <math> \sqrt{-1} </math> miles?) Thus, the name "imaginary" numbers. But actually, with some work, one can describe real life-phenomena with them. So they are technically not different from real numbers - just parts of models in our brains which describe and predict the outside world ;) == Deriving the imaginary unit == At school, the "set of feasible numbers" has been constantly expanded. Starting with the ''natural numbers'', first the ''integers'' were introduced, then the ''rational numbers'' came and finally the ''real numbers''. With each expansion, new arithmetical operations could be carried out: The transition to the integers allowed subtractions like <math>2-5</math>, in the rational numbers divisions by nonzero numbers like <math>2\div 5</math> were possible and in the real numbers any root of positive numbers like <math>\sqrt{2}</math> could be calculated. Each extension allowed for solving new equations. For instance, <math>x+5=2</math> can be solved in the integers, which is not yet the case in the natural numbers. Equations like <math>5x-2=0</math> require for the solution the transition to the rational numbers and equations like <math>x^2-2=0</math> the transition to the real numbers. We now consider the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math>. In school, we would say that this equation has no solution because we are not allowed to take a root of the negative number <math>-9</math>. Is it possible that by extending our set of numbers this equation becomes solvable? After all, previously unsolvable equations could already be solved by introducing new numbers. Let us assume that we may take square roots of negative numbers. Then <math>x=\sqrt{-9}</math> is a solution of the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math>. If we assume that we can apply the calculation rules of the root known to us, we obtain {{Math|<math>\begin{align}x=\sqrt{-9}=\sqrt{9\cdot (-1)}=\sqrt{9}\cdot \sqrt{-1}=3\cdot\sqrt{-1}\end{align}</math>}} We can express our solution as a product of the real number <math>3</math> with <math>\sqrt{-1}</math>. This trick can be applied to any root of a negative number. Each of these roots can be represented as the product of a real number with <math>\sqrt{-1}</math>. So if we know what <math>\sqrt{-1}</math> is, we can calculate the root of ''any'' negative number. In the extended number system, our familiar rules for square roots cannot all apply. Otherwise, we would get the following contradiction: {{Math|<math>-1=\left(\sqrt{-1}\right)^2 = \sqrt{-1}\cdot \sqrt{-1} = \sqrt{(-1)\cdot(-1)} = \sqrt{1} = 1</math>}} We must therefore be careful when we take roots of negative numbers. Nevertheless, the equation <math>\sqrt{-9}=3\cdot\sqrt{-1}</math> shows us a possible important connection. From a solution of the equation <math>x^2+1=0</math> (namely <math>\sqrt{-1}</math>) we can obtain a solution of the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math> (namely <math>\sqrt{-9}</math>). We can show this connection even without using "root rules": {{Math|<math>\begin{align} & &x^2+9&=0 \\[0.3em] \iff{} & &\frac{x^2}{9} + \frac{9}{9}&=0 \\[0.3em] \iff{} & &\left( \frac{x}{3} \right)^2+1&=0 \\[0.3em] & & &\ {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ z=\frac{x}{3} \right.} \\[0.3em] \iff{} & &z^2+1&=0 \end{align}</math>}} The connection <math>z=\tfrac{x}{3} \iff x=3z</math> provides us with a solution for <math>x^2+9=0</math>, if a solution of <math>z^2+1=0</math> is known. We only have to multiply it by <math>3</math>. This connection has already been indicated with <math>\sqrt{-9}=3\cdot\sqrt{-1}</math>. In an analogous way, we should be able to solve other quadratic equations, if we know a solution for the equation <math>z^2+1=0</math>. Let us now introduce <math>\mathrm i</math> as a solution of the equation <math>x^2+1=0</math>. What this number is, we do not know. We simply imagine that such a number exists. Accordingly, <math>\mathrm i</math> is called an ''imaginary number'' or the ''imaginary unit'' in mathematics. With this, we can also give a solution of the equation <math>x^2+9=0</math>. As we derived it above, such a solution is <math>3\cdot \mathrm i</math>. ==The complex plane== === What is the imaginary unit? === How can we visualize the imaginary number <math>\mathrm i</math>? Let us first take a step back and look at the real numbers. These can be visualized as dots on the real line: [[File:Number line with numbers -3 to 3.svg|center|400px|The real number line with numbers from -3 to +3]] The imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> does not lie on the real number line, since <math>\mathrm i</math> is not a real number. However, we can use the property <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math> to locate <math>\mathrm i</math>. First, we illustrate the operation of multiplication with <math>-1</math>. If we multiply any number <math>x\in \R</math> by <math>-1</math>, it is reflected at <math>0</math> to <math>-x</math>: [[File:Number line multiplication with minus1.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a reflection of x at 0.]] This reflection is the same in the plane as a <math>180^{\circ}</math> rotation of <math>x</math> around the origin: [[File:Number plane multiplication with minus1 rotation.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of x by 180 degrees around 0.]] So the operation <math>x\mapsto (-1) \cdot x</math> is a <math>180^{\circ}</math>-rotation. Now <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math> so we can translate the operation <math>x\mapsto(-1)\cdot x</math> into <math>x\mapsto\mathrm i \cdot (\mathrm i \cdot x)</math>. The multiplication of <math>x</math> by <math>\mathrm i</math> thus corresponds to an operation which, if applied twice, causes a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation. So we have to think about how we can divide a <math>180^\circ</math>-rotation into two identical operations. One possibility is two counterclockwise <math>90^\circ</math>-rotations. We choose this orientation, so multiplication by <math>\mathrm i</math> rotates <math>x</math> by <math>90^\circ</math>. This allows us to consider where <math>\mathrm i</math> is located. The value is <math>\mathrm i=\mathrm i\cdot 1</math>. So <math>\mathrm i</math> results from a <math>90^\circ</math>-rotation of <math>1</math>. The imaginary number is located straight above the origin at a distance <math>1</math> from the real line: [[File:Number plane multiplication with i.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of x by 90 degrees around 0, which is equivalent to multiplication by i.]] Note that we could have turned both clockwise and counterclockwise to determine the position of <math>\mathrm i</math>. We choose here the anti-clockwise rotation, since positive angles are conventionally measured in this direction. Now we know where <math>\mathrm i</math> lies. But where is <math>2 \mathrm i</math>, <math>3 \mathrm i</math>, <math>\ldots</math>? If we multiply the real numbers <math>2</math> or <math>3</math> by <math>\mathrm i</math>, those points are rotated by <math>90^\circ</math>. Thus, like <math>\mathrm i</math>, they lie on the imaginary axis, but have the distance <math>2</math> or <math>3</math> from the origin: [[File:Number plane multiplication with minus1 rotation showI 2.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of 1,2,x,a by 90 degrees around 0, which is equivalent to multiplication by i.]] Now let us choose any positive real number <math>a</math>. Where is <math>a\cdot \mathrm i</math> on the plane? Just as for <math>2</math> and <math>3</math>, our number <math>a</math> undergoes a <math>90^\circ</math> rotation when multiplying <math>\mathrm i\cdot a</math>. The result <math>\mathrm i \cdot a = a\cdot \mathrm i</math> is straight above <math>0</math>. The distance to the origin remains invariant. This means that <math>a\cdot \mathrm i</math> is as far from the zero as <math>a</math>. Negative numbers <math>b</math> on the other hand are on the real line to the left of the zero. If we rotate the number by <math>90^\circ</math> around the zero, it lands exactly below the origin. As with the positive numbers, the distance from the zero remains the same when the number is rotated. If we connect the newly found points <math>\mathrm i</math>, <math>a\cdot \mathrm i</math>, <math>b\cdot\mathrm i</math>, <math>\ldots</math>, a straight line is formed. It is perpendicular to the real line and passes through the zero. Let us consider any <math>x</math> in <math>\R</math>. Then <math>x\cdot \mathrm i</math> lies on this straight line. If we have a point on the straight line, then there is a real number <math>x</math>, with <math>x\cdot\mathrm i</math> being exactly this point. So the following applies: The straight line contains ''exactly'' the numbers <math>x\cdot \mathrm i</math> where <math>x</math> is a real number: [[File:Number_plane_multiplication_with_minus_i_withAxis.svg|center|400px|This plane shows a rotation of 1,2,x,a by 90 degrees around 0, which is equivalent to multiplication by i.]] === Deriving <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> === We have two straight lines, the real line and the newly constructed ("imaginary") straight line. The two lines form two axes of a coordinate system. The real line is then naturally called the real axis, and the line perpendicular to it is called the imaginary axis. What do the points inside the coordinate system correspond to? For the point <math>(5,0)</math> we have to go five whole steps from the zero to the right. So <math>(5,0)</math> describes the real number <math>5</math>. This works similarly with <math>(-2,0)</math>. To reach this point, we have to go two steps to the left along the real axis to <math>-2</math>. If we go three steps upwards from zero, we reach <math>3\mathrm i</math>. Thus, the point <math>(0,3)</math> corresponds to the number <math>3\mathrm i</math>. If we want to reach <math>-4\mathrm i</math>, we have to go four steps down to the point <math>(0,-4)</math>. [[File:Complex plane with points.svg|center|400px|Complex plane with 5 points]] And which number describes <math>(5,3)</math>? To reach the point <math>(5,3)</math>, we can first take <math>5</math> steps to the right and then <math>3</math> steps up. Here we use the well-known vector calculation (syllabus in most high schools around the world) in the plane <math>\R\times\R=\R^2</math> to obtain <math>(5,3)=(5,0)+(0,3)</math>. As we have already found out, <math>(5,0)</math> corresponds to the number <math>5</math> and <math>(0,3)</math> describes <math>3\mathrm i</math>. Consequently, <math>(5,3)</math> represents the number <math>5+3\mathrm i</math>. But we can also first take <math>3</math> steps upwards and then <math>5</math> steps to the right to reach <math>(5,3)</math>. Then we get as a corresponding number <math>3\mathrm i+5</math>. It should not matter if we first move to the right and then up or the other way round. Therefore <math>5+3\mathrm i=3\mathrm i+5</math> must apply. By convention, one always writes this number as <math>5+3\mathrm i</math> ("real part first"). In the same way, we can proceed for any real numbers <math>a,b\in \R</math> to find the corresponding number to the point <math>(a,b)</math> in the complex plane. We move horizontally by <math>a</math> and vertically by <math>b</math>. For <math>(a,b)</math> we get the corresponding number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. Although there is a plus here, we cannot further simplify the formula. We cannot transform <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> into a simpler expression (of purely real numbers or a pure multiple of <math>\mathrm i</math> without the plus), as the tuple <math>(a,b)</math> cannot be expressed with only 1 coordinate. However, the expression <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> can be used for calculations. If we calculate with <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, we treat the plus as usual. But why would we also need numbers of the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>? Let us first remember why we introduced <math>\mathrm i</math>. We wanted to solve the equation <math>x^2+1=0</math>. Since this equation has no real solution, we needed <math>\mathrm i</math>. Let us now look at the equation <math>x^2-2x+2=0</math>. Using the second binomial formula, we can transform the equation: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{rrl} & 0& =x^2-2x+2=(x^2-2x+1)+1\\ && =(x-1)^2+1 \\ \iff{}& (x-1)^2& =-1 \end{array}</math>}} The conversion to <math>(x-1)^2=-1</math> makes clear that no real number can fulfil this equation. If <math>x</math> is a real number, then <math>x-1</math> is also real and <math>(x-1)^2\neq -1</math>. Let us now try to solve this equation with the help of complex numbers. We know that <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. So we look for an <math>x</math> such that <math>x-1=\mathrm i</math>. If we had such an <math>x</math>, then <math>(x-1)^2=\mathrm i^2=-1</math> and we would have solved the equation. The result is <math>x=1+\mathrm i</math>. Our solution is in the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> with real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>! Therefore, it makes sense that we ''not'' only consider numbers of the form <math>b\,\mathrm i</math> but ''also'' <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. In this way, additional previously unsolvable quadratic equations can be solved. We call <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> a general ''complex number''. We call the set of all those complex numbers <math>\Complex</math>. The set of all <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> exactly corresponds to the set of all points on the 2D-plane which is spanned by the real and imaginary axis. This plane is mathematically called ''the complex plane'': [[File:Number plane - Complex number.svg|center|The complex plane]] We have "equated" the complex numbers with the plane using the equation <math>(a,b)\hat =a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. (Mathematically, we have constructed a bijection between both sets, which assigns <math>(a,b)</math> to <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>). Now we can calculate with complex numbers, as we are used to with vectors from the plane. Besides addition (which is possible for vectors as well as for complex numbers), we can also '''multiply complex numbers''' (using an operation beyond ordinary vector addition!). We can even show that the complex numbers with their addition and multiplication form a field. The structure for calculating in complex numbers is thus similar to what we are used to from real numbers. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 9boxg48qz53nyyfgfv7l9zuzm2ipp6e 0 470499 4678905 4672814 2026-10-29T18:00:25Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} The ''principle of induction'' is an important method of proof that you will encounter again and again over the course of your studies. The way it works is comparable with the domino effect. But what does it actually look like? Let's look at an example in which we solve a problem by induction. == An example == [[Image:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|thumb|250px|Carl Friedrich Gauß]] Our example is called "the Gauss summation formula", or "small Gauss". It is called that because the nine-year-old [[w:EN:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]] discovered it in a math lesson in school. Gauss is the genius mathematician whose portrait would later be printed on the German 10-Mark notes. It is said <ref>See also the biography of [[:w:EN:Carl Friedrich Gauss|Carl Friedrich Gauss]].</ref> that the young Gauss was able to determine the sum of the first <math>100</math> natural numbers immediately and without further calculations. His idea was that there are exactly <math>50 = 100/2</math> pairs of numbers between <math>1\ldots 100</math> whose sum is <math>101</math>: <math>1+100</math>, <math>2+99</math>, <math>3+98</math> and so on until <math>50+51</math>. The result would then be <math>(1+100)\cdot 50</math>. Generalizing this, we obtain the formula: :: For every natural number <math>n</math> the sum <math>1 + 2 + 3 + \dots + n</math> equals <math>(1+n)\cdot \frac{n}{2}</math>. Now we can start to prove this claim for every single natural number <math>n</math>: For <math>n = 1</math>: {{Math|<math>1 = \frac{1(1+1)}{2}</math>, correct ✔}} For <math>n = 2</math>: {{Math|<math>1 + 2 = 3 = \frac{2(2+1)}{2}</math>, also correct ✔}} and so on… But it is not possible to prove the above formula in this way as there are infinitely many natural numbers (think of the poor classmates of Gauß trying to sum up one by one every single number!). Obviously, we need a different technique for the proof. I told you at the beginning of this chapter that this formula can be proved by mathematical induction, and that this technique is similar to the domino effect. But how can the domino effect be used here? Let us take a closer look at the example: If you read through the task, you will realize that there is a free variable in the task definition (the natural number <math>n</math>). If you use a specific value for this free variable, you get a concrete result. By recalculating, you can determine if this statement is true or false. For example, if you substitute <math>n</math> with the number <math>42</math>, the (true) statement reads: :: The sum <math>1+2+3+\dots +42</math> is equal to <math>\frac{42 \cdot (42+1)}{2}</math>. Such an expression, which contains one free variable <math> n </math> and yields a result by assigning a value to this variable, is a <dfn>statement form</dfn> denoted by <math> A (n) </math>. This can be extended to statement forms depending on more variables <math> n,m,... </math> which are then denoted by <math> A (n,m,...) </math>. <math> A (n) </math> means something like: a statement form with the name <math> A </math> and the free variable <math> n </math>, that is, the statement form <math> A </math> depends on the value of the variable <math> n </math>. The above statement would therefore be <math> A (42)</math>. Here more examples: :: <math>A(1)</math> reads: The sum <math>1</math> is equal to <math>\frac{1 \cdot (1+1)}{2}</math>. :: <math>A(4)</math> reads: The sum <math>1+2+3+4</math> is equal to <math>\frac{4 \cdot (4+1)}{2}</math>. Our goal is now to prove that our statement holds true regardless of the value we choose for <math>n</math>. Such a statement is said to be "universally valid in <math>\N</math>". [[Image:Toppledominos.jpg|thumb|250px|The induction principle is comparable to a domino series.]] How can we bring the domino effect into play now? For this purpose, we will find an analogy between our statement and a domino series: imagine an infinitely long series of domino pieces starting somewhere in the room. This domino series is numbered (the first domino is one, the second is two, and so on). Now we introduce a relationship between the domino series and the statement to be proven <math> A (n) </math>. We say that the first domino piece stands for the statement <math> A (1) </math>, the second domino piece for the statement <math> A (2) </math>, and so on. Let us now assume that when a domino piece falls, the truth of the statement assigned to it is proven. So, if domino number seven falls, the statement <math> A (7) </math> is true, and in the case of domino number <math> 23 </math>, the proposition <math> A (23) </math> is true. [[Image:Domino Cascade.JPG|thumb|250px|The domino effect.]] We have now reduced our task to a problem known since childhood: wanting to bring down a domino series. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=What do we need to do to make ''all'' the dominoes fall over? How should the domino series be built? |antwort=If you think about it, you will come up with two conditions that have to be fulfilled to make all dominoes fall over. # You have to hit the first domino piece. # The domino series must be constructed in such a way that, in case a domino piece falls over, its successor also falls over. If both conditions are met, all the tiles in the domino series fall one after another ("domino effect"). So you have to make sure that both conditions are fulfilled.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=How can the two answers just given be translated back to the original problem, in order to prove the universality of our statement? |einrückung=nein |antwort= # '''First step''': Show that the statement for <math>n=1</math> is fulfilled. # '''Second step''': Show that, assuming that the statement is true for any <math> n = k </math>, the statement holds true also for the successor <math> n = k + 1 </math>. [[Image:Visualization of induction.svg|thumb|250px|Illustration of the induction principle.]] Let us see how the proof of these two steps provides the proof of our original problem. First of all, one shows that the first step is fulfilled, that is, that the assertion for <math> n = 1 </math> is true. If we now apply this knowledge to the second step (that is, if <math> n = k = 1 </math>), it follows that the claim for <math> n = k + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 </math> must be true. If we apply the second step again, the truth follows for <math> n = 2 + 1 = 3 </math> and if applied again for <math> n = 3 + 1 = 4 </math> and so on …}} So to solve the problem, all we need to do is prove the two steps of the solution given above. Here are the proofs of the two necessary steps: '''Solution step 1:''' For <math>n=1</math>, the claim we need to prove is: <math>1=\frac{1 \cdot (1+1)}{2}</math>. By simply calculating the right side, this is how we can show the claim is true. '''Solution step 2:''' Let us assume that the claim is already proven for <math>n=k</math>. By this assumption, it then holds: {{Math|<math>\underbrace{1+2+3+ \dots +k = \frac{k \cdot (k+1)}{2}}_\text{This equation is given.}</math>}} Now we have to prove the sum formula for <math>k+1</math>. This means we have to show: {{Math|<math>\underbrace{1+2+3+ \dots + k + (k+1) = \frac{(k+1) \cdot ((k+1)+1)}{2}}_\text{Goal: this equation must be shown/proven!}</math>}} Let's start on the left side of the equation we need to prove: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overbrace{1+2+3+ \dots +k+(k+1)}^{\text{left side of the equation we want}} & = { \color{OliveGreen}(1+2+3+ \dots +k)} + (k+1)\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{OliveGreen}\downarrow\ \text{substitute in the given equation}}\\[0.5em] & = { \color{OliveGreen} \frac{k \cdot (k+1)}{2}} + (k+1)\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \text{combine the sum into a fraction}\right.}\\[0.5em] & = \frac{k \cdot (k+1) + 2\cdot (k+1)}{2}\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ a \cdot b = b \cdot a \right.}\\[0.5em] & = \frac{(k+1)\cdot k + (k+1) \cdot 2}{2}\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ \text{ factor out} (k+1)\right.}\\[0.5em] & = \frac{(k+1) \cdot (k+2)}{2}\\[0.5em] & \qquad{\color{Gray} \left\downarrow\ k+2=(k+1)+1\right.}\\[0.5em] & = \underbrace{\frac{(k+1) \cdot ((k+1)+1)}{2}}_{\text{right-hand side of the equation we want}}\\ \end{align}</math>}} By assuming that the given equation is true, we can then transform the left side of the equation we want into the right side of the equation we want, such that we've proven the entire equation. This method has given us a short and elegant solution to the problem. == The induction principle{{Anchor|Prinzip}} == [[Image: Induction_domino_effect.jpg|thumb|An illustration of the domino effect within induction]] Now, what exactly is the "induction principle" in mathematics? To answer this question, we will use the example problem above as a motivation to generalize this proof method so that it can be applied to other similar problems. First, we take note that this principle deals with claims whose only free variable is a natural number. The problem to solve in these cases is to show that this claim is true for all natural numbers. In the first step, we showed that this claim is true at the starting natural number - in the case of the example above, the starting value was <math>n=1</math>. In the case of other problems, the claim may not be true for certain natural numbers; it may only be true for all natural numbers greater than or equal to some natural number <math>n</math>. In this case, <math>n</math> is our "smallest" natural number we want to consider. This step is called the <dfn>induction base</dfn>. In our analogy with dominoes, this is the same as the first domino that's knocked over that starts the chain reaction. In the second step, we showed that if the claim is true for any random natural number <math>k</math>, then it must also be true for <math>k+1</math>. This step is called the <dfn>induction step</dfn>. In our domino analogy, this step can be identified with the idea that a line of dominoes is built such that if one domino is knocked over, the next domino must fall. Assuming that the claim is true for some arbitrarily chosen natural number is called the <dfn>induction assumption</dfn>. This was the equation we used in solution step 2 above. The claim that we want to prove using the induction assumption is called the <dfn>induction claim</dfn>. This was the goal equation in the example above. The inductive step has the form: {{Math|<math>\overbrace{\underbrace{A(k)}_{\begin{smallmatrix}\text{induction assumption} \end{smallmatrix}} \Rightarrow \underbrace{A(k+1)}_{\text{induction claim}} }^{\text{induction step}}</math>}} Let us summarize: Induction can be applied to prove the universality of propositional forms <math>A(n)</math> whose only free variable <math>n</math> is a natural number. A proof by induction now works as follows: # '''Induction base''': Prove that <math>A(1)</math> is true. # '''Induction step''': Prove that if <math>A(k)</math> is true, then <math>A(k+1)</math> is also true. The two claims appearing here are the: #* '''Induction assumption''': We assume that <math>A(k)</math> is true for a single given <math>k\in\N</math>. #* '''Induction claim''': We claim that <math>A(k+1)</math> is true, which we have to show. #* '''Proof of the induction step'': Proof that under the induction assumption the induction claim is true. Accordingly, the induction step has the following form: {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{c} \text{induction assumption} \\ {\color{Gray} |} \\ {\color{Gray} \text{proof}} \\ {\color{Gray} \downarrow} \\ \text{induction claim} \end{array}</math>}} Often (especially for simpler problems) induction base and induction assumption are omitted by a book author, if they seem too trivial to be mentioned in detail. Also, the induction base or induction step is sometimes not performed. Textbook authors often only give the hint that a problem can be solved by induction and leave the reader to deal with the respective proof. In this chapter, however, all the sub-steps of induction are explained. If we now formulate the above method of proof in mathematical language, we get a kind of pattern for how to solve problems by induction. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Sample: Proof by induction |definition= Let <math>A(n)</math> be a statement form depending on the variable <math>n \in \N</math>. If <math>A(1)</math> is a true statement (induction base) and the implication <math>A(k) \Rightarrow A(k+1)</math> is fulfilled for all <math>k \in \N</math> (induction step), then the statement is valid for all <math>n \in \N</math>.}} == Induction: a short Q&A == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage=Do I always need the induction base and induction step for an induction proof or can I sometimes save one of the two steps? |antwort= Induction proofs '''always''' include an induction base and an induction step. If you omit either of these steps, your solution will be incomplete and lead to wrong or even obviously stupid conclusions! You can also use the analogy of the domino series: If you omit the induction base, this corresponds to the fact that you ''don't'' knock over the first domino. Assuming that the induction still works without an induction base is like assuming that all dominos fall even though no domino is touched! (which is obviously stupid) If you leave out the induction step, you could not guarantee that a domino would take its successor with it when it fell. So the domino cascade might stop falling. The conclusion of the induction proof "all dominos will fall" is then simply wrong again.}} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Frage |frage= Since the row of dominos is infinite, it also takes infinite time to fall over. This would mean that a proof by induction would never be complete (since at no finite time did all the stones fall over). Doesn't this mean that the induction proof can never be completed? |antwort= This question shows one of the limits of the domino analogy. The time it takes for a domino to fall over and thereby trigger the next one is not relevant for mathematics. It is only important that each stone falls in a finite number of steps. Or mathematically, for any <math> n \in \N </math>, the statement is true at '''some point of time'''. This is true within an induction proof, so it is mathematically correct. The thought that it might be wrong because of an "infinite" time is a common misconception, one has to get rid of!}} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} s3hezytshttfdw0zchli4vt6ej0lqw8 0 471862 4678927 4672818 2026-10-29T18:35:31Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} Here we will formally define the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> and prove that they form a field. First of all, we will clarify what the addition and multiplication of complex numbers should look like. == Deriving the formal definition of complex numbers == === Derivation of the tuple notation === Complex numbers have the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>a,b</math> are real numbers and the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> satisfies the equation <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. However, we lack a mathematical definition for this new form of a number. So we will now derive a reasonable and precise definition. A complex number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> is described by the two real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>. Furthermore, complex numbers can be represented as points in a plane. <math>a</math> is the <math>x</math>-coordinate of the point and the imaginary part <math>b</math> is the <math>y</math>-coordinate: [[File:Complex number illustration.svg|center|Complex numbers are represented by dots on a plane]] Now, points within the plane can be described as tuples <math>(a,b)</math> of the set <math>\R\times\R=\R^2</math>. So we can assign to a tuple <math>(a,b)</math> in <math>\R\times\R</math> the complex number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. So we identify <math>(a,b)\hat{=} a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, which provides a one-to-one identification of the complex set of numbers <math>\Complex</math> with the set <math>\R\times\R</math>. The tuple is a precisely defined mathematical concept, so we can use it for the formal definition of complex numbers. We say that complex numbers <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> are tuples <math>(a,b)</math> written in a special notation and equipped with a multiplication operation (to be defined later). === Deriving computational rules === [[File:Komplexe addition.svg|thumb|Adding complex numbers works like adding vectors.]] It would be nice to calculate with complex numbers like with real numbers, by adding and multiplying them. Let us first consider the addition of two complex numbers <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math>. The result should again be a complex number, i.e. of the form <math>x+y\,\mathrm i</math>. For this we add the two complex numbers, arrange the summands and factor out: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a+b\,\mathrm i)+(c+d\,\mathrm i)& =a+b\,\mathrm i+c+d\,\mathrm i \\ & =a+c+b\,\mathrm i+d\,\mathrm i \\ & =(a+c)+(b+d)\,\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} The result is again of the form <math>x+y\,\mathrm i</math>. The real and the imaginary parts are added up. For the formal definition of the addition we use the tuple notation <math>(a,b)</math> in <math>\R\times\R</math>, with identification <math>(a,b)\ \hat{=}\ a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. With this, we translate the above calculation into the tuple notation: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)\ &\hat{=}\ (a+b\,\mathrm i)+(c+d\,\mathrm i) = (a+c)+(b+d)\,\mathrm i \\ &\hat{=} (a+c,b+d) \end{align}</math>}} We see that summing is nothing other than component-wise addition in <math>\R\times\R</math>. This is exactly the vector addition in the plane <math>\R\times\R</math>. The multiplication of complex numbers is more complicated. We consider the product of two complex numbers <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math> and multiply out the product: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} &(a+b\,\mathrm i)\cdot(c+d\,\mathrm i) \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{multiply out} \right.} \\[0.3em] &=a\cdot c+a\cdot d\,\mathrm i+b\,\mathrm i \cdot c+b\,\mathrm i \cdot d\,\mathrm i \\[0.3em] &=a\cdot c+(a\cdot d)\,\mathrm i+(b\cdot c)\,\mathrm i+(b\cdot d)\,\mathrm i^2 \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \mathrm i^2=-1 \right.} \\[0.3em] &=a\cdot c+(a\cdot d)\,\mathrm i+(b\cdot c)\,\mathrm i-(b\cdot d) \\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{re-arrange summands} \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d)+(a\cdot d+b\cdot c)\,\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} Translated in the tuple-notation, we have: {{Math|<math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d)=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d,a\cdot d+b\cdot c)</math>}} == Formal definition of complex numbers == === Definition of complex numbers === The complex numbers are defined as tuples in <math>\R\times\R</math> with the appropriate addition and multiplication. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Set of complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> |definition= We define the set of complex numbers as the set <math>\Complex:=\R\times\R</math> together with two mappings "addition" and "multiplication". Complex numbers are thus tuples <math>(a,b)</math>, where <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are real numbers. Addition and multiplication are defined by {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)& :=(a+c,b+d) \\ (a,b)\cdot (c,d)& :=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d,a\cdot d+b\cdot c) \end{align}</math>}} }} === Definition of real and imaginary part === A complex number <math>z=(a,b)</math> can be described as a point in the plane. It is uniquely defined by its coordinates <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>. These coordinates have special names. <math>a</math> is called the real part and <math>b</math> the imaginary part of the complex number. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Real and imaginary part |definition= For a complex number <math>z=(a,b)\in\Complex</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math> we set <math>\operatorname{Re}(z)=a</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=b</math>. We call <math>\operatorname{Re}(z)</math> the ''real part'' and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)</math> the ''imaginary part'' of the complex number <math>z</math>. }} == The complex numbers form a field {{Anchor|The complex numbers form a field}} == We can calculate with complex numbers as with real numbers. The addition corresponds to the vector addition in <math>\R\times\R</math>. Thus, it inherits all properties of the addition in a vector space and fulfils, for example, the associative law <math>(z+w)+u = z+(w+u)</math> and the commutative law <math>z+w=w+z</math>. The multiplication in the complex numbers has properties similar to those of multiplication in the real numbers. Like in the real numbers, we can form fractions of the form <math>\tfrac{w}{z}</math> in <math>\Complex</math>. This requires inverting a complex number <math>z=(a,b)</math> to <math>z^{-1} = (c,d)</math>. The reciprocal number should satisfy the equation <math>z\cdot z^{-1} = 1</math>. So we need to choose <math>(c,d)</math> such that <math>(1,0)=(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(ac-bd,ad+bc)</math> holds. We will see that this system of equations is uniquely solvable for all <math>(a,b)\in\Complex\setminus \{0\}</math>. Altogether, the addition and the multiplication fulfil the so-called [[Math for Non-Geeks/Field axioms|field axioms]], as they do for the real numbers. Thus, calculations in <math>\Complex</math> work with a similar structure compared to those within the real numbers. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= Let <math>\Complex=\R^2</math> be the set of complex numbers with addition and multiplication: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)& :=(a+c,b+d)\\ (a,b)\cdot (c,d)& :=(a\cdot c-b\cdot d,a\cdot d+b\cdot c) \end{align}</math>}} This set satisfies the field axioms. |lösungsweg= We now want to check the validity of the field axioms in the complex numbers one after the other. For this we will start from the definitions of addition and multiplication in <math>\Complex</math> and use the properties of the real numbers. Let us consider, for example, the commutativity of multiplication. To prove this, we have to prove the following equation: {{Math|<math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d) = \ldots =(c,d)\cdot(a,b)</math>}} What transformation steps take us from the left-hand term to the right-hand term? First, it is helpful to apply the definition of multiplication in the complex numbers, i.e. <math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d) = (ac-bd,ad+bc)</math> and <math> (c,d)\cdot(a,b) = (ca-db,da+cb)</math>. Thus, we obtain {{Math|<math>(a,b)\cdot(c,d)= (ac-bd,ad+bc) = \ldots = (ca-db,da+cb) = (c,d)\cdot(a,b)</math>}} This way, most of the proof is already done. What remains to be shown is the equality <math>(ac-bd,ad+bc)=(ca-db,da+cb)</math>, which we obtain directly from the properties of <math>\R</math>: Since <math>a, b, c, d</math> are from the field of real numbers, we know, due to the commutativity of the multiplication, that <math>ac-bd=ca-db</math> and <math>ad+bc=da+cb</math> hold. Hence, we have proved the commutativity of multiplication in complex numbers. In a very similar way, the other field axioms for complex numbers can be shown. Besides the associativity and commutativity of addition and multiplication, we have to prove the existence of the neutral and inverse element of addition and multiplication in <math>\Complex</math>. We do this by constructing such an element and showing by explicit calculation that it has the properties required in the field axioms. The neutral element of addition is not difficult to find: We suspect the origin of the complex plane to take this role, which corresponds to the zero in the complex number plane or a zero vector. The point <math>(0,0)</math> should therefore be the complex zero. Also from the definition of addition it is easy to see that <math>0_{\Complex}=(0_{\R},0_{\R})</math> must be valid, so that <math>(a,b)+(0,0)=(a,b)</math> is fulfilled. We can easily determine the additive inverse of a complex number <math>(a,b)</math> by determining the additive inverse of the two real numbers <math>a,b</math>. We obtain <math>-(a,b)=(-a,-b)</math>, which can be shown to be the additive inverse of <math>(a,b)</math> by explicit calculation. Regarding the neutral element of the multiplication, we assume that, as with the neutral element of the addition, an analogy to the real numbers applies. On the real number line, 1 is the neutral element of the multiplication. In the complex plane, this corresponds to the point with the coordinates <math>(1,0)</math>. And we can explicitly verify that <math>1_{\Complex}=(1_{\R},0_{\R})</math> has the desired properties. Now we still have to find the multiplicative inverse. This is somewhat more difficult than the additive inverse because multiplication is defined in a more complicated way than addition. For a given <math>(a,b)\in\Complex</math> with <math>(a,b)\neq(0,0)</math> we search for a complex number <math>(c,d)\in\Complex</math> with <math>(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(1,0)</math>. Here, <math>(1,0)</math> is the "one" already found in the complex numbers. What conditions must <math>(c,d)</math> fulfil as the inverse of <math>(a,b)</math>? According to the definition of multiplication, <math>(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(ac-bd,ad+bc)</math>. Thus <math>(ac-bd,ad+bc)=(1,0)</math> must apply. This requires 2 equations to be fulfilled: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} ac-bd& =1\\ ad+bc& =0 \end{align}</math>}} This is a system of equations with two unknowns, namely <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>, and two equations. We can try to solve this system of equations, i.e. solve the equations for <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>. If you have 10 minutes (perhaps, it takes far less), take a pen and paper and try to solve the two equations for <math>c</math> and <math>d</math>. We present here an elegant solution that does not require any case distinction due to division by zero. But it is not intuitive, and few people would do the same on the first try. First, we multiply the first equation with <math>a</math> and the second with <math>b</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rcr} ac-bd=1 &\implies &a^2c-abd=a \\[0.3em] ad+bc=0 &\implies &abd+b^2c=0 \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} We add both equations and obtain: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rrl} &a^2c+0+b^2c&=a+0 \\[0.3em] \implies& (a^2+b^2)c&=a\\[0.3em] & &{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \begin{array}{l} a^2+b^2\neq 0,\\ \text{since } (a,b)\neq (0,0) \end{array}\right.} \\[0.3em] \implies& c&=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2} \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} Now, we multiply the other way round, i.e. the first equation with <math>b</math> and the second one with <math>a</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rcr} ac-bd=1 &\implies &abc-b^2d=b \\[0.3em] ad+bc=0 &\implies &a^2d+abc=0 \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} Subtracting the first equation from the second, we get: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \begin{array}{rrl} &a^2d+0+b^2d&=-b\\[0.3em] \implies &(a^2+b^2)d&=-b\\[0.3em] &&{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \begin{array}{l} a^2+b^2\neq 0,\\ \text{since } (a,b)\neq (0,0) \end{array}\right.} \\[0.3em] \implies &d&=\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2} \end{array} \end{align}</math>}} So we found <math>(c,d)=\left(\tfrac a{a^2+b^2},\tfrac{-b}{a^2+b^2}\right)\in\Complex</math> as the inverse of <math>(a,b)</math>. In the proof we will verify that indeed <math>(a,b)\cdot (c,d)=(1,0)</math>. |beweis= We must verify all field axioms. Let <math>a,b,c,d,e,f \in \R</math> be given arbitrarily. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Associative law for addition |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+\bigg((c,d)+(e,f)\bigg)& =(a,b)+(c+e,d+f)\\ &=(a+(c+e),b+(d+f)) \\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{associative law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=((a+c)+e,(b+d)+f) \\ &=(a+c,b+d)+(e,f)\\ &=\bigg((a,b)+(c,d)\bigg)+(e,f) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Commutative law for addition |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(c,d)& =(a+c,b+d) \\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{commutative law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] & =(c+a,d+b)\\ & =(c,d)+(a,b) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of a zero element |beweisschritt= The zero element in <math>\Complex</math> is given by <math>(0,0)</math>, since {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (0,0)+(a,b)&=(a+0,b+0)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{definition of } 0 \text{ in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(a,b)\end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of the additive inverse |beweisschritt= In <math>\Complex</math> there is <math>-(a,b)=(-a,-b)</math>, since {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)+(-a,-b)&=(a-a,b-b)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{additive inverse in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(0,0)\end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Associative law for multiplication |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot\bigg((c,d)\cdot(e,f)\bigg)& =(a,b)\cdot(ce-df,cf+ed) \\ & =(a\cdot(ce-df)-b\cdot(cf+ed),a\cdot(cf+ed)+b\cdot(ce-df))\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] & =(ace-adf-bcf-bed,acf+aed+bce-bdf)\\ & =((ac-bd)\cdot e-(ad+bc)\cdot f,(ac-bd)\cdot f+(ad+bc)\cdot e)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] & =(ac-bd,ad+bc)\cdot(e,f) \\ & =\bigg((a,b)\cdot(c,d)\bigg)\cdot(e,f) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Commutative law for multiplication |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot(c,d)& =(ac-bd,ad+bc)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{commutative law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(ca-db,da+cb) \\ &=(c,d)\cdot(a,b) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of a unit element |beweisschritt= The unit element in <math>\Complex</math> is <math>(1,0)</math>: there is <math>(1,0)\neq(0,0)</math> and {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (1,0)\cdot(a,b)&=(1\cdot a-0\cdot b,1\cdot b+0\cdot a)\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{properties of }0\text{ and } 1 \text{ in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(a-0,b+0)\\ &=(a,b)\end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Existence of the multiplicative inverse |beweisschritt= Let <math>z=(a,b)</math> be a complex number with <math>(a,b)\neq(0,0)</math>. The inverse of this number is <math>(a,b)^{-1}=\left(\frac{a}{a^2+b^2},\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2}\right)</math>. This number is well-defined, since <math>(a,b)\neq(0,0)</math> and hence <math>a^2+b^2>0</math>. And there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot(a,b)^{-1}&=(a,b)\cdot\left(\frac{a}{a^2+b^2},\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] &=\left(a\cdot\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}-b\cdot\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2},a\cdot\frac{-b}{a^2+b^2}+b\cdot\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] &=\left(\frac{aa+bb}{a^2+b^2},\frac{-ab+ba}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] &=\left(\frac{a^2+b^2}{a^2+b^2},\frac{0}{a^2+b^2}\right)\\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{multiplicative inverse of }a^2+b^2\text{ in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(1,0) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=Distributive law |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)\cdot\bigg((c,d)+(e,f)\bigg)& =(a,b)\cdot(c+e,d+f)\\ &=(a\cdot(c+e)-b\cdot(d+f),a\cdot(d+f)+b\cdot(c+e))\\ & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{distributive law in }\R \right.} \\[0.3em] &=(ac+ae-bd-bf,ad+af+bc+be)\\ &=(ac-bd,ad+bc)+(ae-bf,af+be) \\ &=(a,b)\cdot(c,d)+(a,b)\cdot(e,f) \end{align}</math>}} }}}} == <math>\R</math> as a sub-field of <math>\Complex</math> == We identify the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> with the plane <math>\R\times\R</math>. Here the <math>x</math> axis lying in the complex plane is the real number line. So it makes sense that the real numbers <math>\R</math> are a subset of the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math>. We also know that both <math>\R</math> and <math>\Complex</math> are fields. So <math>\R</math> should be a sub-field of <math>\Complex</math>. In order to verify this, we have to show more than that <math>\R</math> is a subset of <math>\Complex</math>. We must also prove that the addition and multiplication of real numbers in <math>\Complex</math> again leads to real numbers. Mathematically, two statements have to be shown: <math>\R</math> is a subset of <math>\Complex</math> and the arithmetic operations preserve the real numbers in <math>\Complex</math>. The first statement requires care. Strictly speaking, <math>\R</math> is not a subset of <math>\Complex</math>, since <math>\Complex=\R\times\R=\{ (a,b)|a,b\in\R\}</math> is a set of tuples and <math>\R</math> is a set of individual numbers. So the elements of <math>\R</math> and of <math>\Complex</math> are different. However, we can identify the real numbers with a subset of the complex numbers, which behaves similarly to <math>\R</math>. To find this subset, we use the visualization of the complex numbers in the plane. The subset we are looking for is the real axis in the complex plane. A complex number <math>z=(a,b)\in\Complex</math> lies on this axis exactly when its imaginary part is zero, i.e. <math>b=0</math>. Thus, the real line is identified with the set <math>\{(a,0)|a\in\R\}=\R\times\{0\}\subseteq\Complex</math>. Now, a quick mathematical investigation of the identification of <math>\R\times\{0\}</math> with the real numbers follows. Intuitively, there is nothing to do: the real line looks like the real axis within the complex plane. Mathematically, there is still some work to be done: we need a one-to-one relationship (bijective mapping) of <math>\R</math> to <math>\R\times\{0\}</math>. Or we define an injective mapping <math>\iota\colon\R\to\Complex</math> (called embedding) with <math>\iota (\R )=\R\times\{0\}</math>. Then <math>\iota</math> bijectively maps the real numbers to <math>\R\times\{0\}</math>. And we need that <math>\R\times\{0\}</math> has the same structure as the real numbers. Our embedding map <math>\iota</math> should preserve the structure of <math>\R</math> in the image. This means, sums in <math>\R</math> should be mapped by <math>\iota</math> to sums in <math>\Complex</math> and the same with products. And the neutral elements <math>0</math> and <math>1</math> shall be mapped from the real numbers to the corresponding neutral elements in the complex numbers. (A mapping with such properties is also called a ''field homomorphism''). How should we choose <math>\iota</math>? Let us look again at our visualization of the complex plane. We want to map the real number line <math>\R</math> to the real axis <math>\R\times\{0\}</math>. The easiest way to do this is to just embed the number line into the two-dimensional plane. In other words, map a real number <math>a\in\R</math> to <math>(a,0)\in\R\times\{0\}</math>: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Embedding of the real into the complex numbers |definition= The function <math>\iota\colon\R\to\Complex</math> with the assignment rule <math>\iota (a )=(a,0)</math> is an embedding of the real numbers in the complex numbers. }} It remains to be shown that our picture fulfils the characteristics of an injective field homomorphism. Such an injective field homomorphism is also called a ''field monomorphism'': {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Embedding of the real numbers is a field homomorphism |satz= The embedding <math>\iota\colon\R\to\Complex</math> with <math>\iota (a)=(a,0)</math> is a field monomorphism (= injective field homomorphism) |lösungsweg= To show that any function <math>f\colon L\to K</math> between two fields <math>L</math> and <math>K</math> is a field homomorphism, the following properties must be verified: *The two neutral elements with respect to the field <math>L</math> must be mapped to the neutral elements from the field <math>K</math>, i.e. <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> {{Math|<math>\begin{align} f(0_L)& =0_K \\ f(1_L)&=1_K \end{align}</math>}} Here <math>0_L</math>/ <math>1_L</math> are the neutral elements of addition/multiplication in the set <math>L</math> and <math>0_K</math>/ <math>1_K</math> are the neutral elements in <math>K</math>. </div> * Preservation of addition, i.e. for all <math>a, b\in L</math> there is: <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> {{Math|<math>f(a+_L b)= f(a) +_K f(b)</math>}} </div> * Preservation of multiplication, i.e. for all <math>a, b\in L</math> there is: <div style="margin-left: 2em;"> {{Math|<math>f (a \cdot_L b )= f (a ) \cdot_K f (b)</math>}} </div> We have to verify these properties for <math>\iota</math>. To do this, we first translate the properties to be verified into the case of <math>\iota</math>. For example, the formula <math>f (a \cdot_L b )= f (a ) \cdot_K f (b)</math> becomes {{Math|<math>\begin{align} {\color{Thistle}f}(a \cdot_{\color{RedOrange}L} b ) & = {\color{Thistle}f}(a) \cdot_{\color{Blue}K} {\color{Thistle}f}(b) \\[0.3em] & \downarrow \\[0.3em] {\color{Thistle}\iota}(a \cdot_{\color{RedOrange}\R} b ) & = {\color{Thistle}\iota}(a) \cdot_{\color{Blue}\Complex} {\color{Thistle}\iota}(b) \\[0.3em] \end{align}</math>}} So we have to prove the equation <math>\iota (a \cdot b ) = \iota (a ) \cdot \iota (b)</math>. Here we can first use the definition of <math>\iota</math>. With this, the following chain of equations can be shown: {{Math|<math>\iota (a \cdot b )=(a \cdot b,0) = \ldots =(a,0) \cdot (b,0) = \iota (a ) \cdot \iota (b)</math>}} By explicitly calculating <math>(a,0) \cdot (b,0)</math> this chain of equations can be proven. The same can be done for the other properties. The proof of injectivity is done by a similar procedure. |beweis= Let <math>a, b\in\R</math>. Further, as defined above, <math>(1,0)</math> is the neutral element of multiplication in <math>\Complex</math>, and <math>(0,0)</math> is the neutral element of addition in <math>\Complex</math>. There is: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota</math> preserves neutral elements |beweisschritt= The two neutral elements of <math>\R</math> get mapped to the neutral elements of <math>\Complex</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \iota (1_\R)& =(1,0)=1_\Complex \\ \iota (0_\R)& =(0,0)=0_\Complex \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota (a+b)= \iota (a) + \iota (b)</math> |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\iota (a+b)=(a+b,0) =(a,0)+(b,0) = \iota (a ) + \iota (b)</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota (a\cdot b)= \iota (a) \cdot \iota (b)</math> |beweisschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \iota (a \cdot b )& =(a \cdot b,0) \\ & =(a \cdot b-0 \cdot 0,a \cdot 0+0 \cdot b) \\ & =(a,0) \cdot (b,0) = \iota (a ) \cdot \iota (b) \end{align}</math>}} }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>\iota</math> is injective |beweisschritt= Let <math>a, b\in\R</math> with <math>\iota (a)=\iota (b)</math>. Consequently <math>(a,0)=\iota (a)=\iota (b) = (b,0) </math>, so <math>(a,0)=(b,0)</math>. This means, <math>a = b</math> and our map is injective. }} Thus the map <math>\iota</math> is an injective field homomorphism, i.e. a field monomorphism. }} Due to the properties of a field monomorphism, the structure of a field is preserved in the image of the embedding. Simply put, the image of the field monomorphism fulfils the field axioms and thus defines a field again. Since the image of the embedding <math>\iota</math> is a subset of the field of complex numbers, we can regard the image <math>\iota (\R)</math> as a sub-field of <math>\Complex</math>. Furthermore, the image <math>\iota\colon\R\to \iota(\R)</math> gives a field isomorphism, i.e. a bijective field homomorphism between <math>\R</math> and <math>\iota(\R)</math>. This justifies the notion <math>\R\subseteq\Complex</math> and we view from now on all real numbers <math>a\in\R</math> as equal to the complex number <math>a:=\iota(a)</math>. == Definition of the notation <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> == We would like to write a complex number as <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. According to our definition with <math>\Complex=\R\times\R</math>, this number is the tuple <math>(a,b)</math>. To simplify calculations, we would like to introduce the notation <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> without the tuple. For this, we have to define <math>\mathrm i</math> mathematically. Since <math>\mathrm i</math> lies in the complex plane on the <math>y</math> axis at coordinate <math>1</math>, we choose <math>\mathrm i := (0,1)</math>: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=Imaginary unit |definition=We set <math>\mathrm i:=(0,1)</math> , which allows us to use this letter as a complex number. }} In the beginning we looked for the solution of the equation <math>x^2=-1</math> and with <math>\mathrm i</math> we found one of these solutions. We can verify that <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math> for <math>\mathrm i=(0,1)</math> by explicit computation: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \mathrm i^ 2& =\mathrm i\cdot \mathrm i=(0,1)\cdot(0,1) \\[0.3em] &=(0\cdot0-1\cdot 1,0\cdot 1+1\cdot 0)\\[0.3em] &=(-1,0)=\iota(-1)=-1 \end{align}</math>}} Here, we use the embedding <math>\iota</math> of the real numbers in <math>\Complex</math> and the notation <math>a=\iota (a)</math> for <math>a\in\R</math>. So there indeed is <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. Now we show that the notation <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> for <math>(a,b)</math> indeed makes sense. Using <math>c:=\iota (c)=(c,0)</math> for <math>c\in\R</math> we show <math>(a,b)=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. Thanks to this proof, we can then calculate with the complex number <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> as if it was a sum: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz=For all <math>(a,b)\in\Complex</math> there is <math>a+ b\,\mathrm i=(a,b)</math>. |beweis= Let <math>(a,b)\in\Complex</math>. Then {{Math|<math>\begin{align} (a,b)&=(a,0)+(0,b)\\[0.5em] &{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \begin{align} & (b,0)\cdot(0,1) \\ =& (b\cdot 0-0\cdot 1, b\cdot 1+0\cdot 0) \\ =& (0,b) \end{align}\right.}\\[0.5em] &=(a,0)+(b,0)\cdot(0,1) \\ &=a+b\cdot (0,1)=a+b\,\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} }} == <math>\Complex</math> is not an ordered field {{Anchor|CAnordnung}} == It would be nice to have an ordering of complex numbers, that means a larger/smaller relation for complex numbers. Let us consider the numbers <math>1</math> and <math>\mathrm i</math>. We notice that they lie on the unit circle. This is the set of all points which have the distance <math>1</math> to zero: [[File:Complex Plane number i and 1.svg|center|300px|Unit circle in the complex plane with 1 and i]] Is now <math>1<\mathrm i</math>, <math>1=\mathrm i</math> or <math>1 > \mathrm i</math>? At first, this case seems to be ambiguous, because both numbers have the same absolute value. What about <math>1</math> and <math>-2\mathrm i</math>? The number <math>-2\mathrm i</math> is further away from zero than the number <math>1</math>. Is <math>-2\mathrm i>1</math> then also valid? Can the product of a negative number with the imaginary unit really be greater than a positive number? From these small examples, we can already see that establishing an ordering of complex numbers is difficult. In fact, this is not possible. The following theorem proves this: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= There is no ordering of the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> that maintains the order of the real numbers. |beweis= We consider the two numbers <math>0</math> and <math>\mathrm i</math>. In a fixed ordering, either <math>\mathrm i= 0</math> or <math>0<\mathrm i</math> or <math>\mathrm i < 0</math> must apply (trichotomy of positivity). We will now refute these three statements step by step: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Fallunterscheidung |fall1=<math>\mathrm i = 0</math> |beweis1= By definition, <math>\mathrm i=(0,1)\neq(0,0)=0</math>. |fall2=<math>\mathrm i > 0</math> |beweis2= Assume that <math>0<\mathrm i</math>. Thus <math>\mathrm i</math> is a positive number. Now, both sides of an inequality can be multiplied by a positive number without changing its order. From <math>a < b</math> and <math>0 < c</math> we get <math>a\cdot c < b \cdot c</math> (closure regarding multiplication). So we must be able to multiply both sides of <math>0<\mathrm i</math> with <math>\mathrm i</math>. We obtain <math>0 = 0\cdot \mathrm i<\mathrm i\cdot \mathrm i=-1</math>. This result is not compatible with the ordering of the real numbers, and therefore our assumption is not correct. |fall3=<math>\mathrm i < 0</math> |beweis3= Let now <math>\mathrm i < 0</math>. Then we add <math>-\mathrm i</math> to both sides of the inequality and get <math>0<-\mathrm i</math>. Again, because of the closure on multiplication, we can multiply both sides by <math>-\mathrm i</math> and then <math>0<(-\mathrm i)^2=-1</math>. This inequality is also incompatible with the ordering of the real numbers, so <math>\mathrm i < 0</math> cannot hold. }} So neither <math>\mathrm i= 0</math> nor <math>0<\mathrm i</math> nor <math>\mathrm i < 0</math> can hold. Thus, <math>\Complex</math> cannot be an ordered field, with an ordering maintaining that of <math>\R</math>. }} == <math>\Complex </math> is algebraically closed == With <math>\Complex </math> we constructed a field in which the equation <math>x^2=-1</math> is solvable, so the polynomial <math>x^2+1</math> has a zero. In the complex numbers <math>\Complex</math> we even have that ''every'' polynomial (with coefficients in <math>\Complex</math>) of degree greater or equal to <math>1</math> has ''at least one zero''. This excludes only constant polynomials, which of course (except the zero polynomial) have no zeros. This property is not valid in the real numbers: for instance, <math>x^2+1</math> has no real zeros. This property of complex numbers is called ''algebraic closure'' and is treated in algebra. The algebraic closure of <math>\Complex</math> is proved in a theorem with the majestic name ''Fundamental Theorem of Algebra''. == Exercises == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe |aufgabe= Compute the following products * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot \mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot 2\mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (-2-2\mathrm i)</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (2+2\mathrm i)</math> |lösung= We have: * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot \mathrm i=-2 + 3\mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot 2\mathrm i=-4 + 6 \mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (-2-2\mathrm i)=-6-6\mathrm i-4\mathrm i+4=-2 - 10 \mathrm i</math> * <math>(3+2\mathrm i)\cdot (2+2\mathrm i)=6+6\mathrm i+4 \mathrm i-4=2 + 10 \mathrm i </math> }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 10cw6snn43zoojt4hyje988ggcv1mdz 0 471864 4678928 4672819 2026-10-29T18:39:29Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Absolute value of a complex number == === Motivation of the absolute value === When dealing with real numbers, we introduced the absolute value function <math>|\cdot|\colon \R\to\R_{\ge 0}</math>, with which we could specify the distance of a certain number to zero. Visualised on the real number line, this looks as follows: [[File:Zahlenstrahl3.svg|center|500px|absolute values of real numbers]] Also in the complex plane we can determine the distance of a complex number from the zero point. For this, we use the theorem of Pythagoras. Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> be a complex number: [[File:Complex number.svg|250px|center|The complex number z with its real part a and imaginary part b]] With the Pythagorean theorem, for the distance <math>|z|</math> from zero, we have <math>|z|^2 = \operatorname{Re}(z)^2 + \operatorname{Im}(z)^2 = a^2 + b^2</math>. By taking roots on both sides, <math>|z|</math> can be determined. There is: {{Math|<math>|z| =\sqrt{\text{Re}(z)^2+\text{Im}(z)^2} = \sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math>}} The absolute value transfers some concepts of real numbers to the complex numbers. As <math>|x-y|</math> in the real numbers is the distance between <math>x</math> and <math>y</math>, so is <math>|z-w|</math> in the complex numbers the distance between <math>z</math> and <math>w</math>. The distance in turn can be used to define terms such as a limit: A complex number <math>z</math> is the limit value of a sequence <math>(z_n)_{n\in\N}</math> of complex numbers, if for every <math>\epsilon>0</math>, the distance <math>|z-z_n|</math> is below <math>\epsilon</math> for all sufficiently large <math>n</math>. === Definition of the complex absolute value === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=absolute value of a complex number |definition= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i\in \Complex</math>. Then, we define <math>|z| = \sqrt{\text{Re}(z)^2+\text{Im}(z)^2}=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}</math> and call the number <math>|z| \in \R_{\ge 0}</math> the ''absolute value'' of <math>z</math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis|The absolute value defined above on the complex numbers coincides with the usual absolute value for real numbers. Consider <math>z=a+0\cdot\mathrm i \in\R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z|& =\sqrt{\text{Re}(z)^2+\text{Im}(z)^2}=\sqrt{a^2+0^2}=\sqrt{a^2} \\[0.3em] & =\begin{cases}a, &\text{if } a\geq 0,\\-a, &\text{if }a<0.\end{cases} \end{align}</math>}} }} == Complex conjugation == === Motivation of the conjugation === The imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> as a root of <math>-1</math> fulfils the equation <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>. We can imagine the multiplication <math>x\mapsto -1 \cdot x</math> as a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation around the zero point. Now because of the equation <math>\mathrm i^2=-1</math>, the multiplication <math>x\mapsto -1 \cdot x</math> is the same as <math>x\mapsto \mathrm i \cdot (\mathrm i \cdot x)</math>. Thus, <math>x\mapsto \mathrm i \cdot x</math> is an operation that corresponds to a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation when used twice. If a double multiplication with <math>\mathrm i</math> corresponds to a <math>180^\circ</math> rotation, then multiplication by the chosen imaginary unit corresponds to a counterclockwise <math>90^\circ</math> rotation. In particular, the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> is equal to the number which results from a rotation of the number <math>1</math> by <math>90^\circ</math>: [[File:Complex Plane number i by rotation 1 by 90 degrees.svg|300px|center|Rotation of the number 1 by 90° yields i]] It is common in Mathematics to turn counter-clockwise. Thus, <math>\mathrm i</math> is located where in <math>\R\times\R</math> the <math>1</math> lies on the <math>y</math> axis. However, one could just as well have turned clockwise. Then <math>\mathrm i</math> would lie at the point <math>(0,-1)</math> on the <math>y</math> axis: [[File:Complex Plane number i by rotation 1 by -90 degrees.svg|300px|center|Rotation of the number 1 by -90° yields -i]] We could also have derived the complex numbers from this alternative rotation. In that case, we would have chosen the point below the <math>x</math> axis as the imaginary unit <math>\mathrm i</math> on the same complex plane. In this alternative set of complex numbers, the roles of <math>\mathrm i</math> and <math>-\mathrm i</math> are reversed. So if we swap <math>\mathrm i \leftrightarrow -\mathrm i</math> everywhere, essential properties and structures obtained by number range expansion should be preserved. Such an interchange is shown in the figure: {{Math|<math>a + b\,\mathrm i \mapsto a-b\mathrm i</math>}} In this figure, the imaginary part is multiplied by <math>-1</math>. This corresponds to a reflection of the complex number on the real (<math>x</math>) axis: [[File:Complex conjugation.svg|center|350px|complex conjugation visualized]] An example where this reflection is useful are the zeros of the function <math>f\colon \Complex\to\Complex, f(z)=z^2+1</math>. There is <math>f(\mathrm i)=\mathrm i^2+1 = 0</math>. Therefore <math>\mathrm i</math> is a zero of <math>f</math>. On the other hand, there is also <math>f(-\mathrm i) = (-\mathrm i)^2+1=0</math> and therefore <math>-\mathrm i</math> is another zero. Let us consider <math>g(z)=z^2-2z+2</math> with the zero <math>1+\mathrm i</math>. One might think that the negative of the number, <math>-1-\mathrm i</math>, is another zero. Unfortunately, this is not the case. But if we exchange <math>\mathrm i</math> with <math>-\mathrm i</math>, i.e. if we look at the complex number <math>1-\mathrm i</math>, we get another zero: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} g(1-\mathrm i) & = (1-\mathrm i)^2 - 2 (1-\mathrm i) + 2 \\ &= (-2\mathrm i)-(2-2\mathrm i) + 2 = 0 \end{align}</math>}} For the zero <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> of a polynomial, <math>a-b\,\mathrm i</math>, reflected on the real axis, appears to be another zero point. Incidentally, this is the case for all polynomials with purely real coefficients. This indicates that the mapping <math>a+b\,\mathrm i\mapsto a-b\,\mathrm i</math> is a special one. This mapping is called ''complex conjugation''. For the zero point <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> of a polynomial, the <math>a-b\,\mathrm i</math> mirrored on the real axis seems to be another zero point. This is the case for all polynomials with purely real coefficients. This indicates that the mapping <math>a+b\,\mathrm i\mapsto a-b\,\mathrm i</math> might be particularly useful. As you progress with your math studies, you will see that it is useful in many more situations. So we better give it a name. Let's call it ''complex conjugation'' (since it connects/ conjugates <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>a-b\,\mathrm i</math>). === Definition of the complex conjugation === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Definition |titel=complex conjugation for a complex number |definition= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i\in \Complex</math>. Then, the mapping <math>\Complex\to\Complex, z\mapsto\bar{z}</math> is called ''complex conjugation'' and the number <math>\bar{z}=a-b\,\mathrm i</math> is the ''complex conjugate'' of <math>z</math>. }} ==Overview: Properties of the absolute value and the complex conjugation== ===Properties of the complex conjugation=== For all <math>z,w\in\Complex</math>, the following hold: * <math>z=\overline z \iff \operatorname{Im}(z) = 0 \iff z\in\R</math> * <math>\overline{\overline{w}} = w</math> * <math>\overline{z+w} = \overline{z}+\overline{w}</math> * <math>\overline{z\cdot w} = \overline{z}\cdot\overline{w}</math> * <math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> * <math>\overline{\prod_{k=1}^n z_k}=\prod_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> * <math>\text{Re}(w) = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \left(w+\overline{w}\right)</math> * <math>\text{Im}(w) = \frac{1}{2\mathrm i}\cdot \left(w-\overline{w}\right)</math> * <math>|z|=\sqrt{z\cdot \bar{z}}</math> * <math>z^{-1} = \frac{\overline z}{|z|^2}</math> for <math>z\ne 0</math> * <math>\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}</math> for <math>w\ne 0</math> ===Properties of the absolute value of a complex number=== For all <math>z,w\in\Complex</math>, the following hold: * <math>|z|\geq 0</math> and <math>|z|=0\Leftrightarrow z=0</math> (positive definiteness) * <math>|wz|=|w||z|</math> (multiplicativity) * <math>|\text{Re}(z)|\leq |z| </math> and <math>|\text{Im}(z)|\leq |z|</math> * <math>|w+z|\leq |w|+|z|</math> (triangle inequality) * <math>|z|\leq |\text{Re}(z)|+|\text{Im}(z)|</math> * <math>\big| |w|-|z|\big|\leq |w-z|</math> == Computation rules for complex conjugation == === Conjugation does not change real numbers === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Conjugation does not change real numbers |satz= For a number <math>z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>\bar{z}=z</math> if and only if <math>z</math> is purely real, i.e. <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=0</math>. |beweis= {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>z=\overline{z} \implies z\in\R</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math>z=a+b\, \mathrm i</math> with <math>a,b \in \R</math> and <math>\overline{z}=z</math>. There is then {{Math|<math>\begin{array}{rrl} & z & =\overline{z} \\ \implies & a+b\, \mathrm i& =a-b\, \mathrm i \\ \implies & b\, \mathrm i& =-b\, \mathrm i \\ \implies & 2b\, \mathrm i & =0 \\ \implies & b & =0 \end{array}</math>}} Hence <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=b=0</math> so <math>z</math> is a real number. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>z\in\R \implies z=\overline{z}</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math>z=a+b\, \mathrm i</math> be a real number. That means, <math>\operatorname{Im}(z)=b=0</math>. We have: {{Math|<math>\overline{z}=a-b\, \mathrm i=a-0\mathrm i =a+0\mathrm i=z</math>}} }}}} === Involution === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Involution |satz= For a complex number <math>w \in \Complex</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{\overline{w}} = w</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>w=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{\overline{w}}=\overline{(a-b\,\mathrm i)}=a+b\,\mathrm i = w</math>}} This can also be explained as follows: <math>\overline w</math> is the reflection of <math>w</math> on the real axis. So <math>\overline{\overline{w}}</math> is the reflection of the reflection, which is just the original complex number. }} === Compatibility with addition === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Compatibility with addition |satz= For complex numbers <math>z, w \in \Complex</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{z+w} = \overline{z}+\overline{w}</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>z\in \Complex </math> be of the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>a,b \in \R</math> and <math>w \in \Complex</math> of the form <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>c,d \in \R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{z+w} &= \overline{(a+b\,\mathrm i) + (c+d\,\mathrm i)} \\ &= \overline{a+b\,\mathrm i + c+d\,\mathrm i} \\ &= \overline{(a+c)+(b+d)\,\mathrm i} \\ &= (a+c)-(b+d)\,\mathrm i \\ &= (a+c)-b\,\mathrm i-d\,\mathrm i \\ &= a-b\,\mathrm i + c-d\,\mathrm i \\ &= (a-b\,\mathrm i) + (c-d\,\mathrm i) \\ &= \overline{z}+\overline{w} \end{align}</math>}} }} === Compatibility with multiplication === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Compatibility with multiplication |satz= For complex numbers <math>z, w \in \Complex</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{z\cdot w} = \overline{z}\cdot\overline{w}</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>z \in \Complex </math> be of the form <math>a+b\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>a,b \in \R</math> and <math>w \in \Complex</math> of the form <math>c+d\,\mathrm i</math>, where <math>c,d \in \R</math>. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{z\cdot w} &= \overline{(a+b\,\mathrm i)\cdot (c+d\,\mathrm i)} \\ &= \overline{ac+ad\,\mathrm i+bc\,\mathrm i-bd} \\ &= \overline{(ac-bd)+(ad+bc)\,\mathrm i} \\ &= ac-bd -(ad+bc)\,\mathrm i \\ &= ac-bd-ad\,\mathrm i-bc\,\mathrm i \\ &= ac-ad\,\mathrm i-bc\,\mathrm i-bd \\ &= (a-b\,\mathrm i)\cdot (c-d\,\mathrm i) \\ &= \overline{z}\cdot\overline{w} \end{align}</math>}} }} === Compatibility of conjugation with finite sums and products === We know how the conjugation behaves with the sum and product of two numbers. What happens with sums and products with three or more numbers, like <math>\overline{z_1+z_2+z_3}</math>? We use a trick: First, we consider <math>(z_1+z_2)</math> as a single complex number. Then, we twice use the theorem of conjugation and sum: {{Math|<math>\overline{(z_1+z_2)+z_3}=\overline{(z_1+z_2)}+\overline{z_3}=\overline{z_1}+\overline{z_2}+\overline{z_3}</math>}} There is also no difference for three summands if we first sum everything and then apply conjugation to the resulting number, or if we first conjugate every number and then sum everything. This is generally true for arbitrary sums and products of complex numbers, as we will prove below via induction. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Compatibility for arbitrarily many complex numbers |satz= For every <math>n\in\N</math> and all complex numbers <math>z_1,...z_n \in\Complex </math> there is: # <math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> # <math>\overline{\prod_{k=1}^n z_k}=\prod_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math> |beweis= We prove this theorem for the sum via full induction. The proof for the finite product can be done analogously. {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Vollständige Induktion |erfuellungsmenge=<math>n\in\N</math> |aussageform= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math>}} |induktionsanfang= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^1 z_k} = \overline{z_1} =\sum_{k=1}^1 \overline{z_k}</math>}} |induktionsvoraussetzung= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}</math>}} |induktionsbehauptung= {{Math|<math>\overline{\sum_{k=1}^{n+1} z_k}=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1} \overline{z_k}</math>}} |beweis_induktionsschritt= {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{\sum_{k=1}^{n+1} z_k} & =\overline{\sum_{k=1}^{n} z_k +z_{n+1}}={\color{OliveGreen}\overline{\sum_{k=1}^n z_k}}+\overline{z_{n+1}} \\[0.5em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{induction assumption}\right.} \\[0.5em] & = {\color{OliveGreen}\sum_{k=1}^n \overline{z_k}} +\overline{z_{n+1}}=\sum_{k=1}^{n+1}\overline{z_k} \end{align}</math>}} }}}} === Computation of the real and imaginary part === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Computation of the real and imaginary part |satz= For a complex number <math>w\in \Complex</math> there is: #<math>\text{Re}(w) = \frac{1}{2}\cdot \left(w+\overline{w}\right)</math> #<math>\text{Im}(w) = \frac{1}{2\mathrm i}\cdot \left(w-\overline{w}\right)</math> |beweis= Let <math>w=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math>. We verify this equation by direct computation, starting from the right: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \frac 1 2\cdot \left(w+\overline{w}\right)&=\frac 1 2\cdot (a+b\,\mathrm i+(a-b\,\mathrm i)) \\[0.3em] & =\frac 1 2\cdot (a+a+b\,\mathrm i-b\,\mathrm i) \\[0.3em] & =\frac 1 2\cdot (2a)=a=\mathrm{Re}(w) \\[0.3em] \frac 1 {2\mathrm i}\cdot \left(w-\overline{w}\right)&=\frac {1} {2\mathrm i}\cdot (a+b\,\mathrm i-(a-b\,\mathrm i))\\[0.3em] & =\frac {1} {2\mathrm i}\cdot (a-a+b\,\mathrm i+b\,\mathrm i)\\[0.3em] & =\frac {1} {2\mathrm i}\cdot (2b\,\mathrm i)=b=\mathrm{Im}(w) \end{align}</math>}} }} === Computation of the absolute value via conjugation === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Computation of the absolute value via conjugation |satz= For all complex numbers <math>z\in \Complex</math> there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{z\cdot \bar{z}}</math>. So <math>z\cdot \overline{z} = |z|^2</math>. |beweis=Let <math>z\in\Complex</math> be an arbitrary complex number with <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. We compute <math>z\cdot \bar{z}</math>. There is <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>\bar{z}=a-b\,\mathrm i</math>. So there is {{Math|<math> \begin{align} z\cdot \bar{z}&=(a+b\,\mathrm i)\cdot(a-b\,\mathrm i)=a^2-(b\,\mathrm i)^2\\ &=a^2-(-b^2)=a^2+b^2 = |z|^2 \end{align}</math>}} Since <math>|z|^2</math> is real and the basis <math>|z|</math> is non-negative, we can take the root and obtain the real number <math>|z|=\sqrt{z\cdot \bar{z}}</math>. }} === Computation of the inverse via conjugation === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Computation of the inverse via conjugation |satz= For all complex numbers <math>z\in \Complex \setminus\{0\}</math> there is <math>z^{-1}=\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math>. |beweis=Let <math>z\in\Complex\setminus\{0\}</math> be an arbitrary complex number. We want to show <math>z^{-1}=\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math>. This is done by proving <math>z\cdot\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}=1</math>. With <math>|z|^2=z\cdot \bar{z} </math> we get {{Math|<math> z \cdot \frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2} = \frac{z\cdot \overline{z}}{|z|^2} = \frac{|z|^2}{|z|^2} = 1=z\cdot z^{-1}</math>}} Because the inverse is unique in a field, <math>z^{-1}=\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math> follows. This proves that <math>\tfrac{\overline{z}}{|z|^2}</math> is equal to the inverse of <math>z</math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Hinweis| When proving that the [[Math_for_Non-Geeks/Definition_of_complex_numbers|complex numbers form a field]], we have also derived a multiplicative inverse of <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. There we have seen <math>z^{-1}=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}-\frac{b}{a^2+b^2}\,\mathrm i</math>. This is consistent with the new representation by complex conjugation: {{Math| <math>z^{-1}=\frac{a}{a^2+b^2}-\frac{b}{a^2+b^2}\,\mathrm i=\frac{a-b\,\mathrm i}{a^2+b^2}=\frac{\overline z}{|z|^2}.</math> }} }} === Conjugation of fractions === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Conjugation of fractions |satz= For all complex numbers <math>z,w\in \Complex</math> with <math>w\neq 0</math> there is: {{Math|<math>\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}</math>}} |beweis= We already know that for the inverse of a complex number <math> w \in\Complex\setminus\{0\} </math> there is: <math> \tfrac{1}{w} = \tfrac{\overline{w}}{|w|^2} </math>. We have also seen that real numbers are not changed by the conjugation, and that the conjugation is compatible with the multiplication. We first show: <math>\overline{\left(\tfrac{1}{w}\right)} = \tfrac{1}{\overline{w}}</math>. For this, we use that <math>\tfrac{1}{|w|^2}</math> is real and that <math>|w| = |\overline{w}|</math> holds. {{Math|<math>\begin{align} \overline{\left(\frac{1}{w}\right)} & = \overline{\left(\frac{\overline{w}}{|w|^2}\right)} = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\cdot\frac{1}{|w|^2}\right)} = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}\cdot\overline{\left(\frac{1}{|w|^2}\right)} \\[0.5em] & = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}\cdot\frac{1}{|w|^2} = \overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}\cdot\frac{1}{|\overline{w}|^2} = \frac{\overline{\left(\overline{w}\right)}}{|\overline{w}|^2} = \frac{1}{\overline{w}} \end{align}</math>}} This gives us for the conjugation of fractions of complex numbers <math>z,w\in \Complex</math> with <math>w\neq 0</math>: {{Math|<math>\overline{\left(\frac{z}{w}\right)} = \overline{\left(z\cdot\frac{1}{w}\right)} = \overline{z} \cdot \overline{\left(\frac{1}{w}\right)} = \overline{z} \cdot \frac{1}{\overline{w}} = \frac{\overline{z}}{\overline{w}}</math>}} }} == Properties of the complex absolute function == === Positive definiteness === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Positive definiteness |satz= Let <math>z\in\Complex</math> be a complex number. Then, there is: {{Math|<math>|z|\geq 0 \land |z|=0 \iff z=0</math>}} |beweis= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm{i}</math> be given in Cartesian form. Then, there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq 0</math>. Now we still have to prove the equivalence. For this, we show two implications: {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>z=0 \implies |z|=0</math> |beweisschritt= Let <math> z=0</math>. Then, there is <math>a=b=0</math>. So we have <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=\sqrt{0+0}=0</math>. }} {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Beweisschritt |ziel=<math>|z|=0 \implies z=0</math> |beweisschritt= This direction is shown by contradiction. Let <math>z\neq 0</math>. This implies <math>a\neq 0</math> or <math>b\neq 0</math>. If <math>a\neq 0</math> then, there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{a^2}=|a|>0</math>. For <math>b\neq 0</math> there is <math>|z|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{b^2}=|b|>0</math>. In every case we have <math>|z|>0</math> and hence <math>|z|\neq 0</math>. }} }} === Multiplicativity === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Multiplicativity |satz= For <math>w,z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|z\cdot w|=|z|\cdot |w|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>w=a+b\,\mathrm i</math> and <math>z=c+d\,\mathrm i\in\Complex</math>. Then, there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z\cdot w|^2&=|(c+d\,\mathrm{i})\cdot (a+b\,\mathrm{i})|^2\\ &=|(ac-bd)+(cb+da)\,\mathrm{i}|^2\\ &=(ac-bd)^2+(cb+da)^2\\ &=a^2c^2+b^2d^2+c^2b^2+d^2a^2\\ &=(c^2+d^2)(a^2+b^2)\\ &=|z|^2\cdot |w|^2\\ &=(|z|\cdot |w|)^2 \end{align}</math>}} Since <math>|z\cdot w|</math> and <math>|z|\cdot |w|</math> are both nonnegative, we are allowed to take the root on both sides. Thus, we get <math>|z\cdot w|=|z|\cdot |w|</math>. }} === Estimating real and imaginary part === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= For all <math>z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|\text{Re}(z)|\leq |z| </math> and <math>|\text{Im}(z)|\leq |z|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i \in\Complex</math> with <math>a,b\in\R</math>. Then, with <math>b^2\geq 0</math>, we have: {{Math|<math>|z|=|a+b\,\mathrm{i}|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{a^2}=|a|=|\mathrm{Re}(z)|</math>}} Analogously, from <math>a^2\geq 0</math>, we get: {{Math|<math>|z|=|a+b\,\mathrm{i}|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\geq \sqrt{b^2}=|b|=|\mathrm{Im}(z)|</math>}} }} === Triangle inequality === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Triangle inequality |satz= For all <math>w,z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|w+z|\leq |w|+|z|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>w</math> and <math>z\in\Complex</math>. In order to estimate the absolute value, we use the relation <math>|v|^2=v\cdot \overline{v}</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |w+z|^2&=(w+z)\overline{(w+z)}\\ &=(w+z)(\overline{w}+\overline{z})\\ &=w\overline{w}+w\overline{z}+\overline{w}z+\overline{z}z\\ &=|w|^2+(w\overline{z}+\overline{w\overline{z}})+|z|^2\\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{For } v\in\Complex \text{ there is } v+\overline{v}=2\mathrm{Re}(v) \right.} \\[0.3em] &=|w|^2+2\mathrm{Re}(w\overline{z})+|z|^2\\[0.3em] & {\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \mathrm{Re}(w\overline{z})\leq |\mathrm{Re}(w\overline{z})|\leq |w\overline{z}|=|w||\overline{z}|=|w||z|\right.} \\[0.3em] &\leq |w|^2+2|w||z|+|z|^2\\ &=(|w|+|z|)^2 \end{align}</math>}} Both sides are nonnegative, so taking square roots gives <math>|w+z|\leq |w|+|z|</math>. }} === Estimating the absolute value === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |satz= For all <math>z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>|z|\leq |\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|</math>. |beweis= Let <math>z=a+b\,\mathrm i</math>. First, we show that the square of the inequality holds. {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z|^2 & =a^2+b^2=|a|^2+|b|^2 \\ & \leq |a|^2+2|a||b|+|b|^2\\ & =(|a|+|b|)^2=(|\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|)^2 \end{align}</math>}} Both <math>|z|</math> and <math>|\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|</math> are nonnegative, so we can take the root on both sides of the inequality. This root preserves inequalities and thus <math>|z|\leq |\operatorname{Re}(z)|+|\operatorname{Im}(z)|</math>. }} === Inverse triangle inequality === {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Satz |titel=Inverse triangle inequality |satz= For complex numbers <math>w,z\in\Complex</math> there is <math>\big| |w|-|z|\big|\leq |w-z|</math>. |beweis= In order to prove an inequality <math>|x|\le y</math>, we can also just prove the two inequalities <math>x\le y</math> and <math>-x\le y</math>. We will apply exactly this technique: in the following, we establish the two inequalities <math>|w|-|z|\leq |w-z|</math> and <math>|z|-|w|\leq |w-z|</math>. Let's start with the first inequality. We use the triangle inequality of the complex amount and the trick of "inserting a fruitful <math>0</math>" (which often appears together with triangle inequalities): {{Math|<math>|w|=|(w-z)+z|\leq |w-z|+|z|</math>}} By transformation, we obtain <math>|w|-|z|\leq |w-z|</math>. We show the second inequality analogously, where the roles of <math>z</math> and <math>w</math> are reversed. In addition, we gradually transform <math>|z-w|</math> into <math>|w-z|</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} |z|& =|(z-w)+w|\leq |z-w|+|w| \\ & =|(-1)(w-z)|+|w| \\ & =|(-1)||w-z|+|w|\\ & =|w-z|+|w| \end{align}</math>}} This implies <math>|z|-|w|\leq |w-z|</math>. So in all, we have proven the two inequalities <math>|w|-|z|\leq |w-z|</math> and <math>-(|w|-|z|)\leq |w-z|</math>. This establishes <math>||w|-|z||\leq |w-z|</math>. }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} 5gksx86p383obcfxb62dmuxyutvib27 0 471865 4678929 4672820 2026-10-29T18:44:17Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} == Real and imaginary part == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe |titel=Determining imaginary and real part |aufgabe=Determine the real part and the imaginary part of the following complex numbers: |teilaufgabe1=<math>z_1 = \left(1-\tfrac{1}{2}\mathrm i\right)(2+3\mathrm i)</math> |teilaufgabe2=<math>z_2 = \frac{1+\mathrm i}{1-\mathrm i}</math> |teilaufgabe3=<math>z_3 = \frac{(4+2\mathrm i)(3-\mathrm i)}{\mathrm i(1+\mathrm i)}</math> |teilaufgabe1-lösung= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_1& =\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\mathrm i\right)(2+3\mathrm i)=2-\mathrm i +3\mathrm i -\tfrac{3}{2}\cdot \underbrace{\mathrm i^2}_{=-1} \\ & = 2-\mathrm i +3\mathrm i +\tfrac{3}{2} = \tfrac{7}{2}+2\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} So <math>\text{Re}(z_1)=\tfrac{7}{2}</math> and <math>\text{Im}(z_1)=2</math>. |teilaufgabe2-lösung= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_2 = \frac{1+\mathrm i}{1-\mathrm i}=\frac{(1+\mathrm i)^2}{(1+\mathrm i)(1-\mathrm i)}=\frac{1+2\mathrm i+\mathrm i^2}{1-\mathrm i^2}=\frac{2\mathrm i}{2}=\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} So <math>\text{Re}(z_2)=0</math> and <math>\text{Im}(z_2)=1</math>. |teilaufgabe3-lösung= There is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_3& =\frac{(4+2\mathrm i)(3-\mathrm i)}{\mathrm i(1+\mathrm i)}=\frac{12+6\mathrm i-4\mathrm i -2\mathrm i^2}{\mathrm i+\mathrm i^2} =\frac{14+2\mathrm i}{\mathrm i-1} \\[0.5em] & =\frac{(14+2\mathrm i)(\mathrm i+1)}{(\mathrm i-1)(\mathrm i+1)}=\frac{14+14\mathrm i +2\mathrm i+2\mathrm i^2}{\mathrm i^2-1} \\[0.5em] & =\frac{12+16\mathrm i}{-2}=-6-8\mathrm i \end{align}</math>}} So <math>\text{Re}(z_3)=-6</math> and <math>\text{Im}(z_3)=-8</math>. }} == Plane of complex numbers == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe |aufgabe=Sketch the following sets on the plane of complex numbers: |teilaufgabe1=<math>M_1=\{z\in\Complex:\;|z-\mathrm i|\leq 2\}</math> |teilaufgabe2=<math>M_2=\{z\in\Complex:\;1\leq |z|\leq 3\}</math> |teilaufgabe3=<math>M_3=\{z\in\Complex:\;|z|\leq 2\}\cap \{z\in\Complex:\;\operatorname{Re}(z)>\operatorname{Im}(z)\}</math> |teilaufgabe1-lösung= The set <math>M_1</math> describes all complex numbers which fulfil the condition <math>|z-\mathrm i|\leq 2</math>. In the complex plane, this corresponds exactly to the numbers <math>z\in\Complex</math>, whose distance from the number <math>\mathrm i</math> is at most <math>2</math>. So <math>M_1</math> describes a closed disk centered at <math>\mathrm i</math> with radius <math>2</math>. The boundary of the circle is included in the set: [[File:Menge1.svg|center|400px|The set M1]] |teilaufgabe2-lösung= For all elements of the set <math>M_2</math>, <math>1\leq|z|\leq 3</math> should apply. So their distance from the origin should be at least <math>1</math>, but at most <math>3</math>. Thus, the set <math>M_2</math> describes a closed annulus between the circles with radii <math>1</math> and <math>3</math>, including both boundary circles: [[File:Menge2.svg|center|400px|The set M2]] |teilaufgabe3-lösung= The set <math>\{z\in\Complex:\;|z|\leq 2\}</math> describes a closed disk centered at the origin with radius <math>2</math>: [[File:Menge3.1.svg|center|350px|First part of the set M3]] The second part <math>\{z\in\Complex:\;\text{Re}(z)>\text{Im}(z)\}</math> of the set <math>M_3</math> describes all complex numbers whose real part is larger than their imaginary part. On the bisector of the first and third quadrant ("diagonal line") we have all numbers whose real and imaginary part are equal. To the right of this line, there are all complex numbers with a real part greater than the imaginary part: [[File:Menge3.2.svg|center|350px|Second part of the set M3]] The intersection of both sets yields: [[File:Menge3.3.svg|center|350px|Intersection of the sets]] With this you can sketch the set <math>M_3</math>. Note that one of the boundary lines is only dashed. That means, the numbers directly on the diagonal line through the origin do not belong to the set <math>M_3</math>, since the real part of each element must be strictly bigger than its imaginary part: [[File:Menge3.4.svg|center|400px|Menge M3]] }} == Polar representation == {{:Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Gruppenaufgabe |titel=Transform to polar representation |aufgabe=Compute the complex numbers and convert them into polar representation: |teilaufgabe1=<math> z_1= \mathrm i</math> |teilaufgabe2=<math>z_2=1- \mathrm i</math> |teilaufgabe3=<math>z_3=2+2 \mathrm i</math> |teilaufgabe4=<math>z_4=(4+4\mathrm i)\cdot (2+5\mathrm i)</math> |teilaufgabe5=<math>z_5=(9-\sqrt{19}\mathrm i)\cdot(2+\sqrt{5}\mathrm i)\cdot(3+4\mathrm i)</math> |teilaufgabe6=<math>z_6=(37+\sqrt{395}\mathrm i)^{123}</math> |teilaufgabe1-lösung= The absolute value is <math>|z_1|=\sqrt{0^2+1^2}=1</math>. Since <math>\operatorname{Re}(z_1)=0</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z_1)>0</math> there is <math>\varphi = \tfrac \pi2</math>. Thus <math>z_1 = \mathrm i = e^{\frac \pi2 \mathrm i}</math>. This formula appears frequently, so you might want to learn it by heart. |teilaufgabe2-lösung= We have the absolute value <math>|z_2|=\sqrt{1^2+(-1)^2}=\sqrt{2}</math>. With <math>\operatorname{Re}(z_2)>0</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z_2)<0</math> the number lies in the fourth quadrant. The formula for this is <math>\varphi=\text{arctan}\left(\tfrac{-1}{1}\right)=-45^\circ= -\tfrac{\pi}{4}</math>. So there is <math> z_2 = \sqrt{2} \cdot e^{-\frac{\pi}{4} \mathrm i}</math>. |teilaufgabe3-lösung= You get the polar representation of <math>z_3</math> by first complexly conjugating the polar representation of <math>z_2</math> and then multiplying it by <math>2</math>. There is: {{Math|<math>z_3 = 2+2\mathrm i=2(1+\mathrm i) = 2 \cdot \overline{(1-\mathrm i)} = 2 \overline{z_2}</math>}} Under complex conjugation, <math>\mathrm i</math> is replaced by <math>-\mathrm i</math> in the exponent in the polar representation. Thus <math>z_3 = 2\sqrt{2}\cdot e^{\frac{\pi}{4}\mathrm i}</math>. |teilaufgabe4-lösung= By multiplying it out, we get <math>z_4 =(8-20)+(8+20)\cdot \mathrm i=-12+28\cdot \mathrm i</math>. So <math>|z_4|=\sqrt{(-12)^2+(28)^2}=4\sqrt{58}</math>. With <math>\operatorname{Re}(z_4)<0</math> and <math>\operatorname{Im}(z_4)>0</math> the number lies in the second quadrant. For the angle <math>\varphi</math> there is <math>\varphi= \pi -\arctan\left(\tfrac{28}{12}\right) \approx 1.976</math>. This corresponds in degrees to an angle of <math>\varphi \approx 113.2 ^\circ </math>. Altogether we get the result <math>z_4 = 4\sqrt{58}\cdot e^{\left(\pi-\arctan\left(\frac{7}{3}\right)\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 30.46\cdot e^{1.976\mathrm i} </math>. |teilaufgabe5-lösung= First, we determine the polar representation of the three factors of <math>z_5</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} w_1 & = 9-\sqrt{19} \cdot \mathrm i =\sqrt{9^{2}+\sqrt{19}^{2}} \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{-\sqrt{19}}{9}\right) \cdot \mathrm i} \\ & = 10 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{-\sqrt{19}}{9}\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 10 \cdot e^{-0.451 \cdot \mathrm i} \\[0.5em] w_2 & = 2+\sqrt{5} \cdot \mathrm i =\sqrt{2^{2}+\sqrt{5}^{2}} \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right) \cdot \mathrm i} \\ & = 3 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 3 \cdot e^{0.841 \cdot \mathrm i} \\[0.5em] w_3 & =3+4 \cdot \mathrm i =\sqrt{3^{2}+4^{2}} \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right) \cdot \mathrm i} \\ & = 5 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)\cdot \mathrm i} \approx 5 \cdot e^{0.927 \cdot \mathrm i} \end{align}</math>}} Then, there is {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_5 & = w_1\cdot w_2 \cdot w_3 = \left(10 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{-\sqrt{19}}{9}\right)\cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(3 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)\cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(5 \cdot e^{\arctan\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)\cdot \mathrm i}\right) \\[0.5em] & \approx \left(10 \cdot e^{-0.451 \cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(3 \cdot e^{0.841 \cdot \mathrm i}\right) \cdot \left(5 \cdot e^{0.927 \cdot \mathrm i}\right) \\[0.5em] & \approx 150 \cdot e^{(-0.451 + 0.841 + 0.927) \cdot \mathrm i} \approx 150 \cdot e^{1.317 \cdot \mathrm i} \end{align}</math>}} |teilaufgabe6-lösung= First we determine the absolute value and the angle of <math>w=37+\sqrt{395}\mathrm i</math>. There is <math>|w|=\sqrt{37^2+\sqrt{395}^2}=42</math> and <math>\varphi=\operatorname{Arg}(w)=\arctan\left(\tfrac{\sqrt{395}}{37}\right)\approx 0.492925\ldots</math>. Now we can determine the polar representation of <math>z_6</math>: {{Math|<math>\begin{align} z_6 & = (37+\sqrt{395}\mathrm i)^{123} = \left(42\cdot e^{\varphi \cdot \mathrm i}\right)^{123} =42^{123}\cdot e^{\varphi \cdot \mathrm i \cdot 123} \\[0.3em] &{\color{OliveGreen}\left\downarrow\ \text{subtract }18\pi\text{ from the angle}\right.} \\[0.3em] & =42^{123}\cdot e^{(123\varphi-18\pi)\mathrm i}\approx 42^{123}\cdot e^{4.081\mathrm i} \end{align}</math>}} }} {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} gitru2p13k2ziu9a5kl7kmkfqkq0jlf 0 471888 4678921 4672812 2026-10-29T18:23:40Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 careful human revision of AI changes 4678921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|oben}} ''Why should I study real analysis?'' This is a legitimate question and should be answered at the beginning of every lecture and textbook on real analysis. In this chapter, I want to present some reasons as an answer to this question. == Real Analysis as the foundation of mathematics == Real analysis is an essential subject in mathematics. Many theories such as complex analysis, functional analysis and the theory of ordinary differential equations are based on it. In addition to that, numerous other modified concepts of real analysis are used in a variety of other domains of mathematics. Therefore, delving into real analysis is inevitable when one wants to study mathematics. This theory will be key to understanding other fields of mathematics. You will probably need background knowledge of real analysis, no matter what field of mathematics is of interest to you. The same applies if you require mathematical knowledge as a tool for your studies or research. Whatever you need to use mathematics for, knowledge of real analysis will almost certainly help you understand your mathematical tools. == Real Analysis as a description of nature == Most problems in natural sciences are modelled with the help of concepts covered by real analysis: How can the location and speed of a moving object be determined and forecast? How can one calculate the electric field of a system of electrically charged bodies? The area of application of real analysis includes simple problems and extends as far as modern fields of research (e.g., axiomatic quantum field theory) or quantitative modelling of biological processes. Very good knowledge of these concepts will therefore help you understand the laws of nature and formulate them. For this reason, studying real analysis will be particularly helpful - whether you study or are generally interested in a natural science. == Real Analysis in school == Analysis is one of very few lectures in mathematics already covered in school. In case you study mathematics education, you will be able to use the knowledge acquired by studying real analysis when teaching. Thorough knowledge of this lecture will therefore help you with explaining mathematics to your students. == Real Analysis as an exact mathematical theory == In contrast to the analysis you learned about in school, we will write out mathematical theories with immense precision. This will include us proving every theorem rigorously and defining every term with precision. As an example: in the end you will know why the derivative of <math>x^2</math> is <math>2x</math> and what exactly a derivative is. At the same time, we will justify every term to ensure you understand why certain concepts in real analysis are introduced. This will not only deepen your understanding of your knowledge of analysis already acquired in school but also enable you to solve complex problems in real analysis. == Real Analysis as an exercise of mathematical reasoning == With analysis already having been taught in school comes the advantage of the material already seeming more or less familiar to you. This gives us the chance to concentrate on the mathematical way of working, which many students aren’t familiar with in the beginning. Real analysis is excellent for practicing exact and accurate reasoning. Mastering the mathematical way of working will always be useful to you - even when you no longer need real analysis. Math students and also those of other natural sciences are especially in demand due to being capable of this. I am confident the mathematical way of thinking will help you a lot in accomplishing your tasks and projects. {{#invoke:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite|unten}} {{BookCat}} ahu38mc6qa41ravipmwedi08m07ezwn 3 471893 4678879 4676095 2026-10-29T17:43:25Z Sascha Lill 95 3167325 /* Email response */ Reply 4678879 wikitext text/x-wiki == A belated welcome! == [[File:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|The welcome may be belated, but the cookies are still warm! {{smiley}}]] Here's wishing you a belated welcome to Wikibooks, Sascha Lill 95! I see that you've already been around a while and wanted to thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|your contributions]]. Though you seem to have been successful in finding your way around, you may still benefit from following some of the links below, which help editors get the most out of Wikibooks: * [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Welcome]] * [[Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks|What is Wikibooks?]] * [[Using Wikibooks]] Need some ideas of what kind of things need doing? Try [[Wikibooks:Maintenance]]. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikibooks:Wikibookians|Wikibookian]]! Again, welcome! <!-- Template:Welcome-belated --> [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:52, 13 January 2025 (UTC) == Importer access == I've noticed that you've copied a lot of pages over from de.wikibooks, and I was wondering if you would be interested in me requesting the [[WB:Importers|importer]] right for you. This would allow you to import the page including its entire history from de.wikibooks, without needing you to do any manual copy-pastes. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 18:54, 13 January 2025 (UTC) :Actually, now that I realize it, you wouldn't be able to do this with importer alone, since transwiki importing from de.wikibooks is not enabled here. You would need to be an [[WB:Importers#Import uploaders|import uploader]]. [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 19:01, 13 January 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you for the warm welcome and the very useful hints about the importer! I did not know that the latter existed, and I will definitely give it a look in my next work session. ::Actually, I am a voluntary member of the German "[https://de.serlo.org/ Serlo]" project, which creates open educational resources, including an [[:de:Mathe_für_Nicht-Freaks|undergraduate mathematics book series]], where I did some translation work in the past 4 years. The books were first translated within the German project, and are now being moved to en.wikibooks.org. As everything is on a voluntary basis, it of course takes some time. ::In particular, it took me some time to figure out which generic German templates/modules correspond to which English ones. Now, I wrote some short Python script that auto-translates template/module names, which makes moving articles quite fast and effortless. But I am curious, if it also works with the importer, and maybe even better. [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 17:30, 14 January 2025 (UTC) == [[Math for Non-Geeks]] == Why are the subpages seperated with colons, and not a slash? Using a slash in the page title allows the user to easily go back to the parent page, which is linked at the top of the page. The colons don't do that. Also using a slash allows categorising easier too, as well as keeping everything clean. Is there some reason you don't do this that I am missing? (talking about [https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Math_for_Non-Geeks/Sequences&diff=next&oldid=4467587 this edit]) ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 20:46, 27 January 2025 (UTC) :(Read the email late) Ok thanks, when you're done, just let me know, and I'll take a look at everything that would need to be fixed when the page titles get changed. I have quite a few automated tools, and I'm sure one of them can be used to speed things up. ^{&#8212; [[User:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#c71300">L10nM4st3r</span>]]} / _{[[User talk:L10nM4st3r|<span style="color:#ce3f00">'''ROAR''' at me!</span>]]} 21:07, 15 February 2025 (UTC) ::Thanks a lot, that seems like the optimal solution to me. ::(Note that I also only get to work on it every 2-4 weeks, so things might take some time.) [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 17:10, 17 February 2025 (UTC) ::Hi L10nM4st3r, ::I now finished putting all the articles from our German version on en.wikibooks.org. Concerning templates, I guess it would still be necessary to replace colons by slashes again. For instance, ::Math for Non-Geeks: Template:Aufgabe -> Math for Non-Geeks/Template:Aufgabe ::Do you have a tool, which can replace strings of the kind "Math for Non-Geeks: Template" into "Math for Non-Geeks/Template" on all sub-pages of [[Math for Non-Geeks]] ? ::I would then check later and see if the templates are working and if there are modules to be translated. [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 16:22, 16 June 2025 (UTC) :::Also, we would need a string replacement "'''Math for Non-Geeks/Seite'''" to "'''Math for Non-Geeks/Page'''" on all pages, since the corresponding module's name was changed. [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 16:58, 16 June 2025 (UTC) == Lua changes == I've made some changes to [[Module:Math for Non-Geeks/Seite]] that you might want to look at. Thanks, [[User:JJPMaster|JJP]]_{[[User talk:JJPMaster|Mas]]_{[[Special:Contributions/JJPMaster|ter]]}} ([[wikt:she|she]]/[[wikt:they|they]]) 04:00, 18 February 2025 (UTC) :Thanks for the changes! I have seen that you adjusted the URL and I adjusted it also in my links. :) [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 18:36, 24 March 2025 (UTC) == Chapter naming == Hello! When creating new chapters of [[Math for Non-Geeks]], could you please make sure to use a <code>/</code> instead of a <code>:</code> in the title? Thank you! —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 17:02, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :Yes, I think this discussion was already brought up before. I essentially copied some articles from de.wikibooks.org and, for the moment, kept their naming scheme, which uses ":" instead of "/". But I can change them to "/" without problems. :Do you know anybody who has automatic replacement tools to change all URLs and links within articles? Otherwise, I would change the URLs manually and the links within articles by some simple Python script. [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 18:16, 2 March 2026 (UTC) == Email response == Hi @[[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]]! I got the email you sent me (thank you for reaching out). You had good questions, and I'm not sure I have easy answers. Strictly speaking, Wikibooks Policy says that LLMs cannot be used to generate any text material or ideas, which I would think does apply to your case—your edits may very well be high quality, but they're being added very rapidly, and it wouldn't be upholding the standard if we allowed these additions. On the other hand, if you know the information and that it's objectively correct, then it seems a bit silly to say you can't add it. The best thing I can think of right now is for you to carefully re-read all the changes page-by-page, ensuring they are accurate and don't inappropriately change the meaning, then note via dummy edit that the edits are human-reviewed. I will note that some edits made significant stylistic changes (e.g. [[Special:Diff/4672826]]), so you should be careful with things like that. Cheers —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 19:56, 14 October 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for your response! I think, your solution also appears like the best one to me, so I will proceed with manually re-checking and approving all changes again. [[User:Sascha Lill 95|Sascha Lill 95]] ([[User talk:Sascha Lill 95|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sascha Lill 95|contribs]]) 17:43, 29 October 2026 (UTC) dygjn9i0burx674kfc7flcdxyqiwvc9 0 472343 4678873 4472981 2026-10-29T17:36:52Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Codename Noreste moved page [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials]] to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials]] without leaving a redirect: Moving as an alternative to deletion per [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials]]. 4472580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Denest}} ==Introduction== In [[w:Algebra|Algebra]], a [[w:polynomial|polynomial]] in several variables is called a '''symmetric polynomial''' if it remains invariant under any permutation of its variables. Symmetric polynomials were initially studied in the context of solutions of polynomial equations in a single variable, since the coefficients of the polynomial are symmetric polynomials in its roots.<br> Over time, symmetric polynomials gained a status of their own, and they appear in various branches of mathematics, mainly in [[combinatorics]]. ==Chapters== #[[/Monomial Ordering/]] #[[/Permutations and Symmetry/]] #[[/Elementary Symmetric Polynomials/]] #[[/Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials/]] {{BookCat}} t4h7d7jav6xcz987f5z7tmpfy2izh13 0 472344 4678876 4472582 2026-10-29T17:36:52Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Codename Noreste moved page [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials/Monomial Ordering]] to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials/Monomial Ordering]] without leaving a redirect: Moving as an alternative to deletion per [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials]]. 4472582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Denest}} ==Definition 1== Let <math>(A_1,\ldots,A_n)</math> be an [[w:Tuple|N-tuple]]. Let us define: :<math>\vec{A}{}^n=(A_1,\ldots,A_n)</math> For [[w:Function (mathematics)|functions]] <math>\vec{F}{}^m,\vec{G}{}^n</math> let us define: :<math>\vec{F}{}^m(\vec{G}{}^n)=\bigl(F_1(G_1,\ldots,G_n),\ldots,F_m(G_1,\ldots,G_n)\bigr)</math> This abbreviated notation will be of great use to us in the following pages and in the proof. ==Definition 2== Let <math>\mathbb{F}</math> be a field. Then <math>\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math> is the polynomial space in variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math> with coefficients in <math>\mathbb{F}</math>. A '''[[w:Monomial|monomial]]''' is a polynomial of the form <math>c\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math>, such that <math>c\in\mathbb{F}</math> and <math>a_1,\ldots,a_n\in\N</math>. ==Definition 3== Let <math>X=X_1\cdots X_n</math>, and let <math>a=(a_1,\ldots,a_n)\in\N^n</math> be an exponent vector. Let us define: *<math>X^a=X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math> *<math>\deg(X^a)=a_1\!+\cdots+a_n</math> *The degree of a non-zero polynomial is equal to the maximum of the degrees of its compsing monomials. ===Properties=== Monomial multiplication maintains exponent vector addition: :<math>\begin{align}X^a\!\cdot X^b&=(X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n})\cdot(X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n})\\[5pt]&=(X_1^{a_1}\!\cdot X_1^{b_1})\cdots(X_n^{a_n}\!\cdot X_n^{b_n})\\[5pt]&=X_1^{a_1+b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n+b_n}\\[5pt]&=X^{a+b}\end{align}</math> ==Definition 4== Let <math>X^a,X^b</math> be monomials. We say that <math>X^a</math> '''is of lower order than''' <math>X^b</math> (and denote it by <math>X^a\!\prec X^b</math>) if there exists an index <math>1\le k\le n</math> such that :<math>\begin{cases}a_i=b_i&:\!1\le i\le k-1\\[3pt]a_i<b_i&:i=k\end{cases}</math> In other words, the vectors <math>(a_1,\ldots,a_n),(b_1,\ldots,b_n)</math> have a [[w:Lexicographic order|lexicographic ordering]]. In a polynomial <math>F</math>, the monomial of maximal order is called '''the leading monomial''', and is denoted by <math>\text{L}(F)</math>. ===Example=== :<math>x_1^7x_2^3x_3^{10}\!\prec x_1^7x_2^{31}x_3\iff(7,3,10)\prec(7,31,1)</math> ==[[w:Lemma (mathematics)|Lemma]]== Let <math>F,G\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math> be polynomials. Then <math>\text{L}(F\cdot G)=\text{L}(F)\cdot\text{L}(G)</math>. ===Proof=== Let <math>X^a,X^b,X^f,X^g</math> be monomials, with <math>X^f=\text{L}(F),\,X^g=\text{L}(G)</math>. 1. Let us assume that <math>X^a\!\prec X^f</math>. We will show that <math>X^{a+c}\!\prec X^{f+c}</math> for all <math>X^c</math>.<br> By definition, there exists an index <math>1\le k\le n</math> such that :<math>\begin{cases}a_i(+\,c_i)=f_i(+\,c_i)&:\!1\le i\le k-1\\[3pt]a_i(+\,c_i)<f_i(+\,c_i)&:i=k\end{cases}</math> 2. Let us assume also that <math>X^b\!\prec X^g</math>. We will show that <math>X^{a+b}\!\prec X^{f+g}</math>.<br> By definition, there exist indexes <math>k_1,k_2\in\{1,\ldots,n\}</math> such that respectively :<math>\begin{align}&\begin{cases}a_i=f_i&:\!1\le i\le k_1-1\\[3pt]a_i<f_i&:i=k_1\end{cases},\quad\begin{cases}b_i=g_i&:\!1\le i\le k_2-1\\[3pt]b_i<g_i&:i=k_2\end{cases}\\[8pt]&\begin{cases}1\le k_1\le k_2\le n\!:&(a_{k_1}\!<f_{k_1}\!)\and(b_{k_1}\!\le g_{k_1}\!)\,\implies\,a_{k_1}\!+b_{k_1}\!<f_{k_1}\!+g_{k_1}\\[5pt]1\le k_2<k_1\le n\!:&(a_{k_2}\!=f_{k_2}\!)\and(b_{k_2}\!<g_{k_2}\!)\,\implies\,a_{k_2}\!+b_{k_2}\!<f_{k_2}\!+g_{k_2}\end{cases}\!\Bigg\}\,\implies\,X^{a+b}\!\prec X^{f+g}\end{align}</math> hence: :<math>\text{L}(F\cdot G)=X^{f+g}=X^f\cdot X^g=\text{L}(F)\cdot\text{L}(G)</math> <math>\square</math> ==Definition 5== Let <math>F\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math> be a polynomial. Let us define: :<math>\text{D}(F)=\Big\{X^a\!\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]:\deg(X^a)\le\deg(\text{L}(F)),X^a\!\prec\text{L}(F)\Big\}</math> Meaning, the set of all [[w:Monic polynomial|monic monomials]] of degree <math>\le\deg(\text{L}(F))</math> which are of lower order than <math>\text{L}(F)</math>. ===Example=== :<math>\begin{align}&F(x_1,x_2)=4+3x_1+2x_1^2x_2+x_2^4\\[3pt]&\text{L}(F)=2x_1^2x_2\\[3pt]&\text{D}(F)=\Big\{x_1x_2^2,x_1^2,x_1x_2,x_2^2,x_1,x_2,1\Big\}\end{align}</math> {{header |title=Monomial Ordering |author= |previous=[[../|Introduction]] |section= |next=[[../Permutations and Symmetry|Permutations and Symmetry]] |notes= }} {{BookCat}} 45y8guqkw41ms4om1u2qlq40dyr3hg4 0 472345 4678877 4472583 2026-10-29T17:36:53Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Codename Noreste moved page [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials/Permutations and Symmetry]] to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials/Permutations and Symmetry]] without leaving a redirect: Moving as an alternative to deletion per [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials]]. 4472583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Denest}} ==Definition 1== A [[w:Permutation|permutation]] is a [[w:Bijection|bijective function]] from a [[w:Set (mathematics)|set]] to itself. Let <math>X=\bigl\{X_1,\ldots,X_n\bigr\}</math> be a finite set. The function <math>\sigma:X\to X</math> is called a permutation [[w:If and only if|if and only if]] it is [[w:Injective function|one-to-one]] and [[w:Injective function|onto]]. Meaning, for all <math>1\le i\le n</math> there exists a unique <math>1\le j\le n</math> such that <math>\sigma(X_i)=X_{\sigma(i)}=X_j</math>. The set of all permutations of the elements of <math>X</math> is denoted by <math>S_X</math>. ===Example=== For <math>X=\bigl\{1,2,3\bigr\}</math> there are <math>3!=6</math> different permutations: :<math>\begin{align}&\sigma_1=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\1&2&3\end{bmatrix},\quad\sigma_2=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\1&3&2\end{bmatrix}\\[5pt]&\sigma_3=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\2&1&3\end{bmatrix},\quad\sigma_4=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\2&3&1\end{bmatrix}\\[5pt]&\sigma_5=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\3&1&2\end{bmatrix},\quad\sigma_6=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&3\\3&2&1\end{bmatrix}\end{align}</math> In general, if <math>|X|=n</math> then <math>|S_X|=n!=1\cdot2\cdots n</math>. ==Definition 2== Let <math>F(\vec{X}{}^n)</math> be a polynomial. Let us define: :<math>\sigma(F):=F(X_{\sigma(1)},\ldots,X_{\sigma(n)})</math> ===Properties=== Let <math>F(\vec{X}{}^n),G(\vec{X}{}^n)</math> be polynomials. Then we have: *<math>\sigma(cF)=c\,\sigma(F)</math> such that <math>c\in\R</math>. *<math>\sigma(F\pm G)=\sigma(F)\pm\sigma(G)</math> *<math>\sigma(F\cdot G)=\sigma(F)\cdot\sigma(G)</math> *<math>(\sigma_1\circ\sigma_2)(F)=\sigma_1(\sigma_2(F))</math> ====Proof==== *By definition, the permutation is applied on the variable indexes only. *First, let <math>F,G</math> be monomials of the form :<math>\begin{align}F&=a\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\\[5pt]G&=b\,X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n}\\[5pt]\sigma(F\pm G)&=\sigma\bigl(a\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\!\pm b\,X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n}\bigl)\\[5pt]&=a\,X_{\sigma(1)}^{a_1}\!\cdots X_{\sigma(n)}^{a_n}\!\pm b\,X_{\sigma(1)}^{b_1}\!\cdots X_{\sigma(n)}^{b_n}\\[5pt]&=\sigma\bigl(a\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\bigl)\pm\sigma\bigl(b\,X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n}\bigl)\\[5pt]&=\sigma(F)\pm\sigma(G)\end{align}</math> :We can generalize by [[w:Mathematical induction|induction]] for <math>F=\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}F_{i_1},\,G=\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}G_{i_2}</math>, such that <math>F_{i_1},G_{i_2}</math> are monomials. *Same as before, let <math>F,G</math> be monomials of the form :<math>\begin{align}F&=a\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\\[5pt]G&=b\,X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n}\\[5pt]\sigma(F\cdot G)&=\sigma\bigl(a\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\!\cdot b\,X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n}\bigl)\\[5pt]&=ab\,\sigma\bigl(X_1^{a_1+b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n+b_n}\bigl)\\[5pt]&=ab\,X_{\sigma(1)}^{a_1+b_1}\!\cdots X_{\sigma(n)}^{a_n+b_n}\\[5pt]&=\bigl(a\,X_{\sigma(1)}^{a_1}\!\cdots X_{\sigma(n)}^{a_n}\bigr)\cdot\bigl(b\,X_{\sigma(1)}^{b_1}\!\cdots X_{\sigma(n)}^{b_n}\bigr)\\[5pt]&=\sigma\bigl(a\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\bigl)\cdot\sigma\bigl(b\,X_1^{b_1}\!\cdots X_n^{b_n}\bigl)\\[5pt]&=\sigma(F)\cdot\sigma(G)\end{align}</math> :Again, We can generalize by induction for <math>F=\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}F_{i_1},\,G=\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}G_{i_2}</math>, such that <math>F_{i_1},G_{i_2}</math> are monomials: ::<math>\begin{align}\sigma(F\cdot G)&=\sigma\bigg(\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}F_{i_1}\cdot\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}G_{i_2}\bigg)\\[5pt]&=\sigma\bigg(\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}F_{i_1}G_{i_2}\bigg)\\[5pt]&=\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}\sigma(F_{i_1}\!\cdot G_{i_2})\\[5pt]&=\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}\sigma(F_{i_1})\cdot\sigma(G_{i_2})\\[5pt]&=\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}\sigma(F_{i_1})\cdot\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}\sigma(G_{i_2})\\&=\sigma\bigg(\sum_{i_1\,=\,1}^{k_1}F_{i_1}\bigg)\cdot\sigma\bigg(\sum_{i_2\,=\,1}^{k_2}G_{i_2}\bigg)\\[5pt]&=\sigma(F)\cdot\sigma(G)\end{align}</math> *By definition we get: ::<math>\begin{align}(\sigma_1\circ\sigma_2)(F)&=F\bigl(X_{(\sigma_1\,\circ\,\sigma_2)(1)},\ldots,X_{(\sigma_1\,\circ\,\sigma_2)(n)}\bigr)\\[5pt]&=F\bigl(X_{\sigma_1(\sigma_2(1))},\ldots,X_{\sigma_1(\sigma_2(n))}\bigr)\\[5pt]&=\sigma_1\bigl(F(X_{\sigma_2(1)},\ldots,X_{\sigma_2(n)})\bigr)\\[5pt]&=\sigma_1(\sigma_2(F))\end{align}</math> ==Definition 3== Let <math>P(\vec{X}{}^n)</math> be a polynomial. Then it is called [[w:Symmetric polynomial|'''symmetric''']] if :<math>\sigma(P)=P</math> for all permutations <math>\sigma:\{1,\ldots,n\}\to\{1,\ldots,n\}</math>. ===Examples=== *A symmetric polynomial: ::<math>\begin{align}P({\color{red}x_1},{\color{Green}x_2},{\color{blue}x_3})&={\color{red}x_1^2}{\color{Green}x_2^2}{\color{blue}x_3^2}+{\color{red}3x_1}+{\color{Green}3x_2}+{\color{blue}3x_3}\\[5pt]&={\color{red}x_1^2}{\color{blue}x_3^2}{\color{Green}x_2^2}+{\color{red}3x_1}+{\color{blue}3x_3}+{\color{Green}3x_2}\\[5pt]&={\color{Green}x_2^2}{\color{red}x_1^2}{\color{blue}x_3^2}+{\color{Green}3x_2}+{\color{red}3x_1}+{\color{blue}3x_3}\\[5pt]&={\color{Green}x_2^2}{\color{blue}x_3^2}{\color{red}x_1^2}+{\color{Green}3x_2}+{\color{blue}3x_3}+{\color{red}3x_1}\\[5pt]&={\color{blue}x_3^2}{\color{red}x_1^2}{\color{Green}x_2^2}+{\color{blue}3x_3}+{\color{red}3x_1}+{\color{Green}3x_2}\\[5pt]&={\color{blue}x_3^2}{\color{Green}x_2^2}{\color{red}x_1^2}+{\color{blue}3x_3}+{\color{Green}3x_2}+{\color{red}3x_1}\end{align}</math> *A non-symmetric polynomial: ::<math>\begin{align}P({\color{red}x_1},{\color{Green}x_2},{\color{blue}x_3})&={\color{red}x_1}+{\color{Green}x_2}-{\color{blue}x_3}\\[5pt]&\ne{\color{red}x_1}+{\color{blue}x_3}-{\color{Green}x_2}\\[5pt]&\ne{\color{Green}x_2}+{\color{red}x_1}-{\color{blue}x_3}\\[5pt]&\ne{\color{Green}x_2}+{\color{blue}x_3}-{\color{red}x_1}\\[5pt]&\ne{\color{blue}x_3}+{\color{red}x_1}-{\color{Green}x_2}\\[5pt]&\ne{\color{blue}x_3}+{\color{Green}x_2}-{\color{red}x_1}\end{align}</math> ===Properties=== *The sum and product of symmetric polynomials is a symmetric polynomial.<br> *Let <math>F</math> be a polynomial in variables <math>Y_1,\ldots,Y_m</math>, and let <math>G_1,\ldots,G_m</math> be symmetric polynomials in variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>. :Then <math>F(\vec{G}{}^m(\vec{X}{}^n))</math> is also symmetric in variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>. ====Proof==== *This follows from the properties in definition 2 and the symmetric polynomial definition above. *By definition we get: :<math>\begin{align}\sigma\bigl(F(\vec{G}{}^m(\vec{X}{}^n))\bigr)&=\sigma\bigl(F(G_1(\vec{X}{}^n),\ldots,G_m(\vec{X}{}^n))\bigr)\\[5pt]&=F\bigl(\sigma(G_1(\vec{X}{}^n)),\ldots,\sigma(G_m(\vec{X}{}^n))\bigr)\\[5pt]&=F\bigl(G_1(\vec{X}{}^n),\ldots,G_m(\vec{X}{}^n)\bigr)\\[5pt]&=F(\vec{G}{}^m(\vec{X}{}^n))\end{align}</math> {{header |title=Permutations and Symmetry |author= |previous=[[../Monomial Ordering|Monomial Ordering]] |section= |next=[[../Elementary Symmetric Polynomials|Elementary Symmetric Polynomials]] |notes= }} {{BookCat}} ovjitisqvsn5pziqv9bfg2ww7c27bgv 0 472346 4678874 4472584 2026-10-29T17:36:52Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Codename Noreste moved page [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials/Elementary Symmetric Polynomials]] to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials/Elementary Symmetric Polynomials]] without leaving a redirect: Moving as an alternative to deletion per [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials]]. 4472584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Denest}} Let there be a polynomial of degree <math>n\ge1</math> :<math>P(z)=\sum_{k\,=\,0}^na_kz^k\in\C[z]</math> By the [[Algebra/Fundamental Theorem of Algebra|Fundamental Theorem of Algebra]], it has <math>n</math> complex roots (with multiplicity). Then we can write: :<math>P(z)=a_n\prod_{k\,=\,1}^n(z-z_k)</math> As we know, [[w:Vieta's formulas|Vieta's formulae]] link between the coefficients and roots of a polynomial: :<math>\begin{cases}z_1+\cdots+z_n=-\dfrac{a_{n-1}}{a_n}\\(z_1z_2+\cdots+z_1z_n)+(z_2z_3+\cdots+z_2z_n)+\cdots+z_{n-1}z_n=\dfrac{a_{n-2}}{a_n}\\(z_1z_2z_3+\cdots+z_1z_2z_n)+(z_1z_3z_4+\cdots+z_1z_3z_n)+\cdots+(z_2z_3z_4+\cdots+z_2z_{n-1}z_n)+\cdots+z_{n-2}z_{n-1}z_n=-\dfrac{a_{n-3}}{a_n}\\\vdots\\z_1\!\cdots z_n=(-1)^n\dfrac{a_0}{a_n}\end{cases}</math> As we can see, these sums are symmetric polynomial, and are called '''elementary symmetric polynomials'''. ==Definition== The elementary symmetric polynomials in variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>, are defined as such: :<math>\begin{align}E_1(\vec{X}{}^n)&=\sum_{1\le i\le n}X_i\\[5pt]E_2(\vec{X}{}^n)&=\sum_{1\le i_1<i_2\le n}\!\!\!\!X_{i_1}X_{i_2}\\&\,\,\,\vdots\\[5pt]E_k(\vec{X}{}^n)&=\sum_{1\le i_1<\cdots<i_k\le n}\!\!\!\!\!\!X_{i_1}\!\cdots X_{i_k}\\&\,\,\,\vdots\\[5pt]E_n(\vec{X}{}^n)&=X_1\!\cdots X_n\end{align}</math> {{header |title=Elementary Symmetric Polynomials |author= |previous=[[../Permutations and Symmetry|Permutations and Symmetry]] |section= |next=[[../Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials|Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials]] |notes= }} {{BookCat}} 4rtvtosv2maxn9w2wpq7g159r5n23it 0 472347 4678875 4472688 2026-10-29T17:36:52Z Codename Noreste 3441010 Codename Noreste moved page [[Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials/Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials]] to [[Abstract Algebra/Symmetric Polynomials/Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials]] without leaving a redirect: Moving as an alternative to deletion per [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Algebra/Chapter 10/Symmetric Polynomials]]. 4472688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Denest}} {{TextBox| M=0 | W=95% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials:'''<br> Let <math>\mathbb{F}</math> be a field, and let <math>F\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math> be a symmetric polynomial.<br> Then <math>F</math> can be expressed uniquely as a polynomial <math>G(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math>, such that: *<math>G</math>'s degree does not exceed <math>F</math>'s degree. *If <math>F</math> has integer coefficients, then so does <math>G</math>.}} ===Proof=== First, we shall describe an [[w:Algorithm|algorithm]] for finding the desired polynomial <math>G</math>. Let us define initial conditions <math>m=1</math> and <math>F_1=F</math>. #Find <math>\text{L}(F_m)=c_m\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math> such that <math>c_m\in\mathbb F,c_m\ne0</math>. #Define <math>G_m(\vec{Y}{}^n)=c_m\,Y_1^{a_1-a_2}Y_2^{a_2-a_3}\!\cdots Y_{n-1}^{a_{n-1}-a_n}Y_n^{a_n}</math>. #Write <math>F_{m+1}(\vec{X}{}^n)=F_m(\vec{X}{}^n)-G_m(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))</math>. #If <math>F_{m+1}\ne0</math>, return to step 1 and began the process over with the index <math>m+1</math>.<br>If <math>F_{m+1}=0</math>, move on to step 5. #Write <math>G=G_1\!+\cdots+G_m</math>. In order to prove the algorithm we need two [[w:Lemma (mathematics)|lemmas]]. '''Lemma 1:''' The leading monomial in <math>F</math> satisfies <math>a_1\ge a_2\ge\cdots\ge a_n</math>. '''Proof:''' [[w:Proof by contradiction|Let us assume]] there exists an index <math>k</math> such that <math>a_k<a_{k+1}</math>. Then there exists a permutation <math>\sigma\in S_X</math> such that :<math>X_{\sigma(m)}=\begin{cases}X_m&:m\ne k,k+1\\X_{k+1}&:m=k\\X_k&:m=k+1\end{cases}</math> But the polynomial <math>\sigma(F)=F</math> contains the monomial <math>c\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_k^{a_{k+1}}X_{k+1}^{a_k}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math>, which is of higher order than <math>c\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_k^{a_k}X_{k+1}^{a_{k+1}}\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math>. '''A contradiction.''' <math>\square</math> '''Lemma 2:''' The leading monomial in the expansion of <math>G_m(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))</math> is <math>c_m\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math>. '''Proof:''' We have :<math>\begin{align}\text{L}(E_k)=X_1\!\cdots X_k,&\quad:\!1\le k\le n\\[5pt]\text{L}(c_m\,E_1^{b_1}E_2^{b_2}\!\cdots E_n^{b_n})&=c_m\,\text{L}(E_1^{b_1})\,\text{L}(E_2^{b_2})\cdots\text{L}(E_n^{b_n})\\[5pt]&=c_m\,\text{L}(E_1)^{b_1}\text{L}(E_2)^{b_2}\!\cdots\text{L}(E_n)^{b_n}\\[5pt]&=c_m\,X_1^{b_1}(X_1X_2)^{b_2}\!\cdots(X_1X_2\cdots X_n)^{b_n}\\[5pt]&=c_m(X_1)^{b_1\,+\,\cdots\,+\,b_n}(X_2)^{b_2\,+\,\cdots\,+\,b_n}\!\cdots(X_{n-1})^{b_{n-1}+\,b_n}(X_n)^{b_n}\\[5pt]&=c_m\,X_1^{a_1}X_2^{a_2}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}\end{align}</math> The last equality holds [[w:If and only if|if and only if]] :<math>\begin{align}a_k&=\sum_{i\,=\,k}^nb_i,\quad:\!1\le k\le n\\[5pt]b_k&=\begin{cases}a_k\!-a_{k+1}&:\!1\le k\le n-1\\[5pt]a_k&:\!k=n\end{cases}\end{align}</math> <math>\square</math> We shall now prove the theorem: 1. Let <math>F\ne0</math> be a symmetric polynomial in variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>.<br> The proof is by [[w:Mathematical induction|strong induction]] on <math>|\text{D}(F)|</math> (see [[Famous Theorems of Mathematics/π is transcendental/Monomial ordering#Definition 5|definition]]). If <math>|\text{D}(F)|=0</math> then <math>F</math> is a constant polynomial, and it is easy to show the algorithm holds. Let us assume the algorithm holds for all symmetric polynomials <math>F</math> with <math>0\le|\text{D}(F)|\le k</math>, for some <math>k\in\N</math>.<br> We will show that the algorithm holds also for a symmetric polynomial <math>F_1</math> with <math>|\text{D}(F_1)|=k+1</math>, such that <math>\text{L}(F_1)=c_1\,X_1^{a_1}\!\cdots X_n^{a_n}</math>. By lemma 2, we get: :<math>\begin{align}G_1(\vec{Y}{}^n)&=c_1\,Y_1^{a_1-a_2}Y_2^{a_2-a_3}\!\cdots Y_{n-1}^{a_{n-1}-a_n}Y_n^{a_n}\\[5pt]F_2(\vec{X}{}^n)&=F_1(\vec{X}{}^n)-G_1(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))\end{align}</math> The function <math>G_1</math> is a polynomial, since <math>a_1\ge a_2\ge\cdots\ge a_n</math>.<br> In addition, by the [[Famous Theorems of Mathematics/π is transcendental/Symmetric polynomials#Properties|properties of symmetric polynomials]] <math>G_1(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))</math> is a symmetric polynomial in variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>, therefore so is <math>F_2</math>.<br> The polynomials <math>F_1(\vec{X}{}^n),G_1(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))</math> both contain <math>\text{L}(F_1)</math>, hence it is cancelled in their subtraction.<br> If <math>F_2=0</math> then <math>G=G_1</math>.<br> If <math>F_2\ne0</math> then <math>\text{L}(F_2)\prec\text{L}(F_1)</math>, meaning <math>|\text{D}(F_2)|<|\text{D}(F_1)|=k+1</math>.<br> Thus, the inductive assumption holds for <math>F_2</math>, and therefore the algorithm yields a polynomial <math>G^*</math> such that :<math>\begin{align}F_2(\vec{X}{}^n)&=G^*\!(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))\\[5pt]F_1(\vec{X}{}^n)&=G_1(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))+G^*\!(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))\end{align}</math> 2. The properties of the theorem hold: *By definition, the degree of <math>G_1(\vec{Y}{}^n)</math> is <math>a_1</math> and the degree of <math>F_1</math> is at least <math>a_1\!+\cdots+a_n</math>. *If <math>F_1</math> has integer coefficients then <math>c_1\ne0</math> is an integer. Therefore <math>G_1</math> too has integer coefficients. <math>\blacksquare</math> ==Important results== {{TextBox| M=0 | W=95% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Theorem:'''<br> Let <math>\mathbb{F}\sube\mathbb{E}</math> be a field, and let <math>P\in\mathbb{F}[z]</math> be a polynomial of degree <math>n</math> with roots <math>\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n\in\mathbb{E}</math>.<br> Let <math>G\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math> be a symmetric polynomial. Then <math>G(\vec{\alpha}{}^n)\in\mathbb{F}</math>.}} '''Proof.''' By [[w:Vieta's formulas|Vieta's formulae]], we get: :<math>\begin{align}P(z)&=\sum_{k\,=\,0}^na_kz^k\in\mathbb{F}[z]\\[5pt]E_k(\vec{\alpha}{}^n)&=(-1)^k\frac{a_{n-k}}{a_n}\in\mathbb{F},\quad(1\le k\le n)\end{align}</math> By the fundamental theorem above, <math>G</math> can be expressed as a polynomial :<math>\begin{align}G(\vec{X}{}^n)&=H(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{X}{}^n))\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]\\[5pt]G(\vec{\alpha}{}^n)&=H(\vec{E}{}^n(\vec{\alpha}{}^n))\in\mathbb{F}\end{align}</math> <math>\square</math> {{TextBox| M=0 | W=95% | BG=#FFFFFF |1='''Theorem:'''<br> Let <math>\mathbb{F}\sube\mathbb{E}</math> be a field, and let <math>P\in\mathbb{F}[z]</math> be a polynomial of degree <math>n</math> with roots <math>\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_n\in\mathbb{E}</math>.<br> Let <math>1\le k\le n</math>, and let <math>\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_m</math> be the sums/products of every <math>k</math> of the roots (namely <math>m=\tbinom{n}{k}</math>).<br> Then there exists a [[w:Monic polynomial|monic polynomial]] <math>P_k\in\mathbb{F}[z]</math> of degree <math>m</math> with roots <math>\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_m</math>.}} '''Proof.''' We will show that :<math>P_k(z)=\prod_{i\,=\,1}^m(z-\beta_i)\in\mathbb{F}[z]</math> By Vieta's formulae, its coefficients are all symmetric polynomials in <math>\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_m</math>. Let <math>G\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{Y}{}^m]</math> be a symmetric polynomial, and let <math>Y_1,\ldots,Y_m</math> be the sums/products of every <math>k</math> of the variables <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>.<br> Then <math>G</math> can be expressed as a polynomial :<math>G(\vec{Y}{}^m)=H(\vec{X}{}^n)</math> It is easy to see that by applying a permutation on <math>X_1,\ldots,X_n</math>, we also apply a permutation on <math>Y_1,\ldots,Y_m</math>.<br> Hence <math>H\in\mathbb{F}[\vec{X}{}^n]</math> is a symmetric polynomial, and by the previous theorem we get :<math>G(\vec{\beta}{}^m)=H(\vec{\alpha}{}^n)\in\mathbb{F}</math> <math>\square</math> {{header |title=Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials |author= |previous=[[../Elementary Symmetric Polynomials|Elementary Symmetric Polynomials]] |section= |next= |notes= }} {{BookCat}} g3y15g7a0i1uy8wknfmhu40u7sx2d4q 0 475664 4678993 4641053 2026-10-30T10:23:35Z Ewen 19329 /* Introduction */ 4678993 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== If we define the outer shell as shell ''n'', then a d-block element has no p-electrons in shell ''n'' but at least one d-electron in shell (''n''-1). WJEC define a transition element as one capable of "forming an ion with partially filled d-orbitals". This excludes Sc and Zn. IUPAC include elements which have ions ''or atoms'' with partially filled d orbitals, which adds Sc to the definition. === Electronic configuration === The outer electronic configuration of elements in the first row of the d-block is as follows: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Atom ! 4s ! ! ! 3d ! ! |- | Sc [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | | | | |- | Ti [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | | | |- | V [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Cr [Ar] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Mn [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Fe [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Co [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Ni [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Cu [Ar] | ↑ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |- | Zn [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |- |} Note the unusual structures of chromium and copper. The 4s and 3d subshells are very similar in energy and therefore it is easy to promote electrons from the 4s into the 3d orbitals. In chromium the 4s¹ 3d⁵ structure is adopted because the repulsion between two paired electrons in the 4s orbital is more than the energy difference between the 4s and 3d subshells. It is thus more stable to have unpaired electrons in the higher energy 3d orbital than paired electrons in the lower energy 4s orbital. In copper and zinc the 3d subshell is actually lower in energy than the 4s subshell. The 3d orbitals are thus filled before the 4s orbital. Thus copper adopts a 4s¹ 3d¹⁰ configuration. In all '''ions''' of d-block elements, the 3d subshell is lower in energy than the 4s subshell so the 4s electrons are always removed first. 3d electrons are only removed after all 4s electrons have been removed. Some examples of electronic configurations of transition metal ions are shown below: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Ion ! 4s ! ! ! 3d ! ! |- | V²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Cr³⁺ [Ar] | | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Fe²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Cu²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |- | Cu²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |- |} === Oxidation states === The oxidation state formed by an element in its compounds is determined by the maximum number of electrons it can lose without requiring so much energy to remove the electrons that the energy cannot be recovered in bonding. s-block elements only form one stable oxidation state in their compounds. They lose all their valence electrons easily but cannot lose any more electrons since there is a large amount of energy required to remove the electrons from the inner shell. This jump in energy is best shown graphically: [[File:Ei Na.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of sodium plotted on log scale]] [[File:Ei Mg.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of magnesium plotted on log scale]] Na always adopts the +1 oxidation state in its compounds because there is a large jump between the first and the second ionisation energies. Mg always adopts the +2 oxidation state in its compounds because there is a small jump between the first and the second ionisation energies but a very large jump between the second and third ionisation energies. In the d-block elements, however, there are often a large number of valence electrons and removing them all would require so much energy that it would be unfeasible. It is usually only possible to remove some of the valence electrons. All d-block elements can give up their 4s electrons fairly easily but the d-electrons are harder to remove. Moreover, since the successive ionisation energies of d-electrons increase steadily, it is difficult to predict how many can be lost. This effect can be shown graphically by considering the successive ionisation energies of an element such as manganese: [[File:Ei Mn.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of manganese plotted on log scale]] The ionisation energies increase steadily after the removal of the 4s electrons. It turns out that the energy required to remove the 3d electrons is sometimes recovered in bonding, but not always. The number of 3d electrons removed thus varies from compound to compound d-block metals are thus able to adopt a variety of oxidation states. The oxidation states most commonly formed by the first-row d-block elements are as follows: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Atom ! +1 ! +2 ! +3 ! +4 ! +5 ! +6 ! +7 |- | Sc | | | +3 (d⁰) | | | | |- | Ti | | | +3 (d¹) | +4 (d⁰) | | | |- | V | | +2 (d³) | +3 (d²) | +4 (d¹) | +5 (d⁰) | | |- | Cr | | | +3 (d³) | | | +6 (d⁰) | |- | Mn | | +2 (d⁵) | +3 (d⁴) | +4 (d³) | | +6 (d¹) | +7 (d⁰) |- | Fe | | +2 (d⁶) | +3 (d⁵) | | | | |- | Co | | +2 (d⁷) | +3 (d⁶) | | | | |- | Ni | | +2 (d⁸) | | | | | |- | Cu | +1 (d¹⁰) | +2 (d⁹) | | | | | |- | Zn | | +2 (d¹⁰) | | | | | |- |} It is sometimes possible to remove all 3d electrons to form a d⁰ configuration. However for elements beyond manganese it is unusual to find an oxidation state containing fewer than 5 3d electrons. The d⁵ configuration is quite stable because paired d-electrons can be removed to reach d⁵ but unpaired electrons must be removed to reach d⁴. Unpaired electrons are harder to remove because there is less repulsion between the electrons. Note that scandium only forms +3 ions (d⁰). This is because the low effective nuclear charge on scandium enables all three valence electrons to be removed fairly easily. Note also that zinc only forms +2 ions (d¹⁰). This is because the high effective nuclear charge on zinc prevents any 3d electrons from being removed. All the other elements form at least one stable ion with partially filled d-orbitals, and it is this property which defines a transition metal. '''A transition metal is a metal which forms at least one stable ion with partially filled d-orbitals.''' Since zinc and scandium do not share this property, they are not transition metals, and indeed do not show many of the properties generally attributed to transition metals. They are however still classified as d-block elements. The first row d-block elements which are also transition metals are therefore titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. Some definitions of transition metals includes ''atoms'' with partially filled d orbitals, which adds scandium to the set. ==Complex Ions== A complex ion is an ion comprising one or more ligands attached to a central metal cation by means of a dative covalent bond. A ligand is a species which can use its lone pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond with a transition metal. Examples of ligands are H₂O:, :NH₃, :Cl^-, :OH^-, :CN^-, Cations which form complex ions must have two features: - they must have a high charge density, and thus be able to attract electrons from ligands. - they must have empty orbitals of low energy, so that they can accept the lone pair of electrons from the ligands. Cations of d-block metals are small, have a high charge and have available empty 3d and 4s orbitals of low energy. They thus form complex ions readily. The number of lone pairs of electrons which a cation can accept is known as the coordination number of the cation. It depends on the size and electronic configuration of that cation, and also on the size and charge of the ligand. 6 is the most common coordination number, although 4 and 2 are also known. Examples of complex ions are [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺, [CoCl₄]^2-, [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺. Note that the formula of the ion is always written inside square brackets with the overall charge written outside the brackets. ===Shapes of complex ions=== 6-coordinate complexes are all octahedral, and are formed with small ligands such as H₂O and NH₃. Examples: [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺; [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺; [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺ They can be drawn as shown below: {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Hexaaquacopper (ii).png | HexaAquaCopper(II) ions are octahedral | File:Tetrachlorocuprate (ii).png | TetraChloroCuprate(II) ions are tetrahedral }} 4-coordinate complexes are generally tetrahedral, and are formed with larger ligands such as Cl^-. Larger ligands cannot fit around the transition metal so easily and hence form smaller complexes. They can be drawn as shown above. Examples: [CoCl₄]^2-; [CuCl₄]^2- 2-coordinate complexes are in general linear, and are formed with Ag⁺ ions. They can be drawn as follows: [[File:Silver(I) diammine cation ion structure.png|frameless|upright=0.5|centre|DiAmmineSilver(I) cation structure]] The rules covering the likely coordination number of transition metal complexes are: a) Silver ions form linear complexes with a coordination number of 2; b) Chloride ions and other large ions form tetrahedral complexes with a coordination number of 4; c) Most other transition metal complexes are octahedral with a coordination number of 6. ===Representation of metal salts=== When metal ions are in solution, they are usually represented as the simple ion, such as Fe²⁺(aq), Co²⁺(aq), Cr³⁺(aq) or Fe²⁺(aq). This is, however, a simplified representation as all d-block cations and many other cations with high polarising power exist as the hexaaqua complex, e.g. [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺. Examples: :FeSO₄(aq) consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and SO₄^2- ions :Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ and SO₄^2- ions :CuCl₂(aq) consists of [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and Cl^- ions Many complex ions exist in the solid state. In these cases the ligands are often written after the rest of the compound, separated by a dot: Examples: :[Fe(H₂O)₆]SO₄(s) is generally written FeSO₄·6H₂O(s) :[Cr(H₂O)₆]Cl₃(s) is generally written CrCl₃·6H₂O(s) The dot does not always, however, mean that there are ligands present; some salts contain water of crystallisation, where the water is not a ligand but a link between the ions. Examples: :In Na₂CO₃·10H₂O, the water molecules are not behaving as ligands, but as water molecules of crystallisation. :In CuSO₄·5H₂O, four of the water molecules are behaving as ligands, and the fifth as a water molecule of crystallisation: [Cu(H₂O)₄]SO₄·H₂O === Chemical properties of complex ions === ==== Polarising Power ==== The effect of ligands in a complex ion is to significantly stabilise the metal cation by increasing its size and hence reducing its polarising power. Many compounds which are covalent in the anhydrous state are actually ionic in the hydrated state: Examples: :FeCl₃(s) is covalent but FeCl₃·6H₂O(s) is ionic. :AlCl₃(s) is covalent but AlCl₃·6H₂O(s) is ionic. ====Precipitation reactions==== The properties of anions are also changed if they are behaving as ligands in a complex ion. In particular, they are much less readily precipitated by cations. For example, AgNO₃(aq) will form a precipitate of AgCl if added to a solution of copper(II) chloride, [Cu(H₂O)₄]Cl₂ but not from sodium tetrachlorocobaltate(II), Na₂[CoCl₄]. BaCl₂(aq) will form a precipitate of BaSO₄ if added to a solution of [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]SO₄ but not with [Cr(H₂O)₅SO₄]Cl. ==== Heating ==== The properties of molecules also changes if they are behaving as ligands. In particular, they are much less readily removed by heating. For example, Na₂CO₃·10H₂O(s) can be dehydrated to Na₂CO₃(s) by gentle heating at 50 °C. FeSO₄·6H₂O(s), however, can only be dehydrated to FeSO₄(s) by strong heating at 150 °C, since the water is strongly bonded to the Fe²⁺ as a ligand. CuSO₄·5H₂O(s) can be dehydrated to CuSO₄·4H₂O(s) by gentle heating at 50 °C, and to CuSO₄ by strong heating at 100 °C. One of the water molecules is a molecule of crystallisation but the others are ligands. === Multidentate ligands === Some ligands are capable of forming more than one dative covalent bond per ligand. Examples are ethanedioate (C₂O₄^2-) and 1,2-diaminoethane (H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂), both of which donate two lone pairs per ligand and are said to be bidentate. 1,2-diaminoethane is written as (en) in the formula. One unusual ligand, EDTA^4- ((HOOCCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂N(CH₂COOH)₂) can form 6 dative covalent bonds per ligand. It is thus said to be hexadentate. EDTA is written as (edta) in formulae. Ligands such as H₂O, Cl^- and CN^- form only one dative covalent bond per ligand and are said to be unidentate. With polydentate ligands it often appears that the coordination number of the complex is 1 or 3, when in fact the coordination number is 6 as normal - it is just that each ligand is bonded twice. Some examples of these complex ions are shown below: [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3- [Cr(en)₃]³⁺ [Cu(edta)]^2- Multidentate ligands are very effective at binding to cations and can effectively stop them from reacting with anything else. Ethanedioate is toxic because it binds to Ca²⁺ ions. Other multidentate ligands are used in "chelation therapy" to remove toxic heavy metals if a patient has ingested them. ===Colour in Transition Metal Complexes=== [[File:Coloured-transition-metal-solutions.jpg|800px]] ''Above: Aqueous solutions of (left to right): cobalt(II) nitrate, Co(NO₃)₂ (red); potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇ (orange); potassium chromate, K₂CrO₄ (yellow); nickel(II) chloride, NiCl₂ (green); copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄ (blue); potassium permanganate, KMnO₄ (violet).'' [[w:Transition metals|Transition metals]] form complex ions – the metal binds to small molecules or anions called ligands. The ligands allow the electrons of the metal ion to enter an excited state if the electrons absorb a photon of visible light. When a cation forms a complex ion, the incoming ligands repel the electrons in the atom, and thus they are raised in energy. Some of the d-orbitals, however, are repelled more than others and the result is that the d-orbitals are split into 2 groups of orbitals, with three orbitals being slightly lower in energy than the other two. The difference in energy between these groups of orbitals is similar to the energy of visible light. The energy of the light is related to the frequency of the light by the equation ''E'' = ''hf''. If these d-orbitals are partially filled, some of the electrons in the lower energy orbitals are excited into the higher energy orbitals, and in doing so absorb the light that corresponds to that frequency. The resultant light is deficient in the light of that frequency and thus appears coloured. So, transition metal ions are coloured because d-electrons can absorb light and get excited into higher energy d-orbitals. The resultant light is thus missing certain frequencies and is hence coloured. {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Hexaaquacopper (ii).png | HexaAquaCopper(II) ions are octahedral | File:Tetrachlorocuprate (ii).png | TetraChloroCuprate(II) ions are tetrahedral }} [[File:Copper(II) chloride solutions.JPG|thumb|400px|centre|Copper(II) chloride solutions with concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol dm^-3. The dilute solutions are blue [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ whereas the concentrated solutions are green [CuCl₄]^2-.]] [[File:Cu(NH3)4(OH)2.png|thumb|250px|centre|Addition of excess ammonia to copper(II) solutions gives the TetraAmmineDiAquaCopper(II) ion [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺]. Replacing the original H₂O ligands with NH₃ produces the intense blue colour.]] The partially-occupied d-orbitals of transition metal compounds are important in giving colour to transition metal complexes. See diagram (which could represent V²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, etc.): [[Image:Ligand field splitting.png|centre|400px]] ①. In an uncomplexed ion, all the d-orbitals have the same energy. ②. When ligands surround the ion, the negative charges of the ligands make the d-orbitals less stable (higher energy). ③. Critically, the ligands will come closer to some d-orbitals than to others. Typically, two or three of the orbitals will be destabilised more than the remainder. An electron in one of the lower d-orbitals can acquire the energy to be excited into a higher d-orbital: [[Image:Excitation in TM complex.png|centre|400px]] This mechanism allows transition metal complexes to absorb photons of visible light. Note that two criteria must be satisfied if the ion is to be coloured: * there must be a splitting of the d-orbitals. This only happens in the presence of ligands and thus only complex ions are coloured. Anhydrous ions do not have split d-orbitals and so cannot absorb light in the visible spectrum and are thus white. E.g. anhydrous CuSO₄ (d⁹) is white but hydrated CuSO₄.5H₂O is blue. * the d-orbitals must be partially filled. If the d-orbitals are empty (E.g. Sc³⁺, Al³⁺) then there are no electrons which can be excited into the higher energy d-orbitals and the ions will be colourless. If the d-orbitals are full (E.g. Cu⁺, Zn²⁺) then there are no empty orbitals into which the electrons can be excited and the ions will be colourless. d⁰ and d¹⁰ compounds ''can'' be coloured, but the mechanism (charge-transfer) is beyond the A-level specification. Examples: Cu₂O, MnO₄^-, Cr₂O₇^2- [[File:BenedicT.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Using Benedict's Reagent to test for aldehydes: The blue copper(II) citrate ([CuC₆H₅O₇]^–, left) is converted to red precipitate of copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O, right). The intermediate colours are mixtures of copper(II) and copper(I)oxide.]] ==== Use of colour in analysis of complex ions ==== The colour of a complex ion depends on: * the ligand * the coordination number * the oxidation state of the metal * the identity of the metal As transition metal ions can show a huge variety of colours, it is often possible to identify a complex ion simply by its colour. It is also possible to determine the concentration of a solution containing a coloured ion using a technique called ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry ("UV-Vis"). As the absorbance of a solution is proportional to its concentration, the concentration of any solution can be determined by comparing its absorbance to the absorbance of a solution of known concentration. The technique can be summarised as follows: a) A solution containing a known concentration of the ion is prepared, and a suitable ligand is added in excess in order to intensify the colour (thiocyanate ions, SCN^-, are often used for this purpose). b) A sample of the solution is placed into a cuvette in a colorimeter and the filter which gives the maximum absorbance is selected. c) The absorbance of the solution is recorded. d) This process is repeated using a range of other known concentrations, and a graph is plotted of absorbance against concentration. d) The solution of unknown concentration is mixed with an excess of the same ligand to intensify the colour. e) The absorbance of the solution of unknown concentration is then recorded using the same filter. f) The concentration of this solution can then be determined from the concentration-absorbance graph. === Other applications of transition metal complexes === ==== Haemoglobin ==== Another important complex ion involving multidentate ligands is haemoglobin. Haem is a complex ion consisting Fe²⁺ and a complex tetradentate ligand called porphyrin. The complex is generally found with a protein called globin, which provides the fifth coordinate bond, and a molecule of oxygen which forms the sixth bond. The complete six coordinate complex is called haemoglobin. This structure is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood throughout the human body. Fe²⁺ + porphyrin → haem haem + globin + O₂ → haemoglobin Carbon monoxide is a similar size and shape to oxygen and forms a much stronger bond with the iron. It thus displaces the oxygen from the complex and reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. It is thus a very poisonous gas. ==== cisplatin ==== The square planar complex cisplatin has the following structure: It kills cancerous cells and now widely used in cancer treatment. ==== Tests for aldehydes and halide ions ==== DiAmmineSilver(I) has the formula [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ and is the active ion in Tollens' reagent. It is reduced to silver by reducing sugars and aldehydes (but not ketones). It produces a characteristic silver mirror on the side of the test-tube and this is used as the basis of the test for aldehydes. It is also formed in the test for halide ions in solution. The silver halides are insoluble in water but AgCl and AgBr will dissolve in ammonia due to the formation of the DiAmmineSilver(I) complex: AgCl(s) + 2 NH₃(dilute) → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq) AgBr(s) + 2 NH₃(conc) → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq) + Br^-(aq) ==== photography ==== Silver bromide, AgBr, is the substance on photographic film. In the presence of light, it decomposes into silver and bromine: 2 AgBr → 2 Ag(s) + Br₂(l). The unreacted AgBr is removed when sodium thiosulfate is added. This forms a complex with the AgBr and washes it off the film, leaving only the silver metal on the film. The result is the negative image. AgBr(s) + 2 S₂O₃^2-(aq) → [Ag(S₂O₃)₂]^3-(aq) + Br^-(aq) ==== Electroplating ==== Metals such as silver and gold generally occur native, but in very impure form. They can be extracted using cyanide ions which form stable complexes with silver and gold. The Ag is oxidised to Ag⁺ and then complexed as [Ag(CN)₂]^-. This complex is widely used in electroplating. To coat another object with silver, place the metal object to be coated at the cathode and use [Ag(CN)₂]^- as the electrolyte. The complex breaks up, Ag+ ions move to the cathode and the object is coated with a layer of silver. ==Transition Metals as Catalysts== The ability of transition metals to form more than one stable oxidation state means that they can accept and lose electrons easily. This enables them to catalyse certain redox reactions. They can be readily oxidised and reduced again, or reduced and then oxidised again, as a consequence of having a number of different oxidation states of similar stability. They can behave either as homogeneous catalysts or as heterogeneous catalysts. === How a catalyst works === A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a reaction with itself being chemically unchanged at the end. A catalyst lowers the activation energy for the reaction by providing an alternative route. An extra step is introduced. Because the activation energy is lower, more particles have enough energy to react when they collide and so the fraction of successful collisions is higher. === Homogeneous catalysis === A homogeneous catalyst is a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants. Homogeneous catalysis involves aqueous transition metal ions catalysing reactions, often between two anions. The cation reacts with each anion in turn, thus avoiding the need for a direct collision between two anions (this is difficult since they repel each other). Example 1: :S₂O₈^2-(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 SO₄^2-(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) This reaction can be catalysed by Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ ions: With Fe²⁺: :S₂O₈^2–(aq) + 2 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 SO₄^2–(aq) + 2 Fe³⁺(aq) :2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 Fe²⁺(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) With Fe³⁺: :2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 Fe²⁺(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) :2 Fe²⁺(aq) + S₂O₈^2-(aq) → 2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 SO₄^2-(aq) Example 2: :2 MnO₄^-(aq) + 5 C₂O₄^2-(aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 10 CO₂(g) + 8 H₂O(l) This is a good example of auto-catalysis: One of the products in this reaction, Mn²⁺(aq), behaves as a catalyst and thus the reaction is slow at first but is much faster after a little of the products are formed. === Heterogeneous catalysis === Heterogeneous catalysts react by allowing the reactant molecules to bond to the surface of the metal, usually by attracting the surface electrons. The reaction takes place at the surface, and the transition metal regains electrons as the products leave. The reaction is catalysed because the reactant molecules spend more time in contact with each other than they would in the absence of a catalyst. E.g. hydrogenation of ethene ==== Physical adsorption and chemisorption ==== The molecules usually bond to the surface of the metal using intermolecular forces such as Van der Waal’s forces. This is known as physical adsorption. Sometimes they actually form a covalent bond with the metal. This is known as chemisorption. An ideal heterogeneous catalyst adsorbs fairly strongly but not too strongly. If it adsorbs too weakly (like silver) the reactant molecules do not spend enough time in contact with each other. If they adsorb too strongly (like tungsten) the products do not leave the metal surface quickly enough and this slows the reaction down. The most useful catalysts are those which adsorb moderately. As the strength of absorption tends to decrease from left to right along the Periodic Table, the most effective catalysts tend to be the transition metals in the middle, like V, Fe and Ni. ==== Examples of heterogeneous catalysts ==== Examples of heterogenous catalysts are; Fe in the production of ammonia, V2O5 in the contact process and Pt or Ni in the hydrogenation of ethene. i) N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g) ⇌ 2 NH₃(g) Fe catalyst ii) 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2 SO₃(g) V₂O₅ catalyst iii) C₂H₄(g) + H₂(g) ⇌ C₂H₆(g) Pt/Ni catalyst iv) 2 CO(g) + 2 NO(g) ⇌ N₂(g) + 2 CO₂(g) Rh catalyst The catalytic converter converts toxic carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide to non-toxic carbon dioxide and nitrogen. ==== Surface area ==== The catalyst needs to have a large surface area to be effective. This means it needs to be very thinly spread out, and might need a special support. Catalytic converters in cars use rhodium (Rh) on a special ceramic support ==== Catalyst poisoning ==== Heterogeneous catalysts can be poisoned by impurities, which are often present in the raw materials used. These impurities bond very strongly to the catalyst surface and block it. The activity of iron in the Haber process is reduced by sulfur, present in iron as an impurity so it is essential that as much sulfur as possible is removed during the Basic Oxygen Process. The efficiency of catalytic converters in cars is reduced by lead, which bonds permanently to the rhodium surface. This has lead to the increased use of unleaded petrol. == Redox Chemistry of Some Transition Elements == Since transition metals show a variety of transition states in their compounds, much of their chemistry is dominated by movement between these transition states. When the oxidation state changes, the colour changes as the electron distribution in the d-orbitals is different. The colour is also affected by the ligands involved, as the type of ligand affects the amount of splitting in the d-orbitals. === Iron === Iron exists in two common oxidation states, +2 (Fe²⁺) and +3 (Fe³⁺). In aqueous solution, the Fe is readily oxidised from Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺: : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- The Fe²⁺ ion is thus a reducing agent. Concentrations of Fe³⁺ in solution can be determined by titration with oxidising agents. === Manganese === Manganese can exist in a number of oxidation states, but is most stable in an oxidation state of +2, +4 or +7 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +7 ! +4 ! +2 |- | Colour: | purple | brown or black | pale pink |- | Ion/compound: | MnO₄^- | MnO₂ | Mn²⁺ |- |} [[File:Potassium permanganate solutions 1.JPG|thumb|centre|300px|Potassium manganate(VII) solutions with concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 300 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3.]] [[File:Manganese(II)-sulfate-photo.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Manganese(II) sulfate is a pale pink colour, even in its pure form.]] In the +7 oxidation state it exists as the intense purple ion MnO₄^-. This can be reduced to the pale pink Mn²⁺ by Fe²⁺ in acidic solution: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 e_- → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- Overall: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 Fe²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 5 Fe³⁺(aq) In titrations, excess MnO₄^- can oxidise Mn²⁺ to form MnO₂: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 3 e^- → MnO₂(s) + 2 H₂O(l) : Mn²⁺(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall: : 2 MnO₄^-(aq) + 3 Mn²⁺(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → 5 MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺(aq) === Chromium === Chromium forms stable ions in three different oxidation states, +2, +3 and +6. In aqueous solutions, the ions formed are: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +6 ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | orange | green or blue | blue |- | Ion: | Cr₂O₇^2- | Cr³⁺ | Cr²⁺ |- |} The actual formula of the +2 and +3 complex ions depends on the acid used (Cl^- and SO₄^2- will also behave as ligands). {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Chrom(III)-sulfatlösung.jpg | Aqueous chromium(III) sulfate solution. | File:Chromium(III) chloride solutions 2.JPG | Aqueous chromium(III) chloride solution at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 3, 6, 10, 25 and 50 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3. | File:Chrom(III)-hydroxid.jpg | Chromium(III) hydroxide. }} In aqueous alkaline solutions, the ions formed are: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +6 ! +3 |- | Colour: | yellow | green |- | Ion: | CrO₄^2- | [Cr(OH)₄]^- |- |} The +6 chromium complexes can be readily interconverted using acid and alkali: 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 2 H⁺(aq) → Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + H₂O(l) Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 2 OH^-(aq) → 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + H₂O(l) ==== In acidic solution ==== All chromium(VI) compounds can be reduced to the +3 and then the +2 oxidation state by strong reducing agents such as zinc in acid solution. The chromium is first reduced to the +3 oxidation state: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- ⇌ 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) : Zn(s) ⇌ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall : : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 3 Zn(s) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 3 Zn²⁺(aq) It is then further reduced: : Cr³⁺(aq) + e^- ⇌ Cr²⁺(aq) : Zn(s) ⇌ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall: : Zn(s) + 2 Cr³⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 Cr²⁺(aq) The colour change observed on adding zinc in acid solution to dichromate ions is orange (Cr₂O₇^2-) to green (Cr³⁺) to blue (Cr²⁺). Other, milder reducing agents will reduce the +6 oxidation state to +3 but no further. Fe²⁺ is an important example: : Fe²⁺(aq) ⇌ Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- Overall: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 6 Fe³⁺(aq) This reaction can be used in titrations to determine the concentration of Fe²⁺ ions in a sample. ==== In alkaline solution ==== [[File:Chromate dichromate equilibrium.png|thumb|300px|centre|Orange dichromate(VI) is converted to yellow chromate(VI) by addition of alkali.]] In alkaline solution, it is possible to oxidise the +3 oxidation state to the +6 oxidation state. The chromium ion forms the [Cr(OH)₄]^- complex in alkaline conditions. This complex can be oxidised to the +6 oxidation state by adding H₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide, which is a reducing agent in acidic solution, is an oxidising agent in alkaline solution. : [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) ⇌ CrO₄^2-(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 3 e^- : H₂O(l) + HO₂^-(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 3 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 2 [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 3 HO₂^-(aq) ⇌ 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 5 H₂O(l) + OH^-(aq) The green [Cr(OH)₄]^- ion is oxidised to the yellow CrO₄^2- ion in alkaline solution. The relative tendency of species to undergo oxidation and reduction often depends dramatically on the pH of the solution. The interconversion of the chromium(III) and chromium(VI) oxidation states is an important example. In general, oxidation is favoured by alkaline conditions and reduction is favoured by acidic conditions. Alkaline conditions: : CrO₄^2-(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 3 e^- ⇌ [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) -0.13 V : H₂O(l) + HO₂^-(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 3 OH^-(aq) +0.88 V : 2 [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 3 HO₂^-(aq) ⇌ 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 5 H₂O(l) + OH^-(aq) +1.01 V Acidic conditions: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- ⇌ 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) +1.33 V : 2 H⁺ + H₂O₂(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 2 H₂O(l) +1.78 V : 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) + 3 H₂O₂(aq) ⇌ Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) +0.45 V === Cobalt === Cobalt exists in two stable oxidation states, +2 and +3 In acidic or neutral solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | yellow | pink |- | Ion: | Co³⁺ | Co²⁺ |- |} [[File:Cobalt(II) chloride solutions.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Cobalt(II) chloride solutions with concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol dm^-3. The pink colour of the [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ complex dominates and only at high concentrations do we begin to see any hint of the blue [CoCl₄]^2- complex.]] [[File:Cobalt(II) Chloride Hexahydrate in Acetone.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Cobalt(II) chloride in propanone shows the blue colour of the [CoCl₄]^2- complex.]] In alkaline solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | brown | blue |- | Compound: | Co(OH)₃ | Co(OH)₂ |- |} In ammonia solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | brown | straw |- | Ion: | [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ | [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ |- |} The colours of these complexes are not easy to identify as they change colour readily depending on the concentration of the various species in solution. The ease of oxidation of cobalt from +2 to +3 depends on the ligand and the pH: * It is extremely difficult to oxidise cobalt from +2 to +3 in acidic solution. * It is easier to oxidise Co²⁺ in alkaline solution using hydrogen peroxide. The blue Co(OH)₂ is oxidised to brown Co(OH)₃: : Co(OH)₂(s) + OH^-(aq) ⇌ Co(OH)₃(s) + e^- : H₂O₂(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 2 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 2 Co(OH)₂(s) + H₂O₂(aq) → 2 Co(OH)₃(s) * In ammoniacal solution it is very easy to oxidise Co²⁺, and it is oxidised when left to stand in air. The straw-coloured [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ is oxidised to the brown-coloured [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ (the solution gets darker): : [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) ⇌ [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺(aq) + e^- : O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) + 4 e^- → 4 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 4 [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) + O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) → 4 [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) == Redox Titrations Involving Transition Metals == Oxidising agents in aqueous solution can be determined by titrating against standard solutions of reducing agents. Reducing agents in aqueous solution can be determined by titrating against standard solutions of oxidising agents. In the laboratory, there are two important reagents involving transition metals that are used in these titrations: potassium manganate(VII), KMnO₄, and potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇. The procedures and principles involved in these titrations will be considered in turn: === Potassium manganate(VII) (KMnO₄) titrations. === The MnO₄^- ion is a powerful oxidising agent: MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 e^- → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) It can therefore be used to determine reducing agents. The most important principles involved in titrations involving KMnO₄ are: The colour change associated with the above reduction is: MnO₄^- (intense purple) → Mn²⁺ (colourless) The colour change is so intense that no indicator is required for the reaction. The KMnO₄ solution is generally placed in the burette. This causes two problems: * The intense colour of KMnO₄ means that it is very difficult to see the graduation marks on the burette, and so it is difficult to read accurately. * The KMnO₄ reacts slightly with the glass, causing a slight stain if the burette is used too often. The reason the KMnO₄ is placed in the burette is as follows: As the KMnO₄ is added to the solution under investigation, it is immediately decolorised by the reducing agent. The end-point is detected by the failure of the purple colour to disappear - a pink colour persists in the conical flask, indicating that the MnO₄^- ions are no longer being reduced. This permanent pink colour is easily detected. If the KMnO₄ were in the conical flask, it would slowly decolorise until the solution became completely colourless. The gradual disappearance of the pink colour is much harder to detect than the sudden appearance of the pink colour, and for this reason the KMnO₄ is always placed in the burette, despite the difficulties it presents in reading the burette. c) Since the MnO₄^- ion is only an effective oxidising agent in acidic medium, it is necessary to add excess acid to the conical flask before carrying out the titration. Sulfuric acid is generally used for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid should not be used since it is a reducing agent and will react with the MnO₄^- before the MnO₄^- can react with the reducing agent under investigation: 2 MnO₄^- (aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 10 Cl^- → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l) + 5 Cl₂(g) Common examples of reducing agents which are determined using KMnO₄ are Fe²⁺(aq) and C₂O₄^2-(aq) : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- : MnO₄^- (aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 Fe²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 5 Fe³⁺(aq) : C₂O₄^2-(aq) → 2 CO₂(g) + 2 e^- : 2 MnO₄^- (aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 5 C₂O₄^2-(aq) → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l) + 10 CO₂(g) === Dichromate(VI) (Cr₂O₇^2-) titrations === Dichromate (VI) is also a good oxidising agent in acidic medium: Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) It can therefore be used to determine reducing agents. The most important principles of dichromate(VI) titrations are: a) The colour change associated with this titration is orange → green. The colours are not, however, as intense as with the manganate(VII) titration and an indicator is needed. DiPhenylAmineSulfonate is used. It turns from colourless to purple at the end-point. b) The dichromate(VI) is always placed in the burette as it is easier to see the appearance of the purple colour than its disappearance. c) As with manganate(VII), care must be taken as to which acid to use. Sulfuric acid should be used as chloride ions could interfere with the titration. Fe²⁺(aq) is the reducing agent most commonly determined by titration with potassium dichromate(VI). : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 6 Fe³⁺(aq) {{BookCat}} fgpyri286usesl8a3gna68c6yll9jd4 4678994 4678993 2026-10-30T10:27:36Z Ewen 19329 /* Physical adsorption and chemisorption */ 4678994 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== If we define the outer shell as shell ''n'', then a d-block element has no p-electrons in shell ''n'' but at least one d-electron in shell (''n''-1). WJEC define a transition element as one capable of "forming an ion with partially filled d-orbitals". This excludes Sc and Zn. IUPAC include elements which have ions ''or atoms'' with partially filled d orbitals, which adds Sc to the definition. === Electronic configuration === The outer electronic configuration of elements in the first row of the d-block is as follows: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Atom ! 4s ! ! ! 3d ! ! |- | Sc [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | | | | |- | Ti [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | | | |- | V [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Cr [Ar] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Mn [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Fe [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Co [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Ni [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Cu [Ar] | ↑ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |- | Zn [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |- |} Note the unusual structures of chromium and copper. The 4s and 3d subshells are very similar in energy and therefore it is easy to promote electrons from the 4s into the 3d orbitals. In chromium the 4s¹ 3d⁵ structure is adopted because the repulsion between two paired electrons in the 4s orbital is more than the energy difference between the 4s and 3d subshells. It is thus more stable to have unpaired electrons in the higher energy 3d orbital than paired electrons in the lower energy 4s orbital. In copper and zinc the 3d subshell is actually lower in energy than the 4s subshell. The 3d orbitals are thus filled before the 4s orbital. Thus copper adopts a 4s¹ 3d¹⁰ configuration. In all '''ions''' of d-block elements, the 3d subshell is lower in energy than the 4s subshell so the 4s electrons are always removed first. 3d electrons are only removed after all 4s electrons have been removed. Some examples of electronic configurations of transition metal ions are shown below: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Ion ! 4s ! ! ! 3d ! ! |- | V²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Cr³⁺ [Ar] | | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Fe²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Cu²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |- | Cu²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |- |} === Oxidation states === The oxidation state formed by an element in its compounds is determined by the maximum number of electrons it can lose without requiring so much energy to remove the electrons that the energy cannot be recovered in bonding. s-block elements only form one stable oxidation state in their compounds. They lose all their valence electrons easily but cannot lose any more electrons since there is a large amount of energy required to remove the electrons from the inner shell. This jump in energy is best shown graphically: [[File:Ei Na.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of sodium plotted on log scale]] [[File:Ei Mg.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of magnesium plotted on log scale]] Na always adopts the +1 oxidation state in its compounds because there is a large jump between the first and the second ionisation energies. Mg always adopts the +2 oxidation state in its compounds because there is a small jump between the first and the second ionisation energies but a very large jump between the second and third ionisation energies. In the d-block elements, however, there are often a large number of valence electrons and removing them all would require so much energy that it would be unfeasible. It is usually only possible to remove some of the valence electrons. All d-block elements can give up their 4s electrons fairly easily but the d-electrons are harder to remove. Moreover, since the successive ionisation energies of d-electrons increase steadily, it is difficult to predict how many can be lost. This effect can be shown graphically by considering the successive ionisation energies of an element such as manganese: [[File:Ei Mn.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of manganese plotted on log scale]] The ionisation energies increase steadily after the removal of the 4s electrons. It turns out that the energy required to remove the 3d electrons is sometimes recovered in bonding, but not always. The number of 3d electrons removed thus varies from compound to compound d-block metals are thus able to adopt a variety of oxidation states. The oxidation states most commonly formed by the first-row d-block elements are as follows: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Atom ! +1 ! +2 ! +3 ! +4 ! +5 ! +6 ! +7 |- | Sc | | | +3 (d⁰) | | | | |- | Ti | | | +3 (d¹) | +4 (d⁰) | | | |- | V | | +2 (d³) | +3 (d²) | +4 (d¹) | +5 (d⁰) | | |- | Cr | | | +3 (d³) | | | +6 (d⁰) | |- | Mn | | +2 (d⁵) | +3 (d⁴) | +4 (d³) | | +6 (d¹) | +7 (d⁰) |- | Fe | | +2 (d⁶) | +3 (d⁵) | | | | |- | Co | | +2 (d⁷) | +3 (d⁶) | | | | |- | Ni | | +2 (d⁸) | | | | | |- | Cu | +1 (d¹⁰) | +2 (d⁹) | | | | | |- | Zn | | +2 (d¹⁰) | | | | | |- |} It is sometimes possible to remove all 3d electrons to form a d⁰ configuration. However for elements beyond manganese it is unusual to find an oxidation state containing fewer than 5 3d electrons. The d⁵ configuration is quite stable because paired d-electrons can be removed to reach d⁵ but unpaired electrons must be removed to reach d⁴. Unpaired electrons are harder to remove because there is less repulsion between the electrons. Note that scandium only forms +3 ions (d⁰). This is because the low effective nuclear charge on scandium enables all three valence electrons to be removed fairly easily. Note also that zinc only forms +2 ions (d¹⁰). This is because the high effective nuclear charge on zinc prevents any 3d electrons from being removed. All the other elements form at least one stable ion with partially filled d-orbitals, and it is this property which defines a transition metal. '''A transition metal is a metal which forms at least one stable ion with partially filled d-orbitals.''' Since zinc and scandium do not share this property, they are not transition metals, and indeed do not show many of the properties generally attributed to transition metals. They are however still classified as d-block elements. The first row d-block elements which are also transition metals are therefore titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. Some definitions of transition metals includes ''atoms'' with partially filled d orbitals, which adds scandium to the set. ==Complex Ions== A complex ion is an ion comprising one or more ligands attached to a central metal cation by means of a dative covalent bond. A ligand is a species which can use its lone pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond with a transition metal. Examples of ligands are H₂O:, :NH₃, :Cl^-, :OH^-, :CN^-, Cations which form complex ions must have two features: - they must have a high charge density, and thus be able to attract electrons from ligands. - they must have empty orbitals of low energy, so that they can accept the lone pair of electrons from the ligands. Cations of d-block metals are small, have a high charge and have available empty 3d and 4s orbitals of low energy. They thus form complex ions readily. The number of lone pairs of electrons which a cation can accept is known as the coordination number of the cation. It depends on the size and electronic configuration of that cation, and also on the size and charge of the ligand. 6 is the most common coordination number, although 4 and 2 are also known. Examples of complex ions are [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺, [CoCl₄]^2-, [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺. Note that the formula of the ion is always written inside square brackets with the overall charge written outside the brackets. ===Shapes of complex ions=== 6-coordinate complexes are all octahedral, and are formed with small ligands such as H₂O and NH₃. Examples: [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺; [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺; [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺ They can be drawn as shown below: {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Hexaaquacopper (ii).png | HexaAquaCopper(II) ions are octahedral | File:Tetrachlorocuprate (ii).png | TetraChloroCuprate(II) ions are tetrahedral }} 4-coordinate complexes are generally tetrahedral, and are formed with larger ligands such as Cl^-. Larger ligands cannot fit around the transition metal so easily and hence form smaller complexes. They can be drawn as shown above. Examples: [CoCl₄]^2-; [CuCl₄]^2- 2-coordinate complexes are in general linear, and are formed with Ag⁺ ions. They can be drawn as follows: [[File:Silver(I) diammine cation ion structure.png|frameless|upright=0.5|centre|DiAmmineSilver(I) cation structure]] The rules covering the likely coordination number of transition metal complexes are: a) Silver ions form linear complexes with a coordination number of 2; b) Chloride ions and other large ions form tetrahedral complexes with a coordination number of 4; c) Most other transition metal complexes are octahedral with a coordination number of 6. ===Representation of metal salts=== When metal ions are in solution, they are usually represented as the simple ion, such as Fe²⁺(aq), Co²⁺(aq), Cr³⁺(aq) or Fe²⁺(aq). This is, however, a simplified representation as all d-block cations and many other cations with high polarising power exist as the hexaaqua complex, e.g. [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺. Examples: :FeSO₄(aq) consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and SO₄^2- ions :Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ and SO₄^2- ions :CuCl₂(aq) consists of [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and Cl^- ions Many complex ions exist in the solid state. In these cases the ligands are often written after the rest of the compound, separated by a dot: Examples: :[Fe(H₂O)₆]SO₄(s) is generally written FeSO₄·6H₂O(s) :[Cr(H₂O)₆]Cl₃(s) is generally written CrCl₃·6H₂O(s) The dot does not always, however, mean that there are ligands present; some salts contain water of crystallisation, where the water is not a ligand but a link between the ions. Examples: :In Na₂CO₃·10H₂O, the water molecules are not behaving as ligands, but as water molecules of crystallisation. :In CuSO₄·5H₂O, four of the water molecules are behaving as ligands, and the fifth as a water molecule of crystallisation: [Cu(H₂O)₄]SO₄·H₂O === Chemical properties of complex ions === ==== Polarising Power ==== The effect of ligands in a complex ion is to significantly stabilise the metal cation by increasing its size and hence reducing its polarising power. Many compounds which are covalent in the anhydrous state are actually ionic in the hydrated state: Examples: :FeCl₃(s) is covalent but FeCl₃·6H₂O(s) is ionic. :AlCl₃(s) is covalent but AlCl₃·6H₂O(s) is ionic. ====Precipitation reactions==== The properties of anions are also changed if they are behaving as ligands in a complex ion. In particular, they are much less readily precipitated by cations. For example, AgNO₃(aq) will form a precipitate of AgCl if added to a solution of copper(II) chloride, [Cu(H₂O)₄]Cl₂ but not from sodium tetrachlorocobaltate(II), Na₂[CoCl₄]. BaCl₂(aq) will form a precipitate of BaSO₄ if added to a solution of [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]SO₄ but not with [Cr(H₂O)₅SO₄]Cl. ==== Heating ==== The properties of molecules also changes if they are behaving as ligands. In particular, they are much less readily removed by heating. For example, Na₂CO₃·10H₂O(s) can be dehydrated to Na₂CO₃(s) by gentle heating at 50 °C. FeSO₄·6H₂O(s), however, can only be dehydrated to FeSO₄(s) by strong heating at 150 °C, since the water is strongly bonded to the Fe²⁺ as a ligand. CuSO₄·5H₂O(s) can be dehydrated to CuSO₄·4H₂O(s) by gentle heating at 50 °C, and to CuSO₄ by strong heating at 100 °C. One of the water molecules is a molecule of crystallisation but the others are ligands. === Multidentate ligands === Some ligands are capable of forming more than one dative covalent bond per ligand. Examples are ethanedioate (C₂O₄^2-) and 1,2-diaminoethane (H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂), both of which donate two lone pairs per ligand and are said to be bidentate. 1,2-diaminoethane is written as (en) in the formula. One unusual ligand, EDTA^4- ((HOOCCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂N(CH₂COOH)₂) can form 6 dative covalent bonds per ligand. It is thus said to be hexadentate. EDTA is written as (edta) in formulae. Ligands such as H₂O, Cl^- and CN^- form only one dative covalent bond per ligand and are said to be unidentate. With polydentate ligands it often appears that the coordination number of the complex is 1 or 3, when in fact the coordination number is 6 as normal - it is just that each ligand is bonded twice. Some examples of these complex ions are shown below: [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3- [Cr(en)₃]³⁺ [Cu(edta)]^2- Multidentate ligands are very effective at binding to cations and can effectively stop them from reacting with anything else. Ethanedioate is toxic because it binds to Ca²⁺ ions. Other multidentate ligands are used in "chelation therapy" to remove toxic heavy metals if a patient has ingested them. ===Colour in Transition Metal Complexes=== [[File:Coloured-transition-metal-solutions.jpg|800px]] ''Above: Aqueous solutions of (left to right): cobalt(II) nitrate, Co(NO₃)₂ (red); potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇ (orange); potassium chromate, K₂CrO₄ (yellow); nickel(II) chloride, NiCl₂ (green); copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄ (blue); potassium permanganate, KMnO₄ (violet).'' [[w:Transition metals|Transition metals]] form complex ions – the metal binds to small molecules or anions called ligands. The ligands allow the electrons of the metal ion to enter an excited state if the electrons absorb a photon of visible light. When a cation forms a complex ion, the incoming ligands repel the electrons in the atom, and thus they are raised in energy. Some of the d-orbitals, however, are repelled more than others and the result is that the d-orbitals are split into 2 groups of orbitals, with three orbitals being slightly lower in energy than the other two. The difference in energy between these groups of orbitals is similar to the energy of visible light. The energy of the light is related to the frequency of the light by the equation ''E'' = ''hf''. If these d-orbitals are partially filled, some of the electrons in the lower energy orbitals are excited into the higher energy orbitals, and in doing so absorb the light that corresponds to that frequency. The resultant light is deficient in the light of that frequency and thus appears coloured. So, transition metal ions are coloured because d-electrons can absorb light and get excited into higher energy d-orbitals. The resultant light is thus missing certain frequencies and is hence coloured. {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Hexaaquacopper (ii).png | HexaAquaCopper(II) ions are octahedral | File:Tetrachlorocuprate (ii).png | TetraChloroCuprate(II) ions are tetrahedral }} [[File:Copper(II) chloride solutions.JPG|thumb|400px|centre|Copper(II) chloride solutions with concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol dm^-3. The dilute solutions are blue [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ whereas the concentrated solutions are green [CuCl₄]^2-.]] [[File:Cu(NH3)4(OH)2.png|thumb|250px|centre|Addition of excess ammonia to copper(II) solutions gives the TetraAmmineDiAquaCopper(II) ion [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺]. Replacing the original H₂O ligands with NH₃ produces the intense blue colour.]] The partially-occupied d-orbitals of transition metal compounds are important in giving colour to transition metal complexes. See diagram (which could represent V²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, etc.): [[Image:Ligand field splitting.png|centre|400px]] ①. In an uncomplexed ion, all the d-orbitals have the same energy. ②. When ligands surround the ion, the negative charges of the ligands make the d-orbitals less stable (higher energy). ③. Critically, the ligands will come closer to some d-orbitals than to others. Typically, two or three of the orbitals will be destabilised more than the remainder. An electron in one of the lower d-orbitals can acquire the energy to be excited into a higher d-orbital: [[Image:Excitation in TM complex.png|centre|400px]] This mechanism allows transition metal complexes to absorb photons of visible light. Note that two criteria must be satisfied if the ion is to be coloured: * there must be a splitting of the d-orbitals. This only happens in the presence of ligands and thus only complex ions are coloured. Anhydrous ions do not have split d-orbitals and so cannot absorb light in the visible spectrum and are thus white. E.g. anhydrous CuSO₄ (d⁹) is white but hydrated CuSO₄.5H₂O is blue. * the d-orbitals must be partially filled. If the d-orbitals are empty (E.g. Sc³⁺, Al³⁺) then there are no electrons which can be excited into the higher energy d-orbitals and the ions will be colourless. If the d-orbitals are full (E.g. Cu⁺, Zn²⁺) then there are no empty orbitals into which the electrons can be excited and the ions will be colourless. d⁰ and d¹⁰ compounds ''can'' be coloured, but the mechanism (charge-transfer) is beyond the A-level specification. Examples: Cu₂O, MnO₄^-, Cr₂O₇^2- [[File:BenedicT.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Using Benedict's Reagent to test for aldehydes: The blue copper(II) citrate ([CuC₆H₅O₇]^–, left) is converted to red precipitate of copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O, right). The intermediate colours are mixtures of copper(II) and copper(I)oxide.]] ==== Use of colour in analysis of complex ions ==== The colour of a complex ion depends on: * the ligand * the coordination number * the oxidation state of the metal * the identity of the metal As transition metal ions can show a huge variety of colours, it is often possible to identify a complex ion simply by its colour. It is also possible to determine the concentration of a solution containing a coloured ion using a technique called ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry ("UV-Vis"). As the absorbance of a solution is proportional to its concentration, the concentration of any solution can be determined by comparing its absorbance to the absorbance of a solution of known concentration. The technique can be summarised as follows: a) A solution containing a known concentration of the ion is prepared, and a suitable ligand is added in excess in order to intensify the colour (thiocyanate ions, SCN^-, are often used for this purpose). b) A sample of the solution is placed into a cuvette in a colorimeter and the filter which gives the maximum absorbance is selected. c) The absorbance of the solution is recorded. d) This process is repeated using a range of other known concentrations, and a graph is plotted of absorbance against concentration. d) The solution of unknown concentration is mixed with an excess of the same ligand to intensify the colour. e) The absorbance of the solution of unknown concentration is then recorded using the same filter. f) The concentration of this solution can then be determined from the concentration-absorbance graph. === Other applications of transition metal complexes === ==== Haemoglobin ==== Another important complex ion involving multidentate ligands is haemoglobin. Haem is a complex ion consisting Fe²⁺ and a complex tetradentate ligand called porphyrin. The complex is generally found with a protein called globin, which provides the fifth coordinate bond, and a molecule of oxygen which forms the sixth bond. The complete six coordinate complex is called haemoglobin. This structure is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood throughout the human body. Fe²⁺ + porphyrin → haem haem + globin + O₂ → haemoglobin Carbon monoxide is a similar size and shape to oxygen and forms a much stronger bond with the iron. It thus displaces the oxygen from the complex and reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. It is thus a very poisonous gas. ==== cisplatin ==== The square planar complex cisplatin has the following structure: It kills cancerous cells and now widely used in cancer treatment. ==== Tests for aldehydes and halide ions ==== DiAmmineSilver(I) has the formula [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ and is the active ion in Tollens' reagent. It is reduced to silver by reducing sugars and aldehydes (but not ketones). It produces a characteristic silver mirror on the side of the test-tube and this is used as the basis of the test for aldehydes. It is also formed in the test for halide ions in solution. The silver halides are insoluble in water but AgCl and AgBr will dissolve in ammonia due to the formation of the DiAmmineSilver(I) complex: AgCl(s) + 2 NH₃(dilute) → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq) AgBr(s) + 2 NH₃(conc) → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq) + Br^-(aq) ==== photography ==== Silver bromide, AgBr, is the substance on photographic film. In the presence of light, it decomposes into silver and bromine: 2 AgBr → 2 Ag(s) + Br₂(l). The unreacted AgBr is removed when sodium thiosulfate is added. This forms a complex with the AgBr and washes it off the film, leaving only the silver metal on the film. The result is the negative image. AgBr(s) + 2 S₂O₃^2-(aq) → [Ag(S₂O₃)₂]^3-(aq) + Br^-(aq) ==== Electroplating ==== Metals such as silver and gold generally occur native, but in very impure form. They can be extracted using cyanide ions which form stable complexes with silver and gold. The Ag is oxidised to Ag⁺ and then complexed as [Ag(CN)₂]^-. This complex is widely used in electroplating. To coat another object with silver, place the metal object to be coated at the cathode and use [Ag(CN)₂]^- as the electrolyte. The complex breaks up, Ag+ ions move to the cathode and the object is coated with a layer of silver. ==Transition Metals as Catalysts== The ability of transition metals to form more than one stable oxidation state means that they can accept and lose electrons easily. This enables them to catalyse certain redox reactions. They can be readily oxidised and reduced again, or reduced and then oxidised again, as a consequence of having a number of different oxidation states of similar stability. They can behave either as homogeneous catalysts or as heterogeneous catalysts. === How a catalyst works === A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a reaction with itself being chemically unchanged at the end. A catalyst lowers the activation energy for the reaction by providing an alternative route. An extra step is introduced. Because the activation energy is lower, more particles have enough energy to react when they collide and so the fraction of successful collisions is higher. === Homogeneous catalysis === A homogeneous catalyst is a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants. Homogeneous catalysis involves aqueous transition metal ions catalysing reactions, often between two anions. The cation reacts with each anion in turn, thus avoiding the need for a direct collision between two anions (this is difficult since they repel each other). Example 1: :S₂O₈^2-(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 SO₄^2-(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) This reaction can be catalysed by Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ ions: With Fe²⁺: :S₂O₈^2–(aq) + 2 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 SO₄^2–(aq) + 2 Fe³⁺(aq) :2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 Fe²⁺(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) With Fe³⁺: :2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 Fe²⁺(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) :2 Fe²⁺(aq) + S₂O₈^2-(aq) → 2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 SO₄^2-(aq) Example 2: :2 MnO₄^-(aq) + 5 C₂O₄^2-(aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 10 CO₂(g) + 8 H₂O(l) This is a good example of auto-catalysis: One of the products in this reaction, Mn²⁺(aq), behaves as a catalyst and thus the reaction is slow at first but is much faster after a little of the products are formed. === Heterogeneous catalysis === Heterogeneous catalysts react by allowing the reactant molecules to bond to the surface of the metal, usually by attracting the surface electrons. The reaction takes place at the surface, and the transition metal regains electrons as the products leave. The reaction is catalysed because the reactant molecules spend more time in contact with each other than they would in the absence of a catalyst. E.g. hydrogenation of ethene ==== Physical adsorption and chemisorption ==== The molecules usually bond to the surface of the metal using intermolecular forces such as van der Waals forces. This is known as physical adsorption. Sometimes they actually form a covalent bond with the metal. This is known as chemisorption. An ideal heterogeneous catalyst adsorbs fairly strongly but not too strongly. If it adsorbs too weakly (like silver) the reactant molecules do not spend enough time in contact with each other. If they adsorb too strongly (like tungsten) the products do not leave the metal surface quickly enough and this slows the reaction down. The most useful catalysts are those which adsorb moderately. As the strength of adsorption tends to decrease from left to right along the Periodic Table, the most effective catalysts tend to be the transition metals in the middle, like V, Fe and Ni. ==== Examples of heterogeneous catalysts ==== Examples of heterogenous catalysts are; Fe in the production of ammonia, V2O5 in the contact process and Pt or Ni in the hydrogenation of ethene. i) N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g) ⇌ 2 NH₃(g) Fe catalyst ii) 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2 SO₃(g) V₂O₅ catalyst iii) C₂H₄(g) + H₂(g) ⇌ C₂H₆(g) Pt/Ni catalyst iv) 2 CO(g) + 2 NO(g) ⇌ N₂(g) + 2 CO₂(g) Rh catalyst The catalytic converter converts toxic carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide to non-toxic carbon dioxide and nitrogen. ==== Surface area ==== The catalyst needs to have a large surface area to be effective. This means it needs to be very thinly spread out, and might need a special support. Catalytic converters in cars use rhodium (Rh) on a special ceramic support ==== Catalyst poisoning ==== Heterogeneous catalysts can be poisoned by impurities, which are often present in the raw materials used. These impurities bond very strongly to the catalyst surface and block it. The activity of iron in the Haber process is reduced by sulfur, present in iron as an impurity so it is essential that as much sulfur as possible is removed during the Basic Oxygen Process. The efficiency of catalytic converters in cars is reduced by lead, which bonds permanently to the rhodium surface. This has lead to the increased use of unleaded petrol. == Redox Chemistry of Some Transition Elements == Since transition metals show a variety of transition states in their compounds, much of their chemistry is dominated by movement between these transition states. When the oxidation state changes, the colour changes as the electron distribution in the d-orbitals is different. The colour is also affected by the ligands involved, as the type of ligand affects the amount of splitting in the d-orbitals. === Iron === Iron exists in two common oxidation states, +2 (Fe²⁺) and +3 (Fe³⁺). In aqueous solution, the Fe is readily oxidised from Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺: : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- The Fe²⁺ ion is thus a reducing agent. Concentrations of Fe³⁺ in solution can be determined by titration with oxidising agents. === Manganese === Manganese can exist in a number of oxidation states, but is most stable in an oxidation state of +2, +4 or +7 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +7 ! +4 ! +2 |- | Colour: | purple | brown or black | pale pink |- | Ion/compound: | MnO₄^- | MnO₂ | Mn²⁺ |- |} [[File:Potassium permanganate solutions 1.JPG|thumb|centre|300px|Potassium manganate(VII) solutions with concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 300 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3.]] [[File:Manganese(II)-sulfate-photo.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Manganese(II) sulfate is a pale pink colour, even in its pure form.]] In the +7 oxidation state it exists as the intense purple ion MnO₄^-. This can be reduced to the pale pink Mn²⁺ by Fe²⁺ in acidic solution: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 e_- → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- Overall: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 Fe²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 5 Fe³⁺(aq) In titrations, excess MnO₄^- can oxidise Mn²⁺ to form MnO₂: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 3 e^- → MnO₂(s) + 2 H₂O(l) : Mn²⁺(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall: : 2 MnO₄^-(aq) + 3 Mn²⁺(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → 5 MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺(aq) === Chromium === Chromium forms stable ions in three different oxidation states, +2, +3 and +6. In aqueous solutions, the ions formed are: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +6 ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | orange | green or blue | blue |- | Ion: | Cr₂O₇^2- | Cr³⁺ | Cr²⁺ |- |} The actual formula of the +2 and +3 complex ions depends on the acid used (Cl^- and SO₄^2- will also behave as ligands). {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Chrom(III)-sulfatlösung.jpg | Aqueous chromium(III) sulfate solution. | File:Chromium(III) chloride solutions 2.JPG | Aqueous chromium(III) chloride solution at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 3, 6, 10, 25 and 50 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3. | File:Chrom(III)-hydroxid.jpg | Chromium(III) hydroxide. }} In aqueous alkaline solutions, the ions formed are: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +6 ! +3 |- | Colour: | yellow | green |- | Ion: | CrO₄^2- | [Cr(OH)₄]^- |- |} The +6 chromium complexes can be readily interconverted using acid and alkali: 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 2 H⁺(aq) → Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + H₂O(l) Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 2 OH^-(aq) → 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + H₂O(l) ==== In acidic solution ==== All chromium(VI) compounds can be reduced to the +3 and then the +2 oxidation state by strong reducing agents such as zinc in acid solution. The chromium is first reduced to the +3 oxidation state: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- ⇌ 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) : Zn(s) ⇌ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall : : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 3 Zn(s) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 3 Zn²⁺(aq) It is then further reduced: : Cr³⁺(aq) + e^- ⇌ Cr²⁺(aq) : Zn(s) ⇌ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall: : Zn(s) + 2 Cr³⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 Cr²⁺(aq) The colour change observed on adding zinc in acid solution to dichromate ions is orange (Cr₂O₇^2-) to green (Cr³⁺) to blue (Cr²⁺). Other, milder reducing agents will reduce the +6 oxidation state to +3 but no further. Fe²⁺ is an important example: : Fe²⁺(aq) ⇌ Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- Overall: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 6 Fe³⁺(aq) This reaction can be used in titrations to determine the concentration of Fe²⁺ ions in a sample. ==== In alkaline solution ==== [[File:Chromate dichromate equilibrium.png|thumb|300px|centre|Orange dichromate(VI) is converted to yellow chromate(VI) by addition of alkali.]] In alkaline solution, it is possible to oxidise the +3 oxidation state to the +6 oxidation state. The chromium ion forms the [Cr(OH)₄]^- complex in alkaline conditions. This complex can be oxidised to the +6 oxidation state by adding H₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide, which is a reducing agent in acidic solution, is an oxidising agent in alkaline solution. : [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) ⇌ CrO₄^2-(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 3 e^- : H₂O(l) + HO₂^-(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 3 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 2 [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 3 HO₂^-(aq) ⇌ 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 5 H₂O(l) + OH^-(aq) The green [Cr(OH)₄]^- ion is oxidised to the yellow CrO₄^2- ion in alkaline solution. The relative tendency of species to undergo oxidation and reduction often depends dramatically on the pH of the solution. The interconversion of the chromium(III) and chromium(VI) oxidation states is an important example. In general, oxidation is favoured by alkaline conditions and reduction is favoured by acidic conditions. Alkaline conditions: : CrO₄^2-(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 3 e^- ⇌ [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) -0.13 V : H₂O(l) + HO₂^-(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 3 OH^-(aq) +0.88 V : 2 [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 3 HO₂^-(aq) ⇌ 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 5 H₂O(l) + OH^-(aq) +1.01 V Acidic conditions: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- ⇌ 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) +1.33 V : 2 H⁺ + H₂O₂(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 2 H₂O(l) +1.78 V : 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) + 3 H₂O₂(aq) ⇌ Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) +0.45 V === Cobalt === Cobalt exists in two stable oxidation states, +2 and +3 In acidic or neutral solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | yellow | pink |- | Ion: | Co³⁺ | Co²⁺ |- |} [[File:Cobalt(II) chloride solutions.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Cobalt(II) chloride solutions with concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol dm^-3. The pink colour of the [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ complex dominates and only at high concentrations do we begin to see any hint of the blue [CoCl₄]^2- complex.]] [[File:Cobalt(II) Chloride Hexahydrate in Acetone.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Cobalt(II) chloride in propanone shows the blue colour of the [CoCl₄]^2- complex.]] In alkaline solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | brown | blue |- | Compound: | Co(OH)₃ | Co(OH)₂ |- |} In ammonia solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | brown | straw |- | Ion: | [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ | [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ |- |} The colours of these complexes are not easy to identify as they change colour readily depending on the concentration of the various species in solution. The ease of oxidation of cobalt from +2 to +3 depends on the ligand and the pH: * It is extremely difficult to oxidise cobalt from +2 to +3 in acidic solution. * It is easier to oxidise Co²⁺ in alkaline solution using hydrogen peroxide. The blue Co(OH)₂ is oxidised to brown Co(OH)₃: : Co(OH)₂(s) + OH^-(aq) ⇌ Co(OH)₃(s) + e^- : H₂O₂(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 2 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 2 Co(OH)₂(s) + H₂O₂(aq) → 2 Co(OH)₃(s) * In ammoniacal solution it is very easy to oxidise Co²⁺, and it is oxidised when left to stand in air. The straw-coloured [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ is oxidised to the brown-coloured [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ (the solution gets darker): : [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) ⇌ [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺(aq) + e^- : O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) + 4 e^- → 4 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 4 [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) + O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) → 4 [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) == Redox Titrations Involving Transition Metals == Oxidising agents in aqueous solution can be determined by titrating against standard solutions of reducing agents. Reducing agents in aqueous solution can be determined by titrating against standard solutions of oxidising agents. In the laboratory, there are two important reagents involving transition metals that are used in these titrations: potassium manganate(VII), KMnO₄, and potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇. The procedures and principles involved in these titrations will be considered in turn: === Potassium manganate(VII) (KMnO₄) titrations. === The MnO₄^- ion is a powerful oxidising agent: MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 e^- → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) It can therefore be used to determine reducing agents. The most important principles involved in titrations involving KMnO₄ are: The colour change associated with the above reduction is: MnO₄^- (intense purple) → Mn²⁺ (colourless) The colour change is so intense that no indicator is required for the reaction. The KMnO₄ solution is generally placed in the burette. This causes two problems: * The intense colour of KMnO₄ means that it is very difficult to see the graduation marks on the burette, and so it is difficult to read accurately. * The KMnO₄ reacts slightly with the glass, causing a slight stain if the burette is used too often. The reason the KMnO₄ is placed in the burette is as follows: As the KMnO₄ is added to the solution under investigation, it is immediately decolorised by the reducing agent. The end-point is detected by the failure of the purple colour to disappear - a pink colour persists in the conical flask, indicating that the MnO₄^- ions are no longer being reduced. This permanent pink colour is easily detected. If the KMnO₄ were in the conical flask, it would slowly decolorise until the solution became completely colourless. The gradual disappearance of the pink colour is much harder to detect than the sudden appearance of the pink colour, and for this reason the KMnO₄ is always placed in the burette, despite the difficulties it presents in reading the burette. c) Since the MnO₄^- ion is only an effective oxidising agent in acidic medium, it is necessary to add excess acid to the conical flask before carrying out the titration. Sulfuric acid is generally used for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid should not be used since it is a reducing agent and will react with the MnO₄^- before the MnO₄^- can react with the reducing agent under investigation: 2 MnO₄^- (aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 10 Cl^- → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l) + 5 Cl₂(g) Common examples of reducing agents which are determined using KMnO₄ are Fe²⁺(aq) and C₂O₄^2-(aq) : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- : MnO₄^- (aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 Fe²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 5 Fe³⁺(aq) : C₂O₄^2-(aq) → 2 CO₂(g) + 2 e^- : 2 MnO₄^- (aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 5 C₂O₄^2-(aq) → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l) + 10 CO₂(g) === Dichromate(VI) (Cr₂O₇^2-) titrations === Dichromate (VI) is also a good oxidising agent in acidic medium: Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) It can therefore be used to determine reducing agents. The most important principles of dichromate(VI) titrations are: a) The colour change associated with this titration is orange → green. The colours are not, however, as intense as with the manganate(VII) titration and an indicator is needed. DiPhenylAmineSulfonate is used. It turns from colourless to purple at the end-point. b) The dichromate(VI) is always placed in the burette as it is easier to see the appearance of the purple colour than its disappearance. c) As with manganate(VII), care must be taken as to which acid to use. Sulfuric acid should be used as chloride ions could interfere with the titration. Fe²⁺(aq) is the reducing agent most commonly determined by titration with potassium dichromate(VI). : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 6 Fe³⁺(aq) {{BookCat}} mtkhjnvdupjgr3d69n93hepwzxwlpre 4678996 4678994 2026-10-30T10:28:38Z Ewen 19329 4678996 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Introduction== If we define the outer shell as shell ''n'', then a d-block element has no p-electrons in shell ''n'' but at least one d-electron in shell (''n''-1). WJEC define a transition element as one capable of "forming an ion with partially filled d-orbitals". This excludes Sc and Zn. IUPAC include elements which have ions ''or atoms'' with partially filled d orbitals, which adds Sc to the definition. === Electronic configuration === The outer electronic configuration of elements in the first row of the d-block is as follows: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Atom ! 4s ! ! ! 3d ! ! |- | Sc [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | | | | |- | Ti [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | | | |- | V [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Cr [Ar] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Mn [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Fe [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Co [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Ni [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Cu [Ar] | ↑ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |- | Zn [Ar] | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ |- |} Note the unusual structures of chromium and copper. The 4s and 3d subshells are very similar in energy and therefore it is easy to promote electrons from the 4s into the 3d orbitals. In chromium the 4s¹ 3d⁵ structure is adopted because the repulsion between two paired electrons in the 4s orbital is more than the energy difference between the 4s and 3d subshells. It is thus more stable to have unpaired electrons in the higher energy 3d orbital than paired electrons in the lower energy 4s orbital. In copper and zinc the 3d subshell is actually lower in energy than the 4s subshell. The 3d orbitals are thus filled before the 4s orbital. Thus copper adopts a 4s¹ 3d¹⁰ configuration. In all '''ions''' of d-block elements, the 3d subshell is lower in energy than the 4s subshell so the 4s electrons are always removed first. 3d electrons are only removed after all 4s electrons have been removed. Some examples of electronic configurations of transition metal ions are shown below: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Ion ! 4s ! ! ! 3d ! ! |- | V²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Cr³⁺ [Ar] | | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | | |- | Fe²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |- | Cu²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |- | Cu²⁺ [Ar] | | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑↓ | ↑ |- |} === Oxidation states === The oxidation state formed by an element in its compounds is determined by the maximum number of electrons it can lose without requiring so much energy to remove the electrons that the energy cannot be recovered in bonding. s-block elements only form one stable oxidation state in their compounds. They lose all their valence electrons easily but cannot lose any more electrons since there is a large amount of energy required to remove the electrons from the inner shell. This jump in energy is best shown graphically: [[File:Ei Na.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of sodium plotted on log scale]] [[File:Ei Mg.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of magnesium plotted on log scale]] Na always adopts the +1 oxidation state in its compounds because there is a large jump between the first and the second ionisation energies. Mg always adopts the +2 oxidation state in its compounds because there is a small jump between the first and the second ionisation energies but a very large jump between the second and third ionisation energies. In the d-block elements, however, there are often a large number of valence electrons and removing them all would require so much energy that it would be unfeasible. It is usually only possible to remove some of the valence electrons. All d-block elements can give up their 4s electrons fairly easily but the d-electrons are harder to remove. Moreover, since the successive ionisation energies of d-electrons increase steadily, it is difficult to predict how many can be lost. This effect can be shown graphically by considering the successive ionisation energies of an element such as manganese: [[File:Ei Mn.png|thumb|upright=1.0|centre|First 8 ionisation energies of manganese plotted on log scale]] The ionisation energies increase steadily after the removal of the 4s electrons. It turns out that the energy required to remove the 3d electrons is sometimes recovered in bonding, but not always. The number of 3d electrons removed thus varies from compound to compound d-block metals are thus able to adopt a variety of oxidation states. The oxidation states most commonly formed by the first-row d-block elements are as follows: {| class="wikitable" align=centre |- ! Atom ! +1 ! +2 ! +3 ! +4 ! +5 ! +6 ! +7 |- | Sc | | | +3 (d⁰) | | | | |- | Ti | | | +3 (d¹) | +4 (d⁰) | | | |- | V | | +2 (d³) | +3 (d²) | +4 (d¹) | +5 (d⁰) | | |- | Cr | | | +3 (d³) | | | +6 (d⁰) | |- | Mn | | +2 (d⁵) | +3 (d⁴) | +4 (d³) | | +6 (d¹) | +7 (d⁰) |- | Fe | | +2 (d⁶) | +3 (d⁵) | | | | |- | Co | | +2 (d⁷) | +3 (d⁶) | | | | |- | Ni | | +2 (d⁸) | | | | | |- | Cu | +1 (d¹⁰) | +2 (d⁹) | | | | | |- | Zn | | +2 (d¹⁰) | | | | | |- |} It is sometimes possible to remove all 3d electrons to form a d⁰ configuration. However for elements beyond manganese it is unusual to find an oxidation state containing fewer than 5 3d electrons. The d⁵ configuration is quite stable because paired d-electrons can be removed to reach d⁵ but unpaired electrons must be removed to reach d⁴. Unpaired electrons are harder to remove because there is less repulsion between the electrons. Note that scandium only forms +3 ions (d⁰). This is because the low effective nuclear charge on scandium enables all three valence electrons to be removed fairly easily. Note also that zinc only forms +2 ions (d¹⁰). This is because the high effective nuclear charge on zinc prevents any 3d electrons from being removed. All the other elements form at least one stable ion with partially filled d-orbitals, and it is this property which defines a transition metal. '''A transition metal is a metal which forms at least one stable ion with partially filled d-orbitals.''' Since zinc and scandium do not share this property, they are not transition metals, and indeed do not show many of the properties generally attributed to transition metals. They are however still classified as d-block elements. The first row d-block elements which are also transition metals are therefore titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. Some definitions of transition metals includes ''atoms'' with partially filled d orbitals, which adds scandium to the set. ==Complex Ions== A complex ion is an ion comprising one or more ligands attached to a central metal cation by means of a dative covalent bond. A ligand is a species which can use its lone pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond with a transition metal. Examples of ligands are H₂O:, :NH₃, :Cl^-, :OH^-, :CN^-, Cations which form complex ions must have two features: - they must have a high charge density, and thus be able to attract electrons from ligands. - they must have empty orbitals of low energy, so that they can accept the lone pair of electrons from the ligands. Cations of d-block metals are small, have a high charge and have available empty 3d and 4s orbitals of low energy. They thus form complex ions readily. The number of lone pairs of electrons which a cation can accept is known as the coordination number of the cation. It depends on the size and electronic configuration of that cation, and also on the size and charge of the ligand. 6 is the most common coordination number, although 4 and 2 are also known. Examples of complex ions are [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺, [CoCl₄]^2-, [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺. Note that the formula of the ion is always written inside square brackets with the overall charge written outside the brackets. ===Shapes of complex ions=== 6-coordinate complexes are all octahedral, and are formed with small ligands such as H₂O and NH₃. Examples: [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺; [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺; [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺ They can be drawn as shown below: {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Hexaaquacopper (ii).png | HexaAquaCopper(II) ions are octahedral | File:Tetrachlorocuprate (ii).png | TetraChloroCuprate(II) ions are tetrahedral }} 4-coordinate complexes are generally tetrahedral, and are formed with larger ligands such as Cl^-. Larger ligands cannot fit around the transition metal so easily and hence form smaller complexes. They can be drawn as shown above. Examples: [CoCl₄]^2-; [CuCl₄]^2- 2-coordinate complexes are in general linear, and are formed with Ag⁺ ions. They can be drawn as follows: [[File:Silver(I) diammine cation ion structure.png|frameless|upright=0.5|centre|DiAmmineSilver(I) cation structure]] The rules covering the likely coordination number of transition metal complexes are: a) Silver ions form linear complexes with a coordination number of 2; b) Chloride ions and other large ions form tetrahedral complexes with a coordination number of 4; c) Most other transition metal complexes are octahedral with a coordination number of 6. ===Representation of metal salts=== When metal ions are in solution, they are usually represented as the simple ion, such as Fe²⁺(aq), Co²⁺(aq), Cr³⁺(aq) or Fe²⁺(aq). This is, however, a simplified representation as all d-block cations and many other cations with high polarising power exist as the hexaaqua complex, e.g. [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺. Examples: :FeSO₄(aq) consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and SO₄^2- ions :Fe₂(SO₄)₃(aq) consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ and SO₄^2- ions :CuCl₂(aq) consists of [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and Cl^- ions Many complex ions exist in the solid state. In these cases the ligands are often written after the rest of the compound, separated by a dot: Examples: :[Fe(H₂O)₆]SO₄(s) is generally written FeSO₄·6H₂O(s) :[Cr(H₂O)₆]Cl₃(s) is generally written CrCl₃·6H₂O(s) The dot does not always, however, mean that there are ligands present; some salts contain water of crystallisation, where the water is not a ligand but a link between the ions. Examples: :In Na₂CO₃·10H₂O, the water molecules are not behaving as ligands, but as water molecules of crystallisation. :In CuSO₄·5H₂O, four of the water molecules are behaving as ligands, and the fifth as a water molecule of crystallisation: [Cu(H₂O)₄]SO₄·H₂O === Chemical properties of complex ions === ==== Polarising Power ==== The effect of ligands in a complex ion is to significantly stabilise the metal cation by increasing its size and hence reducing its polarising power. Many compounds which are covalent in the anhydrous state are actually ionic in the hydrated state: Examples: :FeCl₃(s) is covalent but FeCl₃·6H₂O(s) is ionic. :AlCl₃(s) is covalent but AlCl₃·6H₂O(s) is ionic. ====Precipitation reactions==== The properties of anions are also changed if they are behaving as ligands in a complex ion. In particular, they are much less readily precipitated by cations. For example, AgNO₃(aq) will form a precipitate of AgCl if added to a solution of copper(II) chloride, [Cu(H₂O)₄]Cl₂ but not from sodium tetrachlorocobaltate(II), Na₂[CoCl₄]. BaCl₂(aq) will form a precipitate of BaSO₄ if added to a solution of [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]SO₄ but not with [Cr(H₂O)₅SO₄]Cl. ==== Heating ==== The properties of molecules also changes if they are behaving as ligands. In particular, they are much less readily removed by heating. For example, Na₂CO₃·10H₂O(s) can be dehydrated to Na₂CO₃(s) by gentle heating at 50 °C. FeSO₄·6H₂O(s), however, can only be dehydrated to FeSO₄(s) by strong heating at 150 °C, since the water is strongly bonded to the Fe²⁺ as a ligand. CuSO₄·5H₂O(s) can be dehydrated to CuSO₄·4H₂O(s) by gentle heating at 50 °C, and to CuSO₄ by strong heating at 100 °C. One of the water molecules is a molecule of crystallisation but the others are ligands. === Multidentate ligands === Some ligands are capable of forming more than one dative covalent bond per ligand. Examples are ethanedioate (C₂O₄^2-) and 1,2-diaminoethane (H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂), both of which donate two lone pairs per ligand and are said to be bidentate. 1,2-diaminoethane is written as (en) in the formula. One unusual ligand, EDTA^4- ((HOOCCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂N(CH₂COOH)₂) can form 6 dative covalent bonds per ligand. It is thus said to be hexadentate. EDTA is written as (edta) in formulae. Ligands such as H₂O, Cl^- and CN^- form only one dative covalent bond per ligand and are said to be unidentate. With polydentate ligands it often appears that the coordination number of the complex is 1 or 3, when in fact the coordination number is 6 as normal - it is just that each ligand is bonded twice. Some examples of these complex ions are shown below: [Fe(C₂O₄)₃]^3- [Cr(en)₃]³⁺ [Cu(edta)]^2- Multidentate ligands are very effective at binding to cations and can effectively stop them from reacting with anything else. Ethanedioate is toxic because it binds to Ca²⁺ ions. Other multidentate ligands are used in "chelation therapy" to remove toxic heavy metals if a patient has ingested them. ===Colour in Transition Metal Complexes=== [[File:Coloured-transition-metal-solutions.jpg|800px]] ''Above: Aqueous solutions of (left to right): cobalt(II) nitrate, Co(NO₃)₂ (red); potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇ (orange); potassium chromate, K₂CrO₄ (yellow); nickel(II) chloride, NiCl₂ (green); copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄ (blue); potassium permanganate, KMnO₄ (violet).'' [[w:Transition metals|Transition metals]] form complex ions – the metal binds to small molecules or anions called ligands. The ligands allow the electrons of the metal ion to enter an excited state if the electrons absorb a photon of visible light. When a cation forms a complex ion, the incoming ligands repel the electrons in the atom, and thus they are raised in energy. Some of the d-orbitals, however, are repelled more than others and the result is that the d-orbitals are split into 2 groups of orbitals, with three orbitals being slightly lower in energy than the other two. The difference in energy between these groups of orbitals is similar to the energy of visible light. The energy of the light is related to the frequency of the light by the equation ''E'' = ''hf''. If these d-orbitals are partially filled, some of the electrons in the lower energy orbitals are excited into the higher energy orbitals, and in doing so absorb the light that corresponds to that frequency. The resultant light is deficient in the light of that frequency and thus appears coloured. So, transition metal ions are coloured because d-electrons can absorb light and get excited into higher energy d-orbitals. The resultant light is thus missing certain frequencies and is hence coloured. {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Hexaaquacopper (ii).png | HexaAquaCopper(II) ions are octahedral | File:Tetrachlorocuprate (ii).png | TetraChloroCuprate(II) ions are tetrahedral }} [[File:Copper(II) chloride solutions.JPG|thumb|400px|centre|Copper(II) chloride solutions with concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol dm^-3. The dilute solutions are blue [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ whereas the concentrated solutions are green [CuCl₄]^2-.]] [[File:Cu(NH3)4(OH)2.png|thumb|250px|centre|Addition of excess ammonia to copper(II) solutions gives the TetraAmmineDiAquaCopper(II) ion [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺]. Replacing the original H₂O ligands with NH₃ produces the intense blue colour.]] The partially-occupied d-orbitals of transition metal compounds are important in giving colour to transition metal complexes. See diagram (which could represent V²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, etc.): [[Image:Ligand field splitting.png|centre|400px]] ①. In an uncomplexed ion, all the d-orbitals have the same energy. ②. When ligands surround the ion, the negative charges of the ligands make the d-orbitals less stable (higher energy). ③. Critically, the ligands will come closer to some d-orbitals than to others. Typically, two or three of the orbitals will be destabilised more than the remainder. An electron in one of the lower d-orbitals can acquire the energy to be excited into a higher d-orbital: [[Image:Excitation in TM complex.png|centre|400px]] This mechanism allows transition metal complexes to absorb photons of visible light. Note that two criteria must be satisfied if the ion is to be coloured: * there must be a splitting of the d-orbitals. This only happens in the presence of ligands and thus only complex ions are coloured. Anhydrous ions do not have split d-orbitals and so cannot absorb light in the visible spectrum and are thus white. E.g. anhydrous CuSO₄ (d⁹) is white but hydrated CuSO₄.5H₂O is blue. * the d-orbitals must be partially filled. If the d-orbitals are empty (E.g. Sc³⁺, Al³⁺) then there are no electrons which can be excited into the higher energy d-orbitals and the ions will be colourless. If the d-orbitals are full (E.g. Cu⁺, Zn²⁺) then there are no empty orbitals into which the electrons can be excited and the ions will be colourless. d⁰ and d¹⁰ compounds ''can'' be coloured, but the mechanism (charge-transfer) is beyond the A-level specification. Examples: Cu₂O, MnO₄^-, Cr₂O₇^2- [[File:BenedicT.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Using Benedict's Reagent to test for aldehydes: The blue copper(II) citrate ([CuC₆H₅O₇]^–, left) is converted to red precipitate of copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O, right). The intermediate colours are mixtures of copper(II) and copper(I)oxide.]] ==== Use of colour in analysis of complex ions ==== The colour of a complex ion depends on: * the ligand * the coordination number * the oxidation state of the metal * the identity of the metal As transition metal ions can show a huge variety of colours, it is often possible to identify a complex ion simply by its colour. It is also possible to determine the concentration of a solution containing a coloured ion using a technique called ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry ("UV-Vis"). As the absorbance of a solution is proportional to its concentration, the concentration of any solution can be determined by comparing its absorbance to the absorbance of a solution of known concentration. The technique can be summarised as follows: a) A solution containing a known concentration of the ion is prepared, and a suitable ligand is added in excess in order to intensify the colour (thiocyanate ions, SCN^-, are often used for this purpose). b) A sample of the solution is placed into a cuvette in a colorimeter and the filter which gives the maximum absorbance is selected. c) The absorbance of the solution is recorded. d) This process is repeated using a range of other known concentrations, and a graph is plotted of absorbance against concentration. d) The solution of unknown concentration is mixed with an excess of the same ligand to intensify the colour. e) The absorbance of the solution of unknown concentration is then recorded using the same filter. f) The concentration of this solution can then be determined from the concentration-absorbance graph. === Other applications of transition metal complexes === ==== Haemoglobin ==== Another important complex ion involving multidentate ligands is haemoglobin. Haem is a complex ion consisting Fe²⁺ and a complex tetradentate ligand called porphyrin. The complex is generally found with a protein called globin, which provides the fifth coordinate bond, and a molecule of oxygen which forms the sixth bond. The complete six coordinate complex is called haemoglobin. This structure is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood throughout the human body. Fe²⁺ + porphyrin → haem haem + globin + O₂ → haemoglobin Carbon monoxide is a similar size and shape to oxygen and forms a much stronger bond with the iron. It thus displaces the oxygen from the complex and reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. It is thus a very poisonous gas. ==== cisplatin ==== The square planar complex cisplatin has the following structure: It kills cancerous cells and now widely used in cancer treatment. ==== Tests for aldehydes and halide ions ==== DiAmmineSilver(I) has the formula [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ and is the active ion in Tollens' reagent. It is reduced to silver by reducing sugars and aldehydes (but not ketones). It produces a characteristic silver mirror on the side of the test-tube and this is used as the basis of the test for aldehydes. It is also formed in the test for halide ions in solution. The silver halides are insoluble in water but AgCl and AgBr will dissolve in ammonia due to the formation of the DiAmmineSilver(I) complex: AgCl(s) + 2 NH₃(dilute) → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq) AgBr(s) + 2 NH₃(conc) → [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺(aq) + Br^-(aq) ==== photography ==== Silver bromide, AgBr, is the substance on photographic film. In the presence of light, it decomposes into silver and bromine: 2 AgBr → 2 Ag(s) + Br₂(l). The unreacted AgBr is removed when sodium thiosulfate is added. This forms a complex with the AgBr and washes it off the film, leaving only the silver metal on the film. The result is the negative image. AgBr(s) + 2 S₂O₃^2-(aq) → [Ag(S₂O₃)₂]^3-(aq) + Br^-(aq) ==== Electroplating ==== Metals such as silver and gold generally occur native, but in very impure form. They can be extracted using cyanide ions which form stable complexes with silver and gold. The Ag is oxidised to Ag⁺ and then complexed as [Ag(CN)₂]^-. This complex is widely used in electroplating. To coat another object with silver, place the metal object to be coated at the cathode and use [Ag(CN)₂]^- as the electrolyte. The complex breaks up, Ag+ ions move to the cathode and the object is coated with a layer of silver. ==Transition Metals as Catalysts== The ability of transition metals to form more than one stable oxidation state means that they can accept and lose electrons easily. This enables them to catalyse certain redox reactions. They can be readily oxidised and reduced again, or reduced and then oxidised again, as a consequence of having a number of different oxidation states of similar stability. They can behave either as homogeneous catalysts or as heterogeneous catalysts. === How a catalyst works === A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a reaction with itself being chemically unchanged at the end. A catalyst lowers the activation energy for the reaction by providing an alternative route. An extra step is introduced. Because the activation energy is lower, more particles have enough energy to react when they collide and so the fraction of successful collisions is higher. === Homogeneous catalysis === A homogeneous catalyst is a catalyst in the same phase as the reactants. Homogeneous catalysis involves aqueous transition metal ions catalysing reactions, often between two anions. The cation reacts with each anion in turn, thus avoiding the need for a direct collision between two anions (this is difficult since they repel each other). Example 1: :S₂O₈^2-(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 SO₄^2-(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) This reaction can be catalysed by Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ ions: With Fe²⁺: :S₂O₈^2–(aq) + 2 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 SO₄^2–(aq) + 2 Fe³⁺(aq) :2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 Fe²⁺(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) With Fe³⁺: :2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>^-(aq) → 2 Fe²⁺(aq) + <span style="font-family: Verdana;">I</span>₂(aq) :2 Fe²⁺(aq) + S₂O₈^2-(aq) → 2 Fe³⁺(aq) + 2 SO₄^2-(aq) Example 2: :2 MnO₄^-(aq) + 5 C₂O₄^2-(aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 10 CO₂(g) + 8 H₂O(l) This is a good example of auto-catalysis: One of the products in this reaction, Mn²⁺(aq), behaves as a catalyst and thus the reaction is slow at first but is much faster after a little of the products are formed. === Heterogeneous catalysis === Heterogeneous catalysts react by allowing the reactant molecules to bond to the surface of the metal, usually by attracting the surface electrons. The reaction takes place at the surface, and the transition metal regains electrons as the products leave. The reaction is catalysed because the reactant molecules spend more time in contact with each other than they would in the absence of a catalyst. E.g. hydrogenation of ethene ==== Physical adsorption and chemisorption ==== The molecules usually bond to the surface of the metal using intermolecular forces such as van der Waals forces. This is known as physical adsorption. Sometimes they actually form a covalent bond with the metal. This is known as chemisorption. An ideal heterogeneous catalyst adsorbs fairly strongly but not too strongly. If it adsorbs too weakly (like silver) the reactant molecules do not spend enough time in contact with each other. If they adsorb too strongly (like tungsten) the products do not leave the metal surface quickly enough and this slows the reaction down. The most useful catalysts are those which adsorb moderately. As the strength of adsorption tends to decrease from left to right along the Periodic Table, the most effective catalysts tend to be the transition metals in the middle, like V, Fe and Ni. ==== Examples of heterogeneous catalysts ==== Examples of heterogenous catalysts are; Fe in the production of ammonia, V₂O₅ in the contact process and Pt or Ni in the hydrogenation of ethene. i) N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g) ⇌ 2 NH₃(g) Fe catalyst ii) 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) ⇌ 2 SO₃(g) V₂O₅ catalyst iii) C₂H₄(g) + H₂(g) ⇌ C₂H₆(g) Pt/Ni catalyst iv) 2 CO(g) + 2 NO(g) ⇌ N₂(g) + 2 CO₂(g) Rh catalyst The catalytic converter converts toxic carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide to non-toxic carbon dioxide and nitrogen. ==== Surface area ==== The catalyst needs to have a large surface area to be effective. This means it needs to be very thinly spread out, and might need a special support. Catalytic converters in cars use rhodium (Rh) on a special ceramic support ==== Catalyst poisoning ==== Heterogeneous catalysts can be poisoned by impurities, which are often present in the raw materials used. These impurities bond very strongly to the catalyst surface and block it. The activity of iron in the Haber process is reduced by sulfur, present in iron as an impurity so it is essential that as much sulfur as possible is removed during the Basic Oxygen Process. The efficiency of catalytic converters in cars is reduced by lead, which bonds permanently to the rhodium surface. This has lead to the increased use of unleaded petrol. == Redox Chemistry of Some Transition Elements == Since transition metals show a variety of transition states in their compounds, much of their chemistry is dominated by movement between these transition states. When the oxidation state changes, the colour changes as the electron distribution in the d-orbitals is different. The colour is also affected by the ligands involved, as the type of ligand affects the amount of splitting in the d-orbitals. === Iron === Iron exists in two common oxidation states, +2 (Fe²⁺) and +3 (Fe³⁺). In aqueous solution, the Fe is readily oxidised from Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺: : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- The Fe²⁺ ion is thus a reducing agent. Concentrations of Fe³⁺ in solution can be determined by titration with oxidising agents. === Manganese === Manganese can exist in a number of oxidation states, but is most stable in an oxidation state of +2, +4 or +7 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +7 ! +4 ! +2 |- | Colour: | purple | brown or black | pale pink |- | Ion/compound: | MnO₄^- | MnO₂ | Mn²⁺ |- |} [[File:Potassium permanganate solutions 1.JPG|thumb|centre|300px|Potassium manganate(VII) solutions with concentrations of 0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 300 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3.]] [[File:Manganese(II)-sulfate-photo.jpg|thumb|centre|300px|Manganese(II) sulfate is a pale pink colour, even in its pure form.]] In the +7 oxidation state it exists as the intense purple ion MnO₄^-. This can be reduced to the pale pink Mn²⁺ by Fe²⁺ in acidic solution: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 e_- → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- Overall: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 Fe²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 5 Fe³⁺(aq) In titrations, excess MnO₄^- can oxidise Mn²⁺ to form MnO₂: : MnO₄^-(aq) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 3 e^- → MnO₂(s) + 2 H₂O(l) : Mn²⁺(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall: : 2 MnO₄^-(aq) + 3 Mn²⁺(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → 5 MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺(aq) === Chromium === Chromium forms stable ions in three different oxidation states, +2, +3 and +6. In aqueous solutions, the ions formed are: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +6 ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | orange | green or blue | blue |- | Ion: | Cr₂O₇^2- | Cr³⁺ | Cr²⁺ |- |} The actual formula of the +2 and +3 complex ions depends on the acid used (Cl^- and SO₄^2- will also behave as ligands). {{Gallery | align = center | whitebg = yes | File:Chrom(III)-sulfatlösung.jpg | Aqueous chromium(III) sulfate solution. | File:Chromium(III) chloride solutions 2.JPG | Aqueous chromium(III) chloride solution at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 3, 6, 10, 25 and 50 x 10^-3 mol dm^-3. | File:Chrom(III)-hydroxid.jpg | Chromium(III) hydroxide. }} In aqueous alkaline solutions, the ions formed are: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +6 ! +3 |- | Colour: | yellow | green |- | Ion: | CrO₄^2- | [Cr(OH)₄]^- |- |} The +6 chromium complexes can be readily interconverted using acid and alkali: 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 2 H⁺(aq) → Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + H₂O(l) Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 2 OH^-(aq) → 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + H₂O(l) ==== In acidic solution ==== All chromium(VI) compounds can be reduced to the +3 and then the +2 oxidation state by strong reducing agents such as zinc in acid solution. The chromium is first reduced to the +3 oxidation state: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- ⇌ 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) : Zn(s) ⇌ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall : : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 3 Zn(s) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 3 Zn²⁺(aq) It is then further reduced: : Cr³⁺(aq) + e^- ⇌ Cr²⁺(aq) : Zn(s) ⇌ Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 e^- Overall: : Zn(s) + 2 Cr³⁺(aq) → Zn²⁺(aq) + 2 Cr²⁺(aq) The colour change observed on adding zinc in acid solution to dichromate ions is orange (Cr₂O₇^2-) to green (Cr³⁺) to blue (Cr²⁺). Other, milder reducing agents will reduce the +6 oxidation state to +3 but no further. Fe²⁺ is an important example: : Fe²⁺(aq) ⇌ Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- Overall: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 6 Fe³⁺(aq) This reaction can be used in titrations to determine the concentration of Fe²⁺ ions in a sample. ==== In alkaline solution ==== [[File:Chromate dichromate equilibrium.png|thumb|300px|centre|Orange dichromate(VI) is converted to yellow chromate(VI) by addition of alkali.]] In alkaline solution, it is possible to oxidise the +3 oxidation state to the +6 oxidation state. The chromium ion forms the [Cr(OH)₄]^- complex in alkaline conditions. This complex can be oxidised to the +6 oxidation state by adding H₂O₂. Hydrogen peroxide, which is a reducing agent in acidic solution, is an oxidising agent in alkaline solution. : [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) ⇌ CrO₄^2-(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 3 e^- : H₂O(l) + HO₂^-(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 3 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 2 [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 3 HO₂^-(aq) ⇌ 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 5 H₂O(l) + OH^-(aq) The green [Cr(OH)₄]^- ion is oxidised to the yellow CrO₄^2- ion in alkaline solution. The relative tendency of species to undergo oxidation and reduction often depends dramatically on the pH of the solution. The interconversion of the chromium(III) and chromium(VI) oxidation states is an important example. In general, oxidation is favoured by alkaline conditions and reduction is favoured by acidic conditions. Alkaline conditions: : CrO₄^2-(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 3 e^- ⇌ [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) -0.13 V : H₂O(l) + HO₂^-(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 3 OH^-(aq) +0.88 V : 2 [Cr(OH)₄]^-(aq) + 3 HO₂^-(aq) ⇌ 2 CrO₄^2-(aq) + 5 H₂O(l) + OH^-(aq) +1.01 V Acidic conditions: : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- ⇌ 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) +1.33 V : 2 H⁺ + H₂O₂(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 2 H₂O(l) +1.78 V : 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) + 3 H₂O₂(aq) ⇌ Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) +0.45 V === Cobalt === Cobalt exists in two stable oxidation states, +2 and +3 In acidic or neutral solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | yellow | pink |- | Ion: | Co³⁺ | Co²⁺ |- |} [[File:Cobalt(II) chloride solutions.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Cobalt(II) chloride solutions with concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mol dm^-3. The pink colour of the [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ complex dominates and only at high concentrations do we begin to see any hint of the blue [CoCl₄]^2- complex.]] [[File:Cobalt(II) Chloride Hexahydrate in Acetone.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Cobalt(II) chloride in propanone shows the blue colour of the [CoCl₄]^2- complex.]] In alkaline solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | brown | blue |- | Compound: | Co(OH)₃ | Co(OH)₂ |- |} In ammonia solution: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Oxidation state: ! +3 ! +2 |- | Colour: | brown | straw |- | Ion: | [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ | [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ |- |} The colours of these complexes are not easy to identify as they change colour readily depending on the concentration of the various species in solution. The ease of oxidation of cobalt from +2 to +3 depends on the ligand and the pH: * It is extremely difficult to oxidise cobalt from +2 to +3 in acidic solution. * It is easier to oxidise Co²⁺ in alkaline solution using hydrogen peroxide. The blue Co(OH)₂ is oxidised to brown Co(OH)₃: : Co(OH)₂(s) + OH^-(aq) ⇌ Co(OH)₃(s) + e^- : H₂O₂(aq) + 2 e^- ⇌ 2 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 2 Co(OH)₂(s) + H₂O₂(aq) → 2 Co(OH)₃(s) * In ammoniacal solution it is very easy to oxidise Co²⁺, and it is oxidised when left to stand in air. The straw-coloured [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺ is oxidised to the brown-coloured [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ (the solution gets darker): : [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) ⇌ [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺(aq) + e^- : O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) + 4 e^- → 4 OH^-(aq) Overall: : 4 [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) + O₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l) → 4 [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺(aq) + 4 OH^-(aq) == Redox Titrations Involving Transition Metals == Oxidising agents in aqueous solution can be determined by titrating against standard solutions of reducing agents. Reducing agents in aqueous solution can be determined by titrating against standard solutions of oxidising agents. In the laboratory, there are two important reagents involving transition metals that are used in these titrations: potassium manganate(VII), KMnO₄, and potassium dichromate, K₂Cr₂O₇. The procedures and principles involved in these titrations will be considered in turn: === Potassium manganate(VII) (KMnO₄) titrations. === The MnO₄^- ion is a powerful oxidising agent: MnO₄^-(aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 e^- → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) It can therefore be used to determine reducing agents. The most important principles involved in titrations involving KMnO₄ are: The colour change associated with the above reduction is: MnO₄^- (intense purple) → Mn²⁺ (colourless) The colour change is so intense that no indicator is required for the reaction. The KMnO₄ solution is generally placed in the burette. This causes two problems: * The intense colour of KMnO₄ means that it is very difficult to see the graduation marks on the burette, and so it is difficult to read accurately. * The KMnO₄ reacts slightly with the glass, causing a slight stain if the burette is used too often. The reason the KMnO₄ is placed in the burette is as follows: As the KMnO₄ is added to the solution under investigation, it is immediately decolorised by the reducing agent. The end-point is detected by the failure of the purple colour to disappear - a pink colour persists in the conical flask, indicating that the MnO₄^- ions are no longer being reduced. This permanent pink colour is easily detected. If the KMnO₄ were in the conical flask, it would slowly decolorise until the solution became completely colourless. The gradual disappearance of the pink colour is much harder to detect than the sudden appearance of the pink colour, and for this reason the KMnO₄ is always placed in the burette, despite the difficulties it presents in reading the burette. c) Since the MnO₄^- ion is only an effective oxidising agent in acidic medium, it is necessary to add excess acid to the conical flask before carrying out the titration. Sulfuric acid is generally used for this purpose. Hydrochloric acid should not be used since it is a reducing agent and will react with the MnO₄^- before the MnO₄^- can react with the reducing agent under investigation: 2 MnO₄^- (aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 10 Cl^- → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l) + 5 Cl₂(g) Common examples of reducing agents which are determined using KMnO₄ are Fe²⁺(aq) and C₂O₄^2-(aq) : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- : MnO₄^- (aq) + 8 H⁺(aq) + 5 Fe²⁺(aq) → Mn²⁺(aq) + 4 H₂O(l) + 5 Fe³⁺(aq) : C₂O₄^2-(aq) → 2 CO₂(g) + 2 e^- : 2 MnO₄^- (aq) + 16 H⁺(aq) + 5 C₂O₄^2-(aq) → 2 Mn²⁺(aq) + 8 H₂O(l) + 10 CO₂(g) === Dichromate(VI) (Cr₂O₇^2-) titrations === Dichromate (VI) is also a good oxidising agent in acidic medium: Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 e^- → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) It can therefore be used to determine reducing agents. The most important principles of dichromate(VI) titrations are: a) The colour change associated with this titration is orange → green. The colours are not, however, as intense as with the manganate(VII) titration and an indicator is needed. DiPhenylAmineSulfonate is used. It turns from colourless to purple at the end-point. b) The dichromate(VI) is always placed in the burette as it is easier to see the appearance of the purple colour than its disappearance. c) As with manganate(VII), care must be taken as to which acid to use. Sulfuric acid should be used as chloride ions could interfere with the titration. Fe²⁺(aq) is the reducing agent most commonly determined by titration with potassium dichromate(VI). : Fe²⁺(aq) → Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- : Cr₂O₇^2-(aq) + 14 H⁺(aq) + 6 Fe²⁺(aq) → 2 Cr³⁺(aq) + 7 H₂O(l) + 6 Fe³⁺(aq) {{BookCat}} m9b9pcjksiowbfqk440cosedekfexmg 0 480974 4678997 4624493 2026-10-30T10:39:45Z Ewen 19329 /* Boron */ 4678997 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminum == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminum metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>\hbox{Al}_2\hbox{O}_{3(s)} + 3\hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} \to 2\hbox{Al}(\hbox{OH})^-_{4(aq)}</math> <br><math>\hbox{Al}_2\hbox{O}_{3(s)} + 6\hbox{H}^+_{(aq)} \to 2\hbox{Al}^{3+}_{(aq)} + 3\hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | <math>2\hbox{Al} + 3\hbox{Cl}_2 \to 2\hbox{AlCl}_3</math> | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | <math>2\hbox{AlCl}_{3(aq)} + 3\hbox{NaOH}_{(aq)} \to \hbox{Al}(\hbox{OH})_{3(aq)} + 3\hbox{NaCl}_{(aq)}</math> | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | <math>\hbox{Fe}_2\hbox{O}_3 + 2 \hbox{Al} \to 2 \hbox{Fe} + \hbox{Al}_2\hbox{O}_3</math> | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckeyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckeyball has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckeyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". There is other oxides that could form, but they are unstable or unnatural: [[Image:CO3-geometries.png|thumb|150px|Carbon trioxide]] * Carbon suboxide ('''C₃O₂'''): Consists of double bonds, with oxygens at the ends. O = C = C = C = O. It breaks apart into carbon dioxide and dicarbon monoxide. * Dicarbon monoxide ('''C₂O'''): Very reactive. Contains only double bonds, but the end carbon has a non-bonding pair. [[Image:Dicarbon-monoxide-2D.svg|1000x12px]] * Carbon trioxide ('''CO₃'''): Exists in three different shapes, very unstable ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}<math>\hbox{CO}_2 + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \leftrightarrow \hbox{H}_2\hbox{CO}_3</math> <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} '''Carbonate''' and '''bicarbonate''' are two ions that carbon forms. [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]] Their formulas are CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, respectively. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} 8gx7s37ir0b7j5vdtmm462me5ivik8g 4678998 4678997 2026-10-30T10:40:13Z Ewen 19329 4678998 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>\hbox{Al}_2\hbox{O}_{3(s)} + 3\hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} \to 2\hbox{Al}(\hbox{OH})^-_{4(aq)}</math> <br><math>\hbox{Al}_2\hbox{O}_{3(s)} + 6\hbox{H}^+_{(aq)} \to 2\hbox{Al}^{3+}_{(aq)} + 3\hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | <math>2\hbox{Al} + 3\hbox{Cl}_2 \to 2\hbox{AlCl}_3</math> | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | <math>2\hbox{AlCl}_{3(aq)} + 3\hbox{NaOH}_{(aq)} \to \hbox{Al}(\hbox{OH})_{3(aq)} + 3\hbox{NaCl}_{(aq)}</math> | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | <math>\hbox{Fe}_2\hbox{O}_3 + 2 \hbox{Al} \to 2 \hbox{Fe} + \hbox{Al}_2\hbox{O}_3</math> | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckeyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckeyball has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckeyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". There is other oxides that could form, but they are unstable or unnatural: [[Image:CO3-geometries.png|thumb|150px|Carbon trioxide]] * Carbon suboxide ('''C₃O₂'''): Consists of double bonds, with oxygens at the ends. O = C = C = C = O. It breaks apart into carbon dioxide and dicarbon monoxide. * Dicarbon monoxide ('''C₂O'''): Very reactive. Contains only double bonds, but the end carbon has a non-bonding pair. [[Image:Dicarbon-monoxide-2D.svg|1000x12px]] * Carbon trioxide ('''CO₃'''): Exists in three different shapes, very unstable ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}<math>\hbox{CO}_2 + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \leftrightarrow \hbox{H}_2\hbox{CO}_3</math> <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} '''Carbonate''' and '''bicarbonate''' are two ions that carbon forms. [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]] Their formulas are CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, respectively. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} nh6ycxjutlmn6ssnuib3ae0faq3w2zt 4678999 4678998 2026-10-30T10:53:43Z Ewen 19329 /* Aluminium */ 4678999 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckeyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckeyball has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckeyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". There is other oxides that could form, but they are unstable or unnatural: [[Image:CO3-geometries.png|thumb|150px|Carbon trioxide]] * Carbon suboxide ('''C₃O₂'''): Consists of double bonds, with oxygens at the ends. O = C = C = C = O. It breaks apart into carbon dioxide and dicarbon monoxide. * Dicarbon monoxide ('''C₂O'''): Very reactive. Contains only double bonds, but the end carbon has a non-bonding pair. [[Image:Dicarbon-monoxide-2D.svg|1000x12px]] * Carbon trioxide ('''CO₃'''): Exists in three different shapes, very unstable ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}<math>\hbox{CO}_2 + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \leftrightarrow \hbox{H}_2\hbox{CO}_3</math> <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} '''Carbonate''' and '''bicarbonate''' are two ions that carbon forms. [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]] Their formulas are CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, respectively. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} gks32mke02tkgdu5ksfbb3vpyjvoezm 4679000 4678999 2026-10-30T10:58:10Z Ewen 19329 /* Allotropes */ 4679000 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". There is other oxides that could form, but they are unstable or unnatural: [[Image:CO3-geometries.png|thumb|150px|Carbon trioxide]] * Carbon suboxide ('''C₃O₂'''): Consists of double bonds, with oxygens at the ends. O = C = C = C = O. It breaks apart into carbon dioxide and dicarbon monoxide. * Dicarbon monoxide ('''C₂O'''): Very reactive. Contains only double bonds, but the end carbon has a non-bonding pair. [[Image:Dicarbon-monoxide-2D.svg|1000x12px]] * Carbon trioxide ('''CO₃'''): Exists in three different shapes, very unstable ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}<math>\hbox{CO}_2 + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \leftrightarrow \hbox{H}_2\hbox{CO}_3</math> <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} '''Carbonate''' and '''bicarbonate''' are two ions that carbon forms. [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]] Their formulas are CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, respectively. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} c39bc8lupo2k29277j8i42j518gy9eu 4679001 4679000 2026-10-30T11:00:55Z Ewen 19329 /* Compounds Derived from Oxides */ 4679001 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". There is other oxides that could form, but they are unstable or unnatural: [[Image:CO3-geometries.png|thumb|150px|Carbon trioxide]] * Carbon suboxide ('''C₃O₂'''): Consists of double bonds, with oxygens at the ends. O = C = C = C = O. It breaks apart into carbon dioxide and dicarbon monoxide. * Dicarbon monoxide ('''C₂O'''): Very reactive. Contains only double bonds, but the end carbon has a non-bonding pair. [[Image:Dicarbon-monoxide-2D.svg|1000x12px]] * Carbon trioxide ('''CO₃'''): Exists in three different shapes, very unstable ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) {{eqm}} H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} '''Carbonate''' and '''hydrogencarbonate''' are two ions that carbon forms. Hydrogencarbonate is commonly called '''bicarbonate'''. [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]] Their formulas are CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, respectively. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} thczuom8cy2djbpyefaurpxbk97agbd 4679002 4679001 2026-10-30T11:03:15Z Ewen 19329 /* Inorganic Compounds */ 4679002 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} '''Carbonate''' and '''hydrogencarbonate''' are two ions that carbon forms. Hydrogencarbonate is commonly called '''bicarbonate'''. {{center/top}}[[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]]{{center/end}} Their formulas are CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, respectively. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} 4d1l3nepwva4h4wgnkno8ayz5ahn0wx 4679003 4679002 2026-10-30T11:07:32Z Ewen 19329 /* Compounds Derived from Oxides */ 4679003 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|100px]] [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} t8n8uzwy7grihbhsxsirngapsq1ajxi 4679004 4679003 2026-10-30T11:10:13Z Ewen 19329 /* Compounds Derived from Oxides */ 4679004 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|70px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|70px]] [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} 9gv3h0z1ankc5q1uz7dmbb80xfm1bra 4679005 4679004 2026-10-30T11:11:29Z Ewen 19329 /* Compounds Derived from Oxides */ 4679005 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|71px]] [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|71px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | <math>2 \hbox{PbO} + \hbox{PbS} \to 3 \hbox{Pb} + \hbox{SO}_2</math> |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | <math>3 \hbox{Pb}_{(s)} + 8 \hbox{HNO}_{3(aq)} \to 3 \hbox{Pb}^{2+}_{(aq)} + 6 \hbox{NO}_{3(aq)}^- + 2 \hbox{NO}_{(g)} + 4 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{(s)} + 2\hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbite''' ions when added to basic solutions. |- | <math>\hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{4(aq)}^{2-} + \hbox{Cl}_{2(aq)} \to \hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{Cl}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)}</math> |Plumbites form lead(IV) dioxide when ''chlorinated''. |- | <math>\hbox{PbO}_{2(s)} + 2 \hbox{OH}^-_{(aq)} + 2 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O}_{(l)} \to \hbox{Pb}(\hbox{OH})_{6(aq)}^{2-}</math> |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} tleb7jswf2v6zgy1k74xq66ez7fyv1l 4679006 4679005 2026-10-30T11:24:39Z Ewen 19329 /* Others */ 4679006 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|71px]] [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|71px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | 2 PbO(s) + PbS(s) → 3 Pb(s) + SO₂(g) |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | Pb(s) + 8 HNO₃(aq) → 3 Pb²⁺(aq) + 6 NO₃^–(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H₂O(l) |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | PbO(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₄]4^2–(aq) |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbate(II)''' ("plumbite") ions when added to basic solutions. |- | [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → PbO₂(s)} + 2 Cl^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) |Plumbites form lead(IV) oxide ("lead dioxide") when oxidised by chlorine ("chlorinated"). |- | PbO₂(s)} + 2 OH^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₆]^2–(aq) |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate(IV)''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} cffhcpomurl1pbfxvmz89yo1x76xlwv 4679007 4679006 2026-10-30T11:25:47Z Ewen 19329 /* Others */ 4679007 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|71px]] [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|71px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | 2 PbO(s) + PbS(s) → 3 Pb(s) + SO₂(g) |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | Pb(s) + 8 HNO₃(aq) → 3 Pb²⁺(aq) + 6 NO₃^–(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H₂O(l) |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | PbO(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbate(II)''' ("plumbite") ions when added to basic solutions. |- | [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → PbO₂(s)} + 2 Cl^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) |Plumbites form lead(IV) oxide ("lead dioxide") when oxidised by chlorine ("chlorinated"). |- | PbO₂(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₆]^2–(aq) |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate(IV)''' ions. |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} kk7z32i50smwfetwgfsao8wndhoo9co 4679014 4679007 2026-10-30T11:38:53Z Ewen 19329 /* Others */ 4679014 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|71px]] [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|71px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | 2 PbO(s) + PbS(s) → 3 Pb(s) + SO₂(g) |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | Pb(s) + 8 HNO₃(aq) → 3 Pb²⁺(aq) + 6 NO₃^–(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H₂O(l) |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | PbO(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbate(II)''' ("plumbite") ions when added to basic solutions. |- | [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → PbO₂(s) + 2 Cl^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) |Plumbites form lead(IV) oxide ("lead dioxide") when oxidised by chlorine ("chlorinated"). |- | PbO₂(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₆]^2–(aq) |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate(IV)''' ions. This ion is an exception to the rule of thumb that hydroxide anions have 4 hydroxide ions (e.g. [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq), [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq), [Cr(OH)₄]^–(aq), [Zn(OH)₄]^2–(aq)) |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or the free element (in the case of nitrogen). {{center|1=<math>4 \hbox{NH}_3 + 3\hbox{O}_2 \to 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} + 2 \hbox{N}_2</math>}} All form oxides—nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]]—nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} b9brznnj7efnihmgtdu3h5xa24f6hc7 4679017 4679014 2026-10-30T11:47:57Z Ewen 19329 /* Group 5 */ 4679017 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|71px]] [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|71px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | 2 PbO(s) + PbS(s) → 3 Pb(s) + SO₂(g) |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | Pb(s) + 8 HNO₃(aq) → 3 Pb²⁺(aq) + 6 NO₃^–(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H₂O(l) |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | PbO(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbate(II)''' ("plumbite") ions when added to basic solutions. |- | [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → PbO₂(s) + 2 Cl^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) |Plumbites form lead(IV) oxide ("lead dioxide") when oxidised by chlorine ("chlorinated"). |- | PbO₂(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₆]^2–(aq) |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate(IV)''' ions. This ion is an exception to the rule of thumb that hydroxide anions have 4 hydroxide ions (e.g. [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq), [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq), [Cr(OH)₄]^–(aq), [Zn(OH)₄]^2–(aq)) |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or (in the case of nitrogen) the free element . {{center|2 PH₃(g) + 4 O₂(g) → P₂O₅(s) + 3 H₂O(l)}} {{center|NH₃(g) + 3 O₂(g) → 6 H₂O(l) + 2 N₂(g)}} All form oxides; nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]] — nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} r4ezaj71aypqz8gag4t1fuiw7x39o8e 4679018 4679017 2026-10-30T11:48:49Z Ewen 19329 /* Group 5 */ 4679018 wikitext text/x-wiki = Group 3 = '''Group 3''' consists of [[w:Boron|boron]], [[w:Aluminium|aluminium]], [[w:Gallium|gallium]], [[w:Indium|indium]], and [[w:Thallium|thallium]]. Boron is a metalloid, but the other elements are metals. All elements in this group have three valence electrons. {{Info|Because these elements have varying properties, they will be studied element-by-element, rather than as a group.}} == Boron == [[File:Borax_crystals.jpg|thumb|A borax crystal. Borax (a mineral containing boron) has many uses including laundry detergent.]] [[File:Boroxin.png|100px|thumb|''Boroxin''. Notice boron's three bonds.]] Boron is a '''metalloid''', exhibiting characteristics of both metals and non-metals. It is never found in its pure form in Earth, but it is a component of some minerals. However, pure boron can form as a result of chemical reactions. It can be a brown amorphous solid, or a crystalline solid. In the crystalline form, it is black and very hard. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at normal temperatures, but at high temperatures it does conduct electricity. Its chemical properties are mostly, but not entirely, non-metallic. Boron is the least electronegative non-metal, so it readily loses electrons when reacting. Boron is almost entirely in the +3 oxidation state. Boron has an oxide B₂O₃, and it is acidic. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | BCl₃ + 3 H₂O → B(OH)'''_3''' + 3 HCl | Boric '''halides''' are volatile substances that attack water with the formation of boric acid B(OH)₃ and hydrogen halides. |- | B(OH)₃ + H₂O → B(OH)₄^– + H⁺ | Boric '''acid''' reacts with water to release a proton. It is a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|weak acid]]. |- | 2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO | Boric oxide, at extremely high temperatures, can react with carbon to form boron '''carbide'''. Boron carbide is incredibly strong, finding use as tank armour. |} {{Info|In a manner similar to [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 14|carbon]], boron can form stable [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network]] solids. Each boron atom bonds to three other borons, forming a large crystal.}} Boron has interesting properties when it bonds covalently. It has three electrons, so it usually forms three single covalent bonds, an [[General Chemistry/Octet Rule and Exceptions|exception to the octet rule]] called '''electron deficiency'''. Substances like boron trichloride (BCl₃), boric acid, and the borate ion (BO₃^3-) are examples of boron's tendency to form three covalent bonds. == Aluminium == Aluminium (American spelling aluminum) is a metal, although it is too reactive to exist in pure form. Instead, it is found in a wide variety of minerals including ''bauxite'', the primary source for extracting aluminium. Aluminium is the third most abundant element in Earth's crust. [[File:Aluminum_Metal_coinless.jpg|thumb|Aluminium metal]] Unlike boron, aluminium is an almost [[General Chemistry/Metallic bonds|stereotypical metal]] in its physical properties: it is malleable and ductile, and it conducts heat and electricity very well. Because of its lightness, resistance to corrosion, attractiveness (approaching that of silver), and inexpensiveness to process along with adequate strength for many commercial and domestic uses, it is the third-most used of all metals. Only iron and zinc exceed it in production. Aluminium compounds typically exist in the +3 oxidation state. Because of its durability and light weight, aluminium is used in many '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. Two metals, each with desirable characteristics, can be mixed together to produce an alloy that has the properties of both metals. Aluminium used to be used for household wiring, but it expands too much when heated. The expansion causes the wires to come loose, and house fires can start. Aluminium seems unreactive because of a thin, hard surface of aluminium oxide Al₂O₃ which does not react with water or oxygen and preserves the aluminium metal underneath it from chemical attack. Pure aluminium will immediately form this layer when exposed to air. Although aluminium is very conductive, aluminium oxide does not conduct electricity. [[File:Aluminium-trichloride-3D-structures.png|thumb|Aluminium trichloride]] {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | Al₂O₃(s) + 3 H₂O(l) + 2 OH^–(aq) → 2 [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)<br>Al₂O₃(s) + 6 H⁺(aq) → 2 Al³⁺(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) |Aluminium '''oxide''' is [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|amphoteric]]—it reacts violently to neutralise strong bases or strong acids. |- | 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl₂(g) → 2 AlCl₃(s) | Reacting aluminium with a [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 18|halogen]] results in an aluminium '''halide'''. Aluminium chloride can exist as an [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ionic solid]] or a [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent solid]], but either way it is a weak conductor. |- | AlCl₃(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → Al(OH)₃(aq) + 3 NaCl(aq) | Aluminium chloride is an acid, able to neutralise bases. |- | Fe₂O₃(s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(l) + Al₂O₃(s) | Molten aluminium reacts violently with some metal oxides in the '''thermite reaction''', in which a substance like iron oxide is [[General Chemistry/Chemical Reactions|reduced]] to iron and aluminium is oxidized to its oxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction, releasing enough heat to weld metal. |} Generally, aqueous aluminium is found as a hydroxide Al(OH)₃. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric: : Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O(l) : Al(OH)₃(s) + NaOH → NaAl(OH)₄(aq) == Others == [[File:Gallium1_640x480.jpg|thumb|Gallium]] Gallium is a brittle metal that melts slightly above room temperature, so holding it in your hand would liquefy it. One magic trick, the 'melting spoon' involves stirring a hot liquid (usually hot water) with a spoon specially made of gallium. The spoon melts in the water and 'disappears'. (The gallium simply sinks to the bottom of the cup; after the magic trick is done the 'magician removes the water and the molten gallium and pours the gallium into a mold that makes a new spoon for doing the trick again). Gallium is used in many semiconductor devices and LEDs (light emitting diodes). Gallium(III) arsenide is an important semiconductor used in many electronics. Indium's most common isotope is radioactive and decays slowly into tin. Indium typically has the +3 oxidation state. Thallium tends to appear in the +1 (thallous) oxidation state as well as the +3 (thallic) oxidation state. Oddly, thallium acts much like an [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 1|alkali metal]] in its physical and chemical properties. Thallous oxide (Tl₂O) and the metal react violently with water to form a hydroxide TlOH that completely dissociates into Tl⁺ and OH^- ions as if it were an alkali metal hydroxide. Its halides are quite salt-like, dissociating into ions into solutions that, like solutions of salts of the alkali metals, conduct electricity. = Group 4 = '''Group 4''' consists of [[w:Carbon|carbon]], [[w:Silicon|silicon]], [[w:Germanium|germanium]], [[w:Tin|tin]], and [[w:Lead|lead]]. Carbon is a non-metal, silicon and germanium are metalloids, and tin and lead are metals. With 4 valence shell electrons, elements of the carbon family tend to form covalent compounds. With increasing mass and atomic radius these elements become increasingly metallic and have lower melting and boiling points. Group 4 elements form gaseous hydrogen compounds with difficulty. These are either unstable or combustible. All but lead form oxides, sulfides, and halides in the +4 oxidation state. The +4 oxidation state predominates in carbon, silicon, and germanium; the +2 and +4 oxidation states both appear in tin, and the +2 oxidation state prevails in lead. Halides in the +4 state form for all of these elements, and they are covalent. Carbon compounds are much more [[General Chemistry/Covalent bonds|covalent]] than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C₂H₂). Silicon and the heavier elements of this group can form only single bonds. Thus carbon dioxide CO₂ is a gas at normal temperatures because the double bonds between carbon and oxygen create single molecules, but silicon dioxide SiO₂ forms a hard rock known as quartz because it is a [[General Chemistry/Intermolecular bonds|covalent network solid]]. Each silicon atom bonds to four different oxygen atoms with single bonds, and each oxygen atom bonds with two silicon atoms. Similar properties apply to the oxides of germanium, tin, and lead. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts with bases to form carbonates; oxides of the other elements of this group are practically nonreactive in water. {{Info|Because of its unparalleled importance in chemistry, carbon is the main focus of study of the Group 4 elements.}} == Carbon == Carbon is a very important element. It is abundant in the earth and atmosphere, and it is found in the substances that make all living things. Carbon has many properties that make it different from other elements, so it deserves thorough study. === Allotropes === [[Image:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png|thumb|200px|a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d/e/f) buckyballs; g) amorphous; h) nanotubes]] ''Allotropes'' are different forms of a pure element. Carbon has several allotropes, three of which are common. * '''Amorphous''' carbon is coal and soot. The carbon molecules are covalently bonded, but there is no order or arrangement. * '''Graphite''' occurs when carbon forms flat covalent networks. These flat "sheets" are not bonded to each other, making them free to slide past each other. Graphite composes the "lead" in pencils. * '''Diamond''' occurs when carbon forms a three-dimensional covalent network. Diamonds are much different from graphite and amorphous carbon. They are transparent, brilliant-looking, and incredibly hard. Diamond only forms at heat and intense pressures. There are also several rare and exotic allotropes of carbon, including: * '''Buckyballs''', or fullerenes, are spherical shaped balls of carbon. Covalent bonds join the carbon atoms into a soccer ball pattern that looks much like the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller. The most common buckyball, "buckminsterfullerene", has the molecular formula C₆₀. Buckyballs are large enough for a small atom to get trapped inside. * '''Lonsdaleite''' forms upon meteorite impact with the Earth. * Carbon '''nanotubes''' are incredibly small but rigid tubes made of carbon. They are created in labs and are a subject of research. Keep in mind that allotropes are composed of only one element. In this case, these allotropes contain only carbon atoms and no other elements. If multiple ''compounds'' have different structures but the same molecular formula, they are called ''isomers''. === Inorganic Compounds === Although carbon is known mainly for its organic compounds, it does form many important inorganic compounds. ==== Oxides ==== ''Oxides'' of carbon contain only carbon atoms and oxygen atoms. There are two oxides that occur commonly: * Carbon monoxide ('''CO'''): a poisonous gas released when carbon-based fuels burn in limited oxygen. * Carbon dioxide ('''CO₂'''): found naturally in the air, but too much is considered pollution. Animals exhale carbon dioxide, and plants absorb it. It is slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide, when solid, is "dry ice". ==== Compounds Derived from Oxides ==== '''Carbonic acid''' (H₂CO₃) forms when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water. It is given by the reaction: {{center/top}}CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂CO₃(aq) <br> [[Image:Carbonic-acid-2D.svg|100px]] [[Image:Hydrogencarbonat-Ion.svg|71px]] [[Image:Carbonate-ion-localised-2D.png|71px]]<br> In solution, carbonic acid (left) forms the anions '''hydrogencarbonate''' (centre) and '''carbonate''' (right).{{center/end}} Carbonate ions have the formula CO₃^2- and hydrogencarbonate is HCO₃^-. ==== Ionic Compounds ==== Along with the oxyanions (carbonate and bicarbonate), carbon can form several other [[General Chemistry/Ionic bonding|ions]]. [[Image:Carbid.jpg|thumb|Calcium carbide CaC₂]] * Cyanide ('''CN^-''') * Cyanate ('''OCN^-''') * Thiocyanate ('''SCN^-''') * Carbides ('''C₂^2-''' and '''C₃^4-''') ==== Alloys ==== Carbon is used in some '''alloys''', mixtures of metals. If a small amount (between 0.2 % and 2.1 % by weight) of carbon is mixed into iron, the result is '''steel'''. === Organic Compounds === [[Image:Methane-2D-stereo.svg|thumb|150px|Methane]] Compounds containing carbon (except for the above inorganic compounds) are considered '''organic'''. They were once thought to be produced only by living things, but they have since been created in laboratories. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen as well as carbon. Many substances are organic compounds. '''Polymers''' are organic compounds consisting of long chains of repeating patterns containing carbon and other atoms. Plastics, rubbers, and nylon are all organic polymers. '''Hydrocarbons''' are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, methane being a simple example. Crude oil is a sludge of various hydrocarbons mixed together. Propane, butane, and octane are well-known hydrocarbons used for fuel. Perhaps the most interesting type of organic compound is the '''biomolecule'''. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (like DNA) are the most basic biomolecules. They, too, are polymers (except for lipids), being made of long chains of small, repeating chemicals that have bonded together. Biomolecules make up the chemicals found in the living cells that compose all living things. Organic chemistry and biochemistry are very broad and thorough topics. They are far outside the scope of General Chemistry. Fortunately, your knowledge of General Chemistry is sufficient to begin the Wikibooks [[Organic Chemistry]] and [[Biochemistry]] if you are interested. == Silicon == [[Image:Surface Mount Components.jpg|thumb|Transistor electronics exist because of silicon's semiconductor properties.]] '''Silicon''' is found in ''semiconductors'', the basis of all electronic devices. Its electron configuration allows it to donate or accept electrons. When pure silicon is "doped" with elements that have more or fewer electrons than silicon, the slightly-impure silicon becomes a semiconductor. These substances make up complex electronics by acting like a switch that can turn on or off depending on electrical signals. Silicon does not exist uncombined in nature; it most commonly occurs in silica (including the very common rock quartz and most sand grains) and in silicates. Most silicates are insoluble. Silicon dioxide, a hard substance that melts only at high temperatures, is very different in its chemical properties from carbon dioxide, a gas until it freezes into dry ice. Molten silica can be cast as glass, a hard and useful material resistant to attack by almost all chemicals except fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, and strong alkalis. Glass is extremely useful in household containers and drinking utensils because it is resistant to chemicals, heat, and the attack of micro-organisms. Glass can be very clear if pure or containing certain chemicals, or it can take on attractive colours, making it a favourite material for art objects. Some small living creatures turn dissolved silica in the sea into their shells to create structure. A great variety of silicon compounds known as [[w:silicone|silicone]]s have widespread and varied uses. {{Warning|Silica is not strictly a poison, but as an abrasive it can damage tissues if eaten or breathed by grinding against them. Asbestos, a silicate (and derivative of silica) breaks down to silica especially in lungs and does great damage.}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral window at crossing.jpg|thumb|220px|A large [[Perpendicular style]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] window of eight lights in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], c. 1400, which contains medieval glass.]] == Others == '''Germanium''' is another element used in semiconductors. Before transistors were in common use, germanium diodes were heavily used in radios. '''Tin''' is considered a "poor metal". It has two allotropes at STP: ''grey tin'' and ''white tin''. Grey tin has non-metallic characteristics, but white tin is metallic. Tin is used frequently as an alloy. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a tin plating to resist corrosion. ''Pewter'' is an alloy of copper and tin, containing mostly tin. ''Bronze'' is an alloy of copper and tin containing mostly copper. ''Solder'' is an alloy of tin and lead used for its low melting point for attaching wires. '''Lead''' is a heavy, grey metal. It had a tremendous number of uses, but it is now known to be a neurotoxin if ingested. Water-carrying pipes were made out of lead, but they are now made from copper or plastic because lead could contaminate the water. Lead compounds especially if soluble in water (like lead acetate used as a preservative and sweetener of wines in Roman times) or stomach acids (like the lead oxide once used in paints) or in gaseous or liquid form (like tetraethyl lead once used in gasoline), and powdered lead are very dangerous. Use of lead in foodstuffs, paint, and vehicle fuels is now illegal almost everywhere. {{Warning|Lead compounds and vapours are insidious poisons that accumulate in the brain and create learning disabilities and personality disorders.}} Lead-crystal glass has lead oxide in it but so tightly bound with silica that it can't escape easily. Pencil 'leads' are not lead at all, but instead harmless graphite (really carbon) bound with clay. Lead remains useful in automobile batteries (that contain necessary sulfuric acid much more dangerous than lead) and in nuclear use as a shield against radiation much more dangerous than lead metal. {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" | 2 PbO(s) + PbS(s) → 3 Pb(s) + SO₂(g) |Lead '''oxides''' are easily [[General Chemistry/Redox Reactions/Oxidation and Reduction equations|reduced]]. |- | Pb(s) + 8 HNO₃(aq) → 3 Pb²⁺(aq) + 6 NO₃^–(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H₂O(l) |Lead does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it will dissolve in nitric acid because nitric acid is a strong oxidizer. |- | PbO(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) |Lead(II) oxide will form '''plumbate(II)''' ("plumbite") ions when added to basic solutions. |- | [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq) + Cl₂(aq) → PbO₂(s) + 2 Cl^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) |Plumbites form lead(IV) oxide ("lead dioxide") when oxidised by chlorine ("chlorinated"). |- | PbO₂(s) + 2 OH^–(aq) + 2 H₂O(l) → [Pb(OH)₆]^2–(aq) |Adding lead(IV) dioxide to a basic solution will form '''plumbate(IV)''' ions. This ion is an exception to the rule of thumb that hydroxide anions have 4 hydroxide ions (e.g. [Pb(OH)₄]^2–(aq), [Al(OH)₄]^–(aq), [Cr(OH)₄]^–(aq), [Zn(OH)₄]^2–(aq)) |} == Group 5 == '''Group 5''' contains [[w:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[w:Phosphorus|phosphorus]], [[w:Arsenic|arsenic]], [[w:Antimony|antimony]], and [[w:Bismuth|bismuth]]. Elements in Group 15 have five valence electrons. Because the elements can either gain three electrons or lose five to gain a stable configuration, they more often form covalent compounds unless bonded to an active metal. Their electron affinities are not very large. Metallic properties increase markedly from gaseous nitrogen to barely-metallic bismuth with increasing size and mass. Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metallic, and arsenic and antimony are metalloids. {{Info|The Group 5 elements are unique enough to be studied individually, rather than as a group.}} These elements are much less reactive than the elements of [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 16|Group 16]], and their chemistries are more complicated. Most of the chemistry of these elements is in the +3 or +5 oxidation states, although they form gaseous compounds with hydrogen in the -3 oxidation state: ammonia NH₃, phosphine PH₃, arsine AsH₃, stibine AsH₃, and bismuthine BiH₃; these all burn in oxygen to give oxides or (in the case of nitrogen) the free element . {{center|2 PH₃(g) + 4 O₂(g) → P₂O₅(s) + 3 H₂O(l)}} {{center|NH₃(g) + 3 O₂(g) → 2 N₂(g) + 6 H₂O(l)}} All form oxides; nitrogen with difficulty, the others with ease. Most of the oxides are acidic, exceptions being nitrous oxide N₂O, nitric oxide NO, and bismuth oxide Bi₂O₃. Except for nitrogen, typical oxides are in the +3 or +5 (bismuth excluded) oxidation states. All form [[General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 17|halides]] — nitrogen with difficulty, but those of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony fully hydrolyze in water. Nitrogen and phosphorus form important acids in the +5 oxidation state. Nitrogen forms nitric acid HNO₃, a substance used to create medicines and explosives (but this acid is corrosive and dangerous, so don't touch it or even spill it on anything), and salts known as '''nitrates''' such as potassium nitrate KNO₃, an important fertilizer. Phosphorus forms phosphoric acid, H₃PO₄; '''phosphates''' are salts of phosphoric acid. Some phosphates are essential to respiration and thus life itself. General covalency of nitrogen family is 3. == Nitrogen == [[Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|The ''nitrogen cycle'' shows how nitrogen is passed along organisms and the atmosphere.]] Nitrogen occurs naturally as the diatomic gas N₂. It comprises about 78% of the air we breathe. The bond holding the two nitrogen atoms together is triple covalent, so it is very strong. Because of that, nitrogen is very unreactive. It is used in many places when an inert gas is needed. However, nitrogen will react with some substances: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>6 \hbox{Li}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to 2 \hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)}</math><br> <math>3 \hbox{Mg}_{(s)} + \hbox{N}_{2(g)} \to \hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)}</math> |Although nitrogen gas is usually considered inert, it does react with some elements by burning. |- |<math>\hbox{Li}_3\hbox{N}_{(s)} + 3 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{LiOH}_{(aq)} + \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math><br> <math>\hbox{Mg}_3\hbox{N}_{2(s)} + 6 \hbox{H}_2\hbox{O} \to 3 \hbox{Mg}(\hbox{OH})_{2(aq)} + 2 \hbox{NH}_{3(g)}</math> |The '''nitrides''' react violently with water to form ammonia gas and a [[General Chemistry/Properties and Theories of Acids and Bases|basic]] solution. |} In its pure form, nitrogen is not very useful, and it will suffocate any animal that breathes pure nitrogen. It is much more important when it is a component of ammonia, nitrate, oxides, or biomolecules like protein. Due it is very unreactive nature, it is difficult to get nitrogen to react and form these useful substances. Any process that can convert elemental nitrogen into a nitrogen compound is called '''nitrogen fixation'''. Nitrogen fixation is biologically important because amino acids, proteins, and enzymes contain nitrogen. It is commercially important because it is used in explosives, rocket fuels, and fertilizers. There are many nitrogen fixation reactions: {| border="0" cellpadding="15px" |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 8 \hbox{H}^+ + 8 \hbox{e}^- + energy \to 2 \hbox{NH}_3 + \hbox{H}_2</math> | This occurs in bacterial enzymes. The ammonia (NH₃) quickly becomes ammonium (NH₄⁺). The nitrogen in the bacteria enters the soil where plants can absorb it. Humans and animals that eat those plants can get the nitrogen in useful compounds. |- |<math>\hbox{N}_2 + 3 \hbox{H}_2 \leftrightarrow 2 \hbox{NH}_3</math> |The '''Haber process''' is used for commercially producing ammonia. This reaction only occurs at very high pressures and temperatures (around 20 MPa and 500 °C) and in the presence of an iron catalyst. Also, the reaction occurs in somewhat complex equipment that must input pure reactants and extract the ammonia. |} In the cold, dense, hydrogen-rich atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, nitrogen ordinarily exists combined with hydrogen as ammonia. Keep in mind that ammonia is a gas at STP. The household product called "ammonia" is actually an [[General Chemistry/Aqueous Solutions|aqueous solution]] of ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) that forms when ammonia gas is dissolved in water. Ammonia, quite unlike hydrogen compounds of Groups 16 and 17, is a base in its reactions, forming salts with weak and strong acids alike. Such a substance as ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) is a soluble, strongly ionic salt. Nitrogen compounds are often extremely unstable because nitrogen atoms in nitrogen compounds tend to seek each other to recombine as nitrogen gas. Many nitrogen compounds are literal explosives, including TNT and nitroglycerin. These explosives are in common use in construction projects for the demolition of buildings and other obstacles to new construction, or to get access to minerals in mining operations. {{Warning|Handling of any explosive or making them is appropriately left to experts.}} == Phosphorus == [[Image:White phosphorus molecule.jpg|thumb|90px|left|White phosphorus atomic structure]] Phosphorus has two common allotropes: red phosphorus and white phosphorus. White phosphorus (P₄) has a waxy appearance and turns yellow when exposed to light. When exposed to oxygen in the dark, it glows pale green. {{Warning|White phosphorus is extremely dangerous. It causes severe burns and is very toxic. It ignites with a very hot flame and can be explosive. Leave all experiments with white phosphorus to experienced chemists}}. White phosphorus ignites under all but the most delicate conditions. The combustion of white phosphorus produces phosphorus(V) oxide: {{center|1=<math>\hbox{P}_4 + 5 \hbox{O}_2 \to \hbox{P}_4\hbox{O}_{10}</math>}} One of its most common uses is in military weapons that cause severe burning of the object hit by the weapon. Red phosphorus is an amorphous solid. It is more stable and explodes at temperatures higher than those of white phosphorus. It is still, however, dangerously reactive. Both forms of phosphorus are insoluble in water and can be interconverted with various applications of heat, pressure, and light. Because white phosphorus is the most easily made allotrope, it is used as the standard state for calculations of energy changes. This gives red phosphorus the unusual exothermic Δ_f''H'' value of -17.6 kJ mol^-1. There also exist black phosphorus and violet phosphorus. Black phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -39.3 kJ mol^-1 and violet phosphorus has a Δ_f''H'' value of -37.4 to -43.2 kJ mol^-1. Unlike nitrogen, phosphorus will not readily form a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Diphosphorus does exist, but only between a temperature range of 1200 °C and 2000 °C. Phosphorus pentoxide strongly reacts with water to form phosphoric acid, a substance that removes rust from iron, especially on ships; it is often known as "naval jelly". But phosphoric acid is corrosive to flesh and not to be touched. Phosphorus is essential to life in the form of phosphates in bones and in substances known as ADP and ATP that transform food into useful energy in cells. == Others == [[Image:Bismuth-crystal.jpg|thumb|A crystal of bismuth, showing its colorful ''iridescent'' tarnish.]] Arsenic is similar to phosphorus. It has three allotropes: grey arsenic, yellow arsenic, and black arsenic. Grey arsenic is the most common form. Its structure is similar to graphite. Antimony does not have physical properties of a metal, but behaves chemically as a non-metal. {{Warning|Arsenic and antimony, as well as practically all of their compounds, are dangerous poisons.}} Bismuth is a brittle, silvery metal. Bismuth ''is'' actually radioactive, decaying into thallium-205. Because its ''half-life'' is 19 x 10¹⁸ years, about a million times the age of the universe, bismuth is usually considered stable. Bismuth is much less radioactive than the nearly-harmless and unavoidable radioactive isotopes of carbon and potassium in living things. Unlike arsenic and antimony, its compounds aren't toxic unless something else in the compound is itself toxic or the substance is very acidic or alkaline. In fact, a bismuth compound is very common in a heavily-used stomach medication that requires no prescription. {{BookCat}} dn2j299c1w1f6nd8co5fhiyzcojns0n 4 482855 4678930 4675888 2026-10-29T18:57:42Z Codename Noreste 3441010 4678930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{draft}} '''Speedy deletion''' is a deletion request where reasonable opposition is not expected or possible. Anyone can request speedy deletion, and anyone who objects or believes more discussion is needed can turn a speedy deletion candidate into a [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Requests for deletion|request for deletion]]. A speedy deletion nomination where there is '''any''' doubt that the criterion may not apply to the page should instead be a request for deletion. Speedy deletion requests made in bad faith can be removed by anyone. Add <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Delete|delete]]<nowiki>|reasons for speedy deletion}}</nowiki></code> to the top of a page to request speedy deletion. 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Should there be '''any''' doubt, [[#Requests for deletion|get community consensus]]. # Orphaned redirects that do not conform with [[Wikibooks:Naming policy]] or where the names are unlikely to be inadvertently searched for by anyone. # A repost of work previously deleted as a result of a [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion|request for deletion]] that has not successfully gone through [[Wikibooks:Requests for deletion#Undeletion|requests for undeletion]]. == See also == * [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy]] {{Wikibooks policies and guidelines}} 1gvxbqv3kjtpxa4eors8i5qvxg1lrl8 3 485453 4678947 4666440 2026-10-29T23:59:22Z ~2026-56766-53 3629362 /* Wikibooks:Wikimedia */ new section 4678947 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== Welcome, Vivairan2! {| style="background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px; color: #000000;" ! style="background:#d0e5f5; color: #000000;" | [[Wikibooks:Welcome|Getting started]] with Wikibooks |- | style="padding:5px;" | * Wikibooks is a collection of open-source textbooks. Find out [[WB:WIW|what this means]]. * To sign your name (on discussion pages), use four tildes, like this: &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; * Learn how to [[Using Wikibooks|use Wikibooks]] and learn more about the community. * [[WB:CCO|Explore]], [[Wikibooks:Be bold|be bold]], and have fun! |} If you have any questions, you can ask in the [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance|assistance reading room]] or possibly contact me personally. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC) == Wikibooks:Wikimedia == Hi {{PAGENAME}}, I undid Your recent edit to Wikibooks:Wikimedia, I used the edit summary to explain why. Please let me know if this is unclear. Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-56766-53|~2026-56766-53]] ([[User talk:~2026-56766-53|talk]]) 23:59, 29 October 2026 (UTC) 8r6k85ujj6yhwbsljybu1pu76ron3jf 0 485506 4678939 4678201 2026-10-29T21:22:22Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Macros – ::= and buildq Operators */ Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4678939 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All <code>block</code> expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a <code>block</code> expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the <code>block</code> expression), and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code> expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x, 2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight>When a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated within a <code>block</code> expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing <code>block</code> expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing <code>block</code> expression. It therefore can be compared with the <code>return</code> statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the <code>return</code> operator affects only the block expression in which the <code>return</code> operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i18) test_nested_block (val) := block ( [outer_var : 10], print("Entering outer block expression"), /* inner block expression */ block( [inner_var : 20], print (" Entering inner block expression"), if val > 5 then /* another inner block expression */ block ( print (" val > 5"), print (" Returning only to inner block expression"), return (inner_var + val) /* returns only to the inner block expression */ ), /* end of another inner block expression */ print (" inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val) ), /* end of inner block expression */ print ("Back in outer block expression"), outer_var + val /* end of outer block expression */ )$ (%i19) test_nested_block (1); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression inner_var + val is 21 Back in outer block expression (%o19) 11 (%i20) test_nested_block (6); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression val > 5 Returning only to inner block expression Back in outer block expression (%o20) 16</syntaxhighlight> '''''The <code>block</code> operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. '''''Nested blocks''''': There are three <code>block</code> operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named <code>test_nested_block (val</code>. There is an outer <code>block</code> expression that has an inner <code>block</code> expression as an argument,and there is a third <code>block</code> expression that is an argument of the inner <code>block</code> expression. '''''The <code>return</code> operator''''': If <code>val > 5</code> is <code>true</code> then the return operator of the most inner <code>block</code> expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner <code>block</code> expression is the value of the argument of the return operator – <code>inner_var + val</code>. Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner <code>block</code> expression after the end of the most inner <code>block</code> expression – which is <code>print ("   inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val)</code>. The value of the <code>print</code> operator is the value of <code>inner_var + val</code>. However, while that value is the value of the inner <code>block</code> expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> sequence of expressions. That value is the value of <code>outer_var + val</code>, which, being the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> is always the value of the function. ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== <code>block</code> expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the <code>block</code> expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a ''label'' (or ''"tag"'') argument ( the ''"go to"'') as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight> Note the following: * <code>'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>'''loop'''</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>'''if i <= n then go (loop)'''</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>'''total'''</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the <code>block</code> expression. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the <code>block</code> expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The ''go-to'' label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different <code>block</code> expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. Another way to modify a <code>block</code> expression evaluation sequence is by way of the <code>throw</code> operator.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i32) /* Define a function using a block expression that searches for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */ find_element (target_list, threshold) := block ( [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */ catch( for x in target_list do ( if x > threshold then ( /* Immediately exit the block and return this value */ throw (x) ) ), /* This string is returned only if the do loop finishes without a throw to catch */ "No element exceeded the threshold" ) )$ (%i31) /* Test the block */ find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 ); (%o31) 55</syntaxhighlight>This example unpacks as follows: <code>'''catch (...)'''</code>: This expression creates a target scope that ''"catches"'' the value of any <code>throw</code> expression evaluated within that scope. <code>'''throw (x)'''</code>: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the <code>do</code> loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' <code>block</code> '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the <code>catch</code> expression, returning the value of <code>x</code> as the value of the entire <code>catch</code> expression. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== <code>block</code> operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' <code>block</code> expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first <code>block</code> operator list argument, are created each time a nested <code>block</code> is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any <code>block</code> expressions, are global values for nested <code>block</code> expressions as well as enclosing <code>block</code> expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing <code>block</code> expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a <code>block</code> expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing <code>block</code> expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) z : 2^(1/3); (z) 2^(1/3) (%i24) /* Outer block starts */ block ( [x : 10, y : 20], /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */ /* Inner block starts */ block ( [y : 99, z : 100], /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */ print ("Inside inner block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the local value of y of outer block"), print("z =", z, "is the local value of z of inner block") ), /* Inner block ends */ /* Outer block resumes */ print ("Back in outer block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the restored value of y of the outer block"), print ("z =", z, "is the value of z global to both blocks") /* Outer block ends */ )$ Inside inner block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block Back in outer block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks </syntaxhighlight> ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) f (s) := cos (s); (%o25) f(s):=cos(s) (%i26) f (%pi/6); (%o26) sqrt(3)/2 (%i27) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o27) 1/2 (%i28) f (s); (%o28) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. <code>block</code> expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. <code>block</code> expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, <code>block</code> expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. === Functions === {| class="wikitable" |+Function Definition Operators and Identifiers |<code>:=</code> |<code>fundef</code> |<code>buildq</code> |- |<code>::=</code> |<code>lambda</code> |<code>macros</code> |- |<code>define</code> |<code>local</code> |<code>slice</code> |- |<code>dispfun</code> |<code>remfunction</code> | |- |<code>functions</code> |<code>setup_autoload</code> | |} As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the <code>:=</code> or <code>define</code> operators. As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions. There are two operators used to define functions as follows: # The <code>''''':='''''</code> operator # The <code>'''define'''</code> operator <var><code>f (x₁, x_2, ..., x_n) ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n] ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n](y₁, y₂, ..., y_m) ''':=''' expr</code></var> <code>define (f</code> <code>(x₁, x_2, …, x_n), expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n], expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> <code>define (funmake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (arraymake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (ev (</code><code>expr₁, expr₂))</code> where <code>expr</code> is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant differences between these two operators are in terms of the evaluation of the function body and the composition and identification of functions dynamically. * '''Evaluation:''' ** The <code>:=</code> operator '''suppresses (quotes)''' the evaluation of the function body when this operator is first evaluated. It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments. ** The <code>define()</code> operator '''evaluates''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. If the function body involves intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of expressions (like <code>rhs()</code> or derivative results), the <code>define()</code> operator includes the evaluated results of those directly into the function body. * '''Dynamic Function Composition and Identifiers:''' ** Function identifiers cannot easily be composed dynamically on the left-hand side of the <code>:=</code> operator when used inside programmatic loop expressions or in scripts. ** The <code>define()</code> operator accepts expressions like <code>funmake</code> or evaluated symbols as its first argument, allowing the composition and identification of functions dynamically during evaluation. So, there are in general two different operators that can be used to define and evaluate functions. The choice by the Maxima user between these two operators depends on the purpose and context. ==== Function Definition Using the <code>:=</code> Operator ==== For the purpose of understanding the two ways of defining functions, consider the following example which is elementary, but in terms of clarification is not merely simple:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* "kill" all previously used identifier and values */ (%i29) kill (all); (%o0) done /* assign identifier x the global value of 5 */ (%i1) x : 5; (x) 5 /* define f as a function with local argument x */ (%i2) f (x) := x; (%o2) f(x):=x /* evaluate f at local value of x is 3 */ (%i3) f (3); (%o3) 3 /* the global value of x is not affected */ (%i4) x; (%o4) 5 /* show the definition expression of the function named f */ (%i5) fundef (f); (%o5) f(x):=x</syntaxhighlight>'''Function Definition Using the''' '''<code>define</code> Operator'''<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a function with identifier g with a local argument y and with a function body of identifier x */ (%i3) define (g('x), x); (%o3) g(x):=5 /* identifier x of the function body is evaluated */ /* identifier x as an argument of g is local in scope */ (%i4) fundef (g); (%o4) g(x):=5 /* the same identifier x used in three different roles */ /* used as the global name of a function x */ /* used as a local argument of a function */ /* used as an unevaluated expression for a function body */ (%i7) x(x) := x; (%o7) x(x):=x (%i9) x(3); (%o9) 3 (%i10) x; (%o10) 5 (%i8) fundef (x); (%o8) x(x):=x (%i11) define (x('x), x); (%o11) x(x):=5 (%i12) fundef (x); (%o12) x(x):=5 </syntaxhighlight>The purpose of this example is not to encourage this sort of syntax as a typical choice for identifiers and function definitions. The purpose is to clarify how Maxima implicitly determines the scope and meaning of identifiers used for function definition in the absence of any explicit user stipulations. It should be noted that the <code>define</code> operator not only evaluates the expression that is the function body, it also evaluates the arguments of the function identifier that is the first argument of the <code>define</code> operator. Since there is a global value of the identifier <code>x</code> of <code>5</code>, it was necessary to suppress evaluation (quote) the argument in the expression <code>(%i12) define ('x), x);</code> as otherwise an error would be the result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a new function named x */ (%i14) define (x('x), 'x^2); (%o14) x(x):=x^2 /* check the definition of the new function named x */ (%i15) fundef (x); (%o15) x(x):=x^2 /* the identifier x has a global value */ (%i16) values; (%o16) [x] /* the global value of identifier x is 5 */ (%i17) x; (%o17) 5 /* the suppressed global value 'x of identifier x is x */ (%i18) 'x; (%o18) x /* not quoting the global value of identifier x is an error */ (%i19) define (x(x), 'x^2); define: in definition of x, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> ==== Understanding the Differences Between the <code>:=</code> and <code>define</code> Operators ==== In cases such as these, the suppression of evaluation by quoting is a user stipulation as to evaluation. Users must be aware of these differences between the two operators (<code>:=</code> and <code>define</code>) for the purpose of function definition in order to achieve what is intended and to avoid errors,<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i20) f (x) := 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5; (%o20) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i21) fundef (f); (%o21) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i22) f(2); (%o22) 27 (%i23) define (f (x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); define: in definition of f, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i24) define (f ('x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); (%o24) f(x):=390 (%i25) define (f ('x) , '(3*x^3 + 4*x - 5)); (%o25) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i26) fundef (f); (%o26) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i27) f(2); (%o27) 27 </syntaxhighlight>What is true in the case of these elementary examples is true in general for function definitions involving multiple arguments:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* x has a global value of 5 while y is local to g */ (%i28) g (x, y) := x^3 - y^2; (%o28) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i29) g (6,2); (%o29) 212 (%i30) define (g('x, y), 'x^3 - y^2); (%o30) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i31) values; (%o31) [x] (%i32) g (6,2); (%o32) 212 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator is a good choice in cases where an existing expression is used as the function body:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i33) /* assign an expression to identifier expr */ expr : diff('x^3, 'x); /* Returns 3*x^2 */ (expr) 3*x^2 (%i34) /* evaluate expr and define h (x) := 3*x^2 */ define (h ('x), expr); (%o34) h(x):=3*x^2 </syntaxhighlight>In cases in which functions require local variables or more than one expression for the function body, use the block operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i35) remvalue (x); (%o35) [x] (%i36) values; (%o36) [expr] --> power_sum (x, y) := block ( /* values of these identifiers are explicitly local to the function */ [sqx, sqy], /* unevaluated identifiers x and y are local arguments of the function and values of these identifiers are implicitly local to the function */ sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy /* the value of the function */ )$ (%i37) fundef (power_sum); (%o37) power_sum(x,y):=block([sqx,sqy],sqx:x^2,sqy:y^2,sqx+sqy) (%i38) power_sum (3,4); (%o38) 25 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator could also be used to define this function, but with different definition values as a consequence:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i39) define (power_sum (x,y), block ( [sqx,sqy], sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy ) )$ (%i40) fundef (power_sum); (%o40) power_sum(x,y):=y^2+x^2 (%i41) power_sum (3,4); (%o41) 25</syntaxhighlight>The function definition of <code>power_sum</code> is different using the <code>define</code> operator instead of the <code>:=</code> operator. The value of the function when referenced with arguments (<code>power_sum (3,4)</code>) is the same in both cases – <code>25</code>. However, in general for defining functions, this may not be the case. The choice between these two operators depends on the intentions of the user. ==== Practical Considerations Related to Function Composition ==== In general, programming is a technical skill as well as a subjective art. So, absolute rules are not offered here. For practical purposes some "guidelines" are offered here that may be useful for Maxima function composition as well as Maxima programming in general: * * * * * Consider the following linear algebraic equation: <math display="block">3y - 7x = 10</math> As an example suppose the value that is sought is the slope <code>m</code> of this equation, and in general, the slope of any linear equation regardless of the form. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* assign the linear equation to an identifier */ (%i42) lineqn : 3*y - 7*x = 10; (lineqn) 3*y-7*x=10 /* solve the linear equation for y */ (%i43) solve([lineqn], [y]) (%o43) [y=(7*x+10)/3] /* use the index [1] of the list to get the solved equation */ (%i44) solve([lineqn], [y])[1] (%o44) y=(7*x+10)/3 /* use the rhs operator to get right-hand side */ (%i45) rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1]); (%o45) (7*x+10)/3 /* use the expand operator change the RHS */ (%i46) expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])); (%o46) (7*x)/3+10/3 /* use the coeff operator to get the coefficient of x */ (%i47) coeff(expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])),x,1); (%o47) 7/3 /* define the function with an argument eqn for lineqn */ (%i48) m (eqn) := coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1)$ /* check the function definition */ (%i49) fundef (m); (%o49) m(eqn):=coeff(expand(rhs((solve([eqn],[y]))[1])),x,1) /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ (%i50) m (lineqn); (%o50) 7/3 /* assign a different linear equation to lineqn */ (%i51) lineqn : x = 6*y + 13; (lineqn) x=6*y+13 /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ %i52) m (lineqn); (%o52) 1/6</syntaxhighlight>The function body of this example will result in an error if it is used with the <code>define</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) define ( m (eqn), coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1) )$ inpart: invalid index 1 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight>This error is a consequence of the evaluation that occurs when using the <code>define</code> operator. In this case, this evaluation results in a reference to the indexed value of a list object that does not exist when evaluation occurs during definition – <code>solve ([eqn], [y])[1]</code>. ==== Memoizing Functions ==== The functions discussed so far are often referred to as '''''ordinary functions'''''. The arguments of ordinary functions are enclosed using parentheses – <var><code>(x₁, x_2, ..., x_n)</code>.</var> Function definition forms which include arguments enclosed by brackets (as in <var><code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n]</code></var>) are called '''''memoizing functions'''''. Memoizing functions can be categorized both as functions and as data structures – specifically a ''hashed array'' of values. Memoizing functions are also referred to as '''''array functions'''''. In any case, memoizing functions can be defined using either the <code>:=</code> operator or the <code>define</code> operator. If the form of the function definition expression is <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n] := expr</code> The function body <code>expr</code> is evaluated once for each individual value of the arguments, and that value is the value of the function, without again evaluating the function body, whenever referenced using arguments that have those same values. Once evaluated during a function reference with arguments, that value of a memoizing function is thereby "frozen" in other words. This frozen value also becomes an instance of a hashed array data structure that can be referenced by way of the value of the index used as an argument when first evaluated. In keeping with previous practice, the examples provided here are intentionally elementary for the purpose of demonstrating and clarifying the technical aspects involved. There is thereby no intention to convey that the composition of function definition expressions with multiple arguments and complex expressions for the function body is ruled out or of lesser practical value. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* define a memoizing function f */ /* x and n may serve as both arguments and array indices */ (%i54) f [x, n] := x^n; (%o54) f[x,n]:=x^n /* check the array information for f */ (%i55) arrayinfo (f); (%o55) [hashed,2] /* f does not appear in the list of functions */ (%i56) functions; (%o56) [m(lineqn)] /* reference f with argument values */ (%i57) f [2,3] ; (%o57) 8 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i58) arrayinfo (f); (%o58) [hashed,2,[2,3]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i59) listarray (f); (%o59) [8] /* f does appear in the list of arrays */ (%i60) arrays; (%o60) [f] /* reference f with new argument values */ (%i61) f [5,2]; (%o61) 25 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i62) arrayinfo (f); (%o62) [hashed,2,[2,3],[5,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i63) listarray (f); (%o63) [8,25]</syntaxhighlight>An expression of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn], expr)</code> may also be used to define the same memoizing function <code>f</code> in this case as the evaluation imposed by the <code>define</code> operator during evaluation of these function arguments and this function body that occurs makes no difference:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* remove the function definition and values of f */ (%i64) remarray (f); (%o64) [f] /* the list of arrays is now empty */ (%i65) arrays; (%o65) [] /* define the same memoizing function f using the define operator */ /* evaluation makes no difference to the definition of f in this case */ (%i66) define (f [x,n], x^n); (%o66) f[x,n]:=x^n /* reference f with different argument values */ (%i67) f [3, 2]; (%o67) 9 /* reference f again with different argument values */ (%i68) f [2, 5]; (%o68) 32 /* f again appears in the list of arrays */ (%i69) arrays; (%o69) [f] /* check the array information for f */ (%i70) arrayinfo (f); (%o70) [hashed,2,[2,5],[3,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i71) listarray (f); (%o71) [32,9] </syntaxhighlight> ===== Special Forms of Memoizing Functions ===== <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code> or <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> An expression of the form <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, or alternatively of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn](y₁, y₂,..., y_m), expr)</code>, may also be used to define a memoizing function named <code>f</code>. When either of these forms are used to compose a function definition expression, there is a sense in which the resulting function is a hybrid – part memoizing function, and part "ordinary" function. These forms create a hashed array of functions where the array subscripts <code>[x₁, x₂,..., x_n]</code> evaluate immediately to "specialize" the function body, while the ordinary function arguments <code>(y₁, y₂,..., y_m)</code> are used when evaluating these individual functions.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* Define a function for an array of "shifted" power functions */ (%i72) define( p[n](x), x^n + n ); (%o72) p[n](x):=x^n+n (%i73) p[2]; (%o73) lambda([x],x^2+2) (%i74) p[2](5); (%o74) 27 (%i75) p[4]; (%o75) lambda([x],x^4+4) (%i76) p[4](5); (%o76) 629 (%i77) arrayinfo (p); (%o77) [hashed,1,[2],[4]] (%i78) listarray (p) (%o78) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4)] (%i79) p[5]; (%o79) lambda([x],x^5+5) (%i80) p[5](2); (%o80) 37 (%i81) listarray (p); (%o81) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4),lambda([x],x^5+5)] (%i82) arrayinfo (p); (%o82) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5]]</syntaxhighlight>'''Explanation of the code example:''' '''1. Defining the memoizing function:''' The expression composed using the <code>define</code> operator has a value that defines a special form of a memoizing function. The value of this defining expression serves as a "template" for indexed values of a hashed array – <code>p[n]</code>. '''2. The value of array instances:''' Applying the defined function <code>p</code> to an expression enclosed only with brackets for the argument identified as <code>n</code>, returns a value that is a <code>lambda</code> expression, and that is an indexed instance of a hashed array. The identifier <code>n</code> serves as both as an argument of the function body and as an index of the hashed array in this case. <code>lambda</code> expressions are sometimes referred to as ''anonymous'', ''ad hoc'', or ''throw-away''. The technical details of <code>lambda</code> expressions are explained in a following section. '''3. Evaluating the memoizing functions with arguments:''' The argument identified as <code>x</code> in parentheses serves only as part of the composition of the function body of the indexed <code>lambda</code> expressions of the hashed array <code>p</code> when referenced by some expression in parentheses. This form of the composition of a Maxima memoizing function is useful to create an array of unique <code>lambda</code> expressions where the composition of each individual expression depends explicitly on the structural indices of the array that are used. This form in general can be composed using more than one argument for index values enclosed in brackets, as well more than one evaluation argument enclosed in parentheses. The number of each type of argument need not be the same. For example, in a defining expression of the form: <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, that <math display="inline">n = m</math> is true, is not necessary. The operator <code>:=</code> can also be used to define this type of memoizing function:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* index values can be expressions */ (%i83) p [2*x]; (%o83) lambda([x],x^(2*x)+2*x) (%i84) p [2*x](4); (%o84) 65544 /* a memoizing function definition with multiple arguments */ (%i85) p2 [m, n](x, y) := x^n + y^m + (m+n); (%o85) p2[m,n](x,y):=x^n+y^m+(m+n) /* this expression creates the first indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i86) p2 [2, 2]; (%o86) lambda([x,y],y^2+x^2+4) /* this expression has a value of 17 for values of the arguments (2, 3) for the first indexed values of [2, 2] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i87) p2 [2, 2](2,3); (%o87) 17 /* this expression creates the second indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i88) p2 [3, 4]; (%o88) lambda([x,y],y^3+x^4+7) /* this expression has a value of 213 for values of the arguments (3, 5) for the second indexed values of [3, 4] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i89) p2 [3, 4](3, 5); (%o89) 213 (%i90) arrayinfo (p2); (%o90) [hashed,2,[2,2],[3,4]] (%i91) arrayinfo (p); (%o91) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5],[2*x]] /* another memoizing function definition with multiple arguments and where n is not erqual to m */ (%i92) p3 [i, j](x, y, z) := x^i * y^j * z^j; (%o92) p3[i,j](x,y,z):=x^i*y^j*z^j (%i93) p3 [3,4]; (%o93) lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4) (%i94) p3 [3, 4] (2, 3, 4); (%o94) 165888 (%i95) arrayinfo (p3); (%o95) [hashed,2,[3,4]] (%i96) arrays; (%o96) [p,p2,p3] (%i97) listarray (p3); (%o97) [lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4)] </syntaxhighlight> ===== More Special Forms of Memoizing Functions Using the <code>define</code> Operator ===== <code>define (funmake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (arraymake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (ev (expr₁, expr₂))</code> ==== Lambda Expressions ==== ==== Macros – <code>::=</code> and <code>buildq</code> Operators ==== In the Maxima Computer Algebra System (CAS), a '''''macro''''' is a special type of function that manipulates the structure of an expression before it is evaluated. The Maxima Manual describes ''macros''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual - Operator ::= |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Operators.html#index-_003a_003a_003d |url-status=live}}</ref> as follows: ''"Macro function definition operator.'' <code>::=</code> ''defines a function (called a "macro" for historical reasons) which quotes its arguments, and the expression which it returns (called the "macro expansion") is evaluated in the context from which the macro was called. A macro function is otherwise the same as an ordinary function."'' {| class="wikitable" |+Macro Operators and Identifiers |<code>::=</code> |<code>macroexpand</code> |<code>macros</code> |<code>splice</code> |- |<code>fundef</code> | <code>dispfun</code> | <code>buildq</code> | |- |<code>remfunction</code> |<code>kill</code> |<code>remove</code> | |} While ordinary Maxima functions evaluate their arguments immediately when referenced, a ''macro'' quotes its arguments. It treats those arguments as raw, not evaluated expressions blocks, ''transforms'' them mathematically or syntactically, and then <code>evaluates</code> the newly generated code. Because Maxima is written in and inherits the semantics of Common Lisp, its macro system acts similarly to Lisp macros, functioning essentially as a programmable compiler extension. Key Mechanics of a Maxima Macro * '''Definition Operator (<code>::</code>=):''' You define a macro using the <code>::=</code> operator instead of the ordinary function definition operator (<code>:=</code>). * '''The Global <code>macros</code> List:''' Every time you create a macro, Maxima automatically tracks it by appending it to a global information list called <code>macros</code>. * '''Macro Expansion:''' When a macro is invoked, Maxima executes a process called ''expansion''. The macro code runs to generate a new Maxima expression, and then Maxima evaluates that final output expression. ====== Some Reasons to Use a Macro Instead of a Function: ====== Ordinary functions cannot control how or when arguments are evaluated. Macros are a good choice for: # '''Evaluation Control:''' Preventing an expression from being processed until specific conditional statements are checked. # '''Meta-programming:''' Writing clean, shorthand code that automatically generates longer, repetitive mathematical boilerplate commands "under the hood" so to speak. # '''Context Manipulation:''' Altering identifiers inside the environment where referenced rather than within a closed, localized function scope. ====== Example: Function vs. Macro ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i1) /* 1. A standard function evaluates arguments immediately */ my_function(expr) := print("The expression is:", expr)$ (%i8) x:5; (x) 5 (%i9) my_function(x+2)$ "The expression is:"7 (%i10) my_function(expr:x+2)$ "The expression is:"7 (%i2) my_macro(expr) ::= buildq([expr], print("The expression is:", 'expr))$ (%i4) my_function(expr:2)$ "The expression is:"2 (%i5) my_macro(expr) ::= buildq([expr], print("The expression is:", 'expr))$ (%i11) my_macro(x+2); "The expression is:"x+2 (%o11) x+2 (%i12) my_macro(expr:x+2); "The expression is:"expr:x+2 (%o12) expr:x+2 (%i6) my_macro(expr:2); "The expression is:"expr:2 (%o6) expr:2 (%i13) macros; (%o13) [my_macro(expr)] </syntaxhighlight>To understand the difference, look at how a function and a macro handle an undefined variable <code>x</code>: * If you call <code>my_function(x + 2)</code> when x has been previously assigned a value of <code>5</code>, the function immediately receives <code>7</code> as its input. * If you call <code>my_macro(x + 2)</code>, the macro captures the exact symbolic structure <code>x + 2</code> without evaluating it first, allowing you to manipulate the literal algebraic format. Code templates like <code>buildq</code> are frequently used inside macros to construct these new mathematical structures cleanly. ==== Some Techniques for Function Composition ==== === Conditional Expressions – Special Operator <code>if</code> === === Expressions for Iteration – Special Operator <code>do</code> === The special operator <code>do</code> is used to compose expressions for iteration. It is typically used with the following other special operators: * <code>while</code> * <code>unless</code> * <code>for</code> * <code>from</code> * <code>thru</code> * <code>step</code> * <code>next</code> * <code>in</code> The general forms of <code>do</code> expressions Maxima supports are: <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>thru</code> limit <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>while</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>unless</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> list <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> expr <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> hash_table <code>do</code> body === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} cq1w04m10cd4okw3k226vnmx01pvkek 4678961 4678939 2026-10-30T03:31:56Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Some Reasons to Use a Macro Instead of a Function: */ Work in progress. Saving Changes. 4678961 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All <code>block</code> expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a <code>block</code> expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the <code>block</code> expression), and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code> expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x, 2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight>When a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated within a <code>block</code> expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing <code>block</code> expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing <code>block</code> expression. It therefore can be compared with the <code>return</code> statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the <code>return</code> operator affects only the block expression in which the <code>return</code> operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i18) test_nested_block (val) := block ( [outer_var : 10], print("Entering outer block expression"), /* inner block expression */ block( [inner_var : 20], print (" Entering inner block expression"), if val > 5 then /* another inner block expression */ block ( print (" val > 5"), print (" Returning only to inner block expression"), return (inner_var + val) /* returns only to the inner block expression */ ), /* end of another inner block expression */ print (" inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val) ), /* end of inner block expression */ print ("Back in outer block expression"), outer_var + val /* end of outer block expression */ )$ (%i19) test_nested_block (1); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression inner_var + val is 21 Back in outer block expression (%o19) 11 (%i20) test_nested_block (6); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression val > 5 Returning only to inner block expression Back in outer block expression (%o20) 16</syntaxhighlight> '''''The <code>block</code> operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. '''''Nested blocks''''': There are three <code>block</code> operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named <code>test_nested_block (val</code>. There is an outer <code>block</code> expression that has an inner <code>block</code> expression as an argument,and there is a third <code>block</code> expression that is an argument of the inner <code>block</code> expression. '''''The <code>return</code> operator''''': If <code>val > 5</code> is <code>true</code> then the return operator of the most inner <code>block</code> expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner <code>block</code> expression is the value of the argument of the return operator – <code>inner_var + val</code>. Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner <code>block</code> expression after the end of the most inner <code>block</code> expression – which is <code>print ("   inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val)</code>. The value of the <code>print</code> operator is the value of <code>inner_var + val</code>. However, while that value is the value of the inner <code>block</code> expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> sequence of expressions. That value is the value of <code>outer_var + val</code>, which, being the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> is always the value of the function. ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== <code>block</code> expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the <code>block</code> expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a ''label'' (or ''"tag"'') argument ( the ''"go to"'') as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight> Note the following: * <code>'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>'''loop'''</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>'''if i <= n then go (loop)'''</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>'''total'''</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the <code>block</code> expression. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the <code>block</code> expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The ''go-to'' label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different <code>block</code> expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. Another way to modify a <code>block</code> expression evaluation sequence is by way of the <code>throw</code> operator.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i32) /* Define a function using a block expression that searches for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */ find_element (target_list, threshold) := block ( [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */ catch( for x in target_list do ( if x > threshold then ( /* Immediately exit the block and return this value */ throw (x) ) ), /* This string is returned only if the do loop finishes without a throw to catch */ "No element exceeded the threshold" ) )$ (%i31) /* Test the block */ find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 ); (%o31) 55</syntaxhighlight>This example unpacks as follows: <code>'''catch (...)'''</code>: This expression creates a target scope that ''"catches"'' the value of any <code>throw</code> expression evaluated within that scope. <code>'''throw (x)'''</code>: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the <code>do</code> loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' <code>block</code> '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the <code>catch</code> expression, returning the value of <code>x</code> as the value of the entire <code>catch</code> expression. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== <code>block</code> operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' <code>block</code> expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first <code>block</code> operator list argument, are created each time a nested <code>block</code> is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any <code>block</code> expressions, are global values for nested <code>block</code> expressions as well as enclosing <code>block</code> expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing <code>block</code> expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a <code>block</code> expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing <code>block</code> expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) z : 2^(1/3); (z) 2^(1/3) (%i24) /* Outer block starts */ block ( [x : 10, y : 20], /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */ /* Inner block starts */ block ( [y : 99, z : 100], /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */ print ("Inside inner block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the local value of y of outer block"), print("z =", z, "is the local value of z of inner block") ), /* Inner block ends */ /* Outer block resumes */ print ("Back in outer block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the restored value of y of the outer block"), print ("z =", z, "is the value of z global to both blocks") /* Outer block ends */ )$ Inside inner block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block Back in outer block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks </syntaxhighlight> ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) f (s) := cos (s); (%o25) f(s):=cos(s) (%i26) f (%pi/6); (%o26) sqrt(3)/2 (%i27) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o27) 1/2 (%i28) f (s); (%o28) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. <code>block</code> expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. <code>block</code> expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, <code>block</code> expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. === Functions === {| class="wikitable" |+Function Definition Operators and Identifiers |<code>:=</code> |<code>fundef</code> |<code>buildq</code> |- |<code>::=</code> |<code>lambda</code> |<code>macros</code> |- |<code>define</code> |<code>local</code> |<code>slice</code> |- |<code>dispfun</code> |<code>remfunction</code> | |- |<code>functions</code> |<code>setup_autoload</code> | |} As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the <code>:=</code> or <code>define</code> operators. As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions. There are two operators used to define functions as follows: # The <code>''''':='''''</code> operator # The <code>'''define'''</code> operator <var><code>f (x₁, x_2, ..., x_n) ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n] ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n](y₁, y₂, ..., y_m) ''':=''' expr</code></var> <code>define (f</code> <code>(x₁, x_2, …, x_n), expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n], expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> <code>define (funmake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (arraymake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (ev (</code><code>expr₁, expr₂))</code> where <code>expr</code> is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant differences between these two operators are in terms of the evaluation of the function body and the composition and identification of functions dynamically. * '''Evaluation:''' ** The <code>:=</code> operator '''suppresses (quotes)''' the evaluation of the function body when this operator is first evaluated. It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments. ** The <code>define()</code> operator '''evaluates''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. If the function body involves intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of expressions (like <code>rhs()</code> or derivative results), the <code>define()</code> operator includes the evaluated results of those directly into the function body. * '''Dynamic Function Composition and Identifiers:''' ** Function identifiers cannot easily be composed dynamically on the left-hand side of the <code>:=</code> operator when used inside programmatic loop expressions or in scripts. ** The <code>define()</code> operator accepts expressions like <code>funmake</code> or evaluated symbols as its first argument, allowing the composition and identification of functions dynamically during evaluation. So, there are in general two different operators that can be used to define and evaluate functions. The choice by the Maxima user between these two operators depends on the purpose and context. ==== Function Definition Using the <code>:=</code> Operator ==== For the purpose of understanding the two ways of defining functions, consider the following example which is elementary, but in terms of clarification is not merely simple:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* "kill" all previously used identifier and values */ (%i29) kill (all); (%o0) done /* assign identifier x the global value of 5 */ (%i1) x : 5; (x) 5 /* define f as a function with local argument x */ (%i2) f (x) := x; (%o2) f(x):=x /* evaluate f at local value of x is 3 */ (%i3) f (3); (%o3) 3 /* the global value of x is not affected */ (%i4) x; (%o4) 5 /* show the definition expression of the function named f */ (%i5) fundef (f); (%o5) f(x):=x</syntaxhighlight>'''Function Definition Using the''' '''<code>define</code> Operator'''<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a function with identifier g with a local argument y and with a function body of identifier x */ (%i3) define (g('x), x); (%o3) g(x):=5 /* identifier x of the function body is evaluated */ /* identifier x as an argument of g is local in scope */ (%i4) fundef (g); (%o4) g(x):=5 /* the same identifier x used in three different roles */ /* used as the global name of a function x */ /* used as a local argument of a function */ /* used as an unevaluated expression for a function body */ (%i7) x(x) := x; (%o7) x(x):=x (%i9) x(3); (%o9) 3 (%i10) x; (%o10) 5 (%i8) fundef (x); (%o8) x(x):=x (%i11) define (x('x), x); (%o11) x(x):=5 (%i12) fundef (x); (%o12) x(x):=5 </syntaxhighlight>The purpose of this example is not to encourage this sort of syntax as a typical choice for identifiers and function definitions. The purpose is to clarify how Maxima implicitly determines the scope and meaning of identifiers used for function definition in the absence of any explicit user stipulations. It should be noted that the <code>define</code> operator not only evaluates the expression that is the function body, it also evaluates the arguments of the function identifier that is the first argument of the <code>define</code> operator. Since there is a global value of the identifier <code>x</code> of <code>5</code>, it was necessary to suppress evaluation (quote) the argument in the expression <code>(%i12) define ('x), x);</code> as otherwise an error would be the result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a new function named x */ (%i14) define (x('x), 'x^2); (%o14) x(x):=x^2 /* check the definition of the new function named x */ (%i15) fundef (x); (%o15) x(x):=x^2 /* the identifier x has a global value */ (%i16) values; (%o16) [x] /* the global value of identifier x is 5 */ (%i17) x; (%o17) 5 /* the suppressed global value 'x of identifier x is x */ (%i18) 'x; (%o18) x /* not quoting the global value of identifier x is an error */ (%i19) define (x(x), 'x^2); define: in definition of x, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> ==== Understanding the Differences Between the <code>:=</code> and <code>define</code> Operators ==== In cases such as these, the suppression of evaluation by quoting is a user stipulation as to evaluation. Users must be aware of these differences between the two operators (<code>:=</code> and <code>define</code>) for the purpose of function definition in order to achieve what is intended and to avoid errors,<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i20) f (x) := 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5; (%o20) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i21) fundef (f); (%o21) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i22) f(2); (%o22) 27 (%i23) define (f (x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); define: in definition of f, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i24) define (f ('x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); (%o24) f(x):=390 (%i25) define (f ('x) , '(3*x^3 + 4*x - 5)); (%o25) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i26) fundef (f); (%o26) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i27) f(2); (%o27) 27 </syntaxhighlight>What is true in the case of these elementary examples is true in general for function definitions involving multiple arguments:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* x has a global value of 5 while y is local to g */ (%i28) g (x, y) := x^3 - y^2; (%o28) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i29) g (6,2); (%o29) 212 (%i30) define (g('x, y), 'x^3 - y^2); (%o30) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i31) values; (%o31) [x] (%i32) g (6,2); (%o32) 212 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator is a good choice in cases where an existing expression is used as the function body:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i33) /* assign an expression to identifier expr */ expr : diff('x^3, 'x); /* Returns 3*x^2 */ (expr) 3*x^2 (%i34) /* evaluate expr and define h (x) := 3*x^2 */ define (h ('x), expr); (%o34) h(x):=3*x^2 </syntaxhighlight>In cases in which functions require local variables or more than one expression for the function body, use the block operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i35) remvalue (x); (%o35) [x] (%i36) values; (%o36) [expr] --> power_sum (x, y) := block ( /* values of these identifiers are explicitly local to the function */ [sqx, sqy], /* unevaluated identifiers x and y are local arguments of the function and values of these identifiers are implicitly local to the function */ sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy /* the value of the function */ )$ (%i37) fundef (power_sum); (%o37) power_sum(x,y):=block([sqx,sqy],sqx:x^2,sqy:y^2,sqx+sqy) (%i38) power_sum (3,4); (%o38) 25 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator could also be used to define this function, but with different definition values as a consequence:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i39) define (power_sum (x,y), block ( [sqx,sqy], sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy ) )$ (%i40) fundef (power_sum); (%o40) power_sum(x,y):=y^2+x^2 (%i41) power_sum (3,4); (%o41) 25</syntaxhighlight>The function definition of <code>power_sum</code> is different using the <code>define</code> operator instead of the <code>:=</code> operator. The value of the function when referenced with arguments (<code>power_sum (3,4)</code>) is the same in both cases – <code>25</code>. However, in general for defining functions, this may not be the case. The choice between these two operators depends on the intentions of the user. ==== Practical Considerations Related to Function Composition ==== In general, programming is a technical skill as well as a subjective art. So, absolute rules are not offered here. For practical purposes some "guidelines" are offered here that may be useful for Maxima function composition as well as Maxima programming in general: * * * * * Consider the following linear algebraic equation: <math display="block">3y - 7x = 10</math> As an example suppose the value that is sought is the slope <code>m</code> of this equation, and in general, the slope of any linear equation regardless of the form. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* assign the linear equation to an identifier */ (%i42) lineqn : 3*y - 7*x = 10; (lineqn) 3*y-7*x=10 /* solve the linear equation for y */ (%i43) solve([lineqn], [y]) (%o43) [y=(7*x+10)/3] /* use the index [1] of the list to get the solved equation */ (%i44) solve([lineqn], [y])[1] (%o44) y=(7*x+10)/3 /* use the rhs operator to get right-hand side */ (%i45) rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1]); (%o45) (7*x+10)/3 /* use the expand operator change the RHS */ (%i46) expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])); (%o46) (7*x)/3+10/3 /* use the coeff operator to get the coefficient of x */ (%i47) coeff(expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])),x,1); (%o47) 7/3 /* define the function with an argument eqn for lineqn */ (%i48) m (eqn) := coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1)$ /* check the function definition */ (%i49) fundef (m); (%o49) m(eqn):=coeff(expand(rhs((solve([eqn],[y]))[1])),x,1) /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ (%i50) m (lineqn); (%o50) 7/3 /* assign a different linear equation to lineqn */ (%i51) lineqn : x = 6*y + 13; (lineqn) x=6*y+13 /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ %i52) m (lineqn); (%o52) 1/6</syntaxhighlight>The function body of this example will result in an error if it is used with the <code>define</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) define ( m (eqn), coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1) )$ inpart: invalid index 1 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight>This error is a consequence of the evaluation that occurs when using the <code>define</code> operator. In this case, this evaluation results in a reference to the indexed value of a list object that does not exist when evaluation occurs during definition – <code>solve ([eqn], [y])[1]</code>. ==== Memoizing Functions ==== The functions discussed so far are often referred to as '''''ordinary functions'''''. The arguments of ordinary functions are enclosed using parentheses – <var><code>(x₁, x_2, ..., x_n)</code>.</var> Function definition forms which include arguments enclosed by brackets (as in <var><code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n]</code></var>) are called '''''memoizing functions'''''. Memoizing functions can be categorized both as functions and as data structures – specifically a ''hashed array'' of values. Memoizing functions are also referred to as '''''array functions'''''. In any case, memoizing functions can be defined using either the <code>:=</code> operator or the <code>define</code> operator. If the form of the function definition expression is <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n] := expr</code> The function body <code>expr</code> is evaluated once for each individual value of the arguments, and that value is the value of the function, without again evaluating the function body, whenever referenced using arguments that have those same values. Once evaluated during a function reference with arguments, that value of a memoizing function is thereby "frozen" in other words. This frozen value also becomes an instance of a hashed array data structure that can be referenced by way of the value of the index used as an argument when first evaluated. In keeping with previous practice, the examples provided here are intentionally elementary for the purpose of demonstrating and clarifying the technical aspects involved. There is thereby no intention to convey that the composition of function definition expressions with multiple arguments and complex expressions for the function body is ruled out or of lesser practical value. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* define a memoizing function f */ /* x and n may serve as both arguments and array indices */ (%i54) f [x, n] := x^n; (%o54) f[x,n]:=x^n /* check the array information for f */ (%i55) arrayinfo (f); (%o55) [hashed,2] /* f does not appear in the list of functions */ (%i56) functions; (%o56) [m(lineqn)] /* reference f with argument values */ (%i57) f [2,3] ; (%o57) 8 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i58) arrayinfo (f); (%o58) [hashed,2,[2,3]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i59) listarray (f); (%o59) [8] /* f does appear in the list of arrays */ (%i60) arrays; (%o60) [f] /* reference f with new argument values */ (%i61) f [5,2]; (%o61) 25 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i62) arrayinfo (f); (%o62) [hashed,2,[2,3],[5,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i63) listarray (f); (%o63) [8,25]</syntaxhighlight>An expression of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn], expr)</code> may also be used to define the same memoizing function <code>f</code> in this case as the evaluation imposed by the <code>define</code> operator during evaluation of these function arguments and this function body that occurs makes no difference:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* remove the function definition and values of f */ (%i64) remarray (f); (%o64) [f] /* the list of arrays is now empty */ (%i65) arrays; (%o65) [] /* define the same memoizing function f using the define operator */ /* evaluation makes no difference to the definition of f in this case */ (%i66) define (f [x,n], x^n); (%o66) f[x,n]:=x^n /* reference f with different argument values */ (%i67) f [3, 2]; (%o67) 9 /* reference f again with different argument values */ (%i68) f [2, 5]; (%o68) 32 /* f again appears in the list of arrays */ (%i69) arrays; (%o69) [f] /* check the array information for f */ (%i70) arrayinfo (f); (%o70) [hashed,2,[2,5],[3,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i71) listarray (f); (%o71) [32,9] </syntaxhighlight> ===== Special Forms of Memoizing Functions ===== <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code> or <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> An expression of the form <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, or alternatively of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn](y₁, y₂,..., y_m), expr)</code>, may also be used to define a memoizing function named <code>f</code>. When either of these forms are used to compose a function definition expression, there is a sense in which the resulting function is a hybrid – part memoizing function, and part "ordinary" function. These forms create a hashed array of functions where the array subscripts <code>[x₁, x₂,..., x_n]</code> evaluate immediately to "specialize" the function body, while the ordinary function arguments <code>(y₁, y₂,..., y_m)</code> are used when evaluating these individual functions.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* Define a function for an array of "shifted" power functions */ (%i72) define( p[n](x), x^n + n ); (%o72) p[n](x):=x^n+n (%i73) p[2]; (%o73) lambda([x],x^2+2) (%i74) p[2](5); (%o74) 27 (%i75) p[4]; (%o75) lambda([x],x^4+4) (%i76) p[4](5); (%o76) 629 (%i77) arrayinfo (p); (%o77) [hashed,1,[2],[4]] (%i78) listarray (p) (%o78) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4)] (%i79) p[5]; (%o79) lambda([x],x^5+5) (%i80) p[5](2); (%o80) 37 (%i81) listarray (p); (%o81) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4),lambda([x],x^5+5)] (%i82) arrayinfo (p); (%o82) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5]]</syntaxhighlight>'''Explanation of the code example:''' '''1. Defining the memoizing function:''' The expression composed using the <code>define</code> operator has a value that defines a special form of a memoizing function. The value of this defining expression serves as a "template" for indexed values of a hashed array – <code>p[n]</code>. '''2. The value of array instances:''' Applying the defined function <code>p</code> to an expression enclosed only with brackets for the argument identified as <code>n</code>, returns a value that is a <code>lambda</code> expression, and that is an indexed instance of a hashed array. The identifier <code>n</code> serves as both as an argument of the function body and as an index of the hashed array in this case. <code>lambda</code> expressions are sometimes referred to as ''anonymous'', ''ad hoc'', or ''throw-away''. The technical details of <code>lambda</code> expressions are explained in a following section. '''3. Evaluating the memoizing functions with arguments:''' The argument identified as <code>x</code> in parentheses serves only as part of the composition of the function body of the indexed <code>lambda</code> expressions of the hashed array <code>p</code> when referenced by some expression in parentheses. This form of the composition of a Maxima memoizing function is useful to create an array of unique <code>lambda</code> expressions where the composition of each individual expression depends explicitly on the structural indices of the array that are used. This form in general can be composed using more than one argument for index values enclosed in brackets, as well more than one evaluation argument enclosed in parentheses. The number of each type of argument need not be the same. For example, in a defining expression of the form: <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, that <math display="inline">n = m</math> is true, is not necessary. The operator <code>:=</code> can also be used to define this type of memoizing function:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* index values can be expressions */ (%i83) p [2*x]; (%o83) lambda([x],x^(2*x)+2*x) (%i84) p [2*x](4); (%o84) 65544 /* a memoizing function definition with multiple arguments */ (%i85) p2 [m, n](x, y) := x^n + y^m + (m+n); (%o85) p2[m,n](x,y):=x^n+y^m+(m+n) /* this expression creates the first indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i86) p2 [2, 2]; (%o86) lambda([x,y],y^2+x^2+4) /* this expression has a value of 17 for values of the arguments (2, 3) for the first indexed values of [2, 2] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i87) p2 [2, 2](2,3); (%o87) 17 /* this expression creates the second indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i88) p2 [3, 4]; (%o88) lambda([x,y],y^3+x^4+7) /* this expression has a value of 213 for values of the arguments (3, 5) for the second indexed values of [3, 4] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i89) p2 [3, 4](3, 5); (%o89) 213 (%i90) arrayinfo (p2); (%o90) [hashed,2,[2,2],[3,4]] (%i91) arrayinfo (p); (%o91) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5],[2*x]] /* another memoizing function definition with multiple arguments and where n is not erqual to m */ (%i92) p3 [i, j](x, y, z) := x^i * y^j * z^j; (%o92) p3[i,j](x,y,z):=x^i*y^j*z^j (%i93) p3 [3,4]; (%o93) lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4) (%i94) p3 [3, 4] (2, 3, 4); (%o94) 165888 (%i95) arrayinfo (p3); (%o95) [hashed,2,[3,4]] (%i96) arrays; (%o96) [p,p2,p3] (%i97) listarray (p3); (%o97) [lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4)] </syntaxhighlight> ===== More Special Forms of Memoizing Functions Using the <code>define</code> Operator ===== <code>define (funmake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (arraymake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (ev (expr₁, expr₂))</code> ==== Lambda Expressions ==== ==== Macros – <code>::=</code> and <code>buildq</code> Operators ==== In the Maxima Computer Algebra System (CAS), a '''''macro''''' is a special type of function that manipulates the structure of an expression before it is evaluated. The Maxima Manual describes ''macros''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual - Operator ::= |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Operators.html#index-_003a_003a_003d |url-status=live}}</ref> as follows: ''"Macro function definition operator.'' <code>::=</code> ''defines a function (called a "macro" for historical reasons) which quotes its arguments, and the expression which it returns (called the "macro expansion") is evaluated in the context from which the macro was called. A macro function is otherwise the same as an ordinary function."'' {| class="wikitable" |+Macro Operators and Identifiers |<code>::=</code> |<code>macroexpand</code> |<code>macros</code> |<code>splice</code> |- |<code>fundef</code> | <code>dispfun</code> | <code>buildq</code> | |- |<code>remfunction</code> |<code>kill</code> |<code>remove</code> | |} While ordinary Maxima functions evaluate their arguments immediately when referenced, a ''macro'' quotes its arguments. It treats those arguments as raw, not evaluated expressions blocks, ''transforms'' them mathematically or syntactically, and then <code>evaluates</code> the newly generated code. Because Maxima is written in and inherits the semantics of Common Lisp, its macro system acts similarly to Lisp macros, functioning essentially as a programmable compiler extension. Key Mechanics of a Maxima Macro * '''Definition Operator (<code>::</code>=):''' You define a macro using the <code>::=</code> operator instead of the ordinary function definition operator (<code>:=</code>). * '''The Global <code>macros</code> List:''' Every time you create a macro, Maxima automatically tracks it by appending it to a global information list called <code>macros</code>. * '''Macro Expansion:''' When a macro is invoked, Maxima executes a process called ''expansion''. The macro code runs to generate a new Maxima expression, and then Maxima evaluates that final output expression. ====== Some Reasons to Use a Macro Instead of a Function: ====== Ordinary functions cannot control how or when arguments are evaluated. Macros are a good choice for: # '''Evaluation Control:''' Preventing an expression from being evaluated until specific conditional statements are checked. # '''Meta-programming:''' Writing clean, shorthand code that automatically generates longer, repetitive mathematical boilerplate expressions "under the hood" so to speak. # '''Context Manipulation:''' Altering identifiers inside the environment where referenced rather than within a closed, localized function scope. ====== Example: Function vs. Macro ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%o1) a_function (expr) := print( "The expression is: ", expr)$ (%i8) x:5; (x) 5 /* An ordinary function evaluates arguments when referenced */ (%i9) a_function (x + 2)$ The expression is: 7 /* This has the same value as the above */ (%i18) a_function (expr : x + 2)$ The expression is: 7 /* A macro quotes its arguments and controls execution */ (%i2) a_macro (expr) ::= buildq ([expr], print ("The expression is: ", 'expr))$ (%i11) a_macro (x + 2); The expression is: x+2 (%o22) x+2 (%i12) a_macro (expr : x + 2); The expression is: expr:x+2 (%o12) expr:x+2 (%i6) a_macro (expr : 2); The expression is: expr:2 (%o6) expr:2 (%i13) macros; (%o13) [a_macro(expr)] </syntaxhighlight>To understand the difference, consider how differently a function and a macro handle a identifier named <code>x</code>: * If you call <code>my_function(x + 2)</code> when x has been previously assigned a value of <code>5</code>, the function immediately receives <code>7</code> as its input. * If you call <code>my_macro(x + 2)</code>, the macro captures the exact symbolic structure <code>x + 2</code> without evaluating it first, allowing you to manipulate the literal algebraic format. Code templates like <code>buildq</code> are frequently used inside macros to construct these new mathematical structures cleanly. ==== Some Techniques for Function Composition ==== === Conditional Expressions – Special Operator <code>if</code> === === Expressions for Iteration – Special Operator <code>do</code> === The special operator <code>do</code> is used to compose expressions for iteration. It is typically used with the following other special operators: * <code>while</code> * <code>unless</code> * <code>for</code> * <code>from</code> * <code>thru</code> * <code>step</code> * <code>next</code> * <code>in</code> The general forms of <code>do</code> expressions Maxima supports are: <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>thru</code> limit <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>while</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>unless</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> list <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> expr <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> hash_table <code>do</code> body === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} dh8s8rlqivk1pdw2xdd65gkqhszfs3g 4678962 4678961 2026-10-30T03:34:04Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Some Reasons to Use a Macro Instead of a Function: */ 4678962 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All <code>block</code> expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a <code>block</code> expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the <code>block</code> expression), and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code> expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x, 2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight>When a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated within a <code>block</code> expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing <code>block</code> expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing <code>block</code> expression. It therefore can be compared with the <code>return</code> statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the <code>return</code> operator affects only the block expression in which the <code>return</code> operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i18) test_nested_block (val) := block ( [outer_var : 10], print("Entering outer block expression"), /* inner block expression */ block( [inner_var : 20], print (" Entering inner block expression"), if val > 5 then /* another inner block expression */ block ( print (" val > 5"), print (" Returning only to inner block expression"), return (inner_var + val) /* returns only to the inner block expression */ ), /* end of another inner block expression */ print (" inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val) ), /* end of inner block expression */ print ("Back in outer block expression"), outer_var + val /* end of outer block expression */ )$ (%i19) test_nested_block (1); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression inner_var + val is 21 Back in outer block expression (%o19) 11 (%i20) test_nested_block (6); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression val > 5 Returning only to inner block expression Back in outer block expression (%o20) 16</syntaxhighlight> '''''The <code>block</code> operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. '''''Nested blocks''''': There are three <code>block</code> operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named <code>test_nested_block (val</code>. There is an outer <code>block</code> expression that has an inner <code>block</code> expression as an argument,and there is a third <code>block</code> expression that is an argument of the inner <code>block</code> expression. '''''The <code>return</code> operator''''': If <code>val > 5</code> is <code>true</code> then the return operator of the most inner <code>block</code> expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner <code>block</code> expression is the value of the argument of the return operator – <code>inner_var + val</code>. Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner <code>block</code> expression after the end of the most inner <code>block</code> expression – which is <code>print ("   inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val)</code>. The value of the <code>print</code> operator is the value of <code>inner_var + val</code>. However, while that value is the value of the inner <code>block</code> expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> sequence of expressions. That value is the value of <code>outer_var + val</code>, which, being the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> is always the value of the function. ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== <code>block</code> expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the <code>block</code> expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a ''label'' (or ''"tag"'') argument ( the ''"go to"'') as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight> Note the following: * <code>'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>'''loop'''</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>'''if i <= n then go (loop)'''</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>'''total'''</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the <code>block</code> expression. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the <code>block</code> expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The ''go-to'' label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different <code>block</code> expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. Another way to modify a <code>block</code> expression evaluation sequence is by way of the <code>throw</code> operator.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i32) /* Define a function using a block expression that searches for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */ find_element (target_list, threshold) := block ( [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */ catch( for x in target_list do ( if x > threshold then ( /* Immediately exit the block and return this value */ throw (x) ) ), /* This string is returned only if the do loop finishes without a throw to catch */ "No element exceeded the threshold" ) )$ (%i31) /* Test the block */ find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 ); (%o31) 55</syntaxhighlight>This example unpacks as follows: <code>'''catch (...)'''</code>: This expression creates a target scope that ''"catches"'' the value of any <code>throw</code> expression evaluated within that scope. <code>'''throw (x)'''</code>: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the <code>do</code> loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' <code>block</code> '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the <code>catch</code> expression, returning the value of <code>x</code> as the value of the entire <code>catch</code> expression. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== <code>block</code> operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' <code>block</code> expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first <code>block</code> operator list argument, are created each time a nested <code>block</code> is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any <code>block</code> expressions, are global values for nested <code>block</code> expressions as well as enclosing <code>block</code> expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing <code>block</code> expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a <code>block</code> expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing <code>block</code> expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) z : 2^(1/3); (z) 2^(1/3) (%i24) /* Outer block starts */ block ( [x : 10, y : 20], /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */ /* Inner block starts */ block ( [y : 99, z : 100], /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */ print ("Inside inner block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the local value of y of outer block"), print("z =", z, "is the local value of z of inner block") ), /* Inner block ends */ /* Outer block resumes */ print ("Back in outer block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the restored value of y of the outer block"), print ("z =", z, "is the value of z global to both blocks") /* Outer block ends */ )$ Inside inner block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block Back in outer block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks </syntaxhighlight> ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) f (s) := cos (s); (%o25) f(s):=cos(s) (%i26) f (%pi/6); (%o26) sqrt(3)/2 (%i27) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o27) 1/2 (%i28) f (s); (%o28) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. <code>block</code> expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. <code>block</code> expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, <code>block</code> expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. === Functions === {| class="wikitable" |+Function Definition Operators and Identifiers |<code>:=</code> |<code>fundef</code> |<code>buildq</code> |- |<code>::=</code> |<code>lambda</code> |<code>macros</code> |- |<code>define</code> |<code>local</code> |<code>slice</code> |- |<code>dispfun</code> |<code>remfunction</code> | |- |<code>functions</code> |<code>setup_autoload</code> | |} As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the <code>:=</code> or <code>define</code> operators. As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions. There are two operators used to define functions as follows: # The <code>''''':='''''</code> operator # The <code>'''define'''</code> operator <var><code>f (x₁, x_2, ..., x_n) ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n] ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n](y₁, y₂, ..., y_m) ''':=''' expr</code></var> <code>define (f</code> <code>(x₁, x_2, …, x_n), expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n], expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> <code>define (funmake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (arraymake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (ev (</code><code>expr₁, expr₂))</code> where <code>expr</code> is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant differences between these two operators are in terms of the evaluation of the function body and the composition and identification of functions dynamically. * '''Evaluation:''' ** The <code>:=</code> operator '''suppresses (quotes)''' the evaluation of the function body when this operator is first evaluated. It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments. ** The <code>define()</code> operator '''evaluates''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. If the function body involves intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of expressions (like <code>rhs()</code> or derivative results), the <code>define()</code> operator includes the evaluated results of those directly into the function body. * '''Dynamic Function Composition and Identifiers:''' ** Function identifiers cannot easily be composed dynamically on the left-hand side of the <code>:=</code> operator when used inside programmatic loop expressions or in scripts. ** The <code>define()</code> operator accepts expressions like <code>funmake</code> or evaluated symbols as its first argument, allowing the composition and identification of functions dynamically during evaluation. So, there are in general two different operators that can be used to define and evaluate functions. The choice by the Maxima user between these two operators depends on the purpose and context. ==== Function Definition Using the <code>:=</code> Operator ==== For the purpose of understanding the two ways of defining functions, consider the following example which is elementary, but in terms of clarification is not merely simple:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* "kill" all previously used identifier and values */ (%i29) kill (all); (%o0) done /* assign identifier x the global value of 5 */ (%i1) x : 5; (x) 5 /* define f as a function with local argument x */ (%i2) f (x) := x; (%o2) f(x):=x /* evaluate f at local value of x is 3 */ (%i3) f (3); (%o3) 3 /* the global value of x is not affected */ (%i4) x; (%o4) 5 /* show the definition expression of the function named f */ (%i5) fundef (f); (%o5) f(x):=x</syntaxhighlight>'''Function Definition Using the''' '''<code>define</code> Operator'''<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a function with identifier g with a local argument y and with a function body of identifier x */ (%i3) define (g('x), x); (%o3) g(x):=5 /* identifier x of the function body is evaluated */ /* identifier x as an argument of g is local in scope */ (%i4) fundef (g); (%o4) g(x):=5 /* the same identifier x used in three different roles */ /* used as the global name of a function x */ /* used as a local argument of a function */ /* used as an unevaluated expression for a function body */ (%i7) x(x) := x; (%o7) x(x):=x (%i9) x(3); (%o9) 3 (%i10) x; (%o10) 5 (%i8) fundef (x); (%o8) x(x):=x (%i11) define (x('x), x); (%o11) x(x):=5 (%i12) fundef (x); (%o12) x(x):=5 </syntaxhighlight>The purpose of this example is not to encourage this sort of syntax as a typical choice for identifiers and function definitions. The purpose is to clarify how Maxima implicitly determines the scope and meaning of identifiers used for function definition in the absence of any explicit user stipulations. It should be noted that the <code>define</code> operator not only evaluates the expression that is the function body, it also evaluates the arguments of the function identifier that is the first argument of the <code>define</code> operator. Since there is a global value of the identifier <code>x</code> of <code>5</code>, it was necessary to suppress evaluation (quote) the argument in the expression <code>(%i12) define ('x), x);</code> as otherwise an error would be the result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a new function named x */ (%i14) define (x('x), 'x^2); (%o14) x(x):=x^2 /* check the definition of the new function named x */ (%i15) fundef (x); (%o15) x(x):=x^2 /* the identifier x has a global value */ (%i16) values; (%o16) [x] /* the global value of identifier x is 5 */ (%i17) x; (%o17) 5 /* the suppressed global value 'x of identifier x is x */ (%i18) 'x; (%o18) x /* not quoting the global value of identifier x is an error */ (%i19) define (x(x), 'x^2); define: in definition of x, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> ==== Understanding the Differences Between the <code>:=</code> and <code>define</code> Operators ==== In cases such as these, the suppression of evaluation by quoting is a user stipulation as to evaluation. Users must be aware of these differences between the two operators (<code>:=</code> and <code>define</code>) for the purpose of function definition in order to achieve what is intended and to avoid errors,<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i20) f (x) := 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5; (%o20) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i21) fundef (f); (%o21) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i22) f(2); (%o22) 27 (%i23) define (f (x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); define: in definition of f, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i24) define (f ('x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); (%o24) f(x):=390 (%i25) define (f ('x) , '(3*x^3 + 4*x - 5)); (%o25) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i26) fundef (f); (%o26) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i27) f(2); (%o27) 27 </syntaxhighlight>What is true in the case of these elementary examples is true in general for function definitions involving multiple arguments:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* x has a global value of 5 while y is local to g */ (%i28) g (x, y) := x^3 - y^2; (%o28) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i29) g (6,2); (%o29) 212 (%i30) define (g('x, y), 'x^3 - y^2); (%o30) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i31) values; (%o31) [x] (%i32) g (6,2); (%o32) 212 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator is a good choice in cases where an existing expression is used as the function body:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i33) /* assign an expression to identifier expr */ expr : diff('x^3, 'x); /* Returns 3*x^2 */ (expr) 3*x^2 (%i34) /* evaluate expr and define h (x) := 3*x^2 */ define (h ('x), expr); (%o34) h(x):=3*x^2 </syntaxhighlight>In cases in which functions require local variables or more than one expression for the function body, use the block operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i35) remvalue (x); (%o35) [x] (%i36) values; (%o36) [expr] --> power_sum (x, y) := block ( /* values of these identifiers are explicitly local to the function */ [sqx, sqy], /* unevaluated identifiers x and y are local arguments of the function and values of these identifiers are implicitly local to the function */ sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy /* the value of the function */ )$ (%i37) fundef (power_sum); (%o37) power_sum(x,y):=block([sqx,sqy],sqx:x^2,sqy:y^2,sqx+sqy) (%i38) power_sum (3,4); (%o38) 25 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator could also be used to define this function, but with different definition values as a consequence:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i39) define (power_sum (x,y), block ( [sqx,sqy], sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy ) )$ (%i40) fundef (power_sum); (%o40) power_sum(x,y):=y^2+x^2 (%i41) power_sum (3,4); (%o41) 25</syntaxhighlight>The function definition of <code>power_sum</code> is different using the <code>define</code> operator instead of the <code>:=</code> operator. The value of the function when referenced with arguments (<code>power_sum (3,4)</code>) is the same in both cases – <code>25</code>. However, in general for defining functions, this may not be the case. The choice between these two operators depends on the intentions of the user. ==== Practical Considerations Related to Function Composition ==== In general, programming is a technical skill as well as a subjective art. So, absolute rules are not offered here. For practical purposes some "guidelines" are offered here that may be useful for Maxima function composition as well as Maxima programming in general: * * * * * Consider the following linear algebraic equation: <math display="block">3y - 7x = 10</math> As an example suppose the value that is sought is the slope <code>m</code> of this equation, and in general, the slope of any linear equation regardless of the form. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* assign the linear equation to an identifier */ (%i42) lineqn : 3*y - 7*x = 10; (lineqn) 3*y-7*x=10 /* solve the linear equation for y */ (%i43) solve([lineqn], [y]) (%o43) [y=(7*x+10)/3] /* use the index [1] of the list to get the solved equation */ (%i44) solve([lineqn], [y])[1] (%o44) y=(7*x+10)/3 /* use the rhs operator to get right-hand side */ (%i45) rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1]); (%o45) (7*x+10)/3 /* use the expand operator change the RHS */ (%i46) expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])); (%o46) (7*x)/3+10/3 /* use the coeff operator to get the coefficient of x */ (%i47) coeff(expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])),x,1); (%o47) 7/3 /* define the function with an argument eqn for lineqn */ (%i48) m (eqn) := coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1)$ /* check the function definition */ (%i49) fundef (m); (%o49) m(eqn):=coeff(expand(rhs((solve([eqn],[y]))[1])),x,1) /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ (%i50) m (lineqn); (%o50) 7/3 /* assign a different linear equation to lineqn */ (%i51) lineqn : x = 6*y + 13; (lineqn) x=6*y+13 /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ %i52) m (lineqn); (%o52) 1/6</syntaxhighlight>The function body of this example will result in an error if it is used with the <code>define</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) define ( m (eqn), coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1) )$ inpart: invalid index 1 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight>This error is a consequence of the evaluation that occurs when using the <code>define</code> operator. In this case, this evaluation results in a reference to the indexed value of a list object that does not exist when evaluation occurs during definition – <code>solve ([eqn], [y])[1]</code>. ==== Memoizing Functions ==== The functions discussed so far are often referred to as '''''ordinary functions'''''. The arguments of ordinary functions are enclosed using parentheses – <var><code>(x₁, x_2, ..., x_n)</code>.</var> Function definition forms which include arguments enclosed by brackets (as in <var><code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n]</code></var>) are called '''''memoizing functions'''''. Memoizing functions can be categorized both as functions and as data structures – specifically a ''hashed array'' of values. Memoizing functions are also referred to as '''''array functions'''''. In any case, memoizing functions can be defined using either the <code>:=</code> operator or the <code>define</code> operator. If the form of the function definition expression is <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n] := expr</code> The function body <code>expr</code> is evaluated once for each individual value of the arguments, and that value is the value of the function, without again evaluating the function body, whenever referenced using arguments that have those same values. Once evaluated during a function reference with arguments, that value of a memoizing function is thereby "frozen" in other words. This frozen value also becomes an instance of a hashed array data structure that can be referenced by way of the value of the index used as an argument when first evaluated. In keeping with previous practice, the examples provided here are intentionally elementary for the purpose of demonstrating and clarifying the technical aspects involved. There is thereby no intention to convey that the composition of function definition expressions with multiple arguments and complex expressions for the function body is ruled out or of lesser practical value. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* define a memoizing function f */ /* x and n may serve as both arguments and array indices */ (%i54) f [x, n] := x^n; (%o54) f[x,n]:=x^n /* check the array information for f */ (%i55) arrayinfo (f); (%o55) [hashed,2] /* f does not appear in the list of functions */ (%i56) functions; (%o56) [m(lineqn)] /* reference f with argument values */ (%i57) f [2,3] ; (%o57) 8 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i58) arrayinfo (f); (%o58) [hashed,2,[2,3]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i59) listarray (f); (%o59) [8] /* f does appear in the list of arrays */ (%i60) arrays; (%o60) [f] /* reference f with new argument values */ (%i61) f [5,2]; (%o61) 25 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i62) arrayinfo (f); (%o62) [hashed,2,[2,3],[5,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i63) listarray (f); (%o63) [8,25]</syntaxhighlight>An expression of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn], expr)</code> may also be used to define the same memoizing function <code>f</code> in this case as the evaluation imposed by the <code>define</code> operator during evaluation of these function arguments and this function body that occurs makes no difference:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* remove the function definition and values of f */ (%i64) remarray (f); (%o64) [f] /* the list of arrays is now empty */ (%i65) arrays; (%o65) [] /* define the same memoizing function f using the define operator */ /* evaluation makes no difference to the definition of f in this case */ (%i66) define (f [x,n], x^n); (%o66) f[x,n]:=x^n /* reference f with different argument values */ (%i67) f [3, 2]; (%o67) 9 /* reference f again with different argument values */ (%i68) f [2, 5]; (%o68) 32 /* f again appears in the list of arrays */ (%i69) arrays; (%o69) [f] /* check the array information for f */ (%i70) arrayinfo (f); (%o70) [hashed,2,[2,5],[3,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i71) listarray (f); (%o71) [32,9] </syntaxhighlight> ===== Special Forms of Memoizing Functions ===== <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code> or <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> An expression of the form <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, or alternatively of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn](y₁, y₂,..., y_m), expr)</code>, may also be used to define a memoizing function named <code>f</code>. When either of these forms are used to compose a function definition expression, there is a sense in which the resulting function is a hybrid – part memoizing function, and part "ordinary" function. These forms create a hashed array of functions where the array subscripts <code>[x₁, x₂,..., x_n]</code> evaluate immediately to "specialize" the function body, while the ordinary function arguments <code>(y₁, y₂,..., y_m)</code> are used when evaluating these individual functions.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* Define a function for an array of "shifted" power functions */ (%i72) define( p[n](x), x^n + n ); (%o72) p[n](x):=x^n+n (%i73) p[2]; (%o73) lambda([x],x^2+2) (%i74) p[2](5); (%o74) 27 (%i75) p[4]; (%o75) lambda([x],x^4+4) (%i76) p[4](5); (%o76) 629 (%i77) arrayinfo (p); (%o77) [hashed,1,[2],[4]] (%i78) listarray (p) (%o78) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4)] (%i79) p[5]; (%o79) lambda([x],x^5+5) (%i80) p[5](2); (%o80) 37 (%i81) listarray (p); (%o81) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4),lambda([x],x^5+5)] (%i82) arrayinfo (p); (%o82) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5]]</syntaxhighlight>'''Explanation of the code example:''' '''1. Defining the memoizing function:''' The expression composed using the <code>define</code> operator has a value that defines a special form of a memoizing function. The value of this defining expression serves as a "template" for indexed values of a hashed array – <code>p[n]</code>. '''2. The value of array instances:''' Applying the defined function <code>p</code> to an expression enclosed only with brackets for the argument identified as <code>n</code>, returns a value that is a <code>lambda</code> expression, and that is an indexed instance of a hashed array. The identifier <code>n</code> serves as both as an argument of the function body and as an index of the hashed array in this case. <code>lambda</code> expressions are sometimes referred to as ''anonymous'', ''ad hoc'', or ''throw-away''. The technical details of <code>lambda</code> expressions are explained in a following section. '''3. Evaluating the memoizing functions with arguments:''' The argument identified as <code>x</code> in parentheses serves only as part of the composition of the function body of the indexed <code>lambda</code> expressions of the hashed array <code>p</code> when referenced by some expression in parentheses. This form of the composition of a Maxima memoizing function is useful to create an array of unique <code>lambda</code> expressions where the composition of each individual expression depends explicitly on the structural indices of the array that are used. This form in general can be composed using more than one argument for index values enclosed in brackets, as well more than one evaluation argument enclosed in parentheses. The number of each type of argument need not be the same. For example, in a defining expression of the form: <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, that <math display="inline">n = m</math> is true, is not necessary. The operator <code>:=</code> can also be used to define this type of memoizing function:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* index values can be expressions */ (%i83) p [2*x]; (%o83) lambda([x],x^(2*x)+2*x) (%i84) p [2*x](4); (%o84) 65544 /* a memoizing function definition with multiple arguments */ (%i85) p2 [m, n](x, y) := x^n + y^m + (m+n); (%o85) p2[m,n](x,y):=x^n+y^m+(m+n) /* this expression creates the first indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i86) p2 [2, 2]; (%o86) lambda([x,y],y^2+x^2+4) /* this expression has a value of 17 for values of the arguments (2, 3) for the first indexed values of [2, 2] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i87) p2 [2, 2](2,3); (%o87) 17 /* this expression creates the second indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i88) p2 [3, 4]; (%o88) lambda([x,y],y^3+x^4+7) /* this expression has a value of 213 for values of the arguments (3, 5) for the second indexed values of [3, 4] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i89) p2 [3, 4](3, 5); (%o89) 213 (%i90) arrayinfo (p2); (%o90) [hashed,2,[2,2],[3,4]] (%i91) arrayinfo (p); (%o91) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5],[2*x]] /* another memoizing function definition with multiple arguments and where n is not erqual to m */ (%i92) p3 [i, j](x, y, z) := x^i * y^j * z^j; (%o92) p3[i,j](x,y,z):=x^i*y^j*z^j (%i93) p3 [3,4]; (%o93) lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4) (%i94) p3 [3, 4] (2, 3, 4); (%o94) 165888 (%i95) arrayinfo (p3); (%o95) [hashed,2,[3,4]] (%i96) arrays; (%o96) [p,p2,p3] (%i97) listarray (p3); (%o97) [lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4)] </syntaxhighlight> ===== More Special Forms of Memoizing Functions Using the <code>define</code> Operator ===== <code>define (funmake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (arraymake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (ev (expr₁, expr₂))</code> ==== Lambda Expressions ==== ==== Macros – <code>::=</code> and <code>buildq</code> Operators ==== In the Maxima Computer Algebra System (CAS), a '''''macro''''' is a special type of function that manipulates the structure of an expression before it is evaluated. The Maxima Manual describes ''macros''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual - Operator ::= |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Operators.html#index-_003a_003a_003d |url-status=live}}</ref> as follows: ''"Macro function definition operator.'' <code>::=</code> ''defines a function (called a "macro" for historical reasons) which quotes its arguments, and the expression which it returns (called the "macro expansion") is evaluated in the context from which the macro was called. A macro function is otherwise the same as an ordinary function."'' {| class="wikitable" |+Macro Operators and Identifiers |<code>::=</code> |<code>macroexpand</code> |<code>macros</code> |<code>splice</code> |- |<code>fundef</code> | <code>dispfun</code> | <code>buildq</code> | |- |<code>remfunction</code> |<code>kill</code> |<code>remove</code> | |} While ordinary Maxima functions evaluate their arguments immediately when referenced, a ''macro'' quotes its arguments. It treats those arguments as raw, not evaluated expressions blocks, ''transforms'' them mathematically or syntactically, and then <code>evaluates</code> the newly generated code. Because Maxima is written in and inherits the semantics of Common Lisp, its macro system acts similarly to Lisp macros, functioning essentially as a programmable compiler extension. Key Mechanics of a Maxima Macro * '''Definition Operator (<code>::</code>=):''' You define a macro using the <code>::=</code> operator instead of the ordinary function definition operator (<code>:=</code>). * '''The Global <code>macros</code> List:''' Every time you create a macro, Maxima automatically tracks it by appending it to a global information list called <code>macros</code>. * '''Macro Expansion:''' When a macro is invoked, Maxima executes a process called ''expansion''. The macro code runs to generate a new Maxima expression, and then Maxima evaluates that final output expression. ====== Some Reasons to Use a Macro Instead of a Function: ====== Ordinary functions cannot control how or when arguments are evaluated. Macros are a good choice for: # '''Evaluation Control:''' Preventing an expression from being evaluated until specific conditional statements are checked. # '''Meta-programming:''' Writing clean, shorthand code that automatically generates longer, repetitive mathematical boilerplate expressions "under the hood" so to speak. # '''Context Manipulation:''' Altering identifiers inside the environment where referenced rather than within a closed, localized function scope. ====== Example: Function vs. Macro ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i98) a_function (expr) := print( "The expression is: ", expr)$ (%i99) x:5; (x) 5 /* An ordinary function evaluates arguments when referenced */ (%i9) a_function (x + 2)$ The expression is: 7 /* This has the same value as the above */ (%i18) a_function (expr : x + 2)$ The expression is: 7 /* A macro quotes its arguments and controls execution */ (%i2) a_macro (expr) ::= buildq ([expr], print ("The expression is: ", 'expr))$ (%i11) a_macro (x + 2); The expression is: x+2 (%o22) x+2 (%i12) a_macro (expr : x + 2); The expression is: expr:x+2 (%o12) expr:x+2 (%i6) a_macro (expr : 2); The expression is: expr:2 (%o6) expr:2 (%i13) macros; (%o13) [a_macro(expr)] </syntaxhighlight>To understand the difference, consider how differently a function and a macro handle a identifier named <code>x</code>: * If you call <code>my_function(x + 2)</code> when x has been previously assigned a value of <code>5</code>, the function immediately receives <code>7</code> as its input. * If you call <code>my_macro(x + 2)</code>, the macro captures the exact symbolic structure <code>x + 2</code> without evaluating it first, allowing you to manipulate the literal algebraic format. Code templates like <code>buildq</code> are frequently used inside macros to construct these new mathematical structures cleanly. ==== Some Techniques for Function Composition ==== === Conditional Expressions – Special Operator <code>if</code> === === Expressions for Iteration – Special Operator <code>do</code> === The special operator <code>do</code> is used to compose expressions for iteration. It is typically used with the following other special operators: * <code>while</code> * <code>unless</code> * <code>for</code> * <code>from</code> * <code>thru</code> * <code>step</code> * <code>next</code> * <code>in</code> The general forms of <code>do</code> expressions Maxima supports are: <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>thru</code> limit <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>while</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>unless</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> list <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> expr <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> hash_table <code>do</code> body === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} lroe58hge8c2dyqv0y1oez8wwipz086 4678963 4678962 2026-10-30T03:35:19Z Idavidmiller 3577687 /* Example: Function vs. Macro */ 4678963 wikitext text/x-wiki =Maxima Programming= Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character. Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved. Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, for the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention. One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest. The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means are chosen. The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions: {| class="wikitable" |+Maxima Programming Category |if |unless |errcatch |prederror |- |block |for |error |return |- |catch |from |warning |throw |- |local |thru |errormsg |sstatus |- |garbage_collect |step |errormsg |status |- |do |next |go | |- |while |in | | |} Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category. === Block Expressions === Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. All <code>block</code> expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors: * <code>( expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n )</code> * <code>block ([v₁,v_2,…,v_m], expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> The first form of a <code>block</code> expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code>, as in <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code>, unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the block expression. In that, case the form <code>block (expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n)</code> must be used. It should be noted that for Maxima to interpret of the syntax of the first of these forms as a block operator, there must be at least two expressions in the comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. Otherwise, Maxima will interpret the parentheses of this syntax as simply grouping related to the precedence order of operations. The purpose of the list argument, <code>[v₁,v_2,…,v_m]</code> is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the <code>block</code>. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless <code>return</code> or <code>go</code> operators are used in the <code>block</code> expression), and either form is sufficient.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* This block expression */ (%i1) (x : 2, x^2); (%o1) 4 /* Is equivalent to this block expression */ (%i2) block (x : 2, x^2); (%o2) 4</syntaxhighlight>So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the <code>block</code> expression is a matter of user preference. In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the <code>block</code> are global, and not local to the <code>block</code> expression. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency use of the latter form may be a better choice. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* The value 3 assigned to x is global */ (%i3) x : 3; (x) 3 /* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */ (%i4) (x : 2, x^2); (%o4) 4 /* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */ (%i5) x; (%o5) 2 </syntaxhighlight>Values of identifiers local to the <code>block</code> may not be global:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* the value of identifier y is local only */ (%i6) block ([y], y : 4, y); (%o6) 4 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i7) y; (%o7) y /* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */ (%i8) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x); (%o8) 3 /* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */ (%i9) x; (%o9) 2 /* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */ (%i10) y; (%o10) y</syntaxhighlight> Regardless of the form of the <code>block</code> expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the <code>go</code>, <code>throw</code>, or <code>return</code> operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code>. The main purpose of the <code>block</code> expression, regardless of the form, is to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the <code>block</code> expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the <code>block</code> expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the <code>block</code> expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression. One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag <code>stringdisp</code> set to <code>false</code> which is the default value.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i11) stringdisp; (%o11) false (%i12) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, ""); (%o12) (%i13) block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$ </syntaxhighlight> The display of the value of the <code>block</code> expression may be suppressed using a <code>$</code> to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a <code>block</code> expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the <code>return</code> operator becomes the value of the <code>block</code> expression.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i14) is (equal (x, 2)); (%o14) true %i15) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), " x not 2"); (%o15) 2 (%i16) x : 3; (x) 3 (%i17) block (if is (equal (x, 2)) then return (x), "x not 2"); (%o17) x not 2 </syntaxhighlight>When a <code>return</code> operator is evaluated within a <code>block</code> expression the result is to stop evaluation of expressions within the enclosing <code>block</code> expression and to return the value of its argument as the value of the enclosing <code>block</code> expression. It therefore can be compared with the <code>return</code> statement found in other programming languages, but with one difference: In Maxima, the <code>return</code> operator affects only the block expression in which the <code>return</code> operator is an expression, and has no effect otherwise.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i18) test_nested_block (val) := block ( [outer_var : 10], print("Entering outer block expression"), /* inner block expression */ block( [inner_var : 20], print (" Entering inner block expression"), if val > 5 then /* another inner block expression */ block ( print (" val > 5"), print (" Returning only to inner block expression"), return (inner_var + val) /* returns only to the inner block expression */ ), /* end of another inner block expression */ print (" inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val) ), /* end of inner block expression */ print ("Back in outer block expression"), outer_var + val /* end of outer block expression */ )$ (%i19) test_nested_block (1); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression inner_var + val is 21 Back in outer block expression (%o19) 11 (%i20) test_nested_block (6); Entering outer block expression Entering inner block expression val > 5 Returning only to inner block expression Back in outer block expression (%o20) 16</syntaxhighlight> '''''The <code>block</code> operators''''': Each instance may define local variables and has a comma-separated sequence of expressions as arguments. '''''Nested blocks''''': There are three <code>block</code> operators used in the right-hand side of the function definition expression named <code>test_nested_block (val</code>. There is an outer <code>block</code> expression that has an inner <code>block</code> expression as an argument,and there is a third <code>block</code> expression that is an argument of the inner <code>block</code> expression. '''''The <code>return</code> operator''''': If <code>val > 5</code> is <code>true</code> then the return operator of the most inner <code>block</code> expression is evaluated and evaluation of remaining expressions of that block expression does not occur. The value of that most inner <code>block</code> expression is the value of the argument of the return operator – <code>inner_var + val</code>. Evaluation of expressions continues with the first expression of the inner <code>block</code> expression after the end of the most inner <code>block</code> expression – which is <code>print ("   inner_var + val is ", inner_var + val)</code>. The value of the <code>print</code> operator is the value of <code>inner_var + val</code>. However, while that value is the value of the inner <code>block</code> expression it is effectively lost, as it is not the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> sequence of expressions. That value is the value of <code>outer_var + val</code>, which, being the last expression of the outer <code>block</code> is always the value of the function. ==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ==== <code>block</code> expression arguments <code>expr₁, expr₂,…, expr_n</code> are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the <code>block</code> expression is the value of <code>expr_n</code> unless this sequence is modified by some means. One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a <code>block</code> expression is by way of a <code>go</code> operator with a ''label'' (or ''"tag"'') argument ( the ''"go to"'') as the following exemplifies:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i18) sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0], loop, total : total + i, i : i + 1, if i <= n then go (loop), total)$ (%i19) sum_to_n(25); (%o19) 325 (%i20) n; (%o20) n (%i21) i; (%o21) i (%i22) total; (%o22) total </syntaxhighlight> Note the following: * <code>'''block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)'''</code>: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code>. The function argument <code>n</code> is also a local identifier. * <code>'''loop'''</code>: This label serves as a target inside the <code>block</code> expression to where <code>go (loop)</code> can jump. * <code>'''if i <= n then go (loop)'''</code>: This conditional expression causes the <code>go (loop)</code> operator to be evaluated if the condition is <code>true</code>. * <code>'''total'''</code>: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the <code>block</code> expression. It should also be worth noting that the identifiers <code>n</code>, <code>i</code>, and <code>total</code> have local values assigned within the <code>block</code> expression, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers <code>i</code> and <code>total</code> were both declared local and assigned initial values within the <code>block</code> list argument. The ''go-to'' label argument of the <code>go</code> operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The <code>go</code> operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different <code>block</code> expression. There is nothing special about the <code>loop</code> identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic. Another way to modify a <code>block</code> expression evaluation sequence is by way of the <code>throw</code> operator.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i32) /* Define a function using a block expression that searches for a specific condition and a throw value to catch */ find_element (target_list, threshold) := block ( [found_val : false], /* local identifier value */ catch( for x in target_list do ( if x > threshold then ( /* Immediately exit the block and return this value */ throw (x) ) ), /* This string is returned only if the do loop finishes without a throw to catch */ "No element exceeded the threshold" ) )$ (%i31) /* Test the block */ find_element ( [10, 20, 55, 80], 50 ); (%o31) 55</syntaxhighlight>This example unpacks as follows: <code>'''catch (...)'''</code>: This expression creates a target scope that ''"catches"'' the value of any <code>throw</code> expression evaluated within that scope. <code>'''throw (x)'''</code>: When Maxima encounters this operator, it immediately stops evaluation of the <code>do</code> loop expression '''''and the rest of the''''' <code>block</code> '''''expression.''''' It jumps directly out of the scope of the <code>catch</code> expression, returning the value of <code>x</code> as the value of the entire <code>catch</code> expression. ==== Nested Block Expressions ==== <code>block</code> operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' <code>block</code> expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first <code>block</code> operator list argument, are created each time a nested <code>block</code> is evaluated. However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any <code>block</code> expressions, are global values for nested <code>block</code> expressions as well as enclosing <code>block</code> expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing <code>block</code> expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a <code>block</code> expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing <code>block</code> expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) z : 2^(1/3); (z) 2^(1/3) (%i24) /* Outer block starts */ block ( [x : 10, y : 20], /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */ /* Inner block starts */ block ( [y : 99, z : 100], /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */ print ("Inside inner block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the local value of y of outer block"), print("z =", z, "is the local value of z of inner block") ), /* Inner block ends */ /* Outer block resumes */ print ("Back in outer block:"), print ("x =", x, "is the value of x from outer block"), print ("y =", y, "is the restored value of y of the outer block"), print ("z =", z, "is the value of z global to both blocks") /* Outer block ends */ )$ Inside inner block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block Back in outer block: x = 10 is the value of x from outer block y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks </syntaxhighlight> ==== Values, Properties, and the <code>local</code> Operator ==== The expression <code>local (v₁, v₂, ... , v_m)</code> within a <code>block</code> expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols <code>v₁, v₂, ... , v_m</code>, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block. Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own "dictionary" of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers. Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i23) declare (x, real); (%o23) done </syntaxhighlight> However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including <code>:=</code>, <code>array</code>, <code>dependencies</code>, <code>atvalue</code>, <code>matchdeclare</code>, <code>atomgrad</code>, <code>constant</code>, <code>nonscalar</code>, <code>assume</code>, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood: ====== Functions and Arrays ====== * '''<code>:=</code> (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using <code>f(x) := x^2</code>, the actual expression (<code>x^2</code>) and its argument list (<code>x</code>) are stored as a property of the symbol <code>f</code>. * '''<code>array</code>:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like <code>a[i]</code>), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol <code>a</code>. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable. ====== Calculus and Dependencies ====== * '''<code>dependencies</code>:''' If you declare <code>depends(y, x)</code>, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to <code>y</code> noting that it functionally depends on <code>x</code>. This tells the <code>diff</code> (differentiation) engine not to treat <code>y</code> as a constant relative to <code>x</code>. * '''<code>atvalue</code>:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., <code>atvalue(y, x=0, 1)</code>), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol <code>y</code>. * '''<code>atomgrad</code>:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol. ====== Pattern Matching and Rules ====== * '''<code>matchdeclare</code>:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like <code>tellsimp</code>). When you type <code>matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))</code>, Maxima attaches a predicate property to <code>x</code>. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of <code>x</code> to see what conditions a matching expression must meet. ====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ====== * '''<code>constant</code>:''' Declaring <code>declare(c, constant)</code> places a "constant" flag on property list of <code>c</code>. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull <code>c</code> out of integrals or differentiate it to zero. * '''<code>nonscalar</code>:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like <code>.</code> (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol. * '''<code>assume</code>:''' When an expression such as <code>assume(x > 0)</code> is used, Maxima's database system (<code>context</code>) assigns facts and properties (like <code>pos</code> or <code>nonnegative</code>) to the symbol <code>x</code>, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like <code>sqrt(x^2)</code> to <code>x</code>. The effect of the <code>local</code> operator is to make such declarations effective only within a <code>block</code> expression. Otherwise, declarations within a <code>block</code> expression are considered to be global declarations. So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument of a <code>block</code> expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the <code>block</code> expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a <code>block</code> expression, the <code>local</code> operator must be used as an expression within the <code>block</code> expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a <code>block</code> expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the <code>local</code> operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the <code>local</code> operator should have been named something like <code>local_properties</code>. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i25) f (s) := cos (s); (%o25) f(s):=cos(s) (%i26) f (%pi/6); (%o26) sqrt(3)/2 (%i27) block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6)); (%o27) 1/2 (%i28) f (s); (%o28) cos(s) </syntaxhighlight>In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier <code>f</code> were declared to be local in the <code>block</code> expression using the <code>local</code> operator. However, global properties of the identifier <code>f</code> were not affected by the local function definition of <code>f</code> in the <code>block</code> expression. The global definition expression of <code>f</code> which is <code>cos (s)</code> and the argument <code>s</code> were not affected by the local definition of <code>f</code> because the properties of <code>f</code> were declared local to the <code>block</code> expression. <code>block</code> expressions can be used for different purposes in the Maxima programming context. <code>block</code> expressions can be used in a stand-alone fashion or as part of an expression. However, <code>block</code> expressions are commonly used in expressions that define '''''functions''''', which is the topic that follows. === Functions === {| class="wikitable" |+Function Definition Operators and Identifiers |<code>:=</code> |<code>fundef</code> |<code>buildq</code> |- |<code>::=</code> |<code>lambda</code> |<code>macros</code> |- |<code>define</code> |<code>local</code> |<code>slice</code> |- |<code>dispfun</code> |<code>remfunction</code> | |- |<code>functions</code> |<code>setup_autoload</code> | |} As a technical term '''''function''''' is aptly characterized as being overloaded. In the context of Maxima as a CAS, it has both a programming meaning and a mathematical meaning in terms of usage. In this book, the convention is to refer to what may otherwise be referred to as built-in Maxima functions as ''operators'' including those of built-in packages. By this convention, the term '''''function''''' in this book refers exclusively to expressions composed by the user by way of the <code>:=</code> or <code>define</code> operators. As has been mentioned elsewhere in this book, what are conventionally termed ''operators'' that are built-in to Maxima, are at the level of underlying expression construction, Lisp procedures of one type or another. So it makes sense to simply refer to built-in Maxima functions and operators simply as operators one and all. This convention obviates the need for the repetitious use of qualifiers such as ''built-in Maxima'' and ''user-defined'' functions. There are two operators used to define functions as follows: # The <code>''''':='''''</code> operator # The <code>'''define'''</code> operator <var><code>f (x₁, x_2, ..., x_n) ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n] ''':=''' expr</code> <code>f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n](y₁, y₂, ..., y_m) ''':=''' expr</code></var> <code>define (f</code> <code>(x₁, x_2, …, x_n), expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n], expr)</code> <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> <code>define (funmake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (arraymake (f, [</code><code>x₁, x_2, …, x_n]), expr)</code> <code>define (ev (</code><code>expr₁, expr₂))</code> where <code>expr</code> is some Maxima expression that is commonly referred to as the ''function body''. As can be concluded from the above, each of these operators has different forms of syntax that can be used. In any case, the most significant differences between these two operators are in terms of the evaluation of the function body and the composition and identification of functions dynamically. * '''Evaluation:''' ** The <code>:=</code> operator '''suppresses (quotes)''' the evaluation of the function body when this operator is first evaluated. It does not evaluate or simplify the function body until the function identifier itself is evaluated with arguments. ** The <code>define()</code> operator '''evaluates''' the function body when this operator is first evaluated. If the function body involves intermediate computations, substituted values, or extracted parts of expressions (like <code>rhs()</code> or derivative results), the <code>define()</code> operator includes the evaluated results of those directly into the function body. * '''Dynamic Function Composition and Identifiers:''' ** Function identifiers cannot easily be composed dynamically on the left-hand side of the <code>:=</code> operator when used inside programmatic loop expressions or in scripts. ** The <code>define()</code> operator accepts expressions like <code>funmake</code> or evaluated symbols as its first argument, allowing the composition and identification of functions dynamically during evaluation. So, there are in general two different operators that can be used to define and evaluate functions. The choice by the Maxima user between these two operators depends on the purpose and context. ==== Function Definition Using the <code>:=</code> Operator ==== For the purpose of understanding the two ways of defining functions, consider the following example which is elementary, but in terms of clarification is not merely simple:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* "kill" all previously used identifier and values */ (%i29) kill (all); (%o0) done /* assign identifier x the global value of 5 */ (%i1) x : 5; (x) 5 /* define f as a function with local argument x */ (%i2) f (x) := x; (%o2) f(x):=x /* evaluate f at local value of x is 3 */ (%i3) f (3); (%o3) 3 /* the global value of x is not affected */ (%i4) x; (%o4) 5 /* show the definition expression of the function named f */ (%i5) fundef (f); (%o5) f(x):=x</syntaxhighlight>'''Function Definition Using the''' '''<code>define</code> Operator'''<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a function with identifier g with a local argument y and with a function body of identifier x */ (%i3) define (g('x), x); (%o3) g(x):=5 /* identifier x of the function body is evaluated */ /* identifier x as an argument of g is local in scope */ (%i4) fundef (g); (%o4) g(x):=5 /* the same identifier x used in three different roles */ /* used as the global name of a function x */ /* used as a local argument of a function */ /* used as an unevaluated expression for a function body */ (%i7) x(x) := x; (%o7) x(x):=x (%i9) x(3); (%o9) 3 (%i10) x; (%o10) 5 (%i8) fundef (x); (%o8) x(x):=x (%i11) define (x('x), x); (%o11) x(x):=5 (%i12) fundef (x); (%o12) x(x):=5 </syntaxhighlight>The purpose of this example is not to encourage this sort of syntax as a typical choice for identifiers and function definitions. The purpose is to clarify how Maxima implicitly determines the scope and meaning of identifiers used for function definition in the absence of any explicit user stipulations. It should be noted that the <code>define</code> operator not only evaluates the expression that is the function body, it also evaluates the arguments of the function identifier that is the first argument of the <code>define</code> operator. Since there is a global value of the identifier <code>x</code> of <code>5</code>, it was necessary to suppress evaluation (quote) the argument in the expression <code>(%i12) define ('x), x);</code> as otherwise an error would be the result:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* define a new function named x */ (%i14) define (x('x), 'x^2); (%o14) x(x):=x^2 /* check the definition of the new function named x */ (%i15) fundef (x); (%o15) x(x):=x^2 /* the identifier x has a global value */ (%i16) values; (%o16) [x] /* the global value of identifier x is 5 */ (%i17) x; (%o17) 5 /* the suppressed global value 'x of identifier x is x */ (%i18) 'x; (%o18) x /* not quoting the global value of identifier x is an error */ (%i19) define (x(x), 'x^2); define: in definition of x, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight> ==== Understanding the Differences Between the <code>:=</code> and <code>define</code> Operators ==== In cases such as these, the suppression of evaluation by quoting is a user stipulation as to evaluation. Users must be aware of these differences between the two operators (<code>:=</code> and <code>define</code>) for the purpose of function definition in order to achieve what is intended and to avoid errors,<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i20) f (x) := 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5; (%o20) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i21) fundef (f); (%o21) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i22) f(2); (%o22) 27 (%i23) define (f (x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); define: in definition of f, parameter must be a symbol and must not be a system constant; found: 5 -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); (%i24) define (f ('x) , 3*x^3 + 4*x - 5); (%o24) f(x):=390 (%i25) define (f ('x) , '(3*x^3 + 4*x - 5)); (%o25) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i26) fundef (f); (%o26) f(x):=3*x^3+4*x-5 (%i27) f(2); (%o27) 27 </syntaxhighlight>What is true in the case of these elementary examples is true in general for function definitions involving multiple arguments:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* x has a global value of 5 while y is local to g */ (%i28) g (x, y) := x^3 - y^2; (%o28) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i29) g (6,2); (%o29) 212 (%i30) define (g('x, y), 'x^3 - y^2); (%o30) g(x,y):=x^3-y^2 (%i31) values; (%o31) [x] (%i32) g (6,2); (%o32) 212 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator is a good choice in cases where an existing expression is used as the function body:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i33) /* assign an expression to identifier expr */ expr : diff('x^3, 'x); /* Returns 3*x^2 */ (expr) 3*x^2 (%i34) /* evaluate expr and define h (x) := 3*x^2 */ define (h ('x), expr); (%o34) h(x):=3*x^2 </syntaxhighlight>In cases in which functions require local variables or more than one expression for the function body, use the block operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i35) remvalue (x); (%o35) [x] (%i36) values; (%o36) [expr] --> power_sum (x, y) := block ( /* values of these identifiers are explicitly local to the function */ [sqx, sqy], /* unevaluated identifiers x and y are local arguments of the function and values of these identifiers are implicitly local to the function */ sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy /* the value of the function */ )$ (%i37) fundef (power_sum); (%o37) power_sum(x,y):=block([sqx,sqy],sqx:x^2,sqy:y^2,sqx+sqy) (%i38) power_sum (3,4); (%o38) 25 </syntaxhighlight>The <code>define</code> operator could also be used to define this function, but with different definition values as a consequence:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">(%i39) define (power_sum (x,y), block ( [sqx,sqy], sqx : x^2, sqy : y^2, sqx + sqy ) )$ (%i40) fundef (power_sum); (%o40) power_sum(x,y):=y^2+x^2 (%i41) power_sum (3,4); (%o41) 25</syntaxhighlight>The function definition of <code>power_sum</code> is different using the <code>define</code> operator instead of the <code>:=</code> operator. The value of the function when referenced with arguments (<code>power_sum (3,4)</code>) is the same in both cases – <code>25</code>. However, in general for defining functions, this may not be the case. The choice between these two operators depends on the intentions of the user. ==== Practical Considerations Related to Function Composition ==== In general, programming is a technical skill as well as a subjective art. So, absolute rules are not offered here. For practical purposes some "guidelines" are offered here that may be useful for Maxima function composition as well as Maxima programming in general: * * * * * Consider the following linear algebraic equation: <math display="block">3y - 7x = 10</math> As an example suppose the value that is sought is the slope <code>m</code> of this equation, and in general, the slope of any linear equation regardless of the form. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* assign the linear equation to an identifier */ (%i42) lineqn : 3*y - 7*x = 10; (lineqn) 3*y-7*x=10 /* solve the linear equation for y */ (%i43) solve([lineqn], [y]) (%o43) [y=(7*x+10)/3] /* use the index [1] of the list to get the solved equation */ (%i44) solve([lineqn], [y])[1] (%o44) y=(7*x+10)/3 /* use the rhs operator to get right-hand side */ (%i45) rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1]); (%o45) (7*x+10)/3 /* use the expand operator change the RHS */ (%i46) expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])); (%o46) (7*x)/3+10/3 /* use the coeff operator to get the coefficient of x */ (%i47) coeff(expand(rhs(solve([lineqn], [y])[1])),x,1); (%o47) 7/3 /* define the function with an argument eqn for lineqn */ (%i48) m (eqn) := coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1)$ /* check the function definition */ (%i49) fundef (m); (%o49) m(eqn):=coeff(expand(rhs((solve([eqn],[y]))[1])),x,1) /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ (%i50) m (lineqn); (%o50) 7/3 /* assign a different linear equation to lineqn */ (%i51) lineqn : x = 6*y + 13; (lineqn) x=6*y+13 /* reference the function using lineqn as an argument */ %i52) m (lineqn); (%o52) 1/6</syntaxhighlight>The function body of this example will result in an error if it is used with the <code>define</code> operator:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i53) define ( m (eqn), coeff (expand (rhs (solve ([eqn], [y])[1])),x,1) )$ inpart: invalid index 1 of list or matrix. -- an error. To debug this try: debugmode(true); </syntaxhighlight>This error is a consequence of the evaluation that occurs when using the <code>define</code> operator. In this case, this evaluation results in a reference to the indexed value of a list object that does not exist when evaluation occurs during definition – <code>solve ([eqn], [y])[1]</code>. ==== Memoizing Functions ==== The functions discussed so far are often referred to as '''''ordinary functions'''''. The arguments of ordinary functions are enclosed using parentheses – <var><code>(x₁, x_2, ..., x_n)</code>.</var> Function definition forms which include arguments enclosed by brackets (as in <var><code>[x₁, x_2, ..., x_n]</code></var>) are called '''''memoizing functions'''''. Memoizing functions can be categorized both as functions and as data structures – specifically a ''hashed array'' of values. Memoizing functions are also referred to as '''''array functions'''''. In any case, memoizing functions can be defined using either the <code>:=</code> operator or the <code>define</code> operator. If the form of the function definition expression is <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n] := expr</code> The function body <code>expr</code> is evaluated once for each individual value of the arguments, and that value is the value of the function, without again evaluating the function body, whenever referenced using arguments that have those same values. Once evaluated during a function reference with arguments, that value of a memoizing function is thereby "frozen" in other words. This frozen value also becomes an instance of a hashed array data structure that can be referenced by way of the value of the index used as an argument when first evaluated. In keeping with previous practice, the examples provided here are intentionally elementary for the purpose of demonstrating and clarifying the technical aspects involved. There is thereby no intention to convey that the composition of function definition expressions with multiple arguments and complex expressions for the function body is ruled out or of lesser practical value. <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* define a memoizing function f */ /* x and n may serve as both arguments and array indices */ (%i54) f [x, n] := x^n; (%o54) f[x,n]:=x^n /* check the array information for f */ (%i55) arrayinfo (f); (%o55) [hashed,2] /* f does not appear in the list of functions */ (%i56) functions; (%o56) [m(lineqn)] /* reference f with argument values */ (%i57) f [2,3] ; (%o57) 8 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i58) arrayinfo (f); (%o58) [hashed,2,[2,3]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i59) listarray (f); (%o59) [8] /* f does appear in the list of arrays */ (%i60) arrays; (%o60) [f] /* reference f with new argument values */ (%i61) f [5,2]; (%o61) 25 /* check the array information for f again */ (%i62) arrayinfo (f); (%o62) [hashed,2,[2,3],[5,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i63) listarray (f); (%o63) [8,25]</syntaxhighlight>An expression of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn], expr)</code> may also be used to define the same memoizing function <code>f</code> in this case as the evaluation imposed by the <code>define</code> operator during evaluation of these function arguments and this function body that occurs makes no difference:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* remove the function definition and values of f */ (%i64) remarray (f); (%o64) [f] /* the list of arrays is now empty */ (%i65) arrays; (%o65) [] /* define the same memoizing function f using the define operator */ /* evaluation makes no difference to the definition of f in this case */ (%i66) define (f [x,n], x^n); (%o66) f[x,n]:=x^n /* reference f with different argument values */ (%i67) f [3, 2]; (%o67) 9 /* reference f again with different argument values */ (%i68) f [2, 5]; (%o68) 32 /* f again appears in the list of arrays */ (%i69) arrays; (%o69) [f] /* check the array information for f */ (%i70) arrayinfo (f); (%o70) [hashed,2,[2,5],[3,2]] /* list the array values of f */ (%i71) listarray (f); (%o71) [32,9] </syntaxhighlight> ===== Special Forms of Memoizing Functions ===== <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code> or <code>define (f</code> <code>[x₁, x_2, …, x_n](y₁, y_2, …, y_m), expr)</code> An expression of the form <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, or alternatively of the form <code>define (f [x1, x2</code><code>,…, xn](y₁, y₂,..., y_m), expr)</code>, may also be used to define a memoizing function named <code>f</code>. When either of these forms are used to compose a function definition expression, there is a sense in which the resulting function is a hybrid – part memoizing function, and part "ordinary" function. These forms create a hashed array of functions where the array subscripts <code>[x₁, x₂,..., x_n]</code> evaluate immediately to "specialize" the function body, while the ordinary function arguments <code>(y₁, y₂,..., y_m)</code> are used when evaluating these individual functions.<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima">/* Define a function for an array of "shifted" power functions */ (%i72) define( p[n](x), x^n + n ); (%o72) p[n](x):=x^n+n (%i73) p[2]; (%o73) lambda([x],x^2+2) (%i74) p[2](5); (%o74) 27 (%i75) p[4]; (%o75) lambda([x],x^4+4) (%i76) p[4](5); (%o76) 629 (%i77) arrayinfo (p); (%o77) [hashed,1,[2],[4]] (%i78) listarray (p) (%o78) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4)] (%i79) p[5]; (%o79) lambda([x],x^5+5) (%i80) p[5](2); (%o80) 37 (%i81) listarray (p); (%o81) [lambda([x],x^2+2),lambda([x],x^4+4),lambda([x],x^5+5)] (%i82) arrayinfo (p); (%o82) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5]]</syntaxhighlight>'''Explanation of the code example:''' '''1. Defining the memoizing function:''' The expression composed using the <code>define</code> operator has a value that defines a special form of a memoizing function. The value of this defining expression serves as a "template" for indexed values of a hashed array – <code>p[n]</code>. '''2. The value of array instances:''' Applying the defined function <code>p</code> to an expression enclosed only with brackets for the argument identified as <code>n</code>, returns a value that is a <code>lambda</code> expression, and that is an indexed instance of a hashed array. The identifier <code>n</code> serves as both as an argument of the function body and as an index of the hashed array in this case. <code>lambda</code> expressions are sometimes referred to as ''anonymous'', ''ad hoc'', or ''throw-away''. The technical details of <code>lambda</code> expressions are explained in a following section. '''3. Evaluating the memoizing functions with arguments:''' The argument identified as <code>x</code> in parentheses serves only as part of the composition of the function body of the indexed <code>lambda</code> expressions of the hashed array <code>p</code> when referenced by some expression in parentheses. This form of the composition of a Maxima memoizing function is useful to create an array of unique <code>lambda</code> expressions where the composition of each individual expression depends explicitly on the structural indices of the array that are used. This form in general can be composed using more than one argument for index values enclosed in brackets, as well more than one evaluation argument enclosed in parentheses. The number of each type of argument need not be the same. For example, in a defining expression of the form: <code>f [x₁, x₂,..., x_n](y₁, y₂,..., y_m):= expr</code>, that <math display="inline">n = m</math> is true, is not necessary. The operator <code>:=</code> can also be used to define this type of memoizing function:<syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> /* index values can be expressions */ (%i83) p [2*x]; (%o83) lambda([x],x^(2*x)+2*x) (%i84) p [2*x](4); (%o84) 65544 /* a memoizing function definition with multiple arguments */ (%i85) p2 [m, n](x, y) := x^n + y^m + (m+n); (%o85) p2[m,n](x,y):=x^n+y^m+(m+n) /* this expression creates the first indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i86) p2 [2, 2]; (%o86) lambda([x,y],y^2+x^2+4) /* this expression has a value of 17 for values of the arguments (2, 3) for the first indexed values of [2, 2] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i87) p2 [2, 2](2,3); (%o87) 17 /* this expression creates the second indexed value of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i88) p2 [3, 4]; (%o88) lambda([x,y],y^3+x^4+7) /* this expression has a value of 213 for values of the arguments (3, 5) for the second indexed values of [3, 4] of a hashed array identified as p2 */ (%i89) p2 [3, 4](3, 5); (%o89) 213 (%i90) arrayinfo (p2); (%o90) [hashed,2,[2,2],[3,4]] (%i91) arrayinfo (p); (%o91) [hashed,1,[2],[4],[5],[2*x]] /* another memoizing function definition with multiple arguments and where n is not erqual to m */ (%i92) p3 [i, j](x, y, z) := x^i * y^j * z^j; (%o92) p3[i,j](x,y,z):=x^i*y^j*z^j (%i93) p3 [3,4]; (%o93) lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4) (%i94) p3 [3, 4] (2, 3, 4); (%o94) 165888 (%i95) arrayinfo (p3); (%o95) [hashed,2,[3,4]] (%i96) arrays; (%o96) [p,p2,p3] (%i97) listarray (p3); (%o97) [lambda([x,y,z],x^3*y^4*z^4)] </syntaxhighlight> ===== More Special Forms of Memoizing Functions Using the <code>define</code> Operator ===== <code>define (funmake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (arraymake (f, [x₁, x_2,…, x_n]), expr)</code> or <code>define (ev (expr₁, expr₂))</code> ==== Lambda Expressions ==== ==== Macros – <code>::=</code> and <code>buildq</code> Operators ==== In the Maxima Computer Algebra System (CAS), a '''''macro''''' is a special type of function that manipulates the structure of an expression before it is evaluated. The Maxima Manual describes ''macros''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maxima Manual - Operator ::= |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Operators.html#index-_003a_003a_003d |url-status=live}}</ref> as follows: ''"Macro function definition operator.'' <code>::=</code> ''defines a function (called a "macro" for historical reasons) which quotes its arguments, and the expression which it returns (called the "macro expansion") is evaluated in the context from which the macro was called. A macro function is otherwise the same as an ordinary function."'' {| class="wikitable" |+Macro Operators and Identifiers |<code>::=</code> |<code>macroexpand</code> |<code>macros</code> |<code>splice</code> |- |<code>fundef</code> | <code>dispfun</code> | <code>buildq</code> | |- |<code>remfunction</code> |<code>kill</code> |<code>remove</code> | |} While ordinary Maxima functions evaluate their arguments immediately when referenced, a ''macro'' quotes its arguments. It treats those arguments as raw, not evaluated expressions blocks, ''transforms'' them mathematically or syntactically, and then <code>evaluates</code> the newly generated code. Because Maxima is written in and inherits the semantics of Common Lisp, its macro system acts similarly to Lisp macros, functioning essentially as a programmable compiler extension. Key Mechanics of a Maxima Macro * '''Definition Operator (<code>::</code>=):''' You define a macro using the <code>::=</code> operator instead of the ordinary function definition operator (<code>:=</code>). * '''The Global <code>macros</code> List:''' Every time you create a macro, Maxima automatically tracks it by appending it to a global information list called <code>macros</code>. * '''Macro Expansion:''' When a macro is invoked, Maxima executes a process called ''expansion''. The macro code runs to generate a new Maxima expression, and then Maxima evaluates that final output expression. ====== Some Reasons to Use a Macro Instead of a Function: ====== Ordinary functions cannot control how or when arguments are evaluated. Macros are a good choice for: # '''Evaluation Control:''' Preventing an expression from being evaluated until specific conditional statements are checked. # '''Meta-programming:''' Writing clean, shorthand code that automatically generates longer, repetitive mathematical boilerplate expressions "under the hood" so to speak. # '''Context Manipulation:''' Altering identifiers inside the environment where referenced rather than within a closed, localized function scope. ====== Example: Function vs. Macro ====== <syntaxhighlight lang="maxima"> (%i98) a_function (expr) := print( "The expression is: ", expr)$ (%i99) x:5; (x) 5 /* An ordinary function evaluates arguments when referenced */ (%i9) a_function (x + 2)$ The expression is: 7 /* This has the same value as the above */ (%i18) a_function (expr : x + 2)$ The expression is: 7 /* A macro quotes its arguments and controls execution */ (%i2) a_macro (expr) ::= buildq ([expr], print ("The expression is: ", 'expr))$ (%i11) a_macro (x + 2); The expression is: x+2 (%o22) x+2 (%i12) a_macro (expr : x + 2); The expression is: expr:x+2 (%o12) expr:x+2 (%i6) a_macro (expr : 2); The expression is: expr:2 (%o6) expr:2 (%i13) macros; (%o13) [a_macro(expr)] </syntaxhighlight>To understand the difference, consider how differently a function and a macro handle a identifier named <code>x</code>: * If you call a<code>_function(x + 2)</code> when x has been previously assigned a value of <code>5</code>, the function immediately receives <code>7</code> as its input. * If you call a<code>_macro(x + 2)</code>, the macro captures the exact symbolic structure <code>x + 2</code> without evaluating it first, allowing you to manipulate the literal algebraic format. Code templates like <code>buildq</code> are frequently used inside macros to construct these new mathematical structures cleanly. ==== Some Techniques for Function Composition ==== === Conditional Expressions – Special Operator <code>if</code> === === Expressions for Iteration – Special Operator <code>do</code> === The special operator <code>do</code> is used to compose expressions for iteration. It is typically used with the following other special operators: * <code>while</code> * <code>unless</code> * <code>for</code> * <code>from</code> * <code>thru</code> * <code>step</code> * <code>next</code> * <code>in</code> The general forms of <code>do</code> expressions Maxima supports are: <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>thru</code> limit <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>while</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable: initial_value <code>step</code> increment <code>unless</code> condition <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> list <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> expr <code>do</code> body <code>for</code> variable <code>in</code> hash_table <code>do</code> body === Lisp and Maxima === {{BookCat}} 02yfsqop54kr5djdq4chslbitfu9om2 0 485676 4678943 4672218 2026-10-29T23:23:01Z Bautsch 630029 /* Comparison with the standard model of cosmology */ + force 4678943 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}} </noinclude> == Cosmology of retarded interaction == Modern astrophysics is based on the general theory of relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the general theory of relativity explains geometrically. To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of general relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on pseudo-Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space. The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of spacetime. In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined. === The axioms of retarded interaction === Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction: # '''Classical mechanics:''' The force <math display="inline">F = m \cdot a</math> as the basis of the acceleration <math display="inline">a</math> of a mass <math display="inline">m</math> . # '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the special theory of relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime. # '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>. The potential <math display="inline">\Phi</math> at a point <math display="inline">\mathbf {r}</math> at time <math display="inline">t</math> depends on the state of the source at time <math display="inline">t - \Delta t</math>, where <math display="inline">\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}</math>. === The mathematical core === For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation: :<math>\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho (\vec {r}, t)</math> To calculate the gravitational potential at a given location <math>\vec {r}</math> at a specific time <math>t</math>, one must not use the current mass distribution <math>\rho (\vec {r}, t)</math>; rather, the mass distribution must be considered at a retarded time <math>t_{ret}</math>: :<math>t_{ret} = t - \frac {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} {c}</math> The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential: :<math>\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t_{ret})} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'</math> In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials. Since the particle horizon of a spherical kinematic universe expands at the speed of light in a vacuum, the density depends heavily on the distance from the observer. Observers at the centre see the edges as they were in the past, when the universe was still smaller and denser. For observers in the centre (<math>\vec {r} = 0</math>) of a mass distribution within a sphere with the radius <math>R</math> the integral above can be simplified with the linear shell mass densities <math>\lambda (r', t)</math> (in kilogram per metre) at their surfaces <math>A'</math>: :<math>\rho (r', t) = A' \cdot \lambda (r', t) = 4 \pi \cdot r'^2 \cdot \lambda (r', t)</math> :<math>\Phi (0, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t_{ret})} {\vec {r}'} d^3r' = -4\pi G \int\limits_{0}^{R} \frac {\lambda (\vec {r}', t_{ret})} {\vec {r}'} r'^2 dr' = -4\pi G \int\limits_{0}^{R} \lambda (r', t_{ret}) \, r' dr'</math> The retarded radius <math>R_{ret}</math> of the surface of a sphere at the retarded time <math>t_{ret}</math> that moves away with the speed <math>v</math> is given by: :<math>R_{ret} (v) = c \cdot t_{ret} = v \left( t - \frac {R_{ret} (v)} {c} \right) = \frac {v \cdot t} {1 + \frac {v} {c}}</math> The maximum radius <math>R_{obs}</math> that can be experienced by an observer in the centre of the universe is the observable horizon at the retarded time <math>t_{ret}</math> that moved away with speed of light. It is given by the following limit: :<math>R_{obs} = \lim_{v \to c} R_{ret} (v) = \frac {c \cdot t} {2}</math> At a certain point in time <math>t_0</math> with a homogeneous mass distribution <math>\rho_0</math>, the retarded mass density <math>\rho_{ret}</math> is given by: :<math>\rho_{ret} = \rho (r', t_{ret}) = \rho \left( t - \frac {r'} {c} \right) = \rho_0 \cdot \left( \frac {t_0} {t - \frac {r'} {c}}\right)^3</math> Due to the effect of the retarded potentials the mass distribution becomes increasingly inhomogeneous over time. The gravitational potential in the centre at <math>r \approx 0</math> bocomes more and more flat, and the mass density in the out regions at <math>r \lessapprox R_{obs}</math> becomes higher and higher over time. Furthermore, the the radial velocity component <math>v (r, t)</math> of all mass points is increasing over time as well: :<math>0 \le v(r, t) \le v(r, t + \Delta t) < c</math> with <math>\Delta t \ge 0</math> This leads to an accelerated expansion with the acceleration <math>a(r, t)</math>: :<math>0 \le a(r, t) \le a(r, t + \Delta t)</math> An time-dependent inhomogenous mass distribution can be expressed by the dimensionless function <math>f (\xi, t_{ret})</math> with the dimensionless parameter <math>\xi</math>: :<math>\xi = \frac {r'} {c \cdot t_{ret}}</math> with <math>0 \le r' \le R_{ret}</math> and <math>0 \le \xi \le 1</math> With: :<math>t_{ret} = \frac {r'} {c \cdot \xi}</math> The Lorentz factor <math>\gamma</math> can also be taken into account. In special relativity it describes the increased relativistic mass <math>m_{rel} (v)</math> of a particle with the velocity <math>v</math> and the rest mass <math>m_0</math> as well as the increased mass density <math>\rho_{rel} (v)</math> of an appropriate space element with the rest mass density <math>\rho_0</math>: :<math>\gamma = \frac 1 {\sqrt{1 - \left( \frac{v}{c} \right) ^2}}</math> :<math>m_{rel} = \gamma \cdot m_0</math> :<math>\rho_{rel} = \gamma^2 \cdot \rho_0</math> Then the relativistic and retarded mass density distribution <math>\rho_{ret,rel}</math> is given by the initial shell mass density <math>\lambda_0</math> at the radius <math>r'_0</math> at the time <math>t_0</math>: :<math>\rho_{ret,rel} = \rho (r', t_{ret}, v) = \gamma^2 \cdot \rho_0 \cdot \left( \frac {t_0} {t - \frac {r'} {c}}\right)^3 \cdot f (\xi, t_{ret}) = \gamma^2 \cdot 4 \pi \cdot {r'_0}^2 \cdot \lambda_0 \cdot \left( \frac {t_0} {t_{ret}}\right)^3 \cdot f (\xi, t_{ret})</math> with <math>t_{ret,0} = \frac {r'_0} {c \cdot \xi}</math> === Cosmological mechanisms === ==== The apparent expansion ==== In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space. Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift). ==== A replacement for dark matter ==== In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies. The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as <math display="inline">1 / r^2</math> because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics. ==== A replacement for dark energy ==== In the cosmology of retarded interaction, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an net outward acceleration of the test mass, since masses in front of the test mass cause stronger retarded forces than opposing masses that reach the test mass with attenuated retarded forces. Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the net acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution (black shell) that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials. The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static pseudo-Euclidean space. If spacetime itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math> as a constant parameter for the retardation <math display="inline">\Delta t = r/c</math>. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When moving masses are far enough apart that the time delay <math display="inline">\Delta t</math> effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion. The farther they drift, the larger <math display="inline">\Delta t</math> becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces from the opposite side from the universe become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy. ==== The universe as a black hole ==== In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity <math display="inline">v_e \geq c</math> is reached. If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external source which is located in the out regions of the universe. This region can be interpreted as a black shell. Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass in the black shell. === Comparison with the standard model of cosmology === [[File:Gravitational.field.in.cosmology.of.retarded.interaction.png|thumb|upright=2|Gravitational field in the '''cosmology of retarded interaction''' within a '''spherical black shell''' of an expanding universe with retarded gravitational potentials:<br/>'''Vector field''' showing the direction of gravitational forces by {{blue|'''blue arrows'''}}.<br/>Corresponding '''scalar potential field''' indicating equipotential lines by {{red|'''red circles'''}}.]] The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology. {| class="wikitable" |+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI) |- ! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! Cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI) |- | Principle of equivalence || Hypothesis (general theory of relativity) confirmed on earth within the margins of measurement accuracy || No, gravitation has a scalar potential and its gradient is a force |- | Homogeneity || Ad hoc assumption (cosmological principle) || No homogeneity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe |- | Isotropy || Ad hoc assumption (cosmological principle) || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe |- | Copernican principle || Ad hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe |- | Dark matter || Ad hoc assumption (non-baryonic particles without electromagnetic interaction) || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials |- | Dark energy || Ad hoc assumption (cosmological constant Λ) || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials |- | Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad hoc assumption (dark matter) || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter |- | High-redshift objects || Ad hoc assumption (cosmological redshift by expanding spacetime) || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell |- | Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static pseudo-Euclidean geometry |- | Spacetime || Curved spacetime || Minkowski spacetime |- | Spatial evolution of particle horizon || Accelerated expansion with superluminal speed || Expansion with speed of light |- | Spatial evolution of event horizon || Accelerated expansion with superluminal speed || Expansion of inner surface of massive mass shell with sub-light speed |- | Gravitational potential within a shell of the universe || Constant || Increasing decrease as the distance from the center of the shell increases |- | Gravitational force within a shell of the universe || None || Increases as the distance from the center of the shell increases and is radially directed outward |- | Singularities || Points with infinite mass and energy density, event horizonts with infinite gravitational redshift || None |} === Summary === The spacetime is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so retarded that the resulting trajectories and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry that is explained by dark matter and dark energy in the standard model of cosmology. The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to physical axioms (classical, relativistic, and retarded potentials). It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of general relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and retardation. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry. The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a huge massive and inhomogeneous system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials. Cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a mechanical relativistic system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of spacetime, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to general relativity. <div style="clear:both"></div> dsgbldwzlmaezdaq8hneya4nmvrytx6 0 485791 4678896 4677632 2026-10-29T17:55:18Z JustTheFacts33 3434282 /* Model (Position 12) */ 4678896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Warning}}{{clear}} This VIN number decoding and designation system is used primarily for the North American Market. European and Asian markets use other decoding and designation systems. ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (All models: 2016- EXCEPT F-Type '16-'17, XJ '16-'19)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2016-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) * L2C - Chery Jaguar Land Rover (China) ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XE|Jaguar XE]] ('17-'20) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]] ('16-'24) |- |C |[[w:Jaguar F-Pace|Jaguar F-Pace]] ('17-'26) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar F-Type|Jaguar F-Type]] ('18-'24) |- |E |[[w:Jaguar Type 01|Jaguar Type 01]] ('28-) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar E-Pace|Jaguar E-Pace]] ('18-'24) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar I-Pace|Jaguar I-Pace EV]] ('19-'24) |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/Restraint System - Passenger Cars (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !Restraint System |- |D |XE Premium '17-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |XE Prestige '17-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |XE S '20 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |F |XE R-Sport '17-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |XE S '18-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |H |XE First Edition '17 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |H |XE Portfolio '18-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |XE Premium '17-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |XE S '20 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |XE Prestige '17-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |XE R-Sport '17-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |XE S '18-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |N |XE First Edition '17 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |N |XE Portfolio '18-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |XE Landmark '19 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X or N] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |XE 300 Sport '19 [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |XE SV Project 8 '19 [Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |XE Base model '17-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |XE Base model '17-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |XE Landmark '19 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X or N] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |XE 300 Sport '19 [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |XE R-Dynamic S '20 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |XF Premium '16-'20 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |XF Prestige '16-'20 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |E |XF S '21-'23 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |F |XF R-Sport '16-'18 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |XF S '16-'18 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |G |XF SE '21-'23 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |H |XF Portfolio Limited Edition '18-'19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |XF Premium '16-'20 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |XF Prestige '16-'20, XF Sportbrake Prestige '19-'20 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |XF R-Sport '16-'18, Canada only: '19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |XF R-Dynamic SE '21-'24 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |XF S '16-'20, XF Sportbrake S '18-'20 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |N |XF First Edition '16 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |N |XF Portfolio Limited Edition '18-'19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |XF Sportbrake S First Edition '18 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |XF 300 Sport '19 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |XF SE - Canada only: '21 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |R |XF Base model '17-'18 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |XF Base model '17-'18 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |XF 300 Sport '19 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |XF Checkered Flag Edition '20 |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |6 |XF R-Dynamic SE '24 |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |F-Type 2.0T '18, F-Type P300 '19-'21, F-Type P300 Checkered Flag Edition '20 <br> [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |F |F-Type P300 First Edition '21 [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] (US only) |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |F-Type 340 hp, auto. trans. '18, F-Type P340 auto. trans. '19-'20 [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is V] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |F-Type 340 hp, man. trans. '18, F-Type P340 man. trans. '19 [Pos. 7 is J & Pos. 8 is V] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |F-Type 380 hp, auto. trans. '18, F-Type P380 auto. trans. '19 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |F-Type 380 hp, auto. trans. '18, F-Type P380 auto. trans. '19 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |F |F-Type R-Dynamic 380 hp, auto. trans. '18, F-Type P380 R-Dynamic auto. trans. '19-'20 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |F |F-Type R-Dynamic 380 hp, man. trans. '18, F-Type P380 R-Dynamic man. trans. '19 <br> [Pos. 7 is K & Pos. 8 is V] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |8 |F-Type R-Dynamic 380 hp, auto. trans. '18, F-Type P380 R-Dynamic auto. trans. '19-'21, F-Type P380 First Edition - Canada only: '21 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |K |F-Type P380 Checkered Flag Edition auto. trans. '20 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |F |F-Type 400 Sport 400 hp, auto. trans. '18 [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is V] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |8 |F-Type 400 Sport 400 hp, auto. trans. '18 [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is V] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |D |F-Type P450, auto. trans. '22-'23 [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |F |F-Type P450 R-Dynamic auto. trans. '24 [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Rwd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |8 |F-Type P450 R-Dynamic, auto. trans. '22-'23 [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |V |F-Type P450 75 Edition, auto. trans. '24 [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |5 |F-Type R 550 hp, auto. trans. '18-'20 [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |5 |F-Type R 575 hp, auto. trans. '21-'23, F-Type P575 R 75 Edition, auto. trans. '24,<br> F-Type P575 R ZP Edition '24 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |- |Z |F-Type SVR 575 hp, auto. trans. '18-'20 [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags |} ===Trim Level/Drive Wheels/GVWR/Restraint System - SUVs (Position 5)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 5 !VIN code !Trim Level !Drive Wheels !GVWR !Restraint System |- |K |E-Pace P250 '18-'22 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |E-Pace P250 S '18-'19 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |E-Pace P250 SE '18-'23 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |E-Pace P250 R-Dynamic SE '24 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |E-Pace P250 First Edition '18 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |E-Pace P250 Checkered Flag Edition '20 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |E-Pace P300 R-Dynamic S '18-'20 <br> [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |E-Pace P300 R-Dynamic SE '18-'20 <br> [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |E-Pace P300 R-Dynamic HSE '18-'20 <br> [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |1 |E-Pace 300 Sport '21-'22 <br> [Pos. 7 is G & Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |S |F-Pace Base model '17-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |F-Pace P250 Base model '21-'23 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |F-Pace Premium '17-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |K |F-Pace Prestige '17-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |L |F-Pace R-Sport '17-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |F-Pace 25t Checkered Flag Edition '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |X |F-Pace 300 Sport '20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |N |F-Pace Portfolio '18-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |F-Pace P250 S '21-'23 [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |F-Pace P250 R-Dynamic S - Canada only: '22-'23 <br> [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |F-Pace P250 R-Dynamic S '24-'26 <br> [Pos. 8 is X] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |J |F-Pace P340 S '21-'22 [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |F-Pace S '17-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |P |F-Pace S First Edition '17 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |T |F-Pace P400 R-Dynamic S '21-'26 <br> [Pos. 8 is U] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |F-Pace SVR '19-'24 <br> [Pos. 7 is E & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |Z |F-Pace SVR 575 Edition '25-'26, <br> F-Pace SVR 575 Final Edition '26 <br> [Pos. 7 is F & Pos. 8 is E] |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |B |I-Pace EV400 S '19-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |C |I-Pace EV400 SE '19-'20 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |D |I-Pace EV400 HSE '19-'20, '22-'23,<br> I-Pace EV400 First Edition '19 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |M |I-Pace EV400 R-Dynamic HSE '24 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |- |W |I-Pace made for Waymo <br> autonomous ride-hailing '21-'24 |Awd |Class D (5,001-6,000 lbs.) |Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags & <br> Side Curtain Airbags |} ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = Coupe (F-Type coupe) * 2 = 5-door wagon (XF Sportbrake wagon '18-'20) * 2 = 5-door (E-Pace, F-Pace, I-Pace EV) * 4 = 4-door sedan (XE, XF sedan, Type 01) * 5 = Convertible (F-Type convertible) ===Transmission (Position 7) 2016-2017:=== * B = Automatic (XE '17, XF '16-'17, F-Pace '17) ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8) 2016-2017:=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | G || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Dual VVT. [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2018)|Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based)]].<br> Jaguar XE 25t ('17). |- | N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT. [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20D engine]]. Jaguar XE 20d, XF 20d, F-Pace 20d ('17). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 35t ('16-'17) [If 5th pos. of VIN is NOT G or M]. Jaguar XE 35t ('17).<br> Jaguar F-Pace 35t ('17) [If 5th pos. of VIN is NOT M or P]. |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar XF S ('16-'17) [If 5th pos. of VIN is G or M].<br> Jaguar F-Pace S ('17) [If 5th pos. of VIN is M or P]. |} ===Engine (Position 7-8) 2018-2026:=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7-8 ! VIN Pos. 7 !! Power Level !! Transmission !! VIN Pos. 8 !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | E || 550 PS/542 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133S engine]]. Jaguar F-Type R ('18-'20), F-Pace SVR ('19-'24). |- | E || 450 PS/444 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133S engine]]. Jaguar F-Type P450 ('22-24). |- | F || 575 PS/567 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133S engine]]. Jaguar F-Type SVR ('18-'20), F-Type R ('21-'24),<br> F-Pace SVR 575 Edition ('25-'26). |- | F || 600 PS/592 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct injection. Dual Continuously VCT (VVT). [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133S engine]]. Jaguar XE SV Project 8 ('19). |- | F || 180 PS/178 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || N || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Diesel || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Common-rail Direct Injection. Exhaust VVT.<br> [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20D4/AJ200D engine]].<br> Jaguar XE 20d ('18-'19), XF 20d ('18-'19), F-Pace 20d ('18-'19). |- | E || 340 PS/335 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine]].<br> Jaguar F-Pace P340 ('21-'22). |- | F || 400 PS/395 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || U || 3.0L || I6 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||48v Mild Hybrid. E-supercharger. Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL). [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20P6/AJ300P engine]].<br> Jaguar F-Pace P400 ('21-'26). |- | E || 340 PS/335 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing.<br> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar XE 35t ('18), XF 35t ('18), F-Type ('18), F-Type P340 ('19-'20),<br> F-Pace 35t ('18). |- | F || 380 PS/375 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing.<br> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar XE S ('18-'19), XF S ('18-'20), F-Type ('18),<br> F-Type P380 ('19), F-Type P380 R-Dynamic ('19-'21), F-Pace S ('18-'20). |- | G || 400 PS/395 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing.<br> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar F-Type 400 Sport ('18). |- | J || 340 PS/335 hp || 6-spd. Man. || V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing.<br> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar F-Type ('18), F-Type P340 ('19). |- | K || 380 PS/375 hp || 6-spd. Man. || V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing.<br> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar F-Type P380 R-Dynamic ('18-'19). |- | E || 250 PS/247 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine]].<br> Jaguar F-Pace P250 ('21-'26). |- | F || 250 PS/247 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine]].<br> Jaguar XE 25t ('18-'20), XF 25t ('18-'20), XF P250 ('21-'24),<br> E-Pace P250 ('18-'24), F-Pace 25t ('18-'20). |- | G || 300 PS/296 hp || 8-spd. Auto. || X || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. CVVL (Intake VVL).<br> [[w:Ingenium engine family|JLR Ingenium AJ20P4/AJ200P engine]].<br> Jaguar XE 30t ('18-'20), XF 30t ('18-'20), XF P300 ('21-'24),<br> F-Type ('18), F-Type P300 ('19-'21), E-Pace P300 R-Dynamic ('18-'20),<br> E-Pace 300 Sport ('21-'22), F-Pace 30t ('18-'20). |} ====Motor Type for Electric Vehicles 2019-==== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7-8 |- ! VIN Pos. 7 !! Power Level !! Transmission !! VIN Pos. 8 !! # of Motors !! Battery Size !! Battery Type !! Fuel !! Drive Wheels !! Notes/Applications |- | S || 400 PS/394 hp || 1-spd. Auto. || 1 || 2 || 90 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || Jaguar I-Pace EV400 ('19-'24). |- | T || 1029 PS/1015 hp || 1-spd. Auto. || 1 || 3 <br> (1 Front,<br> 2 Rear) || 118 Kwh || Lithium-ion || Electricity || All || Jaguar Type 01 ('28-). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11) 2016-=== * A - Solihull, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17, F-Pace '17-'26, Type 01 '28-) * C - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK (XE '17-'20, XF '16-'24, F-Type '18-'24) * S - Oxford Road plant, Ryton, West Midlands, England, UK (JLR SVO plant) (XE SV Project 8 '19) * 1 - Graz, Austria (Magna Steyr plant) (E-Pace '18-'24, I-Pace EV '19-'24) ===Model (Position 12)=== * 9 - XE ('17) [Solihull plant] * P - XE ('17-'20) [Castle Bromwich plant] * 4 - XE SV Project 8 ('19) [Oxford Road, Ryton plant] * Y - XF ('16-'24) * K - F-Type ('18-'24) * Z - E-Pace ('18-'20) * 0 - E-Pace ('20-'24) * 0-9 - F-Pace ('17-'26) * F - I-Pace EV ('19-'20) * 6 - I-Pace EV ('20-'24) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (All models: 2000-2015 plus F-Type '16-'17, XJ '16-'19)== ===Jaguar WMIs (2000-) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car (UK) * SAD - Jaguar SUV (UK & Europe) ===Regional Spec/Restraint System (Position 4):=== * J = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XK8 '00) * B = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada: XK8 '00) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: S-Type '00-'02, XJ8/XJR '00-'03, XK8/XKR '01-'06, XK/XKR Early '07) * E = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (US: X-Type '02-'04, S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * G = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '02-'04,<br> S-Type '03-'04, XJ8/XJR Early '04) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags <br> (US: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-'19) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Airbags & Side Curtain Airbags (Canada: X-Type '05-'08, S-Type '05-'08, XF '09-'15, XJ8/XJR '04-'09, XJ '10-'19) * W = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags <br> (US: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-'17) * X = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags w/occupant position (driver) and weight (fr. psgr.) sensing, & Front Side Head/Thorax Airbags <br> (Canada: XK/XKR '07-'15, F-Type '14-'17) ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 5 - '00-'12):=== * A = Automatic / LHD * B = Manual / LHD (X-Type '02-'05, S-Type 3.0 '03-'04) ===Transmission & Drive Wheels (Position 5 - '13-'15 plus F-Type '16-'17, XJ '16-'19):=== * A = Automatic / Rwd (XF '13-'15, XJ '13-'19, XK '13-'15, F-Type '14-'17) * B = Manual / Rwd (F-Type '16-'17) * J = Automatic / Awd (XF Awd '13-'15, XJ Awd '13-'19, F-Type Awd '16-'17) ===Model Line (Position 6-7)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 6-7 !VIN code !Description |- |51 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - High Series]] ('02-'08) |- |52 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan - Entry Series]] ('03-'04) |- |53 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type sedan w/Sport Package]] ('02-'03) |- |54 |[[w:Jaguar X-Type|Jaguar X-Type Sportwagon]] ('05-'08) |- |01 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]] ('00-'08) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.0] ('02) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type Sport]] [3.0, 4.2] ('03) |- |03 |[[w:Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type R]] ('03-'08) |- |05 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Luxury]] ('09) |- |06 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium Luxury]] ('09) |- |07 |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] ('09) |- |0E |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('13-'14) |- |0F |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF]] ('10-'12) |- |0F |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 2.0T Premium]] [8th pos. of VIN is S] ('15) |- |0F |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Rwd or 3.0 Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7] ('15) |- |0F |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF 3.0 Sport Awd or 3.0 Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is F] ('15) |- |0G |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Premium]] ('10-'11) |- |0H |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Portfolio]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('12) |- |0H |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XF Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or P: '13-'15] |- |0J |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR]] ('10-'15) |- |0K |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR-S]] ('13-'15) |- |8J |[[w:Jaguar XF (X250)|Jaguar XFR w/Speed Pack]] ('13-'15) |- |12 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Sport|Jaguar XJ Sport]] ('02-'03) |- |14 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('00-'03) |- |15 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('00-'03) |- |23 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |24 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('00-'03) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged]] (LWB) ('00-'01) |- |25 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB) ('02-'03) |- |71 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('04-'09) |- |73 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJR]] ('04-'09) |- |74 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (SWB) ('04) |- |79 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8L]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] (LWB) ('05-'09) |- |82 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('05-'09) |- |86 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 4-psgr.) ('06) |- |94 |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X350)|Jaguar XJ Super V8 Portfolio]] (LWB, 5-psgr.) ('09) |- |1C |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ('10-'15) |- |1C |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ R-Sport]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7 (Rwd) or D (Awd)] ('16-'19) |- |1C |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E] ('16-'19) |- |1E |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR]] ('14-'17) |- |1G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13 or T: '13-'15] |- |1J |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport]] ('11-'12) |- |2E |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJR LWB]] ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB ('18-'19) |- |2G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'11) |- |2G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is B: '12-'13 or 1: '13] |- |2G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is Z: '14-'15) |- |2G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd]] [8th pos. of VIN is 7: '16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd (LWB) '19 |- |2G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Portfolio Awd]] [8th pos. of VIN is D] ('13-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd (LWB) '19 |- |2G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged]] [8th pos. of VIN is E: '10-'13, '16-'19 or T: '13-'15], XJ50 5.0 Rwd (LWB) '19, XJ Collection (LWB) '19 |- |2J |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport]] ('11-'13) |- |2K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Ultimate]] ('13) |- |3F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13) |- |3G |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supersport w/Speed Pack]] ('12-'13) |- |3H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ Supercharged w/Sport & Speed Pack]] ('12-'15) |- |3K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJL Supercharged w/Sport & Speed Pack]] ('12-'15) |- |41 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR coupe]] ('00-'06) |- |42 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8/XKR convertible]] ('00-'06) |- |43 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR coupe]] ('07-'09) |- |44 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK/XKR convertible]] ('07-'09) |- |45 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition coupe]] ('09) |- |46 |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR Portfolio Edition convertible]] ('09) |- |4D |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14) |- |4E |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK Touring convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('13-'14) |- |4D |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15) |- |4E |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('10-'15) |- |4F |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK coupe]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15) |- |4F |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR175 coupe]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('11) |- |4F |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR coupe w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition coupe ('15) |- |4G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK convertible]] (most Portfolio Edition features are std.) [8th pos. of VIN is B] ('10-'15) |- |4G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR convertible w/Dynamic Pack]] [8th pos. of VIN is C] ('13-'15), XK Final Fifty Edition convertible ('15) |- |4H |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S coupe]] ('12-'15), XKR-S GT coupe ('14) |- |4J |[[w:Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XKR-S convertible]] ('12-'15) |- |6A |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type Premium coupe '17 |- |6B |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S coupe]] ('15-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition coupe '17 |- |6D |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R coupe]] ('15-'17) |- |6E |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type Premium convertible '17 |- |6F |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type S convertible]] ('14-'17), F-Type S British Design Edition convertible '17 |- |6G |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible]] ('14-'15) |- |6H |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type R convertible]] ('16-'17) |- |6J |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR coupe]] ('17) |- |6K |[[w:Jaguar F-Type)|Jaguar F-Type SVR convertible]] ('17) |- |7A |[[w:Jaguar F-Type#Project 7)|Jaguar F-Type Project 7 convertible]] ('16) |} ===Engine/Emissions Control System (Position 8)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 8 ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | A || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. ULEV. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar X-Type 3.0 (Mid '05-'08), S-Type 3.0 ('06-'08). |- | A || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XF ('10). |- | A || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XKR-S ('12-'15), XKR-S GT ('14), F-Type R coupe ('15). |- | B || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27S V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJR ('00-'03), Vanden Plas Supercharged ('00-'01), Super V8 ('02-'03), XKR ('00-'02). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('04-'05), Super V8 ('05), XKR ('03-'06). |- | B || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar S-Type ('06-'08), XF ('09), XJ8/Vanden Plas ('06-'09), XK ('07-'09). |- | B || 5.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake.<br> [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XF ('10-'12), XJ ('11-'12), XJL ('11), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('12-'13), XK ('10-'15), XK Touring ('13-'14). |- | C || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]].<br> Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('00-'01), X-Type 3.0 ('02-Mid '05). |- | C || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8/Vanden Plas ('00-'03), XJ Sport ('02-'03), XK8 ('00-'02). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('04-'05), XK8 ('03-'06). |- | C || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. ULEV. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ34S V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar S-Type R ('06-'08), XF Supercharged ('09), XJR ('06-'09), Super V8 ('06-'09), XKR ('07-'09). |- | C || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supersport ('11-'13), XKR ('10-'15). |- | C || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('14-'15), F-Type S w/man. trans. ('16-'17). |- | D || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('00-'01). |- | D || 2.5L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ25|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ25 V6 engine]]. Jaguar X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05). |- | D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('13-'15). |- | D || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ R-Sport Awd, XJL Portfolio Awd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Awd ('19). |- | E || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 470 PS/464 hp.<br> Jaguar XF Supercharged ('10-'13), XJ/XJL Supercharged ('11-'13, '16-'19), XJ50 5.0 Rwd ('19), XJ Collection ('19). |- | F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('13-'14). |- | F || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Awd ('15). |- | H || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 510 PS/503 hp. Jaguar XFR ('13-'15). |- | K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XJR/XJR LWB ('14-'17). |- | K || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar XJR575 LWB ('18-'19). |- | L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 495 PS/488 hp. Jaguar F-Type V8 S convertible ('14-'15). |- | L || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar F-Type R ('16-'17). |- | N || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('01-'02). |- | P || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ28 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.0 ('01-'02). |- | P || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XF Supercharged ('13-'15). |- | S || 2.0L || I4 Turbo [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas || DOHC,<br /> 16 valve||Direct Injection. Dual VVT. [[w:Ford EcoBoost engine#2.0 L (2010–2018)|Ford EcoBoost engine (Mazda L engine-based)]].<br> Jaguar XF 2.0T ('13-'14), XF 2.0T Premium ('15). |- | T || 3.0L || 60° V6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V6 engine#AJ30|Jaguar AJ-V6 - AJ30 V6 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 3.0 ('03-'05). |- | T || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. 470 PS/464 hp. Jaguar XJ/XJL Supercharged ('13-'15). |- | T || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/auto. trans. ('15-'17), F-Type Premium w/auto. trans. ('17). |- | U || 4.2L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.2 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33 V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type 4.2 ('03-'05). |- | U || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S ('15), F-Type S Rwd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17). |- | V || 4.2L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged_2|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ33S V8 engine]]. Jaguar S-Type R ('03-'05). |- | V || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 380 PS/375 hp. Jaguar F-Type S Awd w/auto. trans. ('16-'17). |- | X || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('14). |- | Z || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 550 PS/542 hp. Jaguar XFR-S ('13-'15). |- | Z || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XJ Rwd, XJL Portfolio Rwd ('14-'15). |- | 1 || 5.0L || V8 || Gas/E85 ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Flex Fuel. Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. Variable intake valve lift. Variable intake. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJL Portfolio Rwd ('13). |- | 6 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar F-Type w/man. trans. ('16-'17), F-Type Premium w/man. trans. ('17). |- | 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('13), XJ Rwd ('13), F-Type ('14-'15). |- | 7 || 3.0L || 90° V6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Direct Injection. SULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#V6|Jaguar AJ126 V6 engine]].<br> 340 PS/335 hp. Jaguar XF 3.0 Rwd ('15), XJ R-Sport Rwd ('16-'19), XJL Portfolio Rwd ('16-'19), XJ50 3.0 Rwd ('19). |- | 8 || 5.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||Direct Injection. ULEV. Continuously variable intake & exhaust valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III 5.0|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ133 V8 engine]].<br> 575 PS/567 hp. Jaguar F-Type Project 7 ('16), F-Type SVR ('17). |} ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Code/Model Line/Engine (Position 11) 2000-2015 plus F-Type '16-'17, XJ '16-'19=== * X - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 2.5 ('02-'05) * W - Halewood, Merseyside, England, UK - X-Type 3.0 ('02-'08) * F - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 3.0 ('00-'08) * G - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.0 ('00-'02) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type 4.2 ('03-'08) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - S-Type R (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'08) * H - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 4.2 ('09-'10) * 1 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged (4.2 supercharged) ('09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 5.0 ('10-'12) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF Supercharged, XFR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XFR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('13-'15) * P - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 2.0T ('13-'15) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XF 3.0 supercharged ('13-'15) * L - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ8L (4.0) ('00-'01), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('00-'03), XJ Sport (4.0) ('02-'03) * M - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 Vanden Plas Supercharged (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'01),<br> Super V8 (4.0 supercharged) ('02-'03), XJR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'03) * S - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('04-'06), XJ8L (4.2) ('05-'06), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('04-'06) * T - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('05-'06), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('06),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('04-'06) * S - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ8 (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8L (4.2) ('07-'09), XJ8 Vanden Plas (4.0) ('07-'09) * T - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - Super V8 (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09), Super V8 Portfolio (4.2 supercharged) ('09),<br> XJR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ (5.0) ('10-'12), XJL (5.0) ('10-'11), XJL Portfolio (5.0) ('12-'13) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ/XJL Supercharged (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'19), XJ/XJL Supersport (5.0 supercharged) ('11-'13),<br> XJL Ultimate (5.0 supercharged) ('13), XJR SWB/LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), XJR575 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('18-'19), XJ50 LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19), XJ Collection Sp. Ed. LWB (5.0 supercharged) ('19) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XJ base (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'15), XJ R-Sport (3.0 supercharged) ('16-'19),<br> XJL Portfolio AWD (3.0 supercharged) ('13-'19), XJL Portfolio RWD (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'19), XJ50 LWB (3.0 supercharged) ('19) * N - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.0) ('00-'02) * P - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.0 supercharged) ('00-'02) * 2 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XK8 (4.2) ('03-'06) * 3 - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('03-'06) * 5 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (4.2) ('07-'09) * 9 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (4.2 supercharged) ('07-'09) * L - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XK (5.0) ('10-'15) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - XKR (5.0 supercharged) ('10-'15), XKR-S (5.0 supercharged) ('12-'15), XKR-S GT (5.0 supercharged) ('14) * 8 - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type Base, S (3.0 supercharged) ('14-'17), F-Type Premium (3.0 supercharged) ('17) * M - Castle Bromwich, West Midlands, England, UK - F-Type V8S (5.0 supercharged) ('14-'15), F-Type R (5.0 supercharged) ('15-'17),<br> F-Type Project 7 (5.0 supercharged) ('16), F-Type SVR (5.0 supercharged) ('17) ===Model (Position 12)=== * C - X-Type ('02-'03) * D - X-Type ('03-'04) * E - X-Type ('04-'06) * J - X-Type ('06-'08) * L - S-Type ('00-'01) * M - S-Type ('01-'04) * N - S-Type ('04-'08) * R - XF ('09-'11) * S - XF ('11-'13) * U - XF ('13-'15) * F - XJ ('00-'03) * G - XJ ('04-'06) [Browns Lane plant] * H - XJ ('06-'09) [Castle Bromwich plant] * V - XJ ('10-'16) * W - XJ ('16-'19) * A - XK ('00-'06) * B - XK ('07-'15) * K - F-Type ('14-'17) '''Positions 13–17, Serial Number''' ==General Template for Jaguar's VIN format (1981 - 1999)== ===Jaguar WMIs (1981-1999) (Position 1-3)=== * SAJ - Jaguar passenger car ===Model Line (Position 4)=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 4 !VIN code !Description |- |A |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('81-'87), XJ6 Vanden Plas ('82-'87) |- |B |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '81-'88) |- |D |[[w:Jaguar XJ#Series 3 (1979–1992)|Jaguar XJ12]] (Canada only: '89-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('88-'89, '93-'94) |- |F |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('90-'92) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|Jaguar XJ6 Sovereign]] ('90-'92) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] ('88-'94) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#Majestic (1989–1992 – SWB; 1993–1994 – LWB)|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas Majestic]] ('89-'90, '92) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (XJ40)#XJ12 and Daimler Double Six (XJ81)|Jaguar XJ12]] ('94) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)|Jaguar XJ6L]] LWB [X330] ('97) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] SWB ('95) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#Daimler/Jaguar Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ6 Vanden Plas]] LWB [X330] ('96-'97) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] SWB ('95) |- |M |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJ12 (X305)|Jaguar XJ12]] LWB [X330] ('96) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X300)#XJR (X306)|Jaguar XJR]] ('95-'97) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8]] ('98-'99) |- |H |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)|Jaguar XJ8L]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |K |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#Daimler/Vanden Plas|Jaguar XJ8 Vanden Plas]] LWB ('98-'99) |- |P |[[w:Jaguar XJ (X308)#XJR|Jaguar XJR]] ('98-'99) |- |N |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] ('82-'91), XJ-SC ('86-'88), XJS ('92-'96) |- |T |[[w:Jaguar XJS|Jaguar XJ-S]] Rouge Collection ('89-'90), Classic Collection ('90-'91) |- |S |[[w:Jaguar XJS#XJR-S|Jaguar XJR-S]] ('93) |- |G |[[w:Jaguar XK (X100)|Jaguar XK8]] ('97-'99) |} ===Class (Regional Spec)/Restraint System (Position 5):=== * V = N. American-spec (Manual seat belts) * L = Canadian-spec (Manual seat belts) * Y = XJ6 Vanden Plas [Series III] ('82-'87) (Manual seat belts) * A = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '88-'89, XJ-SC '88) * Y = Motorized Shoulder Belts (XJ-S coupe '89, XJ sedan '89-'92) * W = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (US: XJ-S '90-'93, XJ6 '93, XJ12 Early '94) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (US: XJS '94-'96, XJ6 '94-'97, XJ12 '94-'96, XJR '95-'97, XK8 '97-'99) * X = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '98-'99) * D = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (US: XJ8/XJR '99) * M = Manual seat belts, Driver-side airbag (Canada) * N = Manual seat belts, Dual front airbags (Canada) * F = Manual seat belts, Depowered Dual front airbags, & Front Side Airbags (Canada: XJ8/XJR '99) ===Body Style (Position 6):=== * 1 = 4-door sedan (XJ-series sedan '81-'99) * 2 = 2-door convertible w/2+2 seating (XJS convertible '94-'96, XK8 convertible '97-'99) * 3 = 2-door Cabriolet (XJ-SC '86-'88) * 4 = 2-door convertible w/2-psgr. seating (factory-built XJS convertible '89-'94, XJR-S convertible '93) * 5 = 2-door coupe (XJS coupe '82-'96, XJR-S coupe '93, XK8 coupe '97-'99) * 5 = 2-door coupe (Hess & Eisenhardt-built XJS convertible '87-'88) [coupe conversion] ===Engine Type (Position 7):=== {| class="wikitable" |+Position 7 |- ! VIN !! Size !! Type !! Fuel !! Valvetrain !! Engine Family/Notes/Applications |- | 1 || 4.0L || I6 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16S|Jaguar AJ16S I6]]. Jaguar XJR ('95-'97). |- | 2 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||CA & Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'82). |- | 2 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('96-'97). |- | 2 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]].<br> Jaguar XJ8 ('98), XK8 ('98). |- | 3 || 4.2L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 12 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar XK engine|Jaguar XK I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('81-'87). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]] modified by [[w:Tom Walkinshaw Racing|JaguarSport]]. Jaguar XJR-S ('93). |- | 3 || 6.0L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJS ('94-'95), XJ12 ('94-'96). |- | 5 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - Low Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88-'89). |- | 6 || 3.6L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec - High Compression. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('88). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'94), XJS ('93-'94). |- | 7 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine#AJ16|Jaguar AJ16 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('95-'96), XJS ('95-'96). |- | 7 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Variable intake valve timing. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XK8 ('97). |- | 8 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||N. America-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'92), XJ12 (Canada only: '88-'92). |- | 8 || 4.0L || V8 [[w:Supercharged|SC]] [[w:Intercooler|IC]] || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#Supercharged|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ26S V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJR ('98-'99). |- | 9 || 4.0L || I6 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar AJ6 engine|Jaguar AJ6 I6]]. Jaguar XJ6 ('90-'93), XJS ('93). |- | 0 || 5.3L || 60° V12 || Gas ||SOHC,<br /> 24 valve||Canada-spec. MPI. [[w:Jaguar V12 engine|Jaguar V12]]. Jaguar XJ-S ('82-'87), XJ12 (Canada only: '85-'87). |- | 0 || 4.0L || V8 || Gas ||DOHC,<br /> 32 valve||MPI. Continuously variable intake valve timing. Dual-canister evaporative emissions system. Enhanced evaporative emissions control system. [[w:Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#4.0 L|Jaguar AJ-V8 - AJ27 V8 engine]]. Jaguar XJ8 ('99), XK8 ('99). |} ===Transmission & Steering Location (Position 8):=== * 4 = Automatic / LHD * 8 = Manual / LHD ('93-'94 XJS 4.0 w/ optional 5-spd. manual) ===Check Digit/Gearbox (Position 9)=== * USA /Canada [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Check digit|Check digit]] ===Model Year Code (Position 10)=== ''See: [[Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Model year]]'' ===Plant Codes (Position 11)=== * C - Browns Lane plant, Coventry, West Midlands, England, UK ===Positions 12–17, Serial Number=== ** 100001 and after - XJ-S/XJ-SC/XJS/XJR-S (XJ27) ** 300001 and after - XJ-series sedan Series III ** 500001 and after - XJ-series sedan (XJ40/XJ81) ** 720001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X300/X305/X306/X330) ** 810001 and after - XJ-series sedan (X308) ** 001001 and after - XK8 (X100) q2y820ar70oag8i9lwtccea715vpzds 0 485844 4678836 4678323 2026-10-29T13:25:56Z Churst4 3626785 4678836 wikitext text/x-wiki This case study was written by graduate students at the Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, as a class assignment for the Fall 2026 Infrastructure Policy class, POGO 750 with Professor Jonathan Gifford. It reflects the authors’ own research and analysis of publicly available sources. It does not represent the views of George Mason University, the Schar School, Steel River Energy Center, Google, or any other organization or entity discussed. Information is current as of October 26, 2026 and may have changed. == Introduction == Electricity consumption is expected to increase at 1% a year until 2050.<ref name="eia-aeo2026">{{Cite web |author=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=April 8, 2026 |title=Annual Energy Outlook 2026 |url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/ |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> As a result of recent consumption trends and anticipated demand (namely, data centers), utilities have been upgrading infrastructure across the transmission and delivery spectrum. In many cases, “residential consumers subsidize new infrastructure for new [electricity users].”<ref name="kaufman2025">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Theo |date=October 6, 2025 |title=Consumers End Up Paying for the Energy Demands of Data Centers, How Can Regulators Fight Back? |url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/environmental-law-review/blog/consumers-end-up-paying-for-the-energy-demands-of-data-centers-how-can-regulators-fight-back/ |website=Georgetown Environmental Law Review |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> Geopolitical instability has highlighted supply chain issues, and now countries around the world are increasing domestic energy production investments<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolaczkowski |first=Maciej |date=June 26, 2026 |title=How faster permitting and policy certainty can increase energy security while cutting costs |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/energy-transition/faster-permitting-policy-certainty-energy-security-costs |access-date=October 25, 2026 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref>. On October 2, 2025 Google announced the West Memphis data center as the centerpiece of one of the largest AI investments into Arkansas.<ref name="google-ar2025">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Google is investing in Arkansas with a new data center, energy efficiency programs and more |url=https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/company-announcements/google-american-innovation-arkansas/ |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="tbp-announce">{{Cite web |last=Jared |first=George |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Google announces plan to build $4 billion data center in West Memphis |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2025/10/google-announces-plan-to-build-4-billion-data-center-in-west-memphis/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> The project costs $4 billion and will draw up to 600 MW from the regional grid by 2029;<ref name="axios716">{{Cite web |last=Sparkman |first=Worth |date=September 1, 2026 |title=Google will pay $716M for data center power in Arkansas |url=https://www.axios.com/local/nw-arkansas/2026/09/01/google-pay-716-million-data-center-power |website=Axios Northwest Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="google-ar2025" /> several energy developments are underway in the region and interact with the West Memphis data center in different ways. Steel River Energy Center is a solar-and-battery project that is not a regulated utility,<ref name="cc-financing">{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Cypress Creek Energy Secures $3.5 Billion to Advance One of America's Largest Solar and Storage Projects |url=https://cypresscreekenergy.com/news/steel-river-financing/ |publisher=Cypress Creek Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> while Cypress Solar, a similar energy project, is.<ref name="entergy-10q">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |date=July 31, 2026 |title=Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2026 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65984/000006598426000283/etr-20260630.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |at=Rate and Regulatory Matters |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> This case asks who should pay for, and bear the cost and risk of, infrastructure when a new major load is required. The authors will focus their analysis on the Steel River Energy Center but will profile Cypress Solar and other projects in the region to highlight specific policy nuances. Solar farms use photovoltaic (PV) systems to convert sunlight into electrical energy. Batteries are an energy storage solution which uses electricity to charge batteries that can be used to provide short-term relief when electricity demand is higher than supply would normally be able to accommodate. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67925 |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>. == Summary and Narrative == === Steel River Energy Center === Steel River Energy Center (Steel River) began initial development in 2020 under the ownership of Swift Current Energy, but in March 2026, Swift Current Energy announced the sale of the development to Cypress Creek Energy (Cypress Creek).<ref name="swift-sale">{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Swift Current Energy Completes Sale of 2.9 GWh Storage and 2.5 GW Solar Facility to Cypress Creek Renewables |url=https://swiftcurrentenergy.com/swift-current-energy-completes-sale-of-2-9-gwh-storage-and-2-5-gw-solar-facility-to-cypress-creek-renewables/ |publisher=Swift Current Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> With full operations expected in 2029, Steel River will deliver 2.5 GWdc of solar and 2.9 GWh of battery storage. The solar facility will cover approximately 15,000 to 17,000 acres<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |first=Byron |date=2026-07-09 |title=Groundbreaking set on one of biggest solar farms in the United States |url=https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2026/07/09/groundbreaking-set-on-one-of-biggest-solar-farms-in-the-united-states |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Arkansas Times |language=en-US}}</ref>. The anticipated capacity of Steel River makes it one of the largest renewable energy projects in the United States<ref name="swift-sale" /> and generates enough electricity to power more than 315,000 homes each year<ref name="tbp-construction" />. Cypress Creek closed $3.5 billion in financing in June 2026 as part of the deal;<ref name="cc-financing" /> additionally, Cypress Creek entered into a 20-year power purchase agreement with Google for the first two phases of the three-part development.<ref name="swift-sale" /> Google announced construction of its data center five years after initial development of Steel River Energy Center began.<ref name="google-ar2025" /><ref name="swift-sale" /> Steel River does not have a physical connection with Google’s data center rather the contract is a financial agreement also known as a financial or virtual power purchase agreement (VPPA). <ref name="rmi-vppa">{{Cite web |last=Kansal |first=Rachit |date=2019 |title=Introduction to the Virtual Power Purchase Agreement |url=https://rmi.org/insight/virtual-power-purchase-agreement |publisher=RMI |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="swift-sale" />. === West Memphis data center === Google’s West Memphis data center campus will cover 1,100 acres in Crittenden County, Arkansas.<ref name="axios716" /> The first data center in the state will have a power contract through a subsidiary, Altitude LLC.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p">{{Cite report |author=Entergy Arkansas |date=September 2025 |title=Application for Approval to Enter into a Special Rate Contract (public version) |publisher=Arkansas Public Service Commission |id=Docket No. 25-055-P}}</ref> The data center is slated to be active in February 2027 and will rise to demand load of 600 MW by October 2029.<ref name="axios716" /> As Steel River does not provide power directly to the data center, Entergy Arkansas, a state-regulated utility, is a key stakeholder, and supplies electricity for the data center.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Provided that West Memphis data center project will use the utility service in the area, Google has committed to covering the full energy costs associated with the facility and reduce its use when the grid is strained.<ref name="dcd2025">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Georgia |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Google confirmed to be behind West Memphis data center project in Arkansas |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/google-confirmed-to-be-behind-west-memphis-data-center-project-in-arkansas/ |website=Data Center Dynamics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="tbp-announce" /> Yet, public reporting from August 2026 highlighted disagreement between the public's understanding of what Google claimed to pay and what contractual provisions indicate Google will actually pay. Additional developments regarding Google's financial commitments will be discussed further in this case study. === Cypress Solar === Cypress Solar is a renewable energy project in Jefferson County, Arkansas.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair">{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2026 |title=Entergy Arkansas announces vendor fair for potential Jefferson Power Station, Cypress Solar contractors |url=https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-arkansas-announces-vendor-fair-for-potential-jefferson-power-station-cypress-solar-contractors |publisher=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> This project is not related to Steel River or affiliated with Cypress Creek Energy; but is a distinct solar and battery plant under development by Entergy Arkansas.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Google’s contract with Entergy requires Entergy to build this plant.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Regulatory approvals for Cypress Solar were submitted to the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) for approval on September 5, 2025.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> The APSC approved both the Cypress Solar project and the contract with Google in March 2026.<ref name="entergy-10k">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |date=February 19, 2026 |title=Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65984/000006598426000174/etr-20251231.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Currently, Act 373 of 2025, passed by the Arkansas Legislature, allows utilities to recover costs during the construction of projects through a rider.<ref name="act373">{{Cite web |author=Arkansas General Assembly |date=2025 |title=SB307 (Act 373 of 2025): To Create the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 |url=https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=sb307&ddBienniumSession=2025%2F2025R |website=Arkansas State Legislature |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> The APSC must rule on a rider within 90 days and also addresses rates set by contracts.<ref name="act373" /> The rider is established through this project due to the approval of the ASPC.<ref name="entergy-10q" /> The plant is expected to be completed 2028.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. The three projects compared ! ! scope="col" | Steel River Energy Center ! scope="col" | West Memphis Data Center ! scope="col" | Arkansas Cypress Solar |- ! scope="row" | Role | Generation of Electricity | Consumer of Electricity | Generation of Electricity |- ! scope="row" | Location | Mississippi County, near Wilson<ref name="kait-groundbreaking">{{Cite web |last=Droll |first=Josh |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Nation's largest solar energy project breaks ground in Wilson |url=https://www.kait8.com/2026/07/14/nations-largest-solar-energy-project-breaks-ground-wilson/ |website=KAIT |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> | West Memphis, Crittenden County<ref name="dm-google-confirms">{{Cite web |last=Amro |first=Dima |date=September 5, 2025 |title=Google confirms West Memphis data center |url=https://dailymemphian.com/section/businessreal-estate/article/54862/google-west-memphis-data-center-entergy-arkansas-groot |website=Daily Memphian |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> | Northern Jefferson County, north of Pine Bluff<ref name="entergy-cypress-page">{{Cite web |title=Cypress Solar and Battery |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/arkcypresssolar |website=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Owner | Cypress Creek Energy (private) | Altitude LLC (Google subsidiary) | Entergy Arkansas (regulated) |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 1,500 MW solar (AC) and 2,900 MWh storage, phases 1 and 2 are about two-thirds of total capacity | Up to 600 MW by Oct 2029 | 600 MW solar and 350 MW battery |- ! scope="row" | Relationship to Google | Virtual power purchase agreement (VPPA) | Owner and operator | Built under Google's special rate contract with Entergy |- ! scope="row" | Service date | 2029 (all phases) | February 2027 | End of 2028 |- ! scope="row" | Sources | <ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="tbp-construction">{{Cite web |last=Jared |first=George |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Construction on largest solar array in US begins in Mississippi County |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2026/07/construction-on-largest-solar-array-in-u-s-begins-in-mississippi-county/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> | <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="google-ar2025" /> | <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |} <mapframe latitude="35.1" longitude="-91.207" zoom="8" text="Figure 1. Approximate locations of the main parties: (1) Steel River Energy Center, near Wilson; (2) Google’s West Memphis data center; (3) Arkansas Cypress Solar, near Wright; (4) Little Rock, home of the General Assembly, the Governor’s office, the Arkansas Public Service Commission, Entergy Arkansas, and MISO’s South region control center. All three projects are on the grid MISO operates. Straight-line distances from the data center are about 34 miles to Steel River and 117 miles to Cypress Solar. Location sources are cited in Tables 1 and 2." width="520" height="420" align="center"> [ { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.125, 35.59 ] }, "properties": { "title": "1. Steel River Energy Center", "description": "Private solar and battery project owned by Cypress Creek Energy and developed by Swift Current Energy. Off West County Road 940 near Wilson, Mississippi County; the site covers more than 14,000 acres, so the marker is approximate. Sells power into the MISO market; Google buys the output and credits through a virtual PPA.", "marker-symbol": "1", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#2e7d32" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.213, 35.108 ] }, "properties": { "title": "2. Google West Memphis data center", "description": "Built by Google through Altitude, LLC on about 1,100 acres at the south end of Bollinger Road, West Memphis, Crittenden County. Retail customer of Entergy Arkansas. The City of West Memphis (PILOT agreement) and West Memphis Utilities are local parties.", "marker-symbol": "2", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#1565c0" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.085, 34.415 ] }, "properties": { "title": "3. Arkansas Cypress Solar", "description": "600 MW solar and 350 MW battery plant owned by Entergy Arkansas, a regulated utility. About 3,000 acres east of the Arkansas River, west and south of Wright, Jefferson County; marker is approximate.", "marker-symbol": "3", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#e65100" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.2891, 34.7466 ] }, "properties": { "title": "4. Little Rock: state government, APSC, Entergy Arkansas, and MISO", "description": "Marker at the Arkansas State Capitol (General Assembly; Office of the Governor). The Arkansas Public Service Commission (1000 Center Street) and Entergy Arkansas headquarters (425 West Capitol Avenue) are within about a mile. MISO, which operates the grid that all three projects share, runs its South region from a control center in West Little Rock.", "marker-symbol": "4", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#555555" } } ] </mapframe> == Funding & Financing == ''A more comprehensive list of parties involved in the West Memphis and Steel River Energy Center projects is detailed in the Stakeholders section of this case study. This section considers key stakeholders and examines their role in broader cost-related questions.'' The Arkansas General Assembly provided new mechanisms for utilities to recover new-generation costs during construction. This was done to incentivize energy infrastructure development. The Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) must rule on the rider within 90 days and addresses rates set by contracts. Act 548 is a data center sales and use tax exemption<ref name="act373" /><ref name="tbp-announce" />. There are two financing models with different energy projects focused on one customer. With $5 billion being used for new generation and grid upgrades, the levels of financial risk vary widely across the different actors involved <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="entergy-10k" />. Steel River is a private project, selling its energy to the grid, with a virtual power purchase agreement with Google<ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="google-steelriver">{{Cite web |last1=Conkling |first1=Will |last2=Scott |first2=Christopher |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Our largest solar and battery storage project ever |url=https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/infrastructure-and-cloud/global-network/steel-river-arkansas/ |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref>. Cypress Solar is owned by a regulated utility, where customers carry risk and face being charged before projects are complete <ref name="entergy-gaja-facts">{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2026 |title=Generating Arkansas Jobs Act facts |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/generatingARjobs |access-date=October 20, 2026 |website=Entergy Arkansas}}</ref><ref name="katv-lawmakers">{{Cite web |last=Mobley |first=Andrew |date=2026-09-16 |title=AR lawmakers question Entergy on Google data center power costs, ratepayer impact |url=https://katv.com/news/ar-lawmakers-question-entergy-on-google-data-center-power-costs-ratepayer-impact-public-scrutiny-cypress-solar-partnership-funding-plant |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=KATV |language=en}}</ref>. ==== Steel River: Private Project Financing and the VPPA ==== [[File:Steel River Energy Center power and money flows.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|Figure 2. Flows of electricity, money and renewable energy credits among the Steel River Energy Center, Google's data center, Entergy Arkansas and the MISO grid. The virtual PPA moves only money and credits; Entergy Arkansas supplies the data center's physical electricity.<ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /><ref name="apsc-25-055-p" />]] Steel River followed the standard financing model for many U.S. renewable projects, partnering with lenders, utilizing tax credits, and pursuing long-term contracts with a suitable buyer.<ref name="cc-financing" /> This project’s contract is a VPPA, an agreement where the project sells its electricity to the wholesale market.<ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> Cypress Creek has stated that this is to ensure revenue certainty.<ref name="cc-financing" /> Google, as the other party to the agreement, buys its power from its utility (Entergy Arkansas), so only the settlement from differences between the strike price and market price and renewable energy credits are part of the deal.<ref name="rmi-vppa" /> Google plans to use renewable energy credit for its clean energy goals.<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> VPPAs are financial, meaning that this contract did not need to be approved by the APSC and Entergy’s other customers bear none of its risk. ==== Cypress Solar: Regulated Utility Finances ==== Through the GAJA rider program, Cypress Solar will be able to collect more through its utilities before the project is finished.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> The argument Entergy, the owner of the Cypress Solar project, lays out is that this lowers the total cost since less interest will be built up during construction.<ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers">{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Ainsley |date=September 15, 2026 |title=Arkansas lawmakers question utility on data center projects, impact on ratepayers |url=https://arkansasadvocate.com/2026/09/15/arkansas-lawmakers-question-utility-on-data-center-projects-impact-on-ratepayers/ |website=Arkansas Advocate |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> Entergy will pay using its own capital and recover the cost through the GAJA program and the approved APSC rate when the project is complete.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Recent reporting indicates that ratepayers have already started to pay more than $5 additional per month to recover costs related to energy generation projects. Google’s share in payments for this construction is hard to determine, since the contract has been redacted; there are two conflicting records.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit">{{Cite web |last=Mobley |first=Andrew |date=September 2, 2026 |title=Entergy sues Democrat-Gazette, AR Times for publishing secret Google data center details |url=https://katv.com/news/local/entergy-sues-democrat-gazette-ar-times-for-publishing-secret-google-data-center-details |website=KATV |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="wreg-disclosure">{{Cite web |last=Kienlen |first=Alex |date=September 2, 2026 |title=Entergy files to stop disclosure of West Memphis data center agreement |url=https://wreg.com/news/mid-south/entergy-files-to-stop-disclosure-of-west-memphis-data-center-agreement/ |website=WREG |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> According to records reported in September 2026, Google’s payments toward Cypress Solar are about one-third of its cost.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="wreg-disclosure" /> Entergy says the figure counts only one year of recurring payments and that Google will pay about $2.1 billion over the 20-year contract.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="wreg-disclosure" /> == Stakeholders == {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. List of stakeholders involved in Steel River Energy Center, Cypress Solar, and Google's West Memphis Data Center project !Level !Actor !Role |- |Federal |Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) |FERC regulates interstate transmission and wholesale electricity sales.<ref name="ferc-what">{{Cite web |title=What FERC Does |url=https://www.ferc.gov/what-ferc-does |publisher=Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Regional |Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) |Nonprofit operator of the regional grid and the grid where Entergy Arkansas operates and into which Steel River Energy sells power.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> It runs its South region, which includes Arkansas, from a control center in West Little Rock.<ref name="tbp-miso-lr">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Wesley |date=March 24, 2015 |title=Grid Operator MISO Christens $22 Million Command Center In Little Rock |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2015/03/grid-operator-miso-christens-22-million-command-center-in-little-rock/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" | |- |State |Arkansas General Assembly |Passed the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 ("GAJA" or Act 373 of 2025), which permits utilities to recover new-generation costs during construction through riders the APSC must rule on. GAJA was done to incentivize energy infrastructure development. A Enacted Act 548 which amended the tax code and created data center sales and use tax exemptions.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |State |Office of Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders |Recruited Google to establish AI developments in the state. State officials cited the 2025 legislation as helping attract the project.<ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |State |Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) and its General Staff |Approved Google's contract with Entergy, the construction-period rider, and Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-10k" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Local |City of West Memphis |Host of the Google data center. The West Memphis City Council approved a 30-year payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) agreement with Google's subsidiary in 2025.<ref name="dcd2025" /> |- |Local |West Memphis Utilities |Independent public power utility, builds part of the site’s utility infrastructure at Google’s expense and claims its customers’ bills will not rise.<ref name="katv-wmu">{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Scott |date=September 4, 2026 |title=West Memphis Utilities outlines its role in Google data center project amid public concern |url=https://katv.com/news/local/west-memphis-utilities-outlines-its-role-in-google-data-center-project-amid-public-concern |website=KATV |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> |- |Local |Crittenden County |Host county for the Google data center; residents are the focus of Google’s $25 million Energy Impact Fund.<ref name="google-ar2025" /> |- |Local |Mississippi County, Town of Wilson, Rivercrest School District |Steel River Energy host jurisdictions; expected to share local tax revenue.<ref name="tbp-construction" /> |- |Local |Jefferson County |Host county for Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Private |Altitude, LLC (Google Subsidiary) |Builds the West Memphis data center; buys Steel River’s output and credits; pays Entergy under the special rate contract.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="google-steelriver" /> Investing in community initiatives totaling $30 million, including a $25 million energy affordability program and $5 million in additional educational and community programs<ref name="google-steelriver" />. |- |Private |Entergy Arkansas |Investor-owned utility with about 735,000 customers; serves the data center and owns Cypress Solar.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /> |- |Private |Cypress Creek Energy |Independent power producer; owns, finances, and builds Steel River.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- |Private |Swift Current Energy |Developed Steel River from 2020 and secured its permits and the 20-year contract, and sold it to Cypress Creek Energy in 2026.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |Private |Barclays, BNP Paribas, Santander, Wells Fargo, and a tax equity investor |Underwrote Steel River’s $3.5 billion financing.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Civic |Entergy Arkansas ratepayers |They pay the rider that funds Cypress Solar during construction.<ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |} == Timeline == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Date !Action |- |2020 |Swift Current Energy begins the process of developing the Steel River site and obtaining all permits for the three phases of the project.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |December 10, 2024 |The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issues a public notice for a Section 404 Clean Water Act permit for the data center site, an early public indication of the project.<ref name="usace-mvm-2024-216">{{Cite web |author=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Public Notice: Permit Application No. MVM-2024-216 (Groot LLC) |url=https://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Portals/51/MVM%202024-216.pdf |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- |March 20, 2025 |Generating Arkansas Jobs Act (GAJA) is enacted as Act 373 of 2025.<ref name="act373" /> |- |May 2025 |The West Memphis City Council votes to approve a 30-year payment in lieu of taxes (PILOT) deal with Groot LLC; Google has since confirmed that it is the parent company.<ref name="dcd-may2025">{{Cite web |last=Swinhoe |first=Dan |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Five-building data center campus planned for West Memphis, Arkansas |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/five-building-data-center-campus-planned-for-west-memphis-arkansas/ |website=Data Center Dynamics |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref name="dcd2025" /> |- |September 5, 2025 |Entergy Arkansas files an application with the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) requesting approval of a special rate contract with Altitude, LLC (a Google subsidiary; Docket 25-055-P), and files errata on September 9.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> |- |October 2, 2025 |Google publicly reveals details about its new West Memphis data center and its new partnership with Entergy Arkansas on a 600 MW solar project.<ref name="google-ar2025" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |December 2025 |The APSC approves the special rate contract but denies Entergy's plan for Google's up-front payments and it also defers a decision on whether Entergy will use Cypress Solar's investment tax credits in Google's pricing; Entergy requests reconsideration, claiming the decisions would require renegotiating the contract.<ref name="entergy-10k" /> |- |January 29, 2026 |The APSC reaffirms its stance on Google's up-front payments but reverses itself on the investment tax credits, which may be used in Cypress Solar's pricing to Google as stipulated in the contract.<ref name="entergy-10k" /> |- |March 3, 2026 |The APSC grants Entergy Arkansas a certificate of environmental compatibility and public need to construct Cypress Solar and approves its ability to recover construction costs under the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act rider.<ref name="entergy-reg-info">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |title=Regulatory and other information |url=https://investors.entergy.com/investors/regulatory-and-other-information-1/regulatory-and-other-information/default.aspx |website=Entergy Investor Relations |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |March 6, 2026 |Entergy Arkansas files its first annual update of the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act rider, seeking $110.4 million in construction financing costs for three projects, including Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-reg-info" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |March 11, 2026 |Swift Current Energy completes its sale of Steel River to Cypress Creek Energy.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |June 11, 2026 |Cypress Creek Energy secures financing worth $3.5 billion for its Steel River Phases 1 and 2.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- |June 12, 2026 |The APSC approves the rider update tariff and customers see the charge in their June bills.<ref name="entergy-reg-info" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |- |July 14, 2026 |Construction begins on the Steel River Phases 1 and 2, and Google is named as the project's anchor investor and offtaker.<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="tbp-construction" /> |- |September 4, 2026 |West Memphis Utilities explains its role in the Google project.<ref name="katv-wmu" /> |- |September 15, 2026 |Google and Entergy Arkansas officials testify before the Joint Energy Committee of the Arkansas Legislature.<ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |- |October 19, 2026 |Entergy Arkansas announces an expanded partnership with Google, including battery storage, a solar power purchase agreement, and transmission improvements, pending APSC approval.<ref name="entergy-oct19" /> |- |February 2027 |The Google West Memphis data center starts receiving electricity (anticipated).<ref name="axios716" /> |- |End of 2028 |Cypress Solar goes online (anticipated).<ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |2029 |All three phases of the Steel River Energy Center are complete (anticipated).<ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="google-steelriver" /> |} == Infrastructure Implications == Infrastructure projects like Steel River Energy Center involve many stakeholders which exert their political might in the process. Originally, the project was initiated prior to public disclosure of Google’s involvement. Recent legislative activity including the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 and broader tax and regulatory reform were key drivers that contributed to the project’s success<ref name="tbp-announce" />. The authors will examine the central question of who is paying for energy investments and improvements to support the West Memphis data center in the subsequent section but other policy, governance, and institutional issues emerge. State officials say the 2025 legislative package, which includes the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act and the Act 548 sales and use tax exemption, helped draw Google’s data center to Arkansas.<ref name="tbp-announce" /><ref name="act373" /> Energy projects related to the data center in West Memphis involve federal, state, and local governments, regulated utilities, private developers, and lenders. Each stakeholder has different interests and authority. The case highlights three issues: transparency, cost allocation, and risk. A caveat to the state officials’ claim is that Steel River has been in development since 2020.<ref name="swift-sale" /> === Transparency === Steel River’s agreement with Google is private; the developer’s announcement did not disclose who the company was, other than that it was a technology company, and its terms were not disclosed.<ref name="swift-sale" /> Entergy’s special rate contract with Google is mostly available, but not its terms of payment.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts">{{Cite web |title=Cypress Solar facts – setting the record straight |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/cypresssolarfacts |publisher=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> A Freedom of Information Act request from a local resident to the APSC returned the records.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> Entergy said that the APSC had mistakenly released the records, and it sued two newspapers to keep the records from being published.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> A federal court judge denied the request for a restraining order.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /> * The contract was filed as confidential, and its payment terms became public only through records released in August 2026 after Entergy lost a lawsuit to keep the agreements secret.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> When private actors, as in the case of Steel River Energy Center and Google, enter financial arrangements, what is appropriate public disclosure? * Should customers of Entergy be able to see where Google is putting its money when that money will be used to pay for future costs when they pay the rider that funds Cypress Solar? === Costs & Incentives === Cypress Solar will receive a third of the construction-period rider, which adds about $5 per month to the average residential bill,<ref name="katv-lawmakers" /><ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /> and Google has also made varying payments to the project, amounting to about a third of the project’s $1.6 billion cost.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="axios716" /> Entergy, however, says Google will pay about $2.1 billion over the 20-year contract.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /> The Generating Arkansas Jobs Act helped create a method for lowering the cost recovered from all customers and the investment made during the lifetime of the new projects.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> * Who is paying for the costs associated with the Steel River Energy Center and Cypress Solar projects? ** Google says it covers its full energy costs, yet all Entergy customers will pay for Cypress Solar construction through a rider that allows Entergy to recover costs.<ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> Do payments that total less than the total cost of construction count as "paying for" a project? * What role do regulatory or financial incentives play in infrastructure investment decision-making? ** Arkansas passed a sales and use tax exemption for data centers in 2025. Recent public opinion polling by Pew Research Center suggests Americans' views on data centers are declining<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brian |date=2026-09-22 |title=Americans’ views of data centers have turned more negative |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/09/22/americans-views-of-data-centers-have-turned-more-negative/ |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>. Would last year’s legislative efforts have succeeded this year? Will changes in ratepayers’ attitudes towards data centers inhibit broader investments across the electrical infrastructure spectrum? === Risks === Building new infrastructure for load that will increase in the future has risks. Solar plants generally last 25 to 35 years, while the contract with Steel River lasts only 20 years.<ref name="doe-pv-eol">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=End-of-Life Management for Solar Photovoltaics |url=https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/end-life-management-solar-photovoltaics |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="swift-sale" /> Anything left over or lost once the contract is finished is the responsibility of Cypress Creek and its investors, not the utility customers,<ref name="cc-financing" /> whereas Entergy will recover the cost of Cypress Solar through its rates over the full life of the plant.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> The second risk is forecasting: Google intends to begin service at the data center in February 2027 and will draw 600 MW of electricity from the grid by October 2029;<ref name="axios716" /> if that changes, Google’s minimum payments and termination penalties are the main protection for other customers.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts" /> Google is paying approximately $443 million up front for construction of Cypress Solar, and it must pay at least $83 million per year over the 20-year term even if it uses less power.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> Entergy’s public filing contains redacted terms of the termination penalties that Google must pay if it terminates the contract early.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts" /> * Steel River Energy Center utilizes photovoltaic systems which have an anticipated operational lifespan of 25-35 years<ref name="doe-pv-eol" />. Steel River's contract with Google is 20 years<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="swift-sale" />. What will become of Steel River after the Google contract expires? == Recent Activity == On October 19, 2026 Entergy Arkansas released a press release outlining new details related to its partnership with Google<ref name="entergy-oct19">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Lamor |date=2026-10-19 |title=Entergy Arkansas announces enhanced partnership at Google West Memphis campus, delivering at least $500M in new savings for all customers |url=https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-arkansas-announces-enhanced-partnership-at-google-west-memphis-campus-delivering-at-least-500m-in-new-savings-for-all-customers |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Entergy |language=en-US}}</ref>. * A 1,000 megawatt-hour battery energy storage system at Driver Solar near Osceola (Driver), expected to be online in 2028. * A 400 megawatt-hour battery energy storage system near Hot Springs (Jones Mill), expected to be online in 2028. * A 440 megawatt (ac) solar power purchase agreement from the Big Island solar facility being constructed in Mississippi County. This was added based on Arkansas Public Service Commission guidance from the initial filing of the resource. * Expansion of the Galet substation near West Memphis and construction of two new 230 kV transmission lines to serve the expanded data center campus. Entergy claims that costs associated with these investments will not be recovered through the GAJA ride and that Google will pay under a new contract; regulatory approval is forthcoming. When combining the abovementioned investments and the Cypress Solar project, over 1,000 mega-watt hours of solar power and 2,800 megawatt-hours of dispatchable battery storage capacity will be available to the power grid. == Discussion Questions == # Entergy Arkansas argues the ability to recover constructions costs prior to a facility's completion means ratepayers will pay less in the long-term. If upgrades to the grid are largely driven by anticipated demand, what happens if forecasting is wrong? # Compare the differences between the financial arrangements of Steel River Energy Center and Cypress Solar. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these arrangements? Is one preferable to the other? # Google will receive renewable energy credits as part of its arrangement with Steel River but the West Memphis data center will draw power from the regional grid. What, if any, difference is there between a facility that is directly connected to a renewable energy source and one that is "virtually" connected? # Both Cypress Creek Energy and Google have made community investment pledges as a part of their development plans. How should the public evaluate these contributions in the context of potential electricity rate hikes? == Further Reading == * Dandres T, Vandromme N, Obrekht G, et al. Consequences of Future Data Center Deployment in Canada on Electricity Generation and Environmental Impacts: A 2015–2030 Prospective Study. ''J Ind Ecol''. 2017;21(5):1312-1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12515 ** This discussion of data center development in Canada offers readers a chance to consider the interconnectedness of American and Canadian energy infrastructure through a Canadian lens. The article suggest a methodology to evaluate environmental impacts related to long-term changes in regional power demand. * Kay, O., Reaser, R., & Taylor, R. (2026, March). ''Processing power: The effect of data centers on wholesale electricity markets'' (Research Department Working Paper No. 2606). Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. https://doi.org/10.24149/wp2606 Pages (1-17, 50-58) ** This paper models the effect of electricity-intensive computing infrastructure, with retrospective and prospective estimates on data centers contributions to increases in wholesale electricity costs. * Kollar, J. (2026). Planning Under Preemption: State Power and Local Authority in the AI Data Center Era. ''Journal of the American Planning Association'', ''92''(2), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2026.2618221 ** Kollar argues that a reorganization of planning authority is underway and asks, "What role can planning play when economic competitiveness and national security increasingly define the purposes of spatial governance?" == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} == AI Disclosure == Claude Opus 5.5 was used for sections of this Casebook page. This model was used to locate sources, to check the validity of each source, to create the flowchart visuals, and to format the layout. Additionally, it was used to check grammar and clarity. The writing, analysis, and framing of the case, as well as the final decisions on which sources to use, were our own.__NOINDEX__ mkox9xspus9nsg51jw671wskb8kijl1 4678856 4678836 2026-10-29T15:48:22Z Churst4 3626785 4678856 wikitext text/x-wiki This case study was written by Cambel Hurst and Ben Schaeffer at the Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, as a class assignment for the Fall 2026 Infrastructure Policy class, POGO 750 with Professor Jonathan Gifford. It reflects the authors’ own research and analysis of publicly available sources. It does not represent the views of George Mason University, the Schar School, Steel River Energy Center, Google, or any other organization or entity discussed. Information is current as of October 26, 2026 and may have changed. == Introduction == Electricity consumption is expected to increase at 1% a year until 2050.<ref name="eia-aeo2026">{{Cite web |author=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=April 8, 2026 |title=Annual Energy Outlook 2026 |url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/ |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> As a result of recent consumption trends and anticipated demand (namely, data centers), utilities have been upgrading infrastructure across the transmission and delivery spectrum. In many cases, “residential consumers subsidize new infrastructure for new [electricity users].”<ref name="kaufman2025">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Theo |date=October 6, 2025 |title=Consumers End Up Paying for the Energy Demands of Data Centers, How Can Regulators Fight Back? |url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/environmental-law-review/blog/consumers-end-up-paying-for-the-energy-demands-of-data-centers-how-can-regulators-fight-back/ |website=Georgetown Environmental Law Review |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> Geopolitical instability has highlighted supply chain issues, and now countries around the world are increasing domestic energy production investments<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolaczkowski |first=Maciej |date=June 26, 2026 |title=How faster permitting and policy certainty can increase energy security while cutting costs |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/energy-transition/faster-permitting-policy-certainty-energy-security-costs |access-date=October 25, 2026 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref>. On October 2, 2025 Google announced the West Memphis data center as the centerpiece of one of the largest AI investments into Arkansas.<ref name="google-ar2025">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Google is investing in Arkansas with a new data center, energy efficiency programs and more |url=https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/company-announcements/google-american-innovation-arkansas/ |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="tbp-announce">{{Cite web |last=Jared |first=George |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Google announces plan to build $4 billion data center in West Memphis |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2025/10/google-announces-plan-to-build-4-billion-data-center-in-west-memphis/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> The project costs $4 billion and will draw up to 600 MW from the regional grid by 2029;<ref name="axios716">{{Cite web |last=Sparkman |first=Worth |date=September 1, 2026 |title=Google will pay $716M for data center power in Arkansas |url=https://www.axios.com/local/nw-arkansas/2026/09/01/google-pay-716-million-data-center-power |website=Axios Northwest Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="google-ar2025" /> several energy developments are underway in the region and interact with the West Memphis data center in different ways. Steel River Energy Center is a solar-and-battery project that is not a regulated utility,<ref name="cc-financing">{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Cypress Creek Energy Secures $3.5 Billion to Advance One of America's Largest Solar and Storage Projects |url=https://cypresscreekenergy.com/news/steel-river-financing/ |publisher=Cypress Creek Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> while Cypress Solar, a similar energy project, is.<ref name="entergy-10q">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |date=July 31, 2026 |title=Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2026 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65984/000006598426000283/etr-20260630.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |at=Rate and Regulatory Matters |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> This case asks who should pay for, and bear the cost and risk of, infrastructure when a new major load is required. The authors will focus their analysis on the Steel River Energy Center but will profile Cypress Solar and other projects in the region to highlight specific policy nuances. Solar farms use photovoltaic (PV) systems to convert sunlight into electrical energy. Batteries are an energy storage solution which uses electricity to charge batteries that can be used to provide short-term relief when electricity demand is higher than supply would normally be able to accommodate. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67925 |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>. == Summary and Narrative == === Steel River Energy Center === Steel River Energy Center (Steel River) began initial development in 2020 under the ownership of Swift Current Energy, but in March 2026, Swift Current Energy announced the sale of the development to Cypress Creek Energy (Cypress Creek).<ref name="swift-sale">{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Swift Current Energy Completes Sale of 2.9 GWh Storage and 2.5 GW Solar Facility to Cypress Creek Renewables |url=https://swiftcurrentenergy.com/swift-current-energy-completes-sale-of-2-9-gwh-storage-and-2-5-gw-solar-facility-to-cypress-creek-renewables/ |publisher=Swift Current Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> With full operations expected in 2029, Steel River will deliver 2.5 GWdc of solar and 2.9 GWh of battery storage. The solar facility will cover approximately 15,000 to 17,000 acres<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |first=Byron |date=2026-07-09 |title=Groundbreaking set on one of biggest solar farms in the United States |url=https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2026/07/09/groundbreaking-set-on-one-of-biggest-solar-farms-in-the-united-states |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Arkansas Times |language=en-US}}</ref>. The anticipated capacity of Steel River makes it one of the largest renewable energy projects in the United States<ref name="swift-sale" /> and generates enough electricity to power more than 315,000 homes each year<ref name="tbp-construction" />. Cypress Creek closed $3.5 billion in financing in June 2026 as part of the deal;<ref name="cc-financing" /> additionally, Cypress Creek entered into a 20-year power purchase agreement with Google for the first two phases of the three-part development.<ref name="swift-sale" /> Google announced construction of its data center five years after initial development of Steel River Energy Center began.<ref name="google-ar2025" /><ref name="swift-sale" /> Steel River does not have a physical connection with Google’s data center rather the contract is a financial agreement also known as a financial or virtual power purchase agreement (VPPA). <ref name="rmi-vppa">{{Cite web |last=Kansal |first=Rachit |date=2019 |title=Introduction to the Virtual Power Purchase Agreement |url=https://rmi.org/insight/virtual-power-purchase-agreement |publisher=RMI |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="swift-sale" />. === West Memphis data center === Google’s West Memphis data center campus will cover 1,100 acres in Crittenden County, Arkansas.<ref name="axios716" /> The first data center in the state will have a power contract through a subsidiary, Altitude LLC.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p">{{Cite report |author=Entergy Arkansas |date=September 2025 |title=Application for Approval to Enter into a Special Rate Contract (public version) |publisher=Arkansas Public Service Commission |id=Docket No. 25-055-P}}</ref> The data center is slated to be active in February 2027 and will rise to demand load of 600 MW by October 2029.<ref name="axios716" /> As Steel River does not provide power directly to the data center, Entergy Arkansas, a state-regulated utility, is a key stakeholder, and supplies electricity for the data center.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Provided that West Memphis data center project will use the utility service in the area, Google has committed to covering the full energy costs associated with the facility and reduce its use when the grid is strained.<ref name="dcd2025">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Georgia |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Google confirmed to be behind West Memphis data center project in Arkansas |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/google-confirmed-to-be-behind-west-memphis-data-center-project-in-arkansas/ |website=Data Center Dynamics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="tbp-announce" /> Yet, public reporting from August 2026 highlighted disagreement between the public's understanding of what Google claimed to pay and what contractual provisions indicate Google will actually pay. Additional developments regarding Google's financial commitments will be discussed further in this case study. === Cypress Solar === Cypress Solar is a renewable energy project in Jefferson County, Arkansas.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair">{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2026 |title=Entergy Arkansas announces vendor fair for potential Jefferson Power Station, Cypress Solar contractors |url=https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-arkansas-announces-vendor-fair-for-potential-jefferson-power-station-cypress-solar-contractors |publisher=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> This project is not related to Steel River or affiliated with Cypress Creek Energy; but is a distinct solar and battery plant under development by Entergy Arkansas.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Google’s contract with Entergy requires Entergy to build this plant.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Regulatory approvals for Cypress Solar were submitted to the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) for approval on September 5, 2025.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> The APSC approved both the Cypress Solar project and the contract with Google in March 2026.<ref name="entergy-10k">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |date=February 19, 2026 |title=Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65984/000006598426000174/etr-20251231.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Currently, Act 373 of 2025, passed by the Arkansas Legislature, allows utilities to recover costs during the construction of projects through a rider.<ref name="act373">{{Cite web |author=Arkansas General Assembly |date=2025 |title=SB307 (Act 373 of 2025): To Create the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 |url=https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=sb307&ddBienniumSession=2025%2F2025R |website=Arkansas State Legislature |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> The APSC must rule on a rider within 90 days and also addresses rates set by contracts.<ref name="act373" /> The rider is established through this project due to the approval of the ASPC.<ref name="entergy-10q" /> The plant is expected to be completed 2028.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. The three projects compared ! ! scope="col" | Steel River Energy Center ! scope="col" | West Memphis Data Center ! scope="col" | Arkansas Cypress Solar |- ! scope="row" | Role | Generation of Electricity | Consumer of Electricity | Generation of Electricity |- ! scope="row" | Location | Mississippi County, near Wilson<ref name="kait-groundbreaking">{{Cite web |last=Droll |first=Josh |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Nation's largest solar energy project breaks ground in Wilson |url=https://www.kait8.com/2026/07/14/nations-largest-solar-energy-project-breaks-ground-wilson/ |website=KAIT |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> | West Memphis, Crittenden County<ref name="dm-google-confirms">{{Cite web |last=Amro |first=Dima |date=September 5, 2025 |title=Google confirms West Memphis data center |url=https://dailymemphian.com/section/businessreal-estate/article/54862/google-west-memphis-data-center-entergy-arkansas-groot |website=Daily Memphian |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> | Northern Jefferson County, north of Pine Bluff<ref name="entergy-cypress-page">{{Cite web |title=Cypress Solar and Battery |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/arkcypresssolar |website=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Owner | Cypress Creek Energy (private) | Altitude LLC (Google subsidiary) | Entergy Arkansas (regulated) |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 1,500 MW solar (AC) and 2,900 MWh storage, phases 1 and 2 are about two-thirds of total capacity | Up to 600 MW by Oct 2029 | 600 MW solar and 350 MW battery |- ! scope="row" | Relationship to Google | Virtual power purchase agreement (VPPA) | Owner and operator | Built under Google's special rate contract with Entergy |- ! scope="row" | Service date | 2029 (all phases) | February 2027 | End of 2028 |- ! scope="row" | Sources | <ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="tbp-construction">{{Cite web |last=Jared |first=George |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Construction on largest solar array in US begins in Mississippi County |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2026/07/construction-on-largest-solar-array-in-u-s-begins-in-mississippi-county/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> | <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="google-ar2025" /> | <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |} <mapframe latitude="35.1" longitude="-91.207" zoom="8" text="Figure 1. Approximate locations of the main parties: (1) Steel River Energy Center, near Wilson; (2) Google’s West Memphis data center; (3) Arkansas Cypress Solar, near Wright; (4) Little Rock, home of the General Assembly, the Governor’s office, the Arkansas Public Service Commission, Entergy Arkansas, and MISO’s South region control center. All three projects are on the grid MISO operates. Straight-line distances from the data center are about 34 miles to Steel River and 117 miles to Cypress Solar. Location sources are cited in Tables 1 and 2." width="520" height="420" align="center"> [ { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.125, 35.59 ] }, "properties": { "title": "1. Steel River Energy Center", "description": "Private solar and battery project owned by Cypress Creek Energy and developed by Swift Current Energy. Off West County Road 940 near Wilson, Mississippi County; the site covers more than 14,000 acres, so the marker is approximate. Sells power into the MISO market; Google buys the output and credits through a virtual PPA.", "marker-symbol": "1", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#2e7d32" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.213, 35.108 ] }, "properties": { "title": "2. Google West Memphis data center", "description": "Built by Google through Altitude, LLC on about 1,100 acres at the south end of Bollinger Road, West Memphis, Crittenden County. Retail customer of Entergy Arkansas. The City of West Memphis (PILOT agreement) and West Memphis Utilities are local parties.", "marker-symbol": "2", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#1565c0" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.085, 34.415 ] }, "properties": { "title": "3. Arkansas Cypress Solar", "description": "600 MW solar and 350 MW battery plant owned by Entergy Arkansas, a regulated utility. About 3,000 acres east of the Arkansas River, west and south of Wright, Jefferson County; marker is approximate.", "marker-symbol": "3", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#e65100" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.2891, 34.7466 ] }, "properties": { "title": "4. Little Rock: state government, APSC, Entergy Arkansas, and MISO", "description": "Marker at the Arkansas State Capitol (General Assembly; Office of the Governor). The Arkansas Public Service Commission (1000 Center Street) and Entergy Arkansas headquarters (425 West Capitol Avenue) are within about a mile. MISO, which operates the grid that all three projects share, runs its South region from a control center in West Little Rock.", "marker-symbol": "4", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#555555" } } ] </mapframe> == Funding & Financing == ''A more comprehensive list of parties involved in the West Memphis and Steel River Energy Center projects is detailed in the Stakeholders section of this case study. This section considers key stakeholders and examines their role in broader cost-related questions.'' The Arkansas General Assembly provided new mechanisms for utilities to recover new-generation costs during construction. This was done to incentivize energy infrastructure development. The Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) must rule on the rider within 90 days and addresses rates set by contracts. Act 548 is a data center sales and use tax exemption<ref name="act373" /><ref name="tbp-announce" />. There are two financing models with different energy projects focused on one customer. With $5 billion being used for new generation and grid upgrades, the levels of financial risk vary widely across the different actors involved <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="entergy-10k" />. Steel River is a private project, selling its energy to the grid, with a virtual power purchase agreement with Google<ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="google-steelriver">{{Cite web |last1=Conkling |first1=Will |last2=Scott |first2=Christopher |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Our largest solar and battery storage project ever |url=https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/infrastructure-and-cloud/global-network/steel-river-arkansas/ |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref>. Cypress Solar is owned by a regulated utility, where customers carry risk and face being charged before projects are complete <ref name="entergy-gaja-facts">{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2026 |title=Generating Arkansas Jobs Act facts |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/generatingARjobs |access-date=October 20, 2026 |website=Entergy Arkansas}}</ref><ref name="katv-lawmakers">{{Cite web |last=Mobley |first=Andrew |date=2026-09-16 |title=AR lawmakers question Entergy on Google data center power costs, ratepayer impact |url=https://katv.com/news/ar-lawmakers-question-entergy-on-google-data-center-power-costs-ratepayer-impact-public-scrutiny-cypress-solar-partnership-funding-plant |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=KATV |language=en}}</ref>. ==== Steel River: Private Project Financing and the VPPA ==== [[File:Steel River Energy Center power and money flows.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|Figure 2. Flows of electricity, money and renewable energy credits among the Steel River Energy Center, Google's data center, Entergy Arkansas and the MISO grid. The virtual PPA moves only money and credits; Entergy Arkansas supplies the data center's physical electricity.<ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /><ref name="apsc-25-055-p" />]] Steel River followed the standard financing model for many U.S. renewable projects, partnering with lenders, utilizing tax credits, and pursuing long-term contracts with a suitable buyer.<ref name="cc-financing" /> This project’s contract is a VPPA, an agreement where the project sells its electricity to the wholesale market.<ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> Cypress Creek has stated that this is to ensure revenue certainty.<ref name="cc-financing" /> Google, as the other party to the agreement, buys its power from its utility (Entergy Arkansas), so only the settlement from differences between the strike price and market price and renewable energy credits are part of the deal.<ref name="rmi-vppa" /> Google plans to use renewable energy credit for its clean energy goals.<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> VPPAs are financial, meaning that this contract did not need to be approved by the APSC and Entergy’s other customers bear none of its risk. ==== Cypress Solar: Regulated Utility Finances ==== Through the GAJA rider program, Cypress Solar will be able to collect more through its utilities before the project is finished.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> The argument Entergy, the owner of the Cypress Solar project, lays out is that this lowers the total cost since less interest will be built up during construction.<ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers">{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Ainsley |date=September 15, 2026 |title=Arkansas lawmakers question utility on data center projects, impact on ratepayers |url=https://arkansasadvocate.com/2026/09/15/arkansas-lawmakers-question-utility-on-data-center-projects-impact-on-ratepayers/ |website=Arkansas Advocate |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> Entergy will pay using its own capital and recover the cost through the GAJA program and the approved APSC rate when the project is complete.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Recent reporting indicates that ratepayers have already started to pay more than $5 additional per month to recover costs related to energy generation projects. Google’s share in payments for this construction is hard to determine, since the contract has been redacted; there are two conflicting records.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit">{{Cite web |last=Mobley |first=Andrew |date=September 2, 2026 |title=Entergy sues Democrat-Gazette, AR Times for publishing secret Google data center details |url=https://katv.com/news/local/entergy-sues-democrat-gazette-ar-times-for-publishing-secret-google-data-center-details |website=KATV |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="wreg-disclosure">{{Cite web |last=Kienlen |first=Alex |date=September 2, 2026 |title=Entergy files to stop disclosure of West Memphis data center agreement |url=https://wreg.com/news/mid-south/entergy-files-to-stop-disclosure-of-west-memphis-data-center-agreement/ |website=WREG |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> According to records reported in September 2026, Google’s payments toward Cypress Solar are about one-third of its cost.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="wreg-disclosure" /> Entergy says the figure counts only one year of recurring payments and that Google will pay about $2.1 billion over the 20-year contract.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="wreg-disclosure" /> == Stakeholders == {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. List of stakeholders involved in Steel River Energy Center, Cypress Solar, and Google's West Memphis Data Center project !Level !Actor !Role |- |Federal |Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) |FERC regulates interstate transmission and wholesale electricity sales.<ref name="ferc-what">{{Cite web |title=What FERC Does |url=https://www.ferc.gov/what-ferc-does |publisher=Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Regional |Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) |Nonprofit operator of the regional grid and the grid where Entergy Arkansas operates and into which Steel River Energy sells power.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> It runs its South region, which includes Arkansas, from a control center in West Little Rock.<ref name="tbp-miso-lr">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Wesley |date=March 24, 2015 |title=Grid Operator MISO Christens $22 Million Command Center In Little Rock |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2015/03/grid-operator-miso-christens-22-million-command-center-in-little-rock/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" | |- |State |Arkansas General Assembly |Passed the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 ("GAJA" or Act 373 of 2025), which permits utilities to recover new-generation costs during construction through riders the APSC must rule on. GAJA was done to incentivize energy infrastructure development. A Enacted Act 548 which amended the tax code and created data center sales and use tax exemptions.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |State |Office of Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders |Recruited Google to establish AI developments in the state. State officials cited the 2025 legislation as helping attract the project.<ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |State |Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) and its General Staff |Approved Google's contract with Entergy, the construction-period rider, and Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-10k" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Local |City of West Memphis |Host of the Google data center. The West Memphis City Council approved a 30-year payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) agreement with Google's subsidiary in 2025.<ref name="dcd2025" /> |- |Local |West Memphis Utilities |Independent public power utility, builds part of the site’s utility infrastructure at Google’s expense and claims its customers’ bills will not rise.<ref name="katv-wmu">{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Scott |date=September 4, 2026 |title=West Memphis Utilities outlines its role in Google data center project amid public concern |url=https://katv.com/news/local/west-memphis-utilities-outlines-its-role-in-google-data-center-project-amid-public-concern |website=KATV |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> |- |Local |Crittenden County |Host county for the Google data center; residents are the focus of Google’s $25 million Energy Impact Fund.<ref name="google-ar2025" /> |- |Local |Mississippi County, Town of Wilson, Rivercrest School District |Steel River Energy host jurisdictions; expected to share local tax revenue.<ref name="tbp-construction" /> |- |Local |Jefferson County |Host county for Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Private |Altitude, LLC (Google Subsidiary) |Builds the West Memphis data center; buys Steel River’s output and credits; pays Entergy under the special rate contract.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="google-steelriver" /> Investing in community initiatives totaling $30 million, including a $25 million energy affordability program and $5 million in additional educational and community programs<ref name="google-steelriver" />. |- |Private |Entergy Arkansas |Investor-owned utility with about 735,000 customers; serves the data center and owns Cypress Solar.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /> |- |Private |Cypress Creek Energy |Independent power producer; owns, finances, and builds Steel River.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- |Private |Swift Current Energy |Developed Steel River from 2020 and secured its permits and the 20-year contract, and sold it to Cypress Creek Energy in 2026.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |Private |Barclays, BNP Paribas, Santander, Wells Fargo, and a tax equity investor |Underwrote Steel River’s $3.5 billion financing.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Civic |Entergy Arkansas ratepayers |They pay the rider that funds Cypress Solar during construction.<ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |} == Timeline == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Date !Action |- |2020 |Swift Current Energy begins the process of developing the Steel River site and obtaining all permits for the three phases of the project.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |December 10, 2024 |The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issues a public notice for a Section 404 Clean Water Act permit for the data center site, an early public indication of the project.<ref name="usace-mvm-2024-216">{{Cite web |author=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Public Notice: Permit Application No. MVM-2024-216 (Groot LLC) |url=https://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Portals/51/MVM%202024-216.pdf |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- |March 20, 2025 |Generating Arkansas Jobs Act (GAJA) is enacted as Act 373 of 2025.<ref name="act373" /> |- |May 2025 |The West Memphis City Council votes to approve a 30-year payment in lieu of taxes (PILOT) deal with Groot LLC; Google has since confirmed that it is the parent company.<ref name="dcd-may2025">{{Cite web |last=Swinhoe |first=Dan |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Five-building data center campus planned for West Memphis, Arkansas |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/five-building-data-center-campus-planned-for-west-memphis-arkansas/ |website=Data Center Dynamics |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref name="dcd2025" /> |- |September 5, 2025 |Entergy Arkansas files an application with the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) requesting approval of a special rate contract with Altitude, LLC (a Google subsidiary; Docket 25-055-P), and files errata on September 9.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> |- |October 2, 2025 |Google publicly reveals details about its new West Memphis data center and its new partnership with Entergy Arkansas on a 600 MW solar project.<ref name="google-ar2025" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |December 2025 |The APSC approves the special rate contract but denies Entergy's plan for Google's up-front payments and it also defers a decision on whether Entergy will use Cypress Solar's investment tax credits in Google's pricing; Entergy requests reconsideration, claiming the decisions would require renegotiating the contract.<ref name="entergy-10k" /> |- |January 29, 2026 |The APSC reaffirms its stance on Google's up-front payments but reverses itself on the investment tax credits, which may be used in Cypress Solar's pricing to Google as stipulated in the contract.<ref name="entergy-10k" /> |- |March 3, 2026 |The APSC grants Entergy Arkansas a certificate of environmental compatibility and public need to construct Cypress Solar and approves its ability to recover construction costs under the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act rider.<ref name="entergy-reg-info">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |title=Regulatory and other information |url=https://investors.entergy.com/investors/regulatory-and-other-information-1/regulatory-and-other-information/default.aspx |website=Entergy Investor Relations |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |March 6, 2026 |Entergy Arkansas files its first annual update of the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act rider, seeking $110.4 million in construction financing costs for three projects, including Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-reg-info" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |March 11, 2026 |Swift Current Energy completes its sale of Steel River to Cypress Creek Energy.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |June 11, 2026 |Cypress Creek Energy secures financing worth $3.5 billion for its Steel River Phases 1 and 2.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- |June 12, 2026 |The APSC approves the rider update tariff and customers see the charge in their June bills.<ref name="entergy-reg-info" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |- |July 14, 2026 |Construction begins on the Steel River Phases 1 and 2, and Google is named as the project's anchor investor and offtaker.<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="tbp-construction" /> |- |September 4, 2026 |West Memphis Utilities explains its role in the Google project.<ref name="katv-wmu" /> |- |September 15, 2026 |Google and Entergy Arkansas officials testify before the Joint Energy Committee of the Arkansas Legislature.<ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |- |October 19, 2026 |Entergy Arkansas announces an expanded partnership with Google, including battery storage, a solar power purchase agreement, and transmission improvements, pending APSC approval.<ref name="entergy-oct19" /> |- |February 2027 |The Google West Memphis data center starts receiving electricity (anticipated).<ref name="axios716" /> |- |End of 2028 |Cypress Solar goes online (anticipated).<ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |2029 |All three phases of the Steel River Energy Center are complete (anticipated).<ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="google-steelriver" /> |} == Infrastructure Implications == Infrastructure projects like Steel River Energy Center involve many stakeholders which exert their political might in the process. Originally, the project was initiated prior to public disclosure of Google’s involvement. Recent legislative activity including the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 and broader tax and regulatory reform were key drivers that contributed to the project’s success<ref name="tbp-announce" />. The authors will examine the central question of who is paying for energy investments and improvements to support the West Memphis data center in the subsequent section but other policy, governance, and institutional issues emerge. State officials say the 2025 legislative package, which includes the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act and the Act 548 sales and use tax exemption, helped draw Google’s data center to Arkansas.<ref name="tbp-announce" /><ref name="act373" /> Energy projects related to the data center in West Memphis involve federal, state, and local governments, regulated utilities, private developers, and lenders. Each stakeholder has different interests and authority. The case highlights three issues: transparency, cost allocation, and risk. A caveat to the state officials’ claim is that Steel River has been in development since 2020.<ref name="swift-sale" /> === Transparency === Steel River’s agreement with Google is private; the developer’s announcement did not disclose who the company was, other than that it was a technology company, and its terms were not disclosed.<ref name="swift-sale" /> Entergy’s special rate contract with Google is mostly available, but not its terms of payment.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts">{{Cite web |title=Cypress Solar facts – setting the record straight |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/cypresssolarfacts |publisher=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> A Freedom of Information Act request from a local resident to the APSC returned the records.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> Entergy said that the APSC had mistakenly released the records, and it sued two newspapers to keep the records from being published.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> A federal court judge denied the request for a restraining order.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /> * The contract was filed as confidential, and its payment terms became public only through records released in August 2026 after Entergy lost a lawsuit to keep the agreements secret.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> When private actors, as in the case of Steel River Energy Center and Google, enter financial arrangements, what is appropriate public disclosure? * Should customers of Entergy be able to see where Google is putting its money when that money will be used to pay for future costs when they pay the rider that funds Cypress Solar? === Costs & Incentives === Cypress Solar will receive a third of the construction-period rider, which adds about $5 per month to the average residential bill,<ref name="katv-lawmakers" /><ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /> and Google has also made varying payments to the project, amounting to about a third of the project’s $1.6 billion cost.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="axios716" /> Entergy, however, says Google will pay about $2.1 billion over the 20-year contract.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /> The Generating Arkansas Jobs Act helped create a method for lowering the cost recovered from all customers and the investment made during the lifetime of the new projects.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> * Who is paying for the costs associated with the Steel River Energy Center and Cypress Solar projects? ** Google says it covers its full energy costs, yet all Entergy customers will pay for Cypress Solar construction through a rider that allows Entergy to recover costs.<ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> Do payments that total less than the total cost of construction count as "paying for" a project? * What role do regulatory or financial incentives play in infrastructure investment decision-making? ** Arkansas passed a sales and use tax exemption for data centers in 2025. Recent public opinion polling by Pew Research Center suggests Americans' views on data centers are declining<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brian |date=2026-09-22 |title=Americans’ views of data centers have turned more negative |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/09/22/americans-views-of-data-centers-have-turned-more-negative/ |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>. Would last year’s legislative efforts have succeeded this year? Will changes in ratepayers’ attitudes towards data centers inhibit broader investments across the electrical infrastructure spectrum? === Risks === Building new infrastructure for load that will increase in the future has risks. Solar plants generally last 25 to 35 years, while the contract with Steel River lasts only 20 years.<ref name="doe-pv-eol">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=End-of-Life Management for Solar Photovoltaics |url=https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/end-life-management-solar-photovoltaics |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="swift-sale" /> Anything left over or lost once the contract is finished is the responsibility of Cypress Creek and its investors, not the utility customers,<ref name="cc-financing" /> whereas Entergy will recover the cost of Cypress Solar through its rates over the full life of the plant.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> The second risk is forecasting: Google intends to begin service at the data center in February 2027 and will draw 600 MW of electricity from the grid by October 2029;<ref name="axios716" /> if that changes, Google’s minimum payments and termination penalties are the main protection for other customers.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts" /> Google is paying approximately $443 million up front for construction of Cypress Solar, and it must pay at least $83 million per year over the 20-year term even if it uses less power.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> Entergy’s public filing contains redacted terms of the termination penalties that Google must pay if it terminates the contract early.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts" /> * Steel River Energy Center utilizes photovoltaic systems which have an anticipated operational lifespan of 25-35 years<ref name="doe-pv-eol" />. Steel River's contract with Google is 20 years<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="swift-sale" />. What will become of Steel River after the Google contract expires? == Recent Activity == On October 19, 2026 Entergy Arkansas released a press release outlining new details related to its partnership with Google<ref name="entergy-oct19">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Lamor |date=2026-10-19 |title=Entergy Arkansas announces enhanced partnership at Google West Memphis campus, delivering at least $500M in new savings for all customers |url=https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-arkansas-announces-enhanced-partnership-at-google-west-memphis-campus-delivering-at-least-500m-in-new-savings-for-all-customers |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Entergy |language=en-US}}</ref>. * A 1,000 megawatt-hour battery energy storage system at Driver Solar near Osceola (Driver), expected to be online in 2028. * A 400 megawatt-hour battery energy storage system near Hot Springs (Jones Mill), expected to be online in 2028. * A 440 megawatt (ac) solar power purchase agreement from the Big Island solar facility being constructed in Mississippi County. This was added based on Arkansas Public Service Commission guidance from the initial filing of the resource. * Expansion of the Galet substation near West Memphis and construction of two new 230 kV transmission lines to serve the expanded data center campus. Entergy claims that costs associated with these investments will not be recovered through the GAJA ride and that Google will pay under a new contract; regulatory approval is forthcoming. When combining the abovementioned investments and the Cypress Solar project, over 1,000 mega-watt hours of solar power and 2,800 megawatt-hours of dispatchable battery storage capacity will be available to the power grid. == Discussion Questions == # Entergy Arkansas argues the ability to recover constructions costs prior to a facility's completion means ratepayers will pay less in the long-term. If upgrades to the grid are largely driven by anticipated demand, what happens if forecasting is wrong? # Compare the differences between the financial arrangements of Steel River Energy Center and Cypress Solar. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these arrangements? Is one preferable to the other? # Google will receive renewable energy credits as part of its arrangement with Steel River but the West Memphis data center will draw power from the regional grid. What, if any, difference is there between a facility that is directly connected to a renewable energy source and one that is "virtually" connected? # Both Cypress Creek Energy and Google have made community investment pledges as a part of their development plans. How should the public evaluate these contributions in the context of potential electricity rate hikes? == Further Reading == * Dandres T, Vandromme N, Obrekht G, et al. Consequences of Future Data Center Deployment in Canada on Electricity Generation and Environmental Impacts: A 2015–2030 Prospective Study. ''J Ind Ecol''. 2017;21(5):1312-1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12515 ** This discussion of data center development in Canada offers readers a chance to consider the interconnectedness of American and Canadian energy infrastructure through a Canadian lens. The article suggest a methodology to evaluate environmental impacts related to long-term changes in regional power demand. * Kay, O., Reaser, R., & Taylor, R. (2026, March). ''Processing power: The effect of data centers on wholesale electricity markets'' (Research Department Working Paper No. 2606). Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. https://doi.org/10.24149/wp2606 Pages (1-17, 50-58) ** This paper models the effect of electricity-intensive computing infrastructure, with retrospective and prospective estimates on data centers contributions to increases in wholesale electricity costs. * Kollar, J. (2026). Planning Under Preemption: State Power and Local Authority in the AI Data Center Era. ''Journal of the American Planning Association'', ''92''(2), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2026.2618221 ** Kollar argues that a reorganization of planning authority is underway and asks, "What role can planning play when economic competitiveness and national security increasingly define the purposes of spatial governance?" == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} == AI Disclosure == Claude Opus 5.5 was used for sections of this Casebook page. This model was used to locate sources, to check the validity of each source, to create the flowchart visuals, and to format the layout. Additionally, it was used to check grammar and clarity. The writing, analysis, and framing of the case, as well as the final decisions on which sources to use, were our own.__NOINDEX__ 47hqk3tbqh2uanje275x1fodtkmmcr4 4678857 4678856 2026-10-29T15:49:50Z Churst4 3626785 /* Steel River: Private Project Financing and the VPPA */ 4678857 wikitext text/x-wiki This case study was written by Cambel Hurst and Ben Schaeffer at the Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, as a class assignment for the Fall 2026 Infrastructure Policy class, POGO 750 with Professor Jonathan Gifford. It reflects the authors’ own research and analysis of publicly available sources. It does not represent the views of George Mason University, the Schar School, Steel River Energy Center, Google, or any other organization or entity discussed. Information is current as of October 26, 2026 and may have changed. == Introduction == Electricity consumption is expected to increase at 1% a year until 2050.<ref name="eia-aeo2026">{{Cite web |author=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=April 8, 2026 |title=Annual Energy Outlook 2026 |url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/ |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> As a result of recent consumption trends and anticipated demand (namely, data centers), utilities have been upgrading infrastructure across the transmission and delivery spectrum. In many cases, “residential consumers subsidize new infrastructure for new [electricity users].”<ref name="kaufman2025">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Theo |date=October 6, 2025 |title=Consumers End Up Paying for the Energy Demands of Data Centers, How Can Regulators Fight Back? |url=https://www.law.georgetown.edu/environmental-law-review/blog/consumers-end-up-paying-for-the-energy-demands-of-data-centers-how-can-regulators-fight-back/ |website=Georgetown Environmental Law Review |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> Geopolitical instability has highlighted supply chain issues, and now countries around the world are increasing domestic energy production investments<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolaczkowski |first=Maciej |date=June 26, 2026 |title=How faster permitting and policy certainty can increase energy security while cutting costs |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/energy-transition/faster-permitting-policy-certainty-energy-security-costs |access-date=October 25, 2026 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref>. On October 2, 2025 Google announced the West Memphis data center as the centerpiece of one of the largest AI investments into Arkansas.<ref name="google-ar2025">{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Google is investing in Arkansas with a new data center, energy efficiency programs and more |url=https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/company-announcements/google-american-innovation-arkansas/ |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="tbp-announce">{{Cite web |last=Jared |first=George |date=October 2, 2025 |title=Google announces plan to build $4 billion data center in West Memphis |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2025/10/google-announces-plan-to-build-4-billion-data-center-in-west-memphis/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> The project costs $4 billion and will draw up to 600 MW from the regional grid by 2029;<ref name="axios716">{{Cite web |last=Sparkman |first=Worth |date=September 1, 2026 |title=Google will pay $716M for data center power in Arkansas |url=https://www.axios.com/local/nw-arkansas/2026/09/01/google-pay-716-million-data-center-power |website=Axios Northwest Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="google-ar2025" /> several energy developments are underway in the region and interact with the West Memphis data center in different ways. Steel River Energy Center is a solar-and-battery project that is not a regulated utility,<ref name="cc-financing">{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Cypress Creek Energy Secures $3.5 Billion to Advance One of America's Largest Solar and Storage Projects |url=https://cypresscreekenergy.com/news/steel-river-financing/ |publisher=Cypress Creek Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> while Cypress Solar, a similar energy project, is.<ref name="entergy-10q">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |date=July 31, 2026 |title=Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2026 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65984/000006598426000283/etr-20260630.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |at=Rate and Regulatory Matters |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> This case asks who should pay for, and bear the cost and risk of, infrastructure when a new major load is required. The authors will focus their analysis on the Steel River Energy Center but will profile Cypress Solar and other projects in the region to highlight specific policy nuances. Solar farms use photovoltaic (PV) systems to convert sunlight into electrical energy. Batteries are an energy storage solution which uses electricity to charge batteries that can be used to provide short-term relief when electricity demand is higher than supply would normally be able to accommodate. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67925 |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>. == Summary and Narrative == === Steel River Energy Center === Steel River Energy Center (Steel River) began initial development in 2020 under the ownership of Swift Current Energy, but in March 2026, Swift Current Energy announced the sale of the development to Cypress Creek Energy (Cypress Creek).<ref name="swift-sale">{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Swift Current Energy Completes Sale of 2.9 GWh Storage and 2.5 GW Solar Facility to Cypress Creek Renewables |url=https://swiftcurrentenergy.com/swift-current-energy-completes-sale-of-2-9-gwh-storage-and-2-5-gw-solar-facility-to-cypress-creek-renewables/ |publisher=Swift Current Energy |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> With full operations expected in 2029, Steel River will deliver 2.5 GWdc of solar and 2.9 GWh of battery storage. The solar facility will cover approximately 15,000 to 17,000 acres<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |first=Byron |date=2026-07-09 |title=Groundbreaking set on one of biggest solar farms in the United States |url=https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2026/07/09/groundbreaking-set-on-one-of-biggest-solar-farms-in-the-united-states |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Arkansas Times |language=en-US}}</ref>. The anticipated capacity of Steel River makes it one of the largest renewable energy projects in the United States<ref name="swift-sale" /> and generates enough electricity to power more than 315,000 homes each year<ref name="tbp-construction" />. Cypress Creek closed $3.5 billion in financing in June 2026 as part of the deal;<ref name="cc-financing" /> additionally, Cypress Creek entered into a 20-year power purchase agreement with Google for the first two phases of the three-part development.<ref name="swift-sale" /> Google announced construction of its data center five years after initial development of Steel River Energy Center began.<ref name="google-ar2025" /><ref name="swift-sale" /> Steel River does not have a physical connection with Google’s data center rather the contract is a financial agreement also known as a financial or virtual power purchase agreement (VPPA). <ref name="rmi-vppa">{{Cite web |last=Kansal |first=Rachit |date=2019 |title=Introduction to the Virtual Power Purchase Agreement |url=https://rmi.org/insight/virtual-power-purchase-agreement |publisher=RMI |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="swift-sale" />. === West Memphis data center === Google’s West Memphis data center campus will cover 1,100 acres in Crittenden County, Arkansas.<ref name="axios716" /> The first data center in the state will have a power contract through a subsidiary, Altitude LLC.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p">{{Cite report |author=Entergy Arkansas |date=September 2025 |title=Application for Approval to Enter into a Special Rate Contract (public version) |publisher=Arkansas Public Service Commission |id=Docket No. 25-055-P}}</ref> The data center is slated to be active in February 2027 and will rise to demand load of 600 MW by October 2029.<ref name="axios716" /> As Steel River does not provide power directly to the data center, Entergy Arkansas, a state-regulated utility, is a key stakeholder, and supplies electricity for the data center.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Provided that West Memphis data center project will use the utility service in the area, Google has committed to covering the full energy costs associated with the facility and reduce its use when the grid is strained.<ref name="dcd2025">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Georgia |date=September 9, 2025 |title=Google confirmed to be behind West Memphis data center project in Arkansas |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/google-confirmed-to-be-behind-west-memphis-data-center-project-in-arkansas/ |website=Data Center Dynamics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="tbp-announce" /> Yet, public reporting from August 2026 highlighted disagreement between the public's understanding of what Google claimed to pay and what contractual provisions indicate Google will actually pay. Additional developments regarding Google's financial commitments will be discussed further in this case study. === Cypress Solar === Cypress Solar is a renewable energy project in Jefferson County, Arkansas.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair">{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2026 |title=Entergy Arkansas announces vendor fair for potential Jefferson Power Station, Cypress Solar contractors |url=https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-arkansas-announces-vendor-fair-for-potential-jefferson-power-station-cypress-solar-contractors |publisher=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> This project is not related to Steel River or affiliated with Cypress Creek Energy; but is a distinct solar and battery plant under development by Entergy Arkansas.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Google’s contract with Entergy requires Entergy to build this plant.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Regulatory approvals for Cypress Solar were submitted to the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) for approval on September 5, 2025.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> The APSC approved both the Cypress Solar project and the contract with Google in March 2026.<ref name="entergy-10k">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |date=February 19, 2026 |title=Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/65984/000006598426000174/etr-20251231.htm |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Currently, Act 373 of 2025, passed by the Arkansas Legislature, allows utilities to recover costs during the construction of projects through a rider.<ref name="act373">{{Cite web |author=Arkansas General Assembly |date=2025 |title=SB307 (Act 373 of 2025): To Create the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 |url=https://arkleg.state.ar.us/Bills/Detail?id=sb307&ddBienniumSession=2025%2F2025R |website=Arkansas State Legislature |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> The APSC must rule on a rider within 90 days and also addresses rates set by contracts.<ref name="act373" /> The rider is established through this project due to the approval of the ASPC.<ref name="entergy-10q" /> The plant is expected to be completed 2028.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Table 1. The three projects compared ! ! scope="col" | Steel River Energy Center ! scope="col" | West Memphis Data Center ! scope="col" | Arkansas Cypress Solar |- ! scope="row" | Role | Generation of Electricity | Consumer of Electricity | Generation of Electricity |- ! scope="row" | Location | Mississippi County, near Wilson<ref name="kait-groundbreaking">{{Cite web |last=Droll |first=Josh |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Nation's largest solar energy project breaks ground in Wilson |url=https://www.kait8.com/2026/07/14/nations-largest-solar-energy-project-breaks-ground-wilson/ |website=KAIT |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> | West Memphis, Crittenden County<ref name="dm-google-confirms">{{Cite web |last=Amro |first=Dima |date=September 5, 2025 |title=Google confirms West Memphis data center |url=https://dailymemphian.com/section/businessreal-estate/article/54862/google-west-memphis-data-center-entergy-arkansas-groot |website=Daily Memphian |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> | Northern Jefferson County, north of Pine Bluff<ref name="entergy-cypress-page">{{Cite web |title=Cypress Solar and Battery |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/arkcypresssolar |website=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | Owner | Cypress Creek Energy (private) | Altitude LLC (Google subsidiary) | Entergy Arkansas (regulated) |- ! scope="row" | Capacity | 1,500 MW solar (AC) and 2,900 MWh storage, phases 1 and 2 are about two-thirds of total capacity | Up to 600 MW by Oct 2029 | 600 MW solar and 350 MW battery |- ! scope="row" | Relationship to Google | Virtual power purchase agreement (VPPA) | Owner and operator | Built under Google's special rate contract with Entergy |- ! scope="row" | Service date | 2029 (all phases) | February 2027 | End of 2028 |- ! scope="row" | Sources | <ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="tbp-construction">{{Cite web |last=Jared |first=George |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Construction on largest solar array in US begins in Mississippi County |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2026/07/construction-on-largest-solar-array-in-u-s-begins-in-mississippi-county/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> | <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="google-ar2025" /> | <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |} <mapframe latitude="35.1" longitude="-91.207" zoom="8" text="Figure 1. Approximate locations of the main parties: (1) Steel River Energy Center, near Wilson; (2) Google’s West Memphis data center; (3) Arkansas Cypress Solar, near Wright; (4) Little Rock, home of the General Assembly, the Governor’s office, the Arkansas Public Service Commission, Entergy Arkansas, and MISO’s South region control center. All three projects are on the grid MISO operates. Straight-line distances from the data center are about 34 miles to Steel River and 117 miles to Cypress Solar. Location sources are cited in Tables 1 and 2." width="520" height="420" align="center"> [ { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.125, 35.59 ] }, "properties": { "title": "1. Steel River Energy Center", "description": "Private solar and battery project owned by Cypress Creek Energy and developed by Swift Current Energy. Off West County Road 940 near Wilson, Mississippi County; the site covers more than 14,000 acres, so the marker is approximate. Sells power into the MISO market; Google buys the output and credits through a virtual PPA.", "marker-symbol": "1", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#2e7d32" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -90.213, 35.108 ] }, "properties": { "title": "2. Google West Memphis data center", "description": "Built by Google through Altitude, LLC on about 1,100 acres at the south end of Bollinger Road, West Memphis, Crittenden County. Retail customer of Entergy Arkansas. The City of West Memphis (PILOT agreement) and West Memphis Utilities are local parties.", "marker-symbol": "2", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#1565c0" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.085, 34.415 ] }, "properties": { "title": "3. Arkansas Cypress Solar", "description": "600 MW solar and 350 MW battery plant owned by Entergy Arkansas, a regulated utility. About 3,000 acres east of the Arkansas River, west and south of Wright, Jefferson County; marker is approximate.", "marker-symbol": "3", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#e65100" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ -92.2891, 34.7466 ] }, "properties": { "title": "4. Little Rock: state government, APSC, Entergy Arkansas, and MISO", "description": "Marker at the Arkansas State Capitol (General Assembly; Office of the Governor). The Arkansas Public Service Commission (1000 Center Street) and Entergy Arkansas headquarters (425 West Capitol Avenue) are within about a mile. MISO, which operates the grid that all three projects share, runs its South region from a control center in West Little Rock.", "marker-symbol": "4", "marker-size": "medium", "marker-color": "#555555" } } ] </mapframe> == Funding & Financing == ''A more comprehensive list of parties involved in the West Memphis and Steel River Energy Center projects is detailed in the Stakeholders section of this case study. This section considers key stakeholders and examines their role in broader cost-related questions.'' The Arkansas General Assembly provided new mechanisms for utilities to recover new-generation costs during construction. This was done to incentivize energy infrastructure development. The Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) must rule on the rider within 90 days and addresses rates set by contracts. Act 548 is a data center sales and use tax exemption<ref name="act373" /><ref name="tbp-announce" />. There are two financing models with different energy projects focused on one customer. With $5 billion being used for new generation and grid upgrades, the levels of financial risk vary widely across the different actors involved <ref name="axios716" /><ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="entergy-10k" />. Steel River is a private project, selling its energy to the grid, with a virtual power purchase agreement with Google<ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="google-steelriver">{{Cite web |last1=Conkling |first1=Will |last2=Scott |first2=Christopher |date=July 14, 2026 |title=Our largest solar and battery storage project ever |url=https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/infrastructure-and-cloud/global-network/steel-river-arkansas/ |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref>. Cypress Solar is owned by a regulated utility, where customers carry risk and face being charged before projects are complete <ref name="entergy-gaja-facts">{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2026 |title=Generating Arkansas Jobs Act facts |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/generatingARjobs |access-date=October 20, 2026 |website=Entergy Arkansas}}</ref><ref name="katv-lawmakers">{{Cite web |last=Mobley |first=Andrew |date=2026-09-16 |title=AR lawmakers question Entergy on Google data center power costs, ratepayer impact |url=https://katv.com/news/ar-lawmakers-question-entergy-on-google-data-center-power-costs-ratepayer-impact-public-scrutiny-cypress-solar-partnership-funding-plant |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=KATV |language=en}}</ref>. ==== Steel River: Private Project Financing and the VPPA ==== [[File:Steel River Energy Center power and money flows.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|Figure 2. Flows of electricity, money and renewable energy credits among the Steel River Energy Center, Google's data center, Entergy Arkansas and the MISO grid. The virtual PPA moves only money and credits; Entergy Arkansas supplies the data center's physical electricity.<ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /><ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> Generated Using Opus 5.5]] Steel River followed the standard financing model for many U.S. renewable projects, partnering with lenders, utilizing tax credits, and pursuing long-term contracts with a suitable buyer.<ref name="cc-financing" /> This project’s contract is a VPPA, an agreement where the project sells its electricity to the wholesale market.<ref name="cc-financing" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> Cypress Creek has stated that this is to ensure revenue certainty.<ref name="cc-financing" /> Google, as the other party to the agreement, buys its power from its utility (Entergy Arkansas), so only the settlement from differences between the strike price and market price and renewable energy credits are part of the deal.<ref name="rmi-vppa" /> Google plans to use renewable energy credit for its clean energy goals.<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> VPPAs are financial, meaning that this contract did not need to be approved by the APSC and Entergy’s other customers bear none of its risk. ==== Cypress Solar: Regulated Utility Finances ==== Through the GAJA rider program, Cypress Solar will be able to collect more through its utilities before the project is finished.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> The argument Entergy, the owner of the Cypress Solar project, lays out is that this lowers the total cost since less interest will be built up during construction.<ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers">{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Ainsley |date=September 15, 2026 |title=Arkansas lawmakers question utility on data center projects, impact on ratepayers |url=https://arkansasadvocate.com/2026/09/15/arkansas-lawmakers-question-utility-on-data-center-projects-impact-on-ratepayers/ |website=Arkansas Advocate |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> Entergy will pay using its own capital and recover the cost through the GAJA program and the approved APSC rate when the project is complete.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> Recent reporting indicates that ratepayers have already started to pay more than $5 additional per month to recover costs related to energy generation projects. Google’s share in payments for this construction is hard to determine, since the contract has been redacted; there are two conflicting records.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit">{{Cite web |last=Mobley |first=Andrew |date=September 2, 2026 |title=Entergy sues Democrat-Gazette, AR Times for publishing secret Google data center details |url=https://katv.com/news/local/entergy-sues-democrat-gazette-ar-times-for-publishing-secret-google-data-center-details |website=KATV |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name="wreg-disclosure">{{Cite web |last=Kienlen |first=Alex |date=September 2, 2026 |title=Entergy files to stop disclosure of West Memphis data center agreement |url=https://wreg.com/news/mid-south/entergy-files-to-stop-disclosure-of-west-memphis-data-center-agreement/ |website=WREG |access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref> According to records reported in September 2026, Google’s payments toward Cypress Solar are about one-third of its cost.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="wreg-disclosure" /> Entergy says the figure counts only one year of recurring payments and that Google will pay about $2.1 billion over the 20-year contract.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="wreg-disclosure" /> == Stakeholders == {| class="wikitable" |+Table 2. List of stakeholders involved in Steel River Energy Center, Cypress Solar, and Google's West Memphis Data Center project !Level !Actor !Role |- |Federal |Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) |FERC regulates interstate transmission and wholesale electricity sales.<ref name="ferc-what">{{Cite web |title=What FERC Does |url=https://www.ferc.gov/what-ferc-does |publisher=Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Regional |Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) |Nonprofit operator of the regional grid and the grid where Entergy Arkansas operates and into which Steel River Energy sells power.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="rmi-vppa" /> It runs its South region, which includes Arkansas, from a control center in West Little Rock.<ref name="tbp-miso-lr">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Wesley |date=March 24, 2015 |title=Grid Operator MISO Christens $22 Million Command Center In Little Rock |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2015/03/grid-operator-miso-christens-22-million-command-center-in-little-rock/ |website=Talk Business & Politics |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- | colspan="3" | |- |State |Arkansas General Assembly |Passed the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 ("GAJA" or Act 373 of 2025), which permits utilities to recover new-generation costs during construction through riders the APSC must rule on. GAJA was done to incentivize energy infrastructure development. A Enacted Act 548 which amended the tax code and created data center sales and use tax exemptions.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |State |Office of Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders |Recruited Google to establish AI developments in the state. State officials cited the 2025 legislation as helping attract the project.<ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |State |Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) and its General Staff |Approved Google's contract with Entergy, the construction-period rider, and Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-10k" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Local |City of West Memphis |Host of the Google data center. The West Memphis City Council approved a 30-year payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) agreement with Google's subsidiary in 2025.<ref name="dcd2025" /> |- |Local |West Memphis Utilities |Independent public power utility, builds part of the site’s utility infrastructure at Google’s expense and claims its customers’ bills will not rise.<ref name="katv-wmu">{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Scott |date=September 4, 2026 |title=West Memphis Utilities outlines its role in Google data center project amid public concern |url=https://katv.com/news/local/west-memphis-utilities-outlines-its-role-in-google-data-center-project-amid-public-concern |website=KATV |access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> |- |Local |Crittenden County |Host county for the Google data center; residents are the focus of Google’s $25 million Energy Impact Fund.<ref name="google-ar2025" /> |- |Local |Mississippi County, Town of Wilson, Rivercrest School District |Steel River Energy host jurisdictions; expected to share local tax revenue.<ref name="tbp-construction" /> |- |Local |Jefferson County |Host county for Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Private |Altitude, LLC (Google Subsidiary) |Builds the West Memphis data center; buys Steel River’s output and credits; pays Entergy under the special rate contract.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="google-steelriver" /> Investing in community initiatives totaling $30 million, including a $25 million energy affordability program and $5 million in additional educational and community programs<ref name="google-steelriver" />. |- |Private |Entergy Arkansas |Investor-owned utility with about 735,000 customers; serves the data center and owns Cypress Solar.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-vendorfair" /> |- |Private |Cypress Creek Energy |Independent power producer; owns, finances, and builds Steel River.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- |Private |Swift Current Energy |Developed Steel River from 2020 and secured its permits and the 20-year contract, and sold it to Cypress Creek Energy in 2026.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |Private |Barclays, BNP Paribas, Santander, Wells Fargo, and a tax equity investor |Underwrote Steel River’s $3.5 billion financing.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- | colspan="3" | |- |Civic |Entergy Arkansas ratepayers |They pay the rider that funds Cypress Solar during construction.<ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |} == Timeline == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Date !Action |- |2020 |Swift Current Energy begins the process of developing the Steel River site and obtaining all permits for the three phases of the project.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |December 10, 2024 |The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers issues a public notice for a Section 404 Clean Water Act permit for the data center site, an early public indication of the project.<ref name="usace-mvm-2024-216">{{Cite web |author=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District |date=December 10, 2024 |title=Public Notice: Permit Application No. MVM-2024-216 (Groot LLC) |url=https://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Portals/51/MVM%202024-216.pdf |publisher=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> |- |March 20, 2025 |Generating Arkansas Jobs Act (GAJA) is enacted as Act 373 of 2025.<ref name="act373" /> |- |May 2025 |The West Memphis City Council votes to approve a 30-year payment in lieu of taxes (PILOT) deal with Groot LLC; Google has since confirmed that it is the parent company.<ref name="dcd-may2025">{{Cite web |last=Swinhoe |first=Dan |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Five-building data center campus planned for West Memphis, Arkansas |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/five-building-data-center-campus-planned-for-west-memphis-arkansas/ |website=Data Center Dynamics |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref name="dcd2025" /> |- |September 5, 2025 |Entergy Arkansas files an application with the Arkansas Public Service Commission (APSC) requesting approval of a special rate contract with Altitude, LLC (a Google subsidiary; Docket 25-055-P), and files errata on September 9.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /> |- |October 2, 2025 |Google publicly reveals details about its new West Memphis data center and its new partnership with Entergy Arkansas on a 600 MW solar project.<ref name="google-ar2025" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> |- |December 2025 |The APSC approves the special rate contract but denies Entergy's plan for Google's up-front payments and it also defers a decision on whether Entergy will use Cypress Solar's investment tax credits in Google's pricing; Entergy requests reconsideration, claiming the decisions would require renegotiating the contract.<ref name="entergy-10k" /> |- |January 29, 2026 |The APSC reaffirms its stance on Google's up-front payments but reverses itself on the investment tax credits, which may be used in Cypress Solar's pricing to Google as stipulated in the contract.<ref name="entergy-10k" /> |- |March 3, 2026 |The APSC grants Entergy Arkansas a certificate of environmental compatibility and public need to construct Cypress Solar and approves its ability to recover construction costs under the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act rider.<ref name="entergy-reg-info">{{Cite web |author=Entergy Corporation |title=Regulatory and other information |url=https://investors.entergy.com/investors/regulatory-and-other-information-1/regulatory-and-other-information/default.aspx |website=Entergy Investor Relations |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |March 6, 2026 |Entergy Arkansas files its first annual update of the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act rider, seeking $110.4 million in construction financing costs for three projects, including Cypress Solar.<ref name="entergy-reg-info" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |March 11, 2026 |Swift Current Energy completes its sale of Steel River to Cypress Creek Energy.<ref name="swift-sale" /> |- |June 11, 2026 |Cypress Creek Energy secures financing worth $3.5 billion for its Steel River Phases 1 and 2.<ref name="cc-financing" /> |- |June 12, 2026 |The APSC approves the rider update tariff and customers see the charge in their June bills.<ref name="entergy-reg-info" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |- |July 14, 2026 |Construction begins on the Steel River Phases 1 and 2, and Google is named as the project's anchor investor and offtaker.<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="tbp-construction" /> |- |September 4, 2026 |West Memphis Utilities explains its role in the Google project.<ref name="katv-wmu" /> |- |September 15, 2026 |Google and Entergy Arkansas officials testify before the Joint Energy Committee of the Arkansas Legislature.<ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> |- |October 19, 2026 |Entergy Arkansas announces an expanded partnership with Google, including battery storage, a solar power purchase agreement, and transmission improvements, pending APSC approval.<ref name="entergy-oct19" /> |- |February 2027 |The Google West Memphis data center starts receiving electricity (anticipated).<ref name="axios716" /> |- |End of 2028 |Cypress Solar goes online (anticipated).<ref name="entergy-10q" /> |- |2029 |All three phases of the Steel River Energy Center are complete (anticipated).<ref name="swift-sale" /><ref name="google-steelriver" /> |} == Infrastructure Implications == Infrastructure projects like Steel River Energy Center involve many stakeholders which exert their political might in the process. Originally, the project was initiated prior to public disclosure of Google’s involvement. Recent legislative activity including the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act of 2025 and broader tax and regulatory reform were key drivers that contributed to the project’s success<ref name="tbp-announce" />. The authors will examine the central question of who is paying for energy investments and improvements to support the West Memphis data center in the subsequent section but other policy, governance, and institutional issues emerge. State officials say the 2025 legislative package, which includes the Generating Arkansas Jobs Act and the Act 548 sales and use tax exemption, helped draw Google’s data center to Arkansas.<ref name="tbp-announce" /><ref name="act373" /> Energy projects related to the data center in West Memphis involve federal, state, and local governments, regulated utilities, private developers, and lenders. Each stakeholder has different interests and authority. The case highlights three issues: transparency, cost allocation, and risk. A caveat to the state officials’ claim is that Steel River has been in development since 2020.<ref name="swift-sale" /> === Transparency === Steel River’s agreement with Google is private; the developer’s announcement did not disclose who the company was, other than that it was a technology company, and its terms were not disclosed.<ref name="swift-sale" /> Entergy’s special rate contract with Google is mostly available, but not its terms of payment.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts">{{Cite web |title=Cypress Solar facts – setting the record straight |url=https://www.entergyarkansas.com/cypresssolarfacts |publisher=Entergy Arkansas |access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> A Freedom of Information Act request from a local resident to the APSC returned the records.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> Entergy said that the APSC had mistakenly released the records, and it sued two newspapers to keep the records from being published.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> A federal court judge denied the request for a restraining order.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /> * The contract was filed as confidential, and its payment terms became public only through records released in August 2026 after Entergy lost a lawsuit to keep the agreements secret.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> When private actors, as in the case of Steel River Energy Center and Google, enter financial arrangements, what is appropriate public disclosure? * Should customers of Entergy be able to see where Google is putting its money when that money will be used to pay for future costs when they pay the rider that funds Cypress Solar? === Costs & Incentives === Cypress Solar will receive a third of the construction-period rider, which adds about $5 per month to the average residential bill,<ref name="katv-lawmakers" /><ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /> and Google has also made varying payments to the project, amounting to about a third of the project’s $1.6 billion cost.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="axios716" /> Entergy, however, says Google will pay about $2.1 billion over the 20-year contract.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="arkadvocate-lawmakers" /> The Generating Arkansas Jobs Act helped create a method for lowering the cost recovered from all customers and the investment made during the lifetime of the new projects.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-gaja-facts" /><ref name="katv-lawmakers" /> * Who is paying for the costs associated with the Steel River Energy Center and Cypress Solar projects? ** Google says it covers its full energy costs, yet all Entergy customers will pay for Cypress Solar construction through a rider that allows Entergy to recover costs.<ref name="entergy-10q" /><ref name="tbp-announce" /> Do payments that total less than the total cost of construction count as "paying for" a project? * What role do regulatory or financial incentives play in infrastructure investment decision-making? ** Arkansas passed a sales and use tax exemption for data centers in 2025. Recent public opinion polling by Pew Research Center suggests Americans' views on data centers are declining<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Brian |date=2026-09-22 |title=Americans’ views of data centers have turned more negative |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2026/09/22/americans-views-of-data-centers-have-turned-more-negative/ |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>. Would last year’s legislative efforts have succeeded this year? Will changes in ratepayers’ attitudes towards data centers inhibit broader investments across the electrical infrastructure spectrum? === Risks === Building new infrastructure for load that will increase in the future has risks. Solar plants generally last 25 to 35 years, while the contract with Steel River lasts only 20 years.<ref name="doe-pv-eol">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-12 |title=End-of-Life Management for Solar Photovoltaics |url=https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/end-life-management-solar-photovoltaics |access-date=2026-10-20 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="swift-sale" /> Anything left over or lost once the contract is finished is the responsibility of Cypress Creek and its investors, not the utility customers,<ref name="cc-financing" /> whereas Entergy will recover the cost of Cypress Solar through its rates over the full life of the plant.<ref name="act373" /><ref name="entergy-10q" /> The second risk is forecasting: Google intends to begin service at the data center in February 2027 and will draw 600 MW of electricity from the grid by October 2029;<ref name="axios716" /> if that changes, Google’s minimum payments and termination penalties are the main protection for other customers.<ref name="katv-lawsuit" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts" /> Google is paying approximately $443 million up front for construction of Cypress Solar, and it must pay at least $83 million per year over the 20-year term even if it uses less power.<ref name="axios716" /><ref name="katv-lawsuit" /> Entergy’s public filing contains redacted terms of the termination penalties that Google must pay if it terminates the contract early.<ref name="apsc-25-055-p" /><ref name="entergy-cypress-facts" /> * Steel River Energy Center utilizes photovoltaic systems which have an anticipated operational lifespan of 25-35 years<ref name="doe-pv-eol" />. Steel River's contract with Google is 20 years<ref name="google-steelriver" /><ref name="swift-sale" />. What will become of Steel River after the Google contract expires? == Recent Activity == On October 19, 2026 Entergy Arkansas released a press release outlining new details related to its partnership with Google<ref name="entergy-oct19">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Lamor |date=2026-10-19 |title=Entergy Arkansas announces enhanced partnership at Google West Memphis campus, delivering at least $500M in new savings for all customers |url=https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-arkansas-announces-enhanced-partnership-at-google-west-memphis-campus-delivering-at-least-500m-in-new-savings-for-all-customers |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Entergy |language=en-US}}</ref>. * A 1,000 megawatt-hour battery energy storage system at Driver Solar near Osceola (Driver), expected to be online in 2028. * A 400 megawatt-hour battery energy storage system near Hot Springs (Jones Mill), expected to be online in 2028. * A 440 megawatt (ac) solar power purchase agreement from the Big Island solar facility being constructed in Mississippi County. This was added based on Arkansas Public Service Commission guidance from the initial filing of the resource. * Expansion of the Galet substation near West Memphis and construction of two new 230 kV transmission lines to serve the expanded data center campus. Entergy claims that costs associated with these investments will not be recovered through the GAJA ride and that Google will pay under a new contract; regulatory approval is forthcoming. When combining the abovementioned investments and the Cypress Solar project, over 1,000 mega-watt hours of solar power and 2,800 megawatt-hours of dispatchable battery storage capacity will be available to the power grid. == Discussion Questions == # Entergy Arkansas argues the ability to recover constructions costs prior to a facility's completion means ratepayers will pay less in the long-term. If upgrades to the grid are largely driven by anticipated demand, what happens if forecasting is wrong? # Compare the differences between the financial arrangements of Steel River Energy Center and Cypress Solar. What are the strengths and weaknesses of these arrangements? Is one preferable to the other? # Google will receive renewable energy credits as part of its arrangement with Steel River but the West Memphis data center will draw power from the regional grid. What, if any, difference is there between a facility that is directly connected to a renewable energy source and one that is "virtually" connected? # Both Cypress Creek Energy and Google have made community investment pledges as a part of their development plans. How should the public evaluate these contributions in the context of potential electricity rate hikes? == Further Reading == * Dandres T, Vandromme N, Obrekht G, et al. Consequences of Future Data Center Deployment in Canada on Electricity Generation and Environmental Impacts: A 2015–2030 Prospective Study. ''J Ind Ecol''. 2017;21(5):1312-1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12515 ** This discussion of data center development in Canada offers readers a chance to consider the interconnectedness of American and Canadian energy infrastructure through a Canadian lens. The article suggest a methodology to evaluate environmental impacts related to long-term changes in regional power demand. * Kay, O., Reaser, R., & Taylor, R. (2026, March). ''Processing power: The effect of data centers on wholesale electricity markets'' (Research Department Working Paper No. 2606). Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. https://doi.org/10.24149/wp2606 Pages (1-17, 50-58) ** This paper models the effect of electricity-intensive computing infrastructure, with retrospective and prospective estimates on data centers contributions to increases in wholesale electricity costs. * Kollar, J. (2026). Planning Under Preemption: State Power and Local Authority in the AI Data Center Era. ''Journal of the American Planning Association'', ''92''(2), 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2026.2618221 ** Kollar argues that a reorganization of planning authority is underway and asks, "What role can planning play when economic competitiveness and national security increasingly define the purposes of spatial governance?" == References == <references /> {{BookCat}} == AI Disclosure == Claude Opus 5.5 was used for sections of this Casebook page. This model was used to locate sources, to check the validity of each source, to create the flowchart visuals, and to format the layout. Additionally, it was used to check grammar and clarity. The writing, analysis, and framing of the case, as well as the final decisions on which sources to use, were our own.__NOINDEX__ 0bkm8fh9l6pl6u75saiyhv2t4121euf 0 485861 4678932 4677051 2026-10-29T19:12:38Z Declan710 3626846 Changed outrightly asking the problem question into a thesis statement in both the intro and before the conclusion. Also connected the idea of renewable energy into the concept of microgrids to be more aligned with the thesis. 4678932 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === Puerto Rico’s electric power system provides electricity to homes, businesses, hospitals, schools, and other important services. However, the system has faced several problems, including frequent outages, aging equipment, financial difficulties, slow disaster recovery, and disagreements about how the system should be managed. For many years, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) operated the island’s electricity system. Before Hurricane Maria struck in September 2017, PREPA already faced problems with old equipment, expensive fuel, limited maintenance, and large amounts of debt. Hurricanes Irma and Maria exposed these weaknesses and caused widespread damage to the power grid (Sotomayor, 2020; Government of Puerto Rico, 2018). Since the hurricanes, Puerto Rico has tried to repair the grid while also changing how it is managed. Private companies have taken over certain operations, the federal government has provided recovery funding, and communities have explored renewable energy and battery storage. However, these changes have not solved every problem. For example, government reports have continued to identify power outages and delays in completing recovery projects (Congressional Research Service [CRS], 2025; U.S. Government Accountability Office [GAO], 2026). This casebook examines the tension at the heart of Puerto Rico's grid recovery: How to fundamentally overhaul a failing infrastructure network without interrupting the daily electricity service that hospitals, homes, and businesses rely on to survive. <mapframe latitude="18.318026" longitude="-66.269531" zoom="8" width="530" height="389" text="Map of Puerto Rico" align="center" /> === Hurricane Maria and the Failure of the Power Grid === Puerto Rico’s power grid already had serious weaknesses before Hurricane Maria struck on September 20, 2017. Hurricane Irma had passed near the island earlier that month, damaging electricity, water, and communication systems. Maria then caused much more widespread damage, leaving many residents without electricity for long periods (Sotomayor, 2020). One problem was the way electricity was produced and transported across the island. Many major power plants were located in southern Puerto Rico, while much of the electricity demand was in the north. Only a limited number of high-voltage transmission lines connected these areas. This made the system vulnerable because damage to a major transmission line could prevent electricity from reaching communities that needed it (Sotomayor, 2020). For example, if a major power plant in the south stopped working during a hurricane, the remaining power plants and transmission lines would have to carry more of the electricity demand. If several transmission lines were also damaged, the system might not be able to deliver enough electricity to the north. This shows how damage to a few important parts of a centralized system can affect many customers. Puerto Rico also depended heavily on imported fuels, including oil, natural gas, and coal. This meant that electricity production relied on fuel shipments and port facilities. If a hurricane damaged a port or disrupted fuel deliveries, power plants could face additional problems obtaining the fuel they needed (Sotomayor, 2020; CRS, 2025). The hurricanes showed that simply replacing damaged equipment would not be enough. Puerto Rico also needed stronger infrastructure, regular maintenance, and better plans for handling future storms. For example, stronger transmission poles and better-protected substations could help reduce storm damage, while backup power systems could help essential services continue operating during outages. The main lesson is Puerto Rico’s experience shows that a power system must be designed to withstand disasters, not just operate during normal conditions. [[File:The use of Solar Power and Batteries.png|center|555x555px]] === PREPA’s Financial Problems and Institutional Restructuring === PREPA faced financial and operating problems for many years. Act 120-2018 described issues such as aging infrastructure, expensive fuel, poor maintenance, administrative problems, and large amounts of debt. These problems made it difficult for PREPA to pay for improvements while continuing to provide electricity (Government of Puerto Rico, 2018). The government responded by creating a legal framework that allowed private companies to take over certain operations and allowed some electricity-generation assets to be sold. The goal was to improve efficiency, modernize the system, and make electricity service more financially sustainable. As part of this restructuring, LUMA began managing transmission and distribution operations on June 1, 2021. Genera Puerto Rico began managing most non-hydroelectric generation operations on July 1, 2023, while PREPA continued operating its hydroelectric plants (CRS, 2025). This division of responsibilities can make coordination especially important. For example, when a neighborhood loses power because a distribution line is damaged, the organization responsible for that line must identify the problem and arrange repairs. If the  repair also requires coordination with a power plant operator or another agency, the organizations must communicate clearly to restore service as quickly as possible. Changing the management structure, however, does not automatically repair old power lines or prevent future outages. The CRS reported that Puerto Rico continued to experience partial and island-wide blackouts in 2025 (CRS, 2025). This shows why the results of restructuring should be judged by actual improvements, such as fewer outages, faster repairs, better maintenance, and more affordable electricity. The key takeaway is changing who manages the system can be part of the solution, but the changes must lead to better service and stronger infrastructure. === Federal Funding and the Slow Recovery Process === After Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico needed major investments to repair and improve its electricity system. Federal agencies, including FEMA, HUD, and DOE, supported recovery and modernization efforts. According to PREPA, more than $15 billion in federal funding had been awarded for the electricity system by June 2023 (CRS, 2025).However, money being awarded does not mean that construction is finished. In its May 2025 report, CRS stated that more than $10 billion in FEMA funding had been obligated for permanent work, but approximately $2 billion had been disbursed. CRS also reported that less than 1% of the $1.9 billion HUD had obligated for the electric grid had been disbursed as of July 2024 (CRS, 2025). These figures refer to different dates and stages of funding, so they should not be treated as the same measure. Recovery can take a long time because projects require engineering plans, reviews, permits, contracts, equipment, and trained workers. GAO reported that only nine of 258 large FEMA-funded permanent grid-recovery projects had been completed by the end of 2025. It identified lengthy reviews, staff turnover, complicated funding requirements, and uncertainty about responsibilities as barriers to progress (GAO, 2026). For example, a project to replace damaged power poles may have funding available but still need engineering approval, environmental review, materials, and a contractor before construction can begin. If one of these steps is delayed, the community may continue relying on damaged or outdated infrastructure while the project waits to move forward. To improve recovery, government agencies need to coordinate their work, make responsibilities clear, and explain delays to the public. They should also report how much money has been spent, which projects have been completed, and whether the work has improved electricity service. The main lesson is Federal funding is important, but it must be turned into completed projects that make the power system more reliable. === Microgrids: Culebra, Solar Power, and Battery Storage === Culebra is a small island municipality off the eastern coast of Puerto Rico. Its residents face the risk of long electricity interruptions when storms damage the wider power system. These outages can affect everyday needs, such as keeping food refrigerated, charging communication devices, and operating medical equipment (Environmental Defense Fund [EDF], 2026). In a 2020 master’s paper, Federico Sotomayor examined the possibility of building a utility-scale solar farm on Culebra. The proposal was intended to increase local electricity production and reduce dependence on the main power system. EDF later described a community-focused project involving residential solar panels and battery storage to help participating households lower energy costs and maintain essential electricity during outages (Sotomayor, 2020; EDF, 2026). Localized solar and battery systems also ease the burden of grid transformation. By maintaining essential household power independently, distributed energy reduces immediate pressure on central utility crews, this is called a nanogrid. This creates a buffer that allows engineers to focus on permanent structural upgrades. For example, if a hurricane causes the main grid to fail in the evening, a home with solar panels and a properly configured battery may still be able to power selected appliances. This allows the residences to counite to live and work until the utility crews can connect the house back to the grid. A home with solar panels, but no suitable backup equipment, may lose power when the grid goes down, even if the panels themselves are undamaged. This is where a microgrid comes in, local solar and battery systems could give locations like Culebra more options during outages. Nested, but separated from the main grid, this protects an area from all but the most local outages. However, they are not a complete solution by themselves. Installing these systems can be expensive, and some residents may need financial assistance to participate. Equipment must also be installed correctly, maintained, and protected from severe weather. A utility-scale solar farm would face additional challenges, including finding suitable land, connecting to the local grid, and determining how much electricity and storage the island would need. The proposal described by Sotomayor should not be treated as proof that the proposed solar farm was built. EDF’s description of residential solar and battery work is a separate community-based approach (Sotomayor, 2020; EDF, 2026). The key takeaway is local renewable energy can help communities prepare for outages, but projects must be affordable, properly designed, and supported over time. [[File:Use of Solar Power and Batteries.png|center|513x513px]] === Renewable Energy Goals and the Future of Puerto Rico’s Grid === Puerto Rico has been working toward a cleaner electricity system, but there are different views about how quickly the transition should happen and which energy sources should be used. Act 17-2019 established a goal of obtaining 100% of Puerto Rico’s electricity from renewable sources by 2050, with earlier targets for 2025 and 2040. Act 1-2025 removed those interim targets and extended the planned end of coal use from 2028 to 2032 (CRS, 2025).Renewable energy can reduce the need to import fossil fuels, but solar and wind power must be supported by equipment that helps deliver electricity when and where it is needed. For example, solar panels may produce plenty of electricity on a sunny afternoon, but they do not produce electricity after sunset. Batteries, other generating sources, and a well-planned grid are needed to help meet demand at night. Puerto Rico must also make sure that new energy projects can connect to its existing infrastructure. If a solar farm is built in an area where transmission lines cannot carry the additional electricity, the project may not provide its full intended benefit. This is why renewable-energy development must happen alongside improvements to transmission, distribution, storage, and system controls (CRS, 2025; EDF, 2026). The transition also raises questions about affordability. A household that can afford rooftop solar and batteries may have more options during an outage, while a household with fewer financial resources may still depend entirely on the wider grid. Support programs and community-based projects can help ensure that improvements reach people who need them most (EDF, 2026). Puerto Rico therefore needs a plan that addresses immediate reliability problems while also preparing for a cleaner energy future. This means repairing the existing grid, improving storage and transmission, expanding renewable energy where suitable, and keeping electricity affordable. The main lesson is reliable electricity and renewable energy should be planned together. Puerto Rico needs a dependable system today while building a cleaner system for tomorrow. [[File:Renewable Energy Goals.png|center|528x528px]] {| class="wikitable" |+Timeline of Important Events !Year !Event !Why it matters |- |2014 |Act 57 changed parts of PREPA's governance and oversight |It was part of the effort to reform the electricity sector |- |2017 |Hurricanes Irma and Maria severely damaged the grid |The storms existing infrastructure and maintenance problems |- |2018 |Act 120 established a framework for private-sector precipitation |It changed how PREPA's assets and operations could be managed |- |2019 |Act 17 established renewable-energy goals |It set a long term direction for the energy transition |- |June 2021 |LUMA began managing transmission and distribution operations |Responsibility for major parts of the grid shifted to a private operator |- |July 2023 |Genera began managing most non-hydroelectric generation operations |Generation management became separate from transmission and distribution |- |2025 |Act 1 changed interim renewable-energy targets and extended planned coal use |It changed the timeline for parts of the energy transition |- |2025- 2026 |Government reports continued to identify outrages and recovery delays |They showed that improving reliability and completing recovery work remained challenges |} (Sources: Government of Puerto Rico, 2018; CRS, 2025; GAO, 2026.) === Main Organizations and Their Roles === PREPA is the public corporation associated with Puerto Rico’s electricity assets and financial restructuring. LUMA manages transmission and distribution operations, while Genera manages most non-hydroelectric generation operations. These different responsibilities mean that repairing a damaged power line, managing a power plant, and planning future energy projects may require coordination among several organizations (CRS, 2025). The Puerto Rico Energy Bureau regulates the energy sector, including important planning and rate decisions. Federal agencies also play major roles. FEMA supports eligible disaster recovery projects, HUD provides community development funding that includes grid recovery, and DOE supports energy assessments and modernization efforts. Local communities and energy partners contribute by identifying needs and developing projects such as residential solar and battery systems (CRS, 2025; GAO, 2026; EDF, 2026). For example, improving electricity service in a community may require a utility operator to repair equipment, a government agency to approve or fund a project, and local organizations to explain which services residents need most. If these groups do not coordinate, a project may be delayed or fail to address the community’s most urgent problems. === Phased Construction: The Balance Between Immediate Needs and Long-term Improvements === Overhauling critical infrastructure without halting service requires phased execution, steady investment, and a strict balance between emergency repairs and permanent upgrades. Puerto Rico cannot shut down its entire electricity system while it replaces equipment and builds a new one. Hospitals, homes, businesses, schools, and emergency services still need electricity during construction and recovery. This means repairs and improvements must happen in stages. For example, crews can repair a damaged transmission line to restore electricity while engineers plan how to strengthen that line against future storms. The immediate repair helps customers today, while the longer-term improvement can reduce the chance of similar problems in the future. This approach allows the system to keep operating while parts of it are improved. The same principle applies to management and funding. Puerto Rico has changed who operates different parts of its electricity system, but continuing outages show that organizational changes must be supported by better maintenance, clear responsibilities, and measurable improvements in service (CRS, 2025). Federal funding must also move through planning and construction so that it results in completed projects rather than remaining tied up in lengthy processes (GAO, 2026). Local energy projects can provide another layer of protection. Solar panels and batteries in Culebra, for example, may help participating households keep essential appliances operating during an outage. However, these systems do not replace the need for a strong island-wide grid. Both local backup systems and major infrastructure improvements are needed (Sotomayor, 2020; EDF, 2026). The best approach is to repair the most urgent problems while gradually building a stronger and more reliable system. Puerto Rico must keep electricity flowing, improve how the system is managed, complete recovery projects, and prepare for a cleaner energy future at the same time. === Conclusion === Puerto Rico’s electricity system shows how difficult it can be to transform essential infrastructure while people continue to depend on it. Hurricanes Irma and Maria exposed weaknesses that had developed over many years. Financial problems, aging equipment, and complicated recovery processes have made rebuilding difficult. Changes in management have altered who operates parts of the system, but reliable electricity remains a major concern. The case studies show that no single solution can fix every problem. Stronger equipment can reduce storm damage, better coordination can help recovery projects move forward, and clear oversight can improve accountability. Solar panels, batteries, and other local energy systems can also help communities maintain essential electricity during outages. Puerto Rico’s experience suggests that a failing system can be transformed while it continues to provide service, but only through careful planning, cooperation, funding, and attention to the needs of residents. The goal should not be to rebuild the old system exactly as it was. It should be to create a system that is more reliable, affordable, and prepared for future disasters. === References === Congressional Research Service. (2025). Electric reliability and resiliency in Puerto Rico (IF12913). https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12913 Environmental Defense Fund. (2026, June 12). Transforming Puerto Rico’s energy system. https://www.edf.org/energy/strengthening-puerto-ricos-energy-system Government Accountability Office. (2026). El Apagón—The Blackout: Puerto Rico’s continuing struggle for stable electricity. https://www.gao.gov/blog/el-apagon-blackout.-puerto-ricos-continuing-struggle-stable-electricity Government of Puerto Rico. (2018). Puerto Rico Electric Power System Transformation Act, Act No. 120-2018. https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/2-ingles/120-2018.pdf Sotomayor, F. (2020). Master’s paper on Puerto Rico’s electric power system and the potential for a utility-scale solar farm on Culebra. Clark University. https://commons.clarku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1258&context=idce_masters_papers krrjy932zwkzgxdsdzurdd5rv9vpyer 0 485863 4678975 4678511 2026-10-30T06:27:51Z ~2026-57285-62 3629487 Added financial background for grizzly creek 4678975 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == <mapframe latitude="39" longitude="-105.55" zoom="6" width="446" height="372" align="right" text="Map of Colorado with Glenwood Canyon marked"> { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "title": "Glenwood Canyon", "description": "Canyon on the Colorado River along Interstate 70, east of Glenwood Springs", "marker-symbol": "marker", "marker-color": "d33", "marker-size": "large" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [-107.20, 39.57] } } </mapframe> The Glenwood Canyon segment of [[wikipedia:Interstate_70|Interstate 70]] (I-70) is a gorge along the Colorado River in western Colorado that is a critical transportation link connecting Denver to Grand Junction, supporting commerce, tourism, and regional mobility. The project closed a major gap in I-70 across Colorado, improving connectivity. Infrastructure needed to be expanded without significantly changing the landscape. In the project, environmental concerns, engineering requirements, construction cost, and public interest needed to be considered. In 1980, construction of the Glenwood Canyon segment began, and the highway opened in October 1992. The case has relevance today as problems have been exposed and emergency repair requirements have raised questions about resilience, coordination of agencies, and public finance. Today Glenwood Canyon is experiencing active lane closures, new regulations/requirements, and ongoing vulnerability to mudslides and rockfall. == Historical Context == Some of the purposes of I-70 were improved interstate connectivity, traffic movement, access to western Colorado, and overall support of the region. But Preexisting roads and routes needed improvements, which made the canyon a potential regional connection. Glenwood Canyon is a narrow valley along the Colorado River. Steep canyon walls and limited space were obstacles for any transportation infrastructure. The area of the proposed highway already had environmental and recreational resources surrounding it. If a segment were to be built here, it couldn't cause unacceptable environmental damage. [[File:Map of current Interstates.svg|thumb|Map of the Current Interstate System in the US]] The section represented the final piece of the original Eisenhower system, finally linking I-70 in Denver to I-15 in Utah as authorized by Congress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Prosence |first=Richard |last2=Haley |first2=John |date=1980 |title=Glenwood Canyon Interstate 70: A Preliminary Design Process That Worked |url=https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1980/757/757-001.pdf |website=Transportation Research Record |edition=757}}</ref> This link replaced a section of U.S. Route 6 that was treacherous for drivers and a bottleneck for the system.<ref name=":2" /> == Transportation Infrastructure Goals == Improvement in access to mountains. Before the segment was completed, mountains, valleys, and overall terrain in the area proved to be an obstacle, which resulted in slower travel through the canyon. Connecting communities, among other factors, could support interstate commerce, resulting in an economic boost. Without the Canyon segment, transportation would continue to be limited by Colorado's geography. == Environmental Considerations == The development of Interstate 70 through Glenwood Canyon presented a significant policy conflict between improving transportation and protecting Colorado’s natural environment. The canyon’s natural features of steep walls, scenic landscape, and proximity to the [[wikipedia:Colorado_River|Colorado River]] made conventional highway construction difficult. Concerns included damage to the canyon’s visual character, disruption of existing vegetation and wildlife habitats, and potential impacts on recreational resources. Conversely, completing I-70 was important for establishing a continuous interstate route across Colorado. Policymakers therefore faced the challenge of balancing improving transportation access without causing unacceptable environmental harm. Federal environmental review requirements influenced how the project was evaluated. The National Environmental Policy Act, enacted in 1970, required federal agencies to assess the environmental consequences of major projects and consider alternatives.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=January 2019 |title=Historic Context: Glenwood Canyon Segment of Interstate Highway 70 |url=https://www.codot.gov/programs/environmental/assets/copy3_of_assets/documents/glenwood-canyon-historic-context-1.pdf |website=Colorado Department of Transportation |publisher=Mead & Hunt}}</ref> The alternatives included four routes determined by Chicago Law firm De Leuw, Cather & Company. An environmental impact statement evaluated alternative routes, including bypasses north and south of the canyon, before the canyon alignment was selected. The process demonstrated that environmental concerns could influence the fundamental location and design of a major transportation project rather than simply its construction methods.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Glenwood Canyon (2614828822).jpg|thumb|Glenwood Canyon as seen from I-70]] Public participation became particularly important because residents and environmental advocates feared that a conventional interstate would permanently damage the canyon. In their 1980 paper, “Glenwood Canyon Interstate 70: A Preliminary Design Process That Worked,” Richard A. Prosence and John L. Haley describe an approach that incorporated public input into the evaluation of environmental, recreational, and aesthetic considerations. Engineers, architects, environmental specialists, recreation advocates, and other participants helped assess alternative designs. Public hearings and an open planning process contributed to broader public support for the project.<ref name=":1" /> The public opposition to the project was substantial at times, with the enlistment of [[wikipedia:John_Denver|John Denver]], the movement gained a lot of attention. The groups letter to the governor stated, “It is impossible to put such a highway through this canyon without permanently scarring the several million year old unique geologic formations and further disrupting the Colorado River headwaters.”<ref name=":2" /> The resistance evolved from trying to block the route in its entirety to making sure it affected the nature of the canyon in the least way possible. Environmental considerations also changed the highway’s engineering. The final design incorporated terraced roadways, complex cantilevered sections, retaining walls, tunnels, and revegetation to reduce the highway’s impact on the appearance. These features added complexity and required specialized planning and construction techniques. Although they helped limit environmental damage, they also increased project complexity. In their 1983 article, Ralph J. Trapani and Eric A. Beal explain that the lengthy design process and environmental constraints significantly increased project costs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Trapani |first=Ralph J. |last2=Beal |first2=Eric A. |date=1983-05-01 |title=Glenwood Canyon I‐70: Environmental Concern |url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-947X%281983%29109%3A3%28403%29 |journal=Journal of Transportation Engineering |language=en |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=403–413 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1983)109:3(403)}}</ref> == Engineering, Construction, and Project Delivery == The Glenwood Canyon section of Interstate 70 required engineers to construct a four-lane highway through a narrow, steep-sided canyon alongside the Colorado River while protecting its scenic and ecological value. The confined terrain left limited space for roadbeds, construction equipment, and conventional highway structures. Construction therefore required extensive excavation, careful traffic management, and engineering solutions adapted to the canyon’s natural contours. Completed in 1992 after approximately 12 years of construction, the project cost nearly $490 million.<ref name=":2" /> Engineers combined several specialized techniques to accommodate the terrain. The highway incorporated elevated bridges and viaducts, three tunnels, approximately 15 miles of retaining walls, and terraced roadways. In some locations, roadways extended beyond retaining walls through cantilevered designs, reducing the space needed for construction. Designers also positioned the westbound lanes above the eastbound lanes in selected areas and used slender bridge supports to reduce the highway’s visual impact. Landscaping and revegetation, including planting native trees and shrubs, helped restore areas disturbed during construction.<ref name=":3" /> These innovations demonstrated that transportation capacity could be expanded without relying entirely on conventional construction methods that would substantially alter the canyon. [[File:CO 28 I70 FHWA 1992.jpg|thumb|Photo from Construction]] The federal government required the state of Colorado to incorporate the public due to public disapproval of the project. A citizen advisory group influenced the project’s environmentally sensitive design, while engineers and designers considered public responses to proposed structures and their appearance. Full-scale models of design alternatives allowed the project team and members of the public to evaluate how different structures would look in the canyon.<ref name=":1" /> This approach connected technical planning with community concerns and helped prioritize scenic preservation alongside transportation needs. [[File:Glenwood Canyon - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|View of Stacked Roadway with a viaduct]] However, the specialized design also created substantial construction challenges. Building tunnels, elevated structures, and retaining walls in confined terrain increased technical complexity, required careful scheduling, and contributed to the project’s high cost. This was the first roadway to make substantial use of posttensioned concrete slabs on at grade construction. This was due to the lack of a suitable foundation in many sections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 3, 2021 |title=History Lesson: The last piece of the Interstate Highway System may have been the toughest |url=https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/civil-engineering-magazine/issues/magazine-issue/article/2021/03/the-last-piece-of-the-interstate-highway-system-may-have-been-the-toughest |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=www.asce.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The completed infrastructure also created ongoing maintenance responsibilities, particularly for bridges, tunnels, and retaining structures. Environmental mitigation required additional investment in slope stabilization and revegetation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pointner II |first=Norbert J. |date=1993-06-01 |title=A Highway in the Landscape—1-70 Through Glenwood Canyon, Colorado |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07349165.1993.9725754 |journal=Impact Assessment |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=203–207 |doi=10.1080/07349165.1993.9725754 |issn=0734-9165}}</ref> Overall, Glenwood Canyon’s final design represented a strong compromise between transportation capacity and environmental protection. Although the project was expensive and complex, its engineering innovations reduced the highway’s visual footprint and helped preserve the canyon’s character while completing a critical interstate connection. == Key Actors and Institutional Arrangements == The development of Interstate 70 (I-70) through Glenwood Canyon required the collaboration of several entities due to the intersection of various policy areas including transportation, environment and emergency management. The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) was the primary state agency responsible for the construction, operation and maintenance of the state highway system. Thus, it took the lead role for planning, engineering, and construction of I-70 through Glenwood Canyon. The role of CDOT was extended beyond construction as evidenced by its collaboration in the management of I-70 in 2021 during debris flows. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provided federal oversight, financing and approval for the I-70 project. During disasters, it aided in the relief, and recovery efforts for the affected interstate. At the state level, the Colorado Transportation Commission set priorities for the transportation sector, and determined funding allocations for the various transportation projects, while the Governor, in consultation with other executive agencies, invoked emergency powers and managed disruptions in the state’s transportation systems. This created a well-defined division of responsibility for setting priorities, managing transportation projects, and emergency management. State and Federal environment and land management agencies were also key partners. The U.S. Forest Service, in addition to Federal and State agencies dealing with Environmental Impact Statements and public land management, assisted to address effects on natural resources, recreation and the Colorado River. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provided research on debris flow potential following the 2020 Grizzly Creek Fire. USGS research illustrated how debris flows are a real possibility following wildfires.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Glenwood Canyon Flooding and Debris Flows |url=https://geonarrative.usgs.gov/landslides/grizzly_creek/grizzly_creek_index.html |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=geonarrative.usgs.gov}}</ref> Citizen advisory groups and environmental organizations represented public concerns about scenic preservation, wildlife, and recreational access. Their advocacy influenced the debate over highway alignment and design, encouraging engineers to adopt measures that reduced environmental and visual impacts. Engineering firms and construction contractors translated these policy goals into practical designs, developing and building the specialized tunnels, bridges, and retaining structures required by the canyon’s terrain. Local governments, businesses, motorists, and freight operators were also important stakeholders because they experienced the effects of construction, highway closures, and disruptions to regional travel and commerce. The 2021 debris flows demonstrated how these actors depended on one another during emergencies. Governor Jared Polis declared a disaster emergency and authorized CDOT to seek federal emergency-relief funding through the FHWA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Polis Authorizes Disaster Declaration in Response to Devastating Glenwood Canyon Mudslides {{!}} Colorado Governor Jared Polis |url=https://www.colorado.gov/governor/news/governor-polis-authorizes-disaster-declaration-response-devastating-glenwood-canyon-mudslides |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=www.colorado.gov}}</ref> CDOT managed closures, debris removal, and highway repairs, while federal and state agencies coordinated efforts to address damage to the river, public lands, and recreation facilities. Together, these actors formed a multi-level institutional arrangement in which transportation agencies managed infrastructure, elected officials provided policy direction and emergency authority, scientific agencies assessed hazards, and citizens and businesses communicated public needs. The arrangement enabled coordination across complex responsibilities, although it also required agencies to balance competing priorities, funding constraints, environmental risks, and the need to restore a critical transportation corridor. == Project Timeline and Major Milestones == *1956 ** The Federal-Aid Highway Act launches the Interstate Highway System. Plans begin for extending I-70 across Colorado * 1950s-1970s ** Engineers, planners, environmental groups, and government agencies spend more than two decades studying potential routes, addressing environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noel |first=Thomas |date=2012 |title=I-70 in Glenwood Canyon |url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/CO-01-GF18 |url-status=live |access-date=October 27,2026 |website=SAH ARCHIPEDIA}}</ref> * 1976 ** Federal legislation provides flexibility from certain interstate highway standards. * 1980 ** Construction begins on the final 12.5-mile I-70 Glenwood Canyon segment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-70 Glenwood Canyon History |url=https://www.codot.gov/about/CDOTHistory/50th-anniversary/glenwood-canyon |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Colorado Department of Transportation |language=en-us}}</ref> * 1980–1992 ** Specialized engineering and environmentally sensitive construction continue. * October 14, 1992 ** I-70 through Glenwood Canyon officially opens. * 2011 ** FHWA approves the Record of Decision for the broader I-70 Mountain Corridor Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement. * 2020 ** The Grizzly Creek Fire burns land near the highway. * Summer 2021 ** Rainfall triggers post-fire flooding and debris flows, resulting in repeated highway closures.<ref name=":4" /> * August 2021 ** Colorado requests federal assistance for emergency repairs and resilience-related work. * August 14, 2021 ** The highway reopens to traffic following emergency cleanup and repairs. * Post 2021 ** Ongoing maintenance, bridge rehabilitation, tunnel improvements, rockfall mitigation, wildfire recovery work, and resilience upgrades continue along the corridor. == Cost History and Financial Structure == The original construction of Interstate 70 through Glenwood Canyon cost approximately $490 million and took about 12 years, from 1980 to 1992.<ref name=":2" /> Although this was a substantial investment, the project completed a critical interstate connection through difficult terrain while incorporating extensive environmental protections. The cost reflects not only highway construction but also specialized engineering, including tunnels, bridges, retaining walls, and structures designed to minimize disturbance to the canyon. Federal funding covered the overwhelming majority of the original project’s expenses. The project was funded under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, granting a 90/10, federal/state, split. This funding structure was used to help assist states in building out the nation's system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 1956 |title=Title 1: Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg374.pdf |website=GovInfo}}</ref> Environmental requirements also affected project costs. Extensive planning, environmental review, and specialized construction techniques increased the resources needed to protect the canyon while completing the highway. To compare costs across time, the original 1992 $490 million expenditure equates to approximately $1.154 billion in January 2026 dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPI Inflation Calculator : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en}}</ref> The 2021 debris flows created a separate financial challenge. Colorado requested $116 million in federal emergency assistance, including $50 million for a future resilience and redundancy study. The FHWA initially approved an expedited $11.6 million release to help cover emergency reopening work and begin permanent repairs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2021 |title=Glenwood Canyon Update on Federal Assistance Requested by Colorado |url=https://www.codot.gov/news/2021/august-2021/glenwood-federal-assistance-update |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=Colorado Department of Transportation |language=en-us}}</ref> These figures represent a funding request and initial assistance, not the final total cost of repairs. Distinguishing original construction from subsequent maintenance and emergency repairs is essential: these expenditures occurred in different periods and addressed different needs. Ultimately, Glenwood Canyon demonstrates the challenge of balancing cost control with environmental safeguards and long-term resilience. The initial investment delivered a vital transportation corridor, but the 2021 disaster showed that maintaining it requires continued funding, hazard mitigation, and preparation for future extreme weather. == Disasters == [[File:2020 08 23-20.41.33.572-CDT.jpg|thumb|Grizzly Creek Fire above the Canyon]] The Grizzly Creek Fire<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rengers |first=Jaime Kostelnik, Robert Schmitt, and Francis |date=2026-06-12 |title=Monsoon season is causing big problems in northwestern Colorado. Near daily debris flows and flooding in Glenwood Canyon are having enormous economic and environmental impacts for the state of Colorado and beyond. |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/25b4a7398e0e406fb6cd0f32a2c71331 |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref> was a major wildfire that burned 32,631 acres in Glenwood Canyon, Garfield County, Colorado, from August 10 to December 18, 2020. It was human‑caused, reportedly ignited by a truck’s chains. Much vegetation was damaged. When vegetation loss occurs, the roots that help to hold soil down are disrupted. When this happens, erosion can become a significant issue. At the time, the economic impact of shutting down Colorado’s primary east-west interstate artery was staggering, costing the Colorado economy an estimated $1 million for every hour the road was closed. “The devastating destruction in Glenwood Canyon in 2021 showed us the unprecedented scale of disasters our mountain corridors face, but the threat hasn't stopped,” said Shoshana Lew, CDOT executive director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Homepage |last2=News |last3=News |first3=Statewide |last4=Colorado (Region 1) |first4=Denver/Central |last5=Colorado (Region 2) |first5=Southeastern |last6=Colorado (Region 3) |first6=Northwestern |last7=Colorado (Region 4) |first7=Northeastern |last8=Colorado (Region 5) |first8=Southwestern |title=CDOT marks 5-year anniversary of historic Glenwood Canyon damage with 6-part mini-documentary, “From Ashes to Asphalt: Glenwood Canyon Recovery” |url=https://www.codot.gov/news/2026/july2026news/historic-glenwood-canyon-recovery-mini-documentary |access-date=2026-10-30 |website=Colorado Department of Transportation |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2021, mudslides resulted in extended closures of the interstate. Slopes still had little to no vegetation and soil stability from the Grizzly Creek Fire. Steep terrain, heavy rain, and saturated soil left the area susceptible to mudslides. Major damage at Blue Gulch, including what officials called a “pothole from hell,” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-13 |title=Glenwood Canyon Mudslides Caused A 'Pothole From Hell' On I-70 - CBS Colorado |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/interstate-70-mudslides-glenwood-canyon-rain-forecast/ |access-date=2026-10-27 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>required heavy equipment and more than 200 loads of debris removed in a single day. These disasters caused rest area closures, including Hanging Lake and Grizzly Creek, due to infrastructure damage and safety concerns, 2.5 Hour detours in some cases, and full closure of Glenwood Canyon for days, with one partial reopening planned only after extensive debris removal and roadbed reconstruction. == Key ideas and Lessons == Though beneficial to Colorado, the Glenwood Canyon segment of I-70 offers several lessons for future projects to keep in mind. Future design and construction of similar projects must balance the need for interstate transportation, environmental protection, construction costs, and public safety. Optimizing a structure alone is not enough; interactions among the environment, operations, maintenance, and human safety must be considered. '''Natural hazards can add up:''' 2020 Grizzly Creek fire combined with the heavy rain of 2021. Unstable slopes from the fires were rained on, causing debris that buried I-70 with mud, rocks, and trees. Planners and engineers will need to consider how disasters can interact. '''Design needs some resilience:''' Specifically in areas with mountains and valleys, infrastructure needs to withstand compound and extreme events. Historical averages do not tell the whole story. CDOT has emphasized climate-resilient engineering and improved hazard monitoring since disasters struck. '''Critical transportation needs redundancy:''' During the Closure of Glenwood Canyon, long detours were forced. This added hours to travel times and This proved how vulnerable single routes are.{{BookCat}} <references /> pxifr1vk7wokndvdwrk1bfefkoe2a8q 0 486223 4678923 4675081 2026-10-29T18:25:59Z Kittycataclysm 3371989 redundant; redirecting to TOC 4678923 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[On 2D Inverse Problems]] p8o31sh38buf0dqlg250civ6wlrp6c5 4 486385 4678984 4678813 2026-10-30T08:10:30Z ArchiverBot 1227662 Bot: Archiving 1 thread from [[Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance]] 4678984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Tunde akinlabi reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Tunde akinlabi}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Tunde akinlabi/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:18, 1 October 2026 (UTC) : Page was deleted by another admin. 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[[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 15:21, 14 October 2026 (UTC) == Rudrashares01 reported by MathXplore == * {{userlinks|Rudrashares01}} Spam <!-- USERREPORTED:/Rudrashares01/ --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 12:26, 15 October 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:25, 15 October 2026 (UTC) j8gbgm92qwzauvpb53ffipkimognglc 0 486589 4678844 4678738 2026-10-29T14:19:58Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678844 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'',, a popular comedy based upon Bathory was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} fbfq4wr47qx1yv19qn7vvftvf8ok3xd 4678846 4678844 2026-10-29T14:28:09Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678846 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} dh0jbhhclb3vv7q2754s80l7bedfqgv 4678847 4678846 2026-10-29T14:30:32Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678847 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1]<br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 7jtiaqo0xqijv9cziz4sdh1w6ctq32e 4678948 4678847 2026-10-30T00:04:24Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678948 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979). <br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day vampire who resides in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. The 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten'', stars Lauren Hutton as a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). <br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} dhazolntjhs94tkhfgmejbhy6wbkgko 4678949 4678948 2026-10-30T00:09:22Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678949 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires.<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire stars Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' Lauren Hutton plays a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). <br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 2o0wm75padihl6cj0f7z2ata4r2ups6 4678950 4678949 2026-10-30T00:11:43Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678950 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires.<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' Lauren Hutton plays a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). <br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} opdkg4p0hosqcae6ooxvf1y6ir0b3q1 4678951 4678950 2026-10-30T00:12:36Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678951 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires.<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). <br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} hz689w2t6rgx4krsdaamo4orznsdcqo 4678952 4678951 2026-10-30T00:15:31Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678952 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1]<br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 1h97rm5mptq70sxdwusutkcikqwedtl 4678953 4678952 2026-10-30T00:16:14Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678953 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1]<br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} hyn8844crg12s3a6uunrduf2h1iiqyx 4678954 4678953 2026-10-30T00:31:09Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678954 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1] <br> <br> Kathryn Bigelow directed ''Near Dark'' in 1987, a neo-western horror film. The story follows a farm hand named Caleb (Adrian Pasdar) who is bitten by a mysterious drifter named Mae (Jenny Wright). In 1992, Anne Parilland starred in ''Innocent Blood'', a dark comedy horror directed by John Landis. The movie blends mob drama with supernatural horror. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} fth1n4434q75nig1org98dwzlas47t8 4678956 4678954 2026-10-30T00:48:07Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678956 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1] <br> <br> Kathryn Bigelow directed ''Near Dark'' in 1987, a neo-western horror film. The story follows a farm hand named Caleb (Adrian Pasdar) who is bitten by a mysterious drifter named Mae (Jenny Wright). In 1992, Anne Parilland starred in ''Innocent Blood'', a dark comedy horror directed by John Landis. The movie blends mob drama with supernatural horror. <br> <br> Popular Female Vampires: 2000 - Present - Queen Akasha, ''Queen of the Damned'', 2002 played by Aaliyah. <br> - Alice Cullen, The Twilight Saga, played by Ashley Greene. <br> - Eli, ''Let The Right One In'', 2008 Chloë Grace Moretz. <br> - Sarah Fox ''My Babysitter's a Vampire'', 2010 played by Vanessa Morgan. <br> - Ernessa Bloch ''The Moth Diaries''''Italic text'', 2011 played by Lily Cole. <br> - Selene ''Underworld: Awakening'', 2012 played by Kate Beckinsale. <br> - Clara and Eleanor ''Byzantium'', 2012 <br> - Eve ''Only Lovers Left Alive'', 2013 played by Tilda Swinton. <br> - The Girl ''A Girl Walks Home Alone At Night'', 2014 played by Sheila Vand. <br> - Nadja ''Blood Red Sky'', 2021 played by Peri Baumeister. <br> - Abigail ''Abigail'', 2024 played by Alisha Weir. <br> - Mary ''Sinners'', 2025 played by Hailee Steinfeld. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} meyeik7eoh112vyhq362z5615j5pcr6 4678957 4678956 2026-10-30T00:49:00Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678957 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1] <br> <br> Kathryn Bigelow directed ''Near Dark'' in 1987, a neo-western horror film. The story follows a farm hand named Caleb (Adrian Pasdar) who is bitten by a mysterious drifter named Mae (Jenny Wright). In 1992, Anne Parilland starred in ''Innocent Blood'', a dark comedy horror directed by John Landis. The movie blends mob drama with supernatural horror. <br> <br> '''Popular Female Vampires: 2000 - Present''' <br> - Queen Akasha, ''Queen of the Damned'', 2002 played by Aaliyah. <br> - Alice Cullen, The Twilight Saga, played by Ashley Greene. <br> - Eli, ''Let The Right One In'', 2008 Chloë Grace Moretz. <br> - Sarah Fox ''My Babysitter's a Vampire'', 2010 played by Vanessa Morgan. <br> - Ernessa Bloch ''The Moth Diaries''''Italic text'', 2011 played by Lily Cole. <br> - Selene ''Underworld: Awakening'', 2012 played by Kate Beckinsale. <br> - Clara and Eleanor ''Byzantium'', 2012 <br> - Eve ''Only Lovers Left Alive'', 2013 played by Tilda Swinton. <br> - The Girl ''A Girl Walks Home Alone At Night'', 2014 played by Sheila Vand. <br> - Nadja ''Blood Red Sky'', 2021 played by Peri Baumeister. <br> - Abigail ''Abigail'', 2024 played by Alisha Weir. <br> - Mary ''Sinners'', 2025 played by Hailee Steinfeld. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 5f9o0iwoi9kg71jpm3iy1ygx2ffp6pu 4678958 4678957 2026-10-30T00:49:41Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678958 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1] <br> <br> Kathryn Bigelow directed ''Near Dark'' in 1987, a neo-western horror film. The story follows a farm hand named Caleb (Adrian Pasdar) who is bitten by a mysterious drifter named Mae (Jenny Wright). In 1992, Anne Parilland starred in ''Innocent Blood'', a dark comedy horror directed by John Landis. The movie blends mob drama with supernatural horror. <br> <br> '''Popular Female Vampires In Films: 2000 - Present''' <br> - Queen Akasha, ''Queen of the Damned'', 2002 played by Aaliyah. <br> - Alice Cullen, The Twilight Saga, played by Ashley Greene. <br> - Eli, ''Let The Right One In'', 2008 Chloë Grace Moretz. <br> - Sarah Fox ''My Babysitter's a Vampire'', 2010 played by Vanessa Morgan. <br> - Ernessa Bloch ''The Moth Diaries''''Italic text'', 2011 played by Lily Cole. <br> - Selene ''Underworld: Awakening'', 2012 played by Kate Beckinsale. <br> - Clara and Eleanor ''Byzantium'', 2012 <br> - Eve ''Only Lovers Left Alive'', 2013 played by Tilda Swinton. <br> - The Girl ''A Girl Walks Home Alone At Night'', 2014 played by Sheila Vand. <br> - Nadja ''Blood Red Sky'', 2021 played by Peri Baumeister. <br> - Abigail ''Abigail'', 2024 played by Alisha Weir. <br> - Mary ''Sinners'', 2025 played by Hailee Steinfeld. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} 5agtm77kop654pkpo9wflap9xmzxwhc 4678959 4678958 2026-10-30T00:52:22Z 3MMPEYTON 3393808 4678959 wikitext text/x-wiki == Women As Vampires == The image of the vampire has been dominated by men, from Dracula to Blade the half-vampire hero. Famous male Actors who played vampires in films have earned respect and praise. Beloved Actors such as Bela Lugosi and Robert Pattinson have benefited from their popularity, yet what about women who have played vampires? Are they equally well known? <br> <br> The male vampire has dominated and obscured the role women have played in the creation of the vampire myth, and its gradual mutation to better reflect post-modern cultural values. <br> <br> '''The Original Vampires:''' <br> In cultures from around the world, the oldest vampire figures were female. [1] The Greeks left records of the ''lamiai'' and the ''keres'', the Aztecs spoke of ''cihuateteo'', and the Malaysians of ''langsuyar''. Most of these myths functioned as a means to explain problems associated with childbirth. For example, the ''cihuateteo'' was a reanimated corpse of a woman who died during childbirth or had given birth to a stillborn. In stories, she hunts children and drains their lives to compensate for the life that was taken from her. [2] <br> <br> Although these vampiric beings were often viewed as frightening threats to pregnant women, over time they slowly evolved. <br> <br> Stories of the young vamp, a female vampire, emerged from Greek stories about the ''lamiai''. She appeared as a beautiful foreigner who would seduce unsuspecting young males looking for a partner. Philostratus told in ''The Life of Apollonius'' the story of a young man about to marry a beautiful vamp, the young student was saved by his teacher Apollonius. <br> <br> Over time, the vamp grew into a hyper-sexual, manipulative woman capable of seducing men in order to drain their blood, wealth, or vital energy. <br> This dangerous and seductive character developed around the late 19th and early 20th century. The vamp reflected male concerns regarding women's increased social and sexual liberation, as well as their changing social roles. From a Feminist viewpoint, the vamp was a threat to patriarchy, functioning outside the traditional domestic realm. She matched her male counterparts by showing equal abilities in her use of power to fulfill her needs and desires. Feminist critics note that the vamp operated outside the realm of traditional marriage, reflecting people's fear of a woman who enjoyed sex for pleasure, not for procreation. <br> <br> Post-modern people today are focused on reclaiming the "monstrous feminine." From a cautionary tale to agents of liberation, vamps in modern horror cinema are likely to act as vigilantes preying upon pimps and abusive men, not as powerless silent victims. <br> <br> '''The Literary Vampire:''' <br> Almost all of the vampires found in early literature were women. Starting with the 1797 poem "The Bride of Corinth" by Goethe, based on an ancient Greek source. The poem retells the story of Philinnon (in Goethe's poem she is unnamed), a woman who had died a virgin. The woman returns to the living in order to experience sexual bliss before leaving this world. <br> Another character, believed to be the first vampire in English literature, was a woman named Geraldine. She is the antagonist in Samuel Coleridge's poem, "Christabel," written from 1790 - 1800. [1] <br> <br> In 1819, John Polidori introduced Lord Ruthven, a vampire character based on the aristocratic Lord Byron. His vampire preyed on unsuspecting women and later was the basis of a series of small pamphlets known as penny dreadfuls. ''Varney the Vampyre'', was published in the form of small pamphlets in 1845. The character Lord Ruthven dominated vampire literature for most of the century. <br> <br> Although the early 19th century was heavily dominated by male vampires in literature, occasionally, a few writers would create female vampires. In 1836 Théophile Gautier, a French writer, wrote "The Beautiful Vampire." In 1848, Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Pale Lady." Sheridan Le Fanu wrote "Carmilla," a novella about a female vampire in 1872. Carmilla is considered the most popular female vampire ever created. [1] <br> Another classic tale, "A Mystery of the Campagna" was written by Anne Crawford in 1887. [1] <br> <br> '''The Blood Countess:''' <br> Elizabeth Báthory, a real woman considered a vampire by millions of people, lived in Hungry from 1560 - 1614. Elizabeth Báthory, or the Blood Countess, was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy. She soon became a wealthy widow when her husband died fighting in a war with the Ottoman empire. According to legend, Báthory accidently learned the secret to youth, and began drinking and bathing in the blood of young girls in order to maintain her youthful appearance. It is said that she murdered over six hundred servants. She was put on public trial when news of her cruelty reached her political rivals. At her trial, hundreds of people testified against her. She was found guilty and placed under house arrest. Her lands and her title were stripped from her, then redistributed to her family. [2]<br> <br> '''The Female Vampire In Film:''' <br> Women vampires were few and far between in literature, but in movies the female vampire came into her power. <br> Carl Theodor Dreyer created ''Vampyr'', a silent film that became famous. The female vampire evolved into the star of ''Dracula's Daughter'', made in 1936, the sequel to Bela Lugosi's ''Dracula'' (1931). [1] <br> <br> Barbara Steele became a legend in horror films. Her introduction to horror fans began in the 1960s vampire movie '''''The Mask of Satan''''' [La Maschera del Demonio]. Steel played a seventeenth-century witch named Princess Asa, who died after a mask was placed over her face. Spikes covered the inside of the mask. After a drop of blood brought her back to life, she terrorized the community. <br> <br> During most of the 1960s, women who appeared in vampire movies were given brief supporting roles as victims of the male vampire, or as an anonymous vampire in a group. <br> <br> Roger Corman's ''Queen of Blood'' is noted as an early Science-Fiction vampire film. Other less known women vampire in films during the 1960s included: Beth Porter, ''The Naked Witch'' (1961); Joan Stapleton, ''The Devil's Mistress'' (1966); Rossanna Ortiz, ''Draculita'' (1969); and Gina Romand, ''La Venganza de las Mujeres Vampiro'' (1969). [1] <br> <br> During the 1970s, female vampires had a major impact on popular culture due in part to a series of films based upon the fictional woman vampire "Carmilla," and the historic Elizabeth Bathory. <br> <br> Roy Ward Baker directed ''The Vampire Loves'', staring Ingrid Pitt, a revival of "Carmilla." The film focused on Carmilla's lesbian attacks on young women until a vampire hunter (Peter Crushing) ended her terror. Carmilla continued her adventures, appearing in a nineteenth-century girl's school in ''Lust for a Vampire,'' directed by Jimmy Sangster. The third film in the Hammer Carmilla Trilogy was ''Twins of Evil'' staring Katya Wyeth in 1971. [1] <br> <br> The hunger for female vampires continued. Jesus Franco made two Carmilla movies: ''La Fille de Dracula'' (1972) and ''La Comtesse aux Seiens Nux'' (1973). ''The Blood Splattered Bride'', or ''La Novia Ensangretada,'' was a modern Carmilla story where the star, Alexandra Bastedo as Carmilla, seduces a frigid bride (Maribel Martin). [1] <br> <br> The legends of Elizabeth Bathory were brought to the big screen in ''Countess Dracula'' starring Ingrid Pitt. Harry Kumel directed ''Daughters of Darkness'', a Belgian-made film starring Delphine Seygig. Bathory was also portrayed by Lucia Bose in ''Legend of Blood Castle'' (1972), Patty Shepard in ''Curse of the Devil'' (1973), and Paloma Picasso in ''Immoral Tales'' (1974). ''Mama Dracula'', a popular comedy based upon Bathory, was made in 1980, starring Louise Fletcher. [1] <br> <br> Despite the dominance of male vampires in theaters, a variety of female vampires found their way to the big screen during the 1970s. Films like ''The Legendary Curse of Lemora'' (1973), ''Leonor'' (1975), ''Mary, Mary, Blood Mary'' (1975), ''Lady Dracula'' (1977), and ''Nocturna, Granddaughter of Dracula'' (1979) spotlighted female vampires. [1]<br> <br> Stephanie Rothman, a female director, began her directing career with ''The Velvet Vampire'' (1971), a film about a modern-day female vampire who resided in the desert. <br> <br> The 1980s saw the emergence of several memorable female vampires, such as Mariam Blaylock (played by Catherine Denueve), in ''The Hunger''. The story centers around Miriam, an ancient Egyptian vampire who promises youth and immortality to her lovers. John (David Bowie), her companion for centuries, suddenly starts to age rapidly. John seeks help from Dr. Sarah Roberts (Susan Sarandon), drawing the scientist closer to Miriam. Another memorable female vampire is the Countess, played by Lauren Hutton in the 1985 comedy, ''Once Bitten.'' The Countess is a vampire in need of virgin blood. She searches modern-day Hollywood until she finds Mark (Jim Carrey). [1]<br> <br> In 1986, Richard Wenk directed ''Vamp'', an American comedy starring Grace Jones as a female vampire managing a nightclub. A group of college students arrive at the club, After Dark, looking for strippers for their college fraternity party. Little do they know, the club is filled with vampires. Other female vampires who emerged during the 1980s were: Gabrielle Lazure in ''La Belle Captive'' (1983), Matilda May in ''Lifeforce'' (1985), Britt Ekland in ''Beverly Hills Vamp'' (1988), Sylvia Kristel in ''Dracula's Widow'' (1988), and Julie Carmen in ''Fright Night Part 2'' (1988). [1] <br> <br> Kathryn Bigelow directed ''Near Dark'' in 1987, a neo-western horror film. The story follows a farm hand named Caleb (Adrian Pasdar) who is bitten by a mysterious drifter named Mae (Jenny Wright). In 1992, Anne Parilland starred in ''Innocent Blood'', a dark comedy horror directed by John Landis. The movie blends mob drama with supernatural horror. <br> <br> '''Popular Female Vampires In Films: 2000 - Present''' <br> - Queen Akasha, ''Queen of the Damned'', 2002 played by Aaliyah. <br> - Alice Cullen, The Twilight Saga, played by Ashley Greene. <br> - Eli, ''Let The Right One In'', 2008 played by Chloë Grace Moretz. <br> - Sarah Fox ''My Babysitter's a Vampire'', 2010 played by Vanessa Morgan. <br> - Ernessa Bloch ''The Moth Diaries,'' 2011 played by Lily Cole. '''<br>''' - Selene ''Underworld: Awakening'', 2012 played by Kate Beckinsale. <br> - Clara and Eleanor ''Byzantium'', 2012 played by Gemma Arterton and Saoirse Ronan<br> - Eve ''Only Lovers Left Alive'', 2013 played by Tilda Swinton. <br> - The Girl ''A Girl Walks Home Alone At Night'', 2014 played by Sheila Vand. <br> - Nadja ''Blood Red Sky'', 2021 played by Peri Baumeister. <br> - Abigail ''Abigail'', 2024 played by Alisha Weir. <br> - Mary ''Sinners'', 2025 played by Hailee Steinfeld. <br> <br> <br> ==== Reference: ==== 1. Melton, Gordon J. Phd. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia Of The Undead [Third Version]. Visible Ink Press, 2014. <br> <br> 2. Hollyhock, Agnes. Vampires: A Handbook Of History & Lore Of The Undead. Wellfleet Press, 2024. <br> <br> <br> <noinclude>{{Chapter navigation with TOC||All About Vampires|TOC mini}}</noinclude> <br> {{BookCat}} ep0b3flhkk10m2wxco5w9cja9u1na8w 102 486592 4678955 4678711 2026-10-30T00:32:38Z Moby-Dick4000 198746 4678955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recipesummary|category=Italian-American recipes|servings=6|time=2hours and 20 minutes|difficulty=3 | Image = [[Image: Paccheri rigati al ragù Napoletano.jpg|300px]] }} {{recipe}} | [[Cookbook: Italian-American cuisine]] The below recipe is inspired by [[wikipedia:Neapolitan ragù|Neapolitan ragù]], a dish that originated in Naples and is widely eaten in the Campania region of Italy. It's also popular among Italian-American families who call it Sunday sauce or Sunday gravy. The recipe presented here is a faster version of the authentic dish which takes several hours to prepare. It omits wine but includes carrots and celery. ==Ingredients== *1 lb (454 g) dried pasta *1½ lbs beef chuck, cut into approximately 1½-inch chunks *1 lb Italian sausage (approximately 4–5 links) *3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil *1 medium onion, finely chopped *2 medium carrots, finely chopped *2 celery stalks, finely chopped *3 cloves garlic, minced *2 cans (28 oz each) crushed tomatoes *3 tablespoons tomato paste *1 teaspoon dried oregano *1 teaspoon dried basil *Salt, to taste *Freshly grated [[wikipedia:Parmigiano Reggiano|Parmigiano Reggiano]], for serving == Equipment == *a thick-walled aluminum or copper pot, or a [[wikipedia:Dutch oven|Dutch oven]] with a lid *a large pot for cooing pasta in boiling water *a large pair of tongs *a large spoon for stirring *a kitchen knife *a cheese grater *a measuring cup *measuring spoons *a food scale == Procedure == *Heat the olive oil in a large, thick-walled pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat. *Add the beef chuck. Season the beef lightly with salt. *Cook, turning occasionally, until the beef develops a brown crust, approximately 8–12 minutes. Work in batches if necessary to avoid overcrowding. *Remove the beef from the pot and set aside. *Reduce the heat to medium. *Add the chopped carrots, celery, and onion to the same pot, using the remaining oil and rendered fat from the meat. *Cook for approximately 8–10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables have softened. *Make a small opening in the center of the vegetables and add the minced garlic. *Cook until the garlic becomes lightly golden, approximately 30–60 seconds. *Immediately add the crushed tomatoes to prevent the garlic from burning. Stir thoroughly to combine with the vegetables. *Add the tomato paste and mix well until completely incorporated. *Add the oregano and basil, stirring to distribute the herbs evenly throughout the sauce. *Season with salt to taste, keeping in mind that the sausages will contribute additional salt. *Return the browned beef chuck and add the raw Italian sausages to the pot, along with any accumulated juices. *Stir gently, making sure the meat is submerged in the tomato sauce. *Bring the sauce to a gentle simmer, then reduce the heat to low. *Simmer for 2 hours with the pot lid on, leaving it slightly ajar. Stir approximately every 10 minutes to prevent the sauce from sticking to the bottom of the pot. Keep the heat low enough that the sauce bubbles gently rather than boiling vigorously. *Approximately 10 minutes before the sauce finishes simmering, bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. *Add the entire 1-pound box of dried pasta. *Cook until slightly underdone, approximately 1–2 minutes less than the package's recommended cooking time. Do not drain the pasta or discard the cooking water. *Using tongs, transfer the slightly undercooked pasta directly from the boiling water into the pot of ragù. *Stir thoroughly so that every piece of pasta is coated with sauce. *Add a little starchy pasta cooking water, approximately ¼ cup at a time, as needed to loosen the sauce. *Continue cooking and stirring over medium-low heat until the pasta is tender but not mushy and the sauce clings evenly to it. *Divide the pasta and ragù among serving plates, distributing the beef and sausage as desired. *Grate fresh Parmigiano Reggiano generously over each serving. *Serve immediately while hot. ru78cefxlcq1r9okuysuna08jkwund0 5 486595 4678872 4678828 2026-10-29T17:26:32Z Codename Noreste 3441010 reply to MathsScienceNerd1 ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 4678872 wikitext text/x-wiki Are there any ideas for the next Wikibooks Magazine? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:00, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :*Discontinuation of FlaggedRevs. [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 08:03, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Snapshot of featured content (best case scenario, this changes from issue to issue). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:46, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Admins lost/gained. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Interviews, overviews of projects (WikiJunior, Cookbook). ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) :Spotlight on featured content. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:47, 28 October 2026 (UTC) : Maybe we can encourage active, highly trusted patrollers to become administrators? [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:26, 28 October 2026 (UTC) ::That could be added! Are you willing to write a piece about it? [[User:MathsScienceNerd1|MathsScienceNerd1]] ([[User talk:MathsScienceNerd1|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathsScienceNerd1|contribs]]) 11:44, 29 October 2026 (UTC) ::: Probably, but I would write it in an neutral, albeit encouraging tone. [[User:Codename Noreste|<span style="color: blue">Codename Noreste</span>]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 17:26, 29 October 2026 (UTC) pk441wzoln6atrufrzzovt1l4bfgt40 0 486621 4678865 2026-10-29T16:48:50Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 Beginning of the description of atomic units 4678865 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {[\psi]} {\mathrm{s}} = [\psi] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> [i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}] = [\hat H \psi], </math> <math display="block"> [\hbar] [\psi] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} [\psi], </math> <math display="block"> [\hbar] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = [\vec{F}] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> erdwdx0p6n7gd8lpeehjysnq1qbwvc7 4678969 4678865 2026-10-30T06:01:23Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 4678969 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {[\psi]} {\mathrm{s}} = [\psi] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> [i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}] = [\hat H \psi], </math> <math display="block"> [\hbar] [\psi] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} [\psi], </math> <math display="block"> [\hbar] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = [\vec{F}] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the differentiation operator is <math display="inline 52a8xg3m9nai2qq8gahj669zgvslinu 4678970 4678969 2026-10-30T06:06:21Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 Add \left and \right to the square brackets in formulas 4678970 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {\left[\psi\right]} {\mathrm{s}} = \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}\right] = \left[\hat H \psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} \left[\psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \left[\vec{F}\right] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the differentiation operator is <math display="inline h47xlju45lyan4f1jm3dpndi3i1wlf4 4678972 4678970 2026-10-30T06:17:07Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 4678972 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {\left[\psi\right]} {\mathrm{s}} = \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}\right] = \left[\hat H \psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} \left[\psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \left[\vec{F}\right] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the left hand side is <math display="inline">\frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \left[m\right] \left[\vec{v}\right] = \frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \cdot \mathrm{kg} \cdot \frac {\mathrm {m}} {\mathrm {s}} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg}</math>, the dimensionality of the right hand side is <math display="inline">\left[\vec{F}\right]</math>. Thus, <math display="block"> \left[\vec{F}\right] = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} </math> and <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} \cdot m = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm{m^2} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> lkjlobp8shhy082zki3mzx8wkycfpum 4678976 4678972 2026-10-30T06:57:42Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 4678976 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. ===Dimensionality of Planck consant=== Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {\left[\psi\right]} {\mathrm{s}} = \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}\right] = \left[\hat H \psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} \left[\psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \left[\vec{F}\right] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the left hand side is <math display="inline">\frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \left[m\right] \left[\vec{v}\right] = \frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \cdot \mathrm{kg} \cdot \frac {\mathrm {m}} {\mathrm {s}} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg}</math>, the dimensionality of the right hand side is <math display="inline">\left[\vec{F}\right]</math>. Thus, <math display="block"> \left[\vec{F}\right] = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} </math> and <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} \cdot m = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm{m^2} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> Putting this expression for joule into the expression for the dimensionality of <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> nk78ma0tgvok1bx56u2upa969va2a08 4678977 4678976 2026-10-30T07:09:51Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 4678977 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. ===Dimensionality of Planck consant=== Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {\left[\psi\right]} {\mathrm{s}} = \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}\right] = \left[\hat H \psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} \left[\psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \left[\vec{F}\right] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the left hand side is <math display="inline">\frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \left[m\right] \left[\vec{v}\right] = \frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \cdot \mathrm{kg} \cdot \frac {\mathrm {m}} {\mathrm {s}} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg}</math>, the dimensionality of the right hand side is <math display="inline">\left[\vec{F}\right]</math>. Thus, <math display="block"> \left[\vec{F}\right] = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} </math> and <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} \cdot m = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm{m^2} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> Putting this expression for joule into the expression for the dimensionality of <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> ===Dimensionality of the speed of light=== The dimensionality of the speed of light is <math display="inline">\left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m}</math>. ik8x4dr9fmpxohhoo7rf01a2htj9134 4678978 4678977 2026-10-30T07:12:33Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 4678978 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {\left[\psi\right]} {\mathrm{s}} = \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}\right] = \left[\hat H \psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} \left[\psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \left[\vec{F}\right] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the left hand side is <math display="inline">\frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \left[m\right] \left[\vec{v}\right] = \frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \cdot \mathrm{kg} \cdot \frac {\mathrm {m}} {\mathrm {s}} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg}</math>, the dimensionality of the right hand side is <math display="inline">\left[\vec{F}\right]</math>. Thus, <math display="block"> \left[\vec{F}\right] = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} </math> and <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} \cdot m = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm{m^2} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> Putting this expression for joule into the expression for the dimensionality of <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> The dimensionality of the speed of light is <math display="inline">\left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m}</math>. 92qulwxgm76lcrg2f6ghhqm63bwq977 4678979 4678978 2026-10-30T07:14:28Z Alexander Rodin 3629718 4678979 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomic units are units of measurement that express time, distance, and mass through physical constants. These constants are Planck constant <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, the speed of light <math display="inline">c</math>, and the electron mass <math display="inline">m_e</math>. Let us find these units of time <math dispaly="inline">T</math>, distance <math display="inline">L</math>, and mass <math display="inline">M</math>. In order to do it, it is necessary to find the dimensionality of Planck constant and the speed of light. Planck constant appears in a non-stationary Schroedinger equation <math display="block"> i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t} = \hat H \psi. </math> The dimensionality of the derivative <math display="inline">\frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}</math> is <math display="inline">\frac {\left[\psi\right]} {\mathrm{s}} = \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1}</math>, the dimensionality of the Hamiltonian operator <math display="inline">\hat H</math> is the dimensionality of energy, in SI units it is joule. Thus, taking dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of the Schroedinger equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[i\hbar \frac {\partial \psi} {\partial t}\right] = \left[\hat H \psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] \left[\psi\right] \mathrm{s}^{-1} = \mathrm{J} \left[\psi\right], </math> <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s} \cdot \mathrm{J}. </math> The joule is defined as the unit of work in SI. By definition, work of a force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> with displacement <math display="inline">\vec{\delta r}</math> is <math display="block"> \delta A = \vec{F} \cdot \vec{\delta r}. </math> Taking the dimensionality of the left hand side and the right hand side of this equation it is possible to get <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \left[\vec{F}\right] \cdot \mathrm {m}. </math> The dimensionality of the force <math display="inline">\vec{F}</math> can be found from the relativistic equation <math display="block"> \frac {d} {dt} \left( \frac {m \vec {v}} {\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac {v} {c}\right)^2}} \right) = \vec{F}. </math> The dimensionality of the left hand side is <math display="inline">\frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \left[m\right] \left[\vec{v}\right] = \frac {1} {\mathrm{s}} \cdot \mathrm{kg} \cdot \frac {\mathrm {m}} {\mathrm {s}} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg}</math>, the dimensionality of the right hand side is <math display="inline">\left[\vec{F}\right]</math>. Thus, <math display="block"> \left[\vec{F}\right] = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} </math> and <math display="block"> \mathrm{J} = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {kg} \cdot m = \mathrm{s^{-2}} \cdot \mathrm{m^2} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> Putting this expression for joule into the expression for the dimensionality of <math display="inline">\hbar</math>, it is possible to get <math display="block"> \left[\hbar\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m} \cdot \mathrm{kg}. </math> The dimensionality of the speed of light is <math display="inline">\left[c\right] = \mathrm{s}^{-1} \cdot \mathrm{m}</math>. 9e37x5c0b6bt221xdyrb2fu6br8aa6b 1 486624 4678933 2026-10-29T20:07:52Z Frenchvibes 3629744 /* Research methods */ new section 4678933 wikitext text/x-wiki == Research methods == Samples of research questions backgroung study Problems statements [[User:Frenchvibes|Frenchvibes]] ([[User talk:Frenchvibes|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Frenchvibes|contribs]]) 20:07, 29 October 2026 (UTC) q4tgch97aqiur34pl24qgkgzsu9u1h7 1 486625 4678965 2026-10-30T04:19:48Z AngelynSJ 3626845 /* Wikibook discussion */ new section 4678965 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wikibook discussion == Decisions that go into infrastructure tend to be very complex and the Glenwood Canyon is a prime example of this. This case involved some big tradeoffs. One of the most important in this project was balancing the development of transportation infrastructure with environmental projection. Solutions to this project required expensive and complex engineering. The wildfires in 2020 caused a lot of damage and brought along a discussion on how much cautionary prevention measures should be designed for considering the substantial upfront costs. The wikibook is laid out really well and I liked the different perspectives of stakeholders involved in the project. The timeline is helpful in estabilishing the context. [[User:AngelynSJ|AngelynSJ]] ([[User talk:AngelynSJ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AngelynSJ|contribs]]) 04:19, 30 October 2026 (UTC) apfmrs7uej6c8mwfb45cxpz00ba5z0h 4678966 4678965 2026-10-30T04:23:05Z AngelynSJ 3626845 /* Wikibook discussion */ 4678966 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wikibook discussion == Decisions that go into infrastructure tend to be very complex and the Glenwood Canyon is a prime example of this. This case involved some big trade-offs. One of the most important in this project was balancing the development of transportation infrastructure with environmental protection. Solutions to this project required expensive and complex engineering. The wildfires in 2020 caused a lot of damage and brought along a discussion on how much cautionary prevention measures should be designed for considering the substantial upfront costs. The wikibook is laid out really well and I liked the different perspectives of stakeholders involved in the project. The timeline is helpful in estabilishing the context. I think the case study would be stronger if you included the financial impacts of closures or post-construction activities. Involving the local communities' perspective would also be helpful. [[User:AngelynSJ|AngelynSJ]] ([[User talk:AngelynSJ|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/AngelynSJ|contribs]]) 04:19, 30 October 2026 (UTC) t8r39rx78zpa4y9vqpmpbuk9d14ak8l 2 486626 4678971 2026-10-30T06:14:09Z RISHILPU 3629676 Created page with "This is the new sandbox on the topic of pulse modulation" 4678971 wikitext text/x-wiki This is the new sandbox on the topic of pulse modulation 9d88sc19xj1obtehg1lvv9zjvlf6tg7 4678974 4678971 2026-10-30T06:26:48Z RISHILPU 3629676 Added introduction to topic 4678974 wikitext text/x-wiki This is the new sandbox on the topic of pulse modulation Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), also known as baseband transmission, converts an input analog signal into a digital format and transmits it over a digital communication channel. It consists of the following: Band-limiting the input analog signal Sampling Quantization Analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion Signal shaping q3amht3qlna5pam31vticrj092a76ts 2 486627 4678973 2026-10-30T06:17:33Z RISHILPU 3629676 Created page with "this is the sandbox of pulse modulation" 4678973 wikitext text/x-wiki this is the sandbox of pulse modulation cskcwo6tafn86raye7skdafobc0vvn7 0 486628 4678983 2026-10-30T08:03:31Z ~2026-47231-00 3624794 1. Nc3 b5 4678983 wikitext text/x-wiki This gambit named Laroche gambit winning tempo of the knight c3. After 2. Nxb5 c6 3. Nc3 d5, black have good centre. But white's having an extra pawn and black have a bad position kfa0ha0506vxedch3vrznchysunzlcu 0 486629 4678988 2026-10-30T08:16:35Z ~2026-47231-00 3624794 1. Nc3 c6 4678988 wikitext text/x-wiki This defence for Black can transpose into the Caro-Cann defence after '''2. e4 d5''' or '''2. d4 d5 3. e4'''. Also it can transpose into Rapport-Jobava after '''2. d4 d5 3. Bf4'''. If you don't want to transpose into these openings, you can play '''2. b3!?''' to prepare for fiachettoing to the bishop. '''2... d5 3. e3 e5 4.Bb2''' is giving Black centre, but fianchettoing the bishop. 75hgfgnwo6mdodrjz5ie64q642su9vg 2 486630 4678995 2026-10-30T10:28:24Z Ruby Rupshikha Meher 3628921 Creating a draft article about Li-Fi technology 4678995 wikitext text/x-wiki LI-FI (LIGHT FIDELITY) INTRODUCTION The need for better wireless connections has led to the creation of new communication technologies that use different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. One of these technologies is Light Fidelity, or Li-Fi. This technology uses light to send digital information between devices. Unlike traditional wireless networks that use radio waves, Li-Fi uses light signals to connect devices. Light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, can be used as both light sources and data senders. This means that the lighting system in a room can also help send and receive information. Li-Fi is part of a field called optical wireless communication. It has become popular because it can offer fast internet speeds, minimize interference from radio waves, and work well in places where regular wireless systems might not be effective. Even though Li-Fi and Wi-Fi both help with connecting devices, they work in different ways and use different types of signals. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT The idea of sending information using light has been around for a long time. However, improvements in semiconductor technology, especially in making efficient LEDs and better light sensors, have made using light for communication more realistic. The name Li-Fi became well known after Professor Harald Haas introduced the idea of using LED lighting for data transfer during a TED Global talk in 2011. His demo showed how normal light bulbs could be used to send digital information. After that, researchers worked on ways to make Li-Fi faster, improve how well receivers pick up signals, expand the area it can cover, and make it work with existing communication systems. The growth of international standards has also helped Li-Fi develop. IEEE 802.15.7 focuses on short-range optical communication, and IEEE 802.11bb-2023 helps expand wireless networks to include light-based communication. FUDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF LI-FI Li-Fi sends information by changing the brightness of a light source based on the data being sent. In a simple digital setup, the sender creates changes in light brightness that show binary data. These changes happen very quickly and are usually not seen by the human eye. At the receiving end, a light sensor picks up the light and changes it into an electrical signal. Electronic parts then process this signal to get the original data back. The whole communication process has these steps: I. Digital information is made by a computer or another electronic device. II. This information is turned into an electrical signal that can be sent. III. A control circuit manages the LED's brightness based on the signal. IV. The LED creates a light signal that moves through the space around it. V. A light sensor catches the light signal and turns it into an electrical current. VI. The receiver processes the electrical signal to find the original data. VII. This allows information to be sent through light without using radio waves. ARCHITECTURE OF LI-FI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM A typical Li-Fi system has three main parts: a sender, a light path, and a receiver. Sender part - The sender changes digital information into a form that can be sent using light. Its main parts are: - Data source: provides the information to send. - Encoding and modulation circuit: prepares the data for sending. - LED driver: controls the electricity going through the LED. - LED light source: produces the light signal. The light from the LED carries the information through changes in brightness. Light path - The light path is the space between the light source and the light sensor. The signal can reach the sensor directly or after bouncing off walls, ceilings, or furniture. The quality of the light path depends on factors like the distance, how the sensor is facing, any obstacles, and other light sources. Receiver part- The receiver turns the incoming light signal into an electrical signal that can be understood by electronic parts. Its main parts are: - Photodetector: creates an electrical current from the light. - Transimpedance amplifier: increases the strength of the signal. - Signal-processing circuit: processes the signal to get the original data back. - Demodulator and decoder: extracts the data from the signal. MODULATION TECHNIQUES USED IN LI-FI Modulation is the process of showing information through controlled changes in a signal. In Li-Fi, modulation techniques are chosen based on the speed of data, light power, channel width, and the complexity of the system. Some common techniques- On-Off Keying (OOK) - On-Off Keying is a simple way to change light brightness to show information. In its basic form, one binary state is shown by light being on, while the other is shown by light being off or dim. OOK is easy to use and has been widely studied in light-based communication. Variable Pulse Position Modulation (VPPM) - Variable Pulse Position Modulation shows information by changing the position and length of light pulses. This technique can be used for both sending data and providing light. It is especially useful in visible light communication systems where the average brightness must be kept steady. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - OFDM divides a fast data stream into several slower streams that are sent over many different signals. In light communication, special versions of OFDM can be used to send data through light sources that change brightness. This technique can make better use of light and help with certain kinds of signal issues, though it might make the system more complex. ADVANTAGES OF LI-FI Li-Fi has features that make it useful for certain wireless applications. High data transmission: Light-based communication can send data quickly when the right equipment and environment are used. Less radio interference: Since Li-Fi uses light, it doesn't create radio signals that can cause interference. Limited area use: Light usually can't go through walls, so communication is kept within a room or illuminated space. Use of existing lighting: Existing lights can be used for sending data, reducing the need for extra communication equipment. High connection density: Many light sources can send data in different areas, allowing more efficient use of space. LIMITATIONS OF LI-FI Even though Li-Fi has a lot of promise, it also has some technical and practical difficulties. One issue is that it can't go through solid objects. If there's something blocking the light path between the sender and the receiver, the signal might get cut off. Another challenge is that the signal only works where there's light. So, the connection might be limited to the area that's being lit up by the light source. Li-Fi can also be affected by other lights. Strong sunlight or bright artificial lights can mess up the receiver if the system isn't built to ignore such interference. Moving around can be a problem too. If a user moves from one light source to another, they might lose connection unless there's a way to switch between the signals smoothly. Also, using Li-Fi requires special equipment. Devices need to have the right kind of lights and sensors to send and receive signals, which can make setting it up more expensive. All these problems mean that Li-Fi is usually seen as a helpful addition to regular wireless networks, not a complete replacement for them. APPLICATIONS OF LI-FI Indoor wireless communication - Li-Fi can offer internet access in indoor spaces like offices, schools, libraries, and homes. Lighting systems can be used as sources to send data to devices that are compatible with Li-Fi. Healthcare environments - Using light for communication might be helpful in certain medical areas where radio waves could cause interference. However, whether Li-Fi is a good fit depends on the needs of the medical equipment and the specific use case. Industrial communication - Li-Fi could be explored for communication between devices like sensors, machines, and monitoring systems in factories. The way light travels might be especially useful in places where radio signals are hard to use or not allowed. Smart buildings - Li-Fi can be used with smart lighting systems to help with communication, automation, and managing buildings. These systems might use the same lights for illumination, sensing when people are in a room, and sending data. Transportation Systems - Optical communication can also be used in transportation, like for sending messages between vehicles and road signs. Using vehicle lights for visible light communication and infrared light links are examples of ways that researchers are looking into for these uses. STANDARDIZATION OF LI-FI Standards help make sure that devices from different companies can work together. IEEE 802.15.7 sets rules for short-range optical communication using visible light. IEEE 802.11bb-2023 is a change to the Wi-Fi standard that supports light-based communication. These standards help connect optical communication with current networking systems. They also help set rules for communication and make it easier for devices to work with each other. FUTURE SCOPE The future of Li-Fi depends on better light-based parts, improved signal processing, network connections, and device compatibility. Researchers are looking into ways to increase speed, improve performance in different lighting conditions, and keep a connection when moving between light sources. Using Li-Fi with existing Wi-Fi could let both technologies work together, each used for the best situations. Advances in light-based devices and networks may expand Li-Fi use in indoors, industries, and more specialized areas. CONCLUSION Li-Fi is a new way to send data using light instead of radio waves. By using light sources, modulators, and light sensors, Li-Fi can send digital signals through light. Li-Fi can offer fewer radio signal problems, smaller area coverage, and use existing light systems. But it can also be affected by objects, other lights, and where the receiver is placed. More research and standardization may help implement Li-Fi better and let it work with traditional wireless systems. REFERENCE IEEE, IEEE 802.15.7: Short-Range Optical Wireless Communications. IEEE, IEEE 802.11bb-2023: Light Communications. Haas, H. (2011). Wireless Data from Every Light Bulb. TED Global. IEEE Spectrum, Wi-Fi Boosts New, Ultrafast Li-Fi Standards. Telecommunications Engineering Centre, Government of India, Li-Fi Study Paper. 0melee2ze336tmtlvj8if8r1yce0ban 2 486631 4679015 2026-10-30T11:39:10Z Prince20032006 3629792 microstrip patch antenna intro 4679015 wikitext text/x-wiki = Microstrip Patch Antenna = == Introduction == A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio-frequency (RF) antenna widely used in modern wireless communication systems. It consists of a metallic radiating patch placed on one side of a dielectric substrate, with a conducting ground plane on the opposite side. The patch is commonly made of copper and can have different shapes, such as rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical. == Working Principle == A microstrip patch antenna operates on the principle of electromagnetic radiation. When an RF signal is applied to the antenna through a feeding mechanism, electric currents are generated on the metallic patch. These currents produce electromagnetic fields that radiate into free space. The antenna's resonant frequency depends on its physical dimensions, substrate material and dielectric properties. == Structure and Feeding Techniques == The main components of a microstrip patch antenna are: # Radiating Patch: A metallic layer, usually made of copper, responsible for electromagnetic radiation. # Dielectric Substrate: An insulating material such as FR-4 or Rogers that supports the radiating patch. # Ground Plane: A conductive layer placed beneath the substrate. # Feeding Mechanism: Transfers RF energy to the radiating patch. 45usn67c0m51l77ydo9euy90krvjtvk 2 486632 4679016 2026-10-30T11:44:26Z Prince20032006 3629792 introduction 4679016 wikitext text/x-wiki = Microstrip Patch Antenna = == Introduction == A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio-frequency (RF) antenna widely used in modern wireless communication systems. It consists of a metallic radiating patch placed on one side of a dielectric substrate, with a conducting ground plane on the opposite side. The patch is commonly made of copper and can have different shapes, such as rectangular, circular, triangular or elliptical. == Working Principle == A microstrip patch antenna operates on the principle of electromagnetic radiation. When an RF signal is applied to the antenna through a feeding mechanism, electric currents are generated on the metallic patch. These currents produce electromagnetic fields that radiate into free space. The antenna's resonant frequency depends on its physical dimensions, substrate material and dielectric properties. == Structure and Feeding Techniques == The main components of a microstrip patch antenna are: # Radiating Patch: A metallic layer, usually made of copper, responsible for electromagnetic radiation. # Dielectric Substrate: An insulating material such as FR-4 or Rogers that supports the radiating patch. # Ground Plane: A conductive layer placed beneath the substrate. # Feeding Mechanism: Transfers RF energy to the radiating patch. 45usn67c0m51l77ydo9euy90krvjtvk